Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 NERVOUS SYSTEM
SUB-TOPIC
20.1 Nervous system 20.2 Mechanism of muscle contraction 20.3 Hormones in mammals 20.4 Hormones in plants
OBJECTIVES
(a)Describe the organization of the nervous system. (b)Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
OBJECTIVES
(d)Describe the structure of synapse and explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission across synapses. (e)Compare the transmission of impulse at the synapse and along the axon. (f) Explain the mechanism of action of drugs on the nervous system.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
The basic unit of the nervous system neuron
Dendrites receive stimuli Nerve cell body @ nucleus transmits the stimuli Axon transmits the impulse to another dendrite
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Sensory neurons or receptors receive a stimulus from:
ears eyes nose skin mouth - hearing - sight - smell - touch - taste
Somatic Nervous Somatic Nervous System System (voluntary) (voluntary) Sympathetic Sympathetic Division Division
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System (involuntary) (involuntary) Parasympathetic Parasympathetic Division Division
Motor input
Motor neuron Sensory neuron Brain & spinal cord Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)
1 Sensory
receptor
2 Sensory neuron
Brain
Ganglion
3
Motor neuron Quadriceps muscles Spinal cord
Interneuron
Figure 28.1B
Actions are controlled in the medulla and the hypothalamus in the brain Influences organs, glands, & smooth muscles
Parasympathetic Rest and digest Leisure and maintenance activities Digestion, defecation, and diuresis
Objective: (b) Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Antagonistic Control
Both act on the same target but often give antagonist effect
Eg: heart rate Sympathetic stimulation causes HR to increase Parasympathetic stimulation causes HR to decrease
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Lung
Heart
Adrenal gland
Spinal cord
Liver
Stimulates stomach, pancreas, and intestines
Stomach
Pancreas
Stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release Stimulates glucose release Inhibits stomach, pancreas, and intestines Inhibits urination Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Intestines
Stimulates urination Promotes erection of genitals
Bladder
Genitals
Figure 28.13
SUMMARY:
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Sensory receptors are in sense organs, such as eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin and different regions of the brain respond to different signals. Sensory neurons carry messages toward the CNS from sensory receptors all over body. Sensory receptors act as energy transducers. A transducer is a device for converting a non-electrical signal into an electrical one. In this case, the electrical signal produced is the action potential of a nerve.
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
THE GENERATION OF NERVE RESTING POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL All living cells have an electrical charge difference across their cell surface membrane
Due to the difference in the concentration of ions on the outside and inside of a cell Known as Membrane Potential
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
Resting Potential
Depends on the ionic gradients exist across the plasma membrane of the neuron Develops when the charge is more negative within the cell than from the outside The voltage measured across the plasma membrane is about -70 mV
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
Resting potential is caused by the cell Resting Potential membranes ability to maintain
Voltmeter
a +ve charge on its OUTER surface a -ve charge on its INNER (cytoplasmic) surface
Plasma membrane 70 mV
Axon
Neuron
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
K+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
K+
Na+ - K+ pump
Na+ Protein K+
K+ K+
K+
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
INSIDE OF CELL
K+
K+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na
+
Na+ Na+
Na+ - K+ pump
Na+ Protein K+
K+ K+
K+
K+
INSIDE OF CELL
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
Passive K+ ion channel Most common type of passive ion channel Neuron membrane is highly permeable to K+ ions Passively diffuse out according to the concentration gradient Potassium ion pumped into (active transport) the neuron can diffuse out
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
Passive Na+ ion channel Allows a slow diffusion of Na+ ions into the membrane Permeability to Na+ ions is lower than to the K+ ions Na+ ions pumped out of the neuron cannot easily pass back into the cell This results in the resting potential condition or the :
POLARIZATION STAGE
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
During resting potential: Sodium-potassium pump Pump Na+ out and K+ in actively Passive ions channels Pumps more K+ out than Na+ passively Voltage-gated ions channels CLOSED
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.
Na+
NEXT LECTURE
K+
Na+
K+
Na+
Threshold potential 1
Resting potential
Neuron interior
1 Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting potential is maintained.
Neuron interior
Figure 28.4