GRAMMAR What is grammar? ANSWER: Grammar is the art of arranging words and phrases into meaningful sentence.

What grammar is made of: 1. 2. 3. 4. Grammar is all about sentences. Grammar is the combination of phrases and words (parts of speech). Grammar follows rules and guided by conventions. Grammar is the symbolic representation of ideas.

Grammar can be seen from the following point of views: A. Types of Sentence 1. Declarative Sentence (state a fact) We study to learn. 2. Imperative Sentence (ask a question) Where were you last week? 3. Interrogative Sentence (command or request) Go home after class. 4. Exclamatory Sentence (expresses strong feelings) Hi! How are you? B. Sentence Patterns (see charts) C. Sentence Structures 1. Simple Sentence (one subject and one predicate). a. One subject one predicate. (Myrna sings well.) b. Compound subject and simple predicate. (Leon and Alfredo are coming.) c. Simple subject and compound predicate. (They will eat and drink.) d. Compund subject and compound predicate. (Leon and Alfredo enjoy eating and drinking.) 2. Compound Sentence a. Leon is cleaning the house, while Alfredo is cleaning the yard. b. Leon is twelve years old, and Alfredo is ten years old. 3. Complex Sentence a. If you want to suceed, study very well. b. I met an old friend, while walking. 4. Compound Sentence a. Although the bird was wild, Celso caught it and he took it home. b. Until late at night, we watched a TV show, and we discussed things as we saw them. D. According to Mood 1. Indicative Mood a. We go home after class. (fact) b. We eat three meals a day. (fact)

2. Subjunctive Mood a. She can do it. (ability) b. God bless you. (wish) c. I think its going to rain today. (probability) d. You will be shocked when see the victim of an accident. (certainty) e. We will let you play a new game. (intention) 3. Imperative Mood a. Command: Come back soon. b. Request: Please come here. E. According to Voice 1. Active Voice: Several boys climbed a big tree. ( Subject is the doer of the action.) 2. Passive Voice: The big tree was climed by several boys. (Object is the reciever of the action.) Basic Qualities of Effective Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Complete amd not merely a phrase. Properly punctuated. Word in proper order. Proper word grouping. Word agreement. Characteritcs oneness Brief

NOTE: Dangling Modifiers do not have nouns or pronouns to modify. As much as possible modifiers should be closed to the words they modify. Adjectives and adverbs are major modifiers; participles, gerunds, and infinitives are minor ones. Global Error and Local Error (see attached copies) A. Global Errors (more serious errors) these errors ussually impede understanding. B. Local Errors (less serious errors) these errors, while distracting, most often do not impede understanding. C. Other Errors (These errors are commonly made by native speakers.)

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