Session

Lecture note :
Pramudiyanto, M.Eng.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Strength of Materials
Pure Bending
04
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
}
= =
}
= =
}
= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x
o
o
o
0
0
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
( )
( )
m x
m
m
x
c
y
c

c
y y
L
y y L L
y L
c c
c
c
u
u o
c
u u u o
u
=
= =
= = =
= =
'
=
=
'
or
linearly) ries (strain va
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
For a linearly elastic material,
linearly) varies (stress
m
m x x
c
y
E
c
y
E
o
c c o
=
= =
For static equilibrium,
}
} }
=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
m
m x x
o
o o
0
0
First moment with respect to neutral
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the
section centroid.
For static equilibrium,
I
My
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
I
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
x
m x
m
m m
m x
=
=
= =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
} }
o
o o
o
o o
o o
ng Substituti
2
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
modulus section
inertia of moment section
= =
=
= =
c
I
S
I
S
M
I
Mc
m
o
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
Ah bh
h
bh
c
I
S
6
1
3
6
1
3
12
1
2
= = = =
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
EI
M
I
Mc
Ec Ec c
m m
=
= = =
1 1 o c

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,

v
vc c

v
vc c
y y
x z x y
= = = =
Expansion above the neutral surface and
contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
curvature c anticlasti
1
= =
'

v

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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
( )

+ =

=
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
I
Mc
m
= o
Calculate the curvature
EI
M
=

1
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=

=
A
A y
Y

= =

=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =

+ =

+ =
'
I
d A bh d A I I
x
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
mm 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
mm 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =


= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
o
o
o
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
o
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
o
Calculate the curvature
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1

=
=
EI
M

m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
BENDING OF A MEMBER MADE FROM
SEVERAL MATERIAL
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E
1
and E
2
.
Normal strain varies linearly.

c
y
x
=
Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

c o

c o
y E
E
y E
E
x x
2
2 2
1
1 1
= = = =
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
dA
y E
dA dF dA
y E
dA dF

o
2
2 2
1
1 1
= = = =
( )
( )
1
2 1 1
2
E
E
n dA n
y E
dA
y nE
dF = = =

Define a transformed section such that
x x
x
n
I
My
o o o o
o
= =
=
2 1
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (E
s
= 29x10
6
psi) and brass
(E
b
= 15x10
6
psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties
( )( )
4
3
12
1
3
12
1
in 063 . 5
in 3 in. 25 . 2
=
= = h b I
T
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
in 25 . 2 in 4 . 0 in 75 . 0 933 . 1 in 4 . 0
933 . 1
psi 10 15
psi 10 29
6
6
= + + =
=

= =
T
b
s
b
E
E
n
Calculate the maximum stresses
( )( )
ksi 85 . 11
in 5.063
in 5 . 1 in kip 40
4
=

= =
I
Mc
m
o
( )
( ) ksi 85 . 11 933 . 1
max
max
= =
=
m s
m b
no o
o o ( )
( ) ksi 22.9
ksi 85 . 11
max
max
=
=
s
b
o
o
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, A
s
, is replaced by the equivalent area
nA
s
where n = E
s
/E
c
.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
( ) ( )
0
0
2
2
2
1
= +
=
d A n x A n x b
x d A n
x
bx
s s
s
The normal stress in the concrete and steel
x s x c
x
n
I
My
o o o o
o
= =
=
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with
5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
Evaluate geometric properties of
transformed section.
Calculate the maximum stresses
in the concrete and steel.
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
( )
2
2
8
5
4
6
6
in 95 . 4 in 2 06 . 8
06 . 8
psi 10 6 . 3
psi 10 29
=
(

=
=

= =
t
s
c
s
nA
E
E
n
Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
4 2 2 3
3
1
in 4 . 44 in 55 . 2 in 95 . 4 in 45 . 1 in 12
in 450 . 1 0 4 95 . 4
2
12
= + =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
I
x x
x
x
Calculatethemaximumstresses.
4
2
4
1
in 44.4
in 55 . 2 in kip 40
06 . 8
in 44.4
in 1.45 in kip 40

= =

= =
I
Mc
n
I
Mc
s
c
o
o
ksi 306 . 1 =
c
o
ksi 52 . 18 =
s
o
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Faculty of Engineering, State University of Yogyakarta
THANK YOU
Thats for now