Heat transfer through forced convection

Aim: To determine the forced convection heat transfer coefficient for flow through the given tube/ cylinder. Introduction: convection is a process of energy transfer by combined action of conduction, energy storage and mixing motion. When the mixing motion is induced by some external agency such as pump or blower the process is called forced convection. The intensity of forced convection generally is higher than that of free convection the heat transfer coefficient h can be determined by Newton Rockmen law i,e q= hat Description: the experimental set up consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is surrounded by nichrome band heater; four thermocouples are embedded on the test section and two thermocouples are placed in the air stream placed at the entrance and exit section of air to measure the temperature before and after heating. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of blower along the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to heater is given through dimmer stat and is measured by wattmeter. Air flow is measured with the help of orifice meter and manometer.

Specification: Pipe diameter Do Pipe diameter Di Length of specimen Orifice dia d Dimmer start Blower Temperature indicator 8 channel =38mm = 35mm = 400mm = 20mm 0-2amps 230volts AC

Following experimentation can be carried out 1 Average heat transfer coefficient for different air flow and heat flow rates 2 Reynolds number and Nusselt number for each experiment 3 the surface temperature distribution along the length of the pipe

Calculation: i) Experimental method Rate of heat transfer Q = watts = V *I watts

Q Heat transfer coefficient h= ----------------------------A (Ts- Ta)

A= dl

where d = Di =38 mm L = characteristic length= 400mm

T2+ T3+ T4 +T5+T6 Ts = ---------------------5

T1 + T7 Ta = ---------------------2

ii) Correlation method:

T1+ T7 1. The standard values of air at Ta = -------2

K are

Ex, at 300 K

a= 1.1774 kg/m

= 1.983 x 10-6 kg/ms

cp= 1.0059 kJ/KgK

Kair= 0.00262kw/mK

w= 1000kg/m

w x hw 2. Head of air ha = --------------a

w= 1000kg/m a= 1.1774 kg/m hw =Head of water in mtrs 3. Discharge of air = q = cd X d /4 x 2g ha of discharge =0.62
where

d= Diameter of orifice

cd = coefficient

4. Velocity of air = A= Di /4

discharge/ area of tube = q/A m/sec

Di = 35mm = inner diameter of tube v L 5. Reynolds number =Re = --------------

Value of Reynolds no above 10,000

6. Nusselt no = Nu =C (Re) x (Pr)

For flow through tubes from data book Nu= .023(Re) x (Pr) C = 0.023 m= 0.8 n=0.33

Tabular columns: Slno Manometer reading H= h1+ h2 Heat input In watts VXI h1 h2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Temperature reading

PRCEDURE:

1) switch on the supply and select the range of volt meter and amps meter 2) Switch on the blower unit and adjust the flow rate of air or manometer reading. 3) Wait till steady state is reached 1) Note the manometer reading volt and amps meter reading 4) Take the readings of thermocouples T1 to T7 6) Take two or three more sets of reading at different watts or at different discharge of air and tabulate. A. Prudential number Pr = x Cp/ K

Pr= 0.708

B. Heat transfer coefficient = Nu x K / LC W /m K

Graphs: Nu v/s Re Surface temperature distribution V/S length of pipe.

Stefan Boltzmans apparatus:

Aim: To determines the Stefan boltzman constant for the given material. Introduction : the most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the steafan boltzsmans law which states that thermal radiation (heat flux) or emissive power of black surface is directly proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of the surface and given by

The constant proportionality

is called Steafan Boltzmans constant and has value of 5.6697

\Description: the apparatus consists of flanged copper hemisphere (B) fixed on a flat non conducting plate A. the outer surface of (B) is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to heat B to some suitable constant temperature. The hemispherical shape B is chosen solely on the grounds that it simplifies the task of drawing the water between B and c . four thermocouples are attached to various points on the surface of measure the mean temperature to bared by a temperature indicator.

The disc D which is mounted in bakelite plate fitted in a hole in the centre of the base plate A. the thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of disc D. when the disc is inserted the temperature T6 the response of temperature change of disc with the time is used to calculate the Steafan Boltzmans constant.

Specifications:

1. Hemisphere encloser dia =200 mm 2. Water jacket diameter = 300mm 3. Water jacket height = 100 mm 4. Test disc dia = 15mm 5. Base plate bakelite dia= 300mm 6. Mass of test disc = 6.8 /1000 kgs

Calculation:

Ad = surface area of the disc = d /4 in m

T1 +T2 +T3 +T4 Ts = surface temperature = ----------------------------4 T6 = disc temperature = T6 + 273k

T5 = water temperature

Note:

M= mass of disc 0.620 kgs

S = specific heat of disc 0.385 x 10

= Md x Cp x (dT / dt)

= x Ad x (dT / dt) (TS +T6) W/ mk

PROCEDURE:

Fill the water in the upper tank switch on the heater and heat it up to required

temperature

Remove the disc D before pouring the water in to the specimen disc

Switch of the heater and open the valve and allow the water in to the test specimen

Allow it for steady state.

Note down the thermocouple readings T1 T2 T3T4 T5

Insert the disc and simultaneously note down the reading T6 at every five seconds from zero second.

Draw the graph of temperature v/s time and calculate dT / dt

Tabular columns:

slno

Temperature Readings

Time in seconds for T6 is noted

T1

T2

T3

T4

T6

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Heat transfer through natural convection

Aim: to find out average heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient Description of apparatus:

Diameter of tube

Do = 32mm

Length of brass tube

L= 400mm

Duct size

250 x200 x 600

Number of thermocouples Digital temperature indicator

--- T1 to T7,

Procedure; 1) switch on the heater and adjust the heat in put through dimmer start to required watts 2) wait until steady state is attained 3) Note down the temperature reading from T1 to T6 the duct chamber temperature 4) Repeat the experiments for different heat input by varying the watt meter reading with the help of dimmer start 5) Each time note down the temperature reading from T1 to T6 and T7 the duct chamber temperature for different heat in puts after achieving the steady sate

Description of apparatus; The apparatus consist of brass tube fitted inside the wooden chamber. This tube is fitted with tube type heater along the length of the tube to get uniform heating. Six thermocouples are placed along the length of the tube vertically fitted. This helps to measure the temperature at different points. Digital watt meter and temperature indicator are provided to measure the heat input and temperature accurately.

Observation table

Slno

Heat in put

Thermocouple reading

Heat transfer

coefficient V 1 I T1 70 T2 72 T3 74 T4 76 T5 76 T6 75 T7 32 T8

Specimen calculations: T2+ T3+ T4+ T5+ T6+ T7 Ts

= ---------------------------------6

Heat in put q = 40watts Average heat transfer coefficient ha

A= Dx L

= q/A(Ts Ta )

Ta= (T1 + T8)/2

TF = (Ts + Ta)/2

= 1/ TF + 273

T= Ts - Ta

Grosseff no Gr no

g A T L
= -------------------V L = length of pipe = 600mm

v = qty of air at temp TF cub mtr/sec

Pr = x Cp/ K =viscosity of air at temp TF Kgf-sec/sqm Cp= Specific heat at temp TF Kcal/kg-deg c K = thermal conductivity of air at temp TF Kcal/m-hr-c

There fore

Nessult no Nua = ha x L/K

For GrPr =10 to10

= 0.13 (GrPr)

10< GrPr<t10

= 0.56 (GrPr)

For GrPr <10

= 0.53 (GrPr)

4. HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH LAGGED PIPE

AIM To find the thermal conductivity of an insulating material and plot the radial temperature distribution

THEORY: Heat Transfer is defined as transmission of heat energy from one region to another as a result of temperature gradient. It is denoted by symbol Q and expressed in terms of Watts ( J/ s) The amount of heat transfer per unit area per unit time is known as heat flux. It is denoted by the symbol q and expressed in terms of (w / m2 /t) Modes of heat transfer: Heat transfer takes place by three distinct modes. They are Conduction, Convection, and Radiation, Conduction Heat Transfer. Conduction Heat Transfer takes place by two mechanisms (a) by molecular interaction where the heat exchange takes place by the kinetic motion or direct impact of molecules. at a relatively higher temperature impart energy to adjacent molecules at lower temperature This type of energy transfer always exists so long as there is a temperature gradient in a system comprising molecules of a solid, liquid or gas , By the drift of free electrons as in the case of metallic alloys have a different concentration of free electrons, and their ability to conduct heat is directly proportional to the concentration of free electrons. The free electron concentration of non metals is very low hence materials that are good conductors (Pure metals Viz,, copper, Silver etc ) are good conductors of heat too. Pure conduction is found only in solids. Fourier Conduction law.

A physical law for heat transfer by conduction was given by Fourier (1955) according to which the rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow, and to the temperature gradient in that direction. Mathematically.
QA dT dx

ie,

Q=- KA dT dx

Where Q = Heat transfer rate in Watts A = Area in m2

(dT / dx) = Temp. Gradient in 0 C / m K = Thermal conductivity in w / m 0C, which is a physical property of the substance and is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.

Thermal conductivity of common substances at 20 0C

Substance Silver pure Copper pure Aluminium pure Mild Steel Lead Stainless Steel Wood Asbestos, Fiber, Water Air

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) 407.00 386.00 175.60 37.20 29.80 19.30 0.15 0.095 0.51 0.022

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Length of the pipe = L = 500mm .

2. Power factor = cos = 0.86 3. Radii Values at which thermocouples are fixed. R1 = .032mtr .048meter m R2 = 0.063mtrs

R3 = .1mm .125 mtr

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. No 1 2 3

Watt meter reading in watts

Temperature readings in C T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

RESULTS:

Heat input in Thermal Conductivity in W/moC Average thermal Watts ( Q I ) (K) conductivity in o W/m C K1 K2 K3 K

SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS.

1. Heat Input = watt meter reading in Watts.

2. Heat transfer through the lagged pipe is given by

QI = 2 K1 L ( T1 T3 )

Ln (R2 / R1 )

K1 =

W/ m 0 C

3. Similarly, QI = 2 K2 L ( T4 T6 )

Ln ( R3 / R2 )
K2 = W/ m 0 C

4. QI = 2 K3 L ( T7 T8 )

Ln ( R4 / R3 )

K3 =

W/ m 0 C

Average Thermal Conductivity K average = K1 + K2 + K3 3 --------------- = w/ m 0

PROCEDURE: 1. Before plugging the mains cord see that the switch and dimmer stat are in OFF position. 2. Plug the mains cord. 3. Turn the dimmer stat to any designed wattage. 4. Allow the apparatus to attain steady state condition. 5. Note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter. 6. With the help of the selector switch take the temperature readings. 7. Tabulate the readings and calculate the thermal conductivity. 8. Plot the radial temperature distribution.

EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS Aim: to determine the emissivity/ emissive power of given specimen INTRODUCTION: Thermal radiations are emitted by all substances at all temperatures. Thermal radiations are electromagnetic waves does not required any medium for propagation , all substances or bodies can emit radiation and have also capacity to absorb radiation fully or partially coming from surrounding

The emissive power is radiant energy per unit area from the surface of the body and is denoted by E , Emissivity is the ratio of emissive power of the surface to the emissive power of the black body.at the same temperature and is denoted by

= E / Eo
Description of equipments:

The experimental set up consist of two circular plates identical in size and are provided with heating coils at the bottom. The plates are mounted on asbestos insulation /wood and covered with wooden cabinet to avoid disturbances in temperature due to natural convention from surrounding. The heat in put is varied by dimmer stat and is measured by ammeter and volt meter with the help of switches, the temperatures of the surfaces are measured by thermo couples are connected to the plate surface diametrically opposite to get average surface temperature of the plates, another thermo couples kept hanged in chamber to read temperature of enclosure ,

PROCEDURE:

Switch on the main MCB Operate toggle switch to black body position Adjust the dimmerstat of black body to required volts and amps .

Note down the readings of volts and amps related to black body Change toggle switch position to specimen side Adjust the volt meter and amps meter reading slightly lesser than the black body readings Wait for ten minutes or more to attain steady state Note down the temperature of Black body and specimen by operating the rotary selector switch Repeat the experiment for different heat in puts

SPECIFICATIONS:

Diameter of test Plate =160mm Diameter of Black plate=160mm Enclosure size=300 * 350* 400

sl no

dimmer stat reading

Temperatures Ambient T7

black V I V

specimen I

Black body T1 T2 T3 T4

speciman T5 T6

CALCLATIONS:

1) Emissive power of black plate ( according to Stefan Boltman Law)

E b= T

 = Stefan Boltzmans constant

= 5.67 x 10 w /sq m k

T=

(T1 +T1 + T1/ 3 + 273 K ) - Ta + 273

2) Emissive power of gray body/ spacema

T=
3)

(T4 +T5 + T 6 / 3 + 273 K) - Ta + 273

Emissivity =

= Eg/Eb

2nd method Heat supplied to the test specimen

Q g = v x I watts Q g= g
Tg= g A g (Tg Ta )

(T1+T2 + T 3 / 3 Area of gray body = d g /

Ag=

d = diameter of gray plate =150mm Tg= (T7 + 273 )

2) HEAT SUPPLIED TO BLACK BOD

Qb = v x I watts b A b (Tb Ta )

Tb=

(T4 +T5 + T 6 / 3

Tb=

(T7 + 273 )

A b=

Area of black body = d b /

d = diameter of black plate =150mm

= Qg / Qb

= g

g A g (Tg Ta )/ b b A b (Tb Ta )

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN FIN APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the effectiveness and efficiency of metallic fin by natural convection and by forced convention using pin fin apparatus

INTRODUCTION: Fins are extended surfaces which are used to increase the rate of heat transfer between a surface and adjacent fluid. fin are classified in to three types , angular fins straight fins and pin fins. Angular fins are fixed to a cylindrical surfaces and straight fins and pins are fixed to a plane surfaces.

Mixing of hot fluid and cold fluid takes place due to the density difference caused by temperature gradient .then the process of heat transfer is known as natural convenction . fins are used in I.C Engines compressors and heat exchangers

Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to heat transfer with out fin

= MK Tan h (m L) / h

m=hP/ KA

Efficiency of the fin is the ratio of heat lost from the fin to the heat that would be lost when the entire surface of the fin is under room temperature

fin =
Procedure:

tanh(mL) (mL)

a) For Natural convention : Switch on the power supply by operating main switch.Ad just the dimmer start to obtain the required heat and adjust .Note down the readings of volt meter and amps meter after achieving steady .Repeat the procedure for different heat in put

b)

For forced convenction:Switch on the power supply by operating main switch. Adjust dimmer stat to obtain the required heat and adjust.Start the blower and set the manometer reading by operating the valve to required flow rate Note down the following reading

Voltmeter reading

Ammeter reading

Temperature readings from 1 to 7 by operating the selector switch

Manometer reading in cm

Repeat the procedure for different heat in put and tabulate the results

SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of the pin fin

= 0.095m

Diameter of the pin fin = 0 .0125m Diameter of the orifice = 15mm Diameter of the pipe =40mm Coefficient of discharge = 0.62 Thermal conductivity of fin material K= 110 W/m- K Duct size = 150 mm x100mm Distance between each thermocouple on pin fin =20mm Sl. Voltmete Ammete r reading in ampere( I) 1 2 3 Manometer reading in meters Base Free Surface temperature

No r reading in volts(V)

tempera stream ture

temperatu readings in 0C (T) re of air in 0C Th(T6) T2 T3 T4 T5

h 1

h 2

h=h1+ h2 reading in 0C (T1)

Formulas for specimen calculations: Determination of properities of air at film temperature (

Tf )

Tf = (Ts +Ta ) / 2

(Ts = T1 +T2 +T3 +T4 + T5) /5

Ta

= ambient temperature

B) Determination of (Gr and Graphossif No G r

Pr )

Prandtl no from data book Nu Nu Nu

= 1.1 (Gr * Pr ) =0.59 (Gr * Pr ) = 0.13 (Gr * Pr )

for 0.1 < G r > 10 for 10 < G r > 10 for 10 < G r > 10

Determination of heat transfer coefficient

h =

NuK L

Where K= Thermal conductivity of air L = length of fin

RESULTS:

Sl. No

Surface temp in
0C

Film temp. in 0C ( Tf)

Velocity of air in m/sec (V)

Reynol ds number

Nusselt number

Convective heat transfer coefficient

Heat loss in Watts (QL )

(Ts)

in W/m2
0C

( h)

1 2 3

INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR GUARDED PLATE APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating material by guarded plate principle

General description: the apparatus is designed and fabricated according to the guarded plate principle. The guarded hot plate method has been recognized by scientist and engineers, to find out the thermal conductivity of insulating material. It is steady state absolute method suitable for materials laid flat between two parallel plates.

Principle of the guarded plate: the essential part of the apparatus is a hot plate , cold plate the heater and insulated plate , ie backlight for which thermal conductivity to be determined.

For the measurement of thermal conductivity K what is required is to have a one dimensional steady state heat flow through the flat specimen an arrangement for maintaining its temperature constant at its faces and some metering arrangement for heat flow. To eliminate the heat loses caused by edges of specimen perfect insulation is provided . the temperatures are measured by calibrated thermocouples either attached perfectly to the plate or specimen at the hot and cold faces .two specimens are used of known thickness, the temperature difference of specimen faces are known and heat flow across the plate is measured by watt meter then the thermal conductivity of specimen can be known.

Thermal conductivity of material

Q2 L K = --------------A x (Th - Tc)

Where K = Thermal conductivity of material K Jules/ hr deg Kelvin Q = Heat in put in K.jules A= area of specimen = d / 4in m Th = temperature of hot surface Th = temperature of cold surface L = Thickness of plate Description of equipment: The heater plate is made of mica sheet and nichrome wire . Fitted flat between the backlit plates whose thermal conductivity is to be measured . the set up is radically insulated with thermal insulation to prevent haet losses through the edges . Two thermocouples each on ether sides are fitted to measure the temperatures on hot surfaces. Specimens are held between heater and cooling surfaces. Thermocouples 5 and 6 are used to measure the temperature between cold surfaces. The plate assembly together with heater are clamped and placed in insulated chamber to avoid the heat losses due to radiation. The cooling chamber is composite assembly made of grooves to circulate the cold water to carry the heat flow and to maintain steady temperature. The assembly along with heater plate is held tightly by four bolts.

Test procedure :

The specimen ie backlit plates are placed and held tightly on either side of heater assembly uniformly touching the heater and cooling plates

The cooling circuit is started by opening the valve slowly do not give high flow suddenly it may tend to water leakages from the sides

Start the main panel board MCB in on position and simultaneously switch on the heater.

Slowly rotate the dimmer stat in clockwise direction and adjust the heat input to required value in no case do not rotate the dimmer stat so that the amps meter reading exceed 1,5 amps.

After 5- 10 minutes note down the temperature readings T1 to T6. Repeat the procedure till steady state is attained. And tabulate the results.

Precautions:

Keep dimmer stat to zero position before switching on the heater

Increase the voltage and current gradually and the amps meter reading should not exceed 1.5 amps.

Start the cooling circuit before switching on the heater and adjust the flow rate so that there is no temperature rise in the cooling water. Specifications of set up:

Dimmer stat open type: 230 volts 2 amps capacity

Volt meter, amps meter, temperature indicator digital type, 230 volts

Heater mica covered no chrome wire 300 watts capacity

Test specimen:

Bakelite material. size 200 mm dia , 20mm thickness

No of thermocouples 6 T1 to T6 Observation table sl no HEAT IN PUT q HOT TEMPERATURE COLD PLATE TEMPERATURE T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

WATTS

T1

T2

T3

SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:

Heat in put to the heater

Q=VXI

Watts

Area of specimen d / 4in m = (*0.2 * 0.2) / 4in m Thermal conductivity QL K = --------------2 A x (Th - Tc) Th
=

T1 + T2+ T3+ T4+ T5 + T6

--------------------------

6 Th= T7+ T8
-----------

L = thickness of specime

PARALLEL FLOW COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

Aim: To determine the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and over all heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger.

Theory: Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, the temperature of the fluids change in the direction of flow and consequently there occurs a change in thermal head causing the flow of heat the hot fluid is hot water and cold fluid is cold water.

Temperature effectiveness and effectiveness of heat exchanger:

Temperature effectiveness includes this performance of heat exchanger w.r.t temperature alone. it is defined as the ratio of temperature difference that one fliud under goes to the maximum temperature difference prevailing across the heat exchanger. it is denoted by p

(Tco- Tci ) p1= ----------------------------(Thi- Tho )

( Thi-Tho) p2= ---------------------(Thi- Tci Effectiveness of heat exchanger = Q/ Qma

Description: the apparatus consists of horizontal tubes, hot water flow inner tube and cold water flows over the tube electric geyser is used to heat the water. Flow of water is measured by stop watch and jar provided. Thermo couples are provided and insulation is provided to minimize the heat loss.

Procedure: 1) Open flow control valve v1 of inlet water the water flow to circulate in to the annular space of concentric tube. Adjust the flow rate. 2) select the type of flow either counter flow or parallel flow by operating appropriate valve 3) for parallel flow open v1 and v3 and close v2 and v4 4) for counter flow open v2, v4 close v1 and v3 5) Put on the switch of the electric geyser for hot water circulation. 6) Put on the selector switch of the temperature indicator to the required temperature. 7) Wait still steady state is achieved. 8) Note down the temperature readings of temperatures and water flow. 9) Start stop watch to calculate time taken for collection of 2000cc or 1000cc both cold water and hot water to calculate the mass of hot water and mass of cold water circulated per minute

SPECIFICATION:

1. Inside diameter of the tube 2. Length of the pipe

40mm L= 1500mm 12.5mm

3. Inside diameter of inner pipe 4. Length of the pipe TABULAR COLUMN Sl.no Type of flow Water flow of hot rate 1 Parallel flow 0.4

L= 1500mm

Water flow of cold rate

Temperatures Thi Tho Tci Tco

Counter flow

0.4

Parallel flow

0.8

Counter flow

0.8

Thi = inlet temperature of hot water at inlet pipe = T2

Th0 = outlet temperature of hot water at inner pipe= T3

For parallel flow

Tci = inlet temperature of cold water at outer pipe = T1

Tco = outlet temperature of hot water at outer pipe = T5 For counter flow

Tci = inlet temperature of cold water at outer pipe = T1

Tco = outlet temperature of hot water at outer pipe = T4

CALCULATION:

A) PARALLEL FLOW

Heat loss by hot water = heat gained by cold water Mh X Cph ( Thi-Tho) = Mc Cpc (Tco- Tci )

Mh = mass of hot water flow

Mc =mass of cold water

TMAX- TMIN LMTD = ----------------------------log (TMAX/ TMIN)

TMAX

= Thi-

Tci

= T2 - T1

Tmin = Tho- Tco

= T3- T5

Q = Mw CpcTw= Mw Cpc (Tco- Tci)

Area of pipe = A = d /4

Q = A (LMTD)

Over all heat transfer coefficient o = Q / A (LMTD)

B) Counter flow

Effectiveness of heat exchanger = Q/ Qmax

Q= Mh Cph( Thi-Tho ) = Mc Cpc (Tco- Tci)

Qmax= (Mcp)minTmax

Effectiveness of heat exchanger = Q/ Qmax

Mh Cph( Thi-Tho)
------------------------------ =

Mc Cpc (Tco- Tci

------------------------------------

( MCp)min (Thi- Tci)

( MCp)min (Tho- Tci)

Specimen calculation

Sl.no

Type of flow

Water flow of hot rate

Water flow of cold rate

Temperatures Thi Tho Tci

Parallel flow

0.4

Counter flow

0.4

Parallel flow

0.8

Counter flow

0.8

Heat transfer rate for hot water or heat lost by hot water MCp hot x (Thi Tho) =Qh 0.4 x60 4.15 x (Thi Tho) =Qh kjules/hr

Heat transfer rate for cold water or heat gained by cold water MCp cold x (Tco Tci) =Qc 0.8 x 60 x 4.15 x (Tco Tci) =Qc kjules/hr (i o) LMTD (T)m = --------------ln(i/i)

i = (Thi Tci)

0 = (Tho Tco)

Value of LMTD = 12 TO 20

OVER ALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

U = Q/ A X LMTD

Q = (Qh+ QC)/2. W/hr A= d /4 Value of over all heat transfer coefficient = 1500 to 3000 W /sq mtr

Effectiveness = E= actuaul HT/ most possible value of mop

= (Thi Tho)/(Thi Tci)x 100 The value should lies between 20 to 30 %

INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE RIG

Aim: To find coefficient performance of refrigeration cycle works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle

THEORY

Standard vapour-compression cycle:

The standard vapour compression cycle consists of the following processes: 1-2 Reversible adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to the condenser pressure. 2-3 Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure super heating and condensation .3-4 Irreversible constant enthalpy expansion from saturated liquid to the evaporator pressure. 4-1 Reversible heat addition at constant pressure (Evaporation to saturated vapour)

As shown in fig enclosed

Refrigerants such as R-134, R -134(commercially known as Freons) are used as the working medium because of their properties which are required as refrigeration cycles.

PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE:

Process 1-2 is the compression process wherein mechanical work is to be supplied (usually in the form of electrical energy) to a compressor. This is the quantity to be spent. Process 4-1 represents the useful refrigeration effect.

The index of performance is defined as coefficient of performance (not as efficiency, as for heat engines).

C.O.P. is defined as follows:C.O.P. =

usefull refrigeration (output ) net work (compressor work , input )

A Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of all reversible processes:

It will have the highest coefficient of performance when operating between limits.

C.O.P. of Carnot refrigeration is defined as follows:

C.O.Pcarnot =

T1 T2 T1

Note: Carnot cycle C.O.P. depends only on condenser and evaporator temperatures.

Carnot cycle is an ideal cycle. It cannot be constructed in practice however; it is used as a guideline for comparison.

Actual vapour compression cycle:

STATE POINTS:

1. 2. 3. 4.

INLET to compressor EXIT from compressor and INLET to condenser EXIT from condenser and ENTRY to THROTTLE valve EXIT from throttle valve and ENTRY to Evaporator (Cold room)

Let P1, P2, be the pressures and h1, h2, h3, and h4 be the specific enthalpies of the refrigerant vapour (134aetc) respectively.\

These are to be found out from relevant p-h chart.

1. (h2 h1) denotes the compressor work (work input) 2. h3 = h4 (throttling process is also a constant enthalpy process.) 3. (h1 h4) is the enthalpy rise on the evaporator, i.e, the refrigeration effect

C.O.Ptheoretical =

h1 h4 h2 h1

Description of equipments:

The main parts of actual refrigeration cycle consist of

Compressor: This pumps the refrigerant in vapor form from evaporator to condenser Condenser: cools the super heated refrigerant from compressor and converts to liquid refrigerant at constant pressure Capillary or expansion valve: the device where throttling of liquid refrigerant takes place, here both temperature and pressure of refrigerant drops drastically Evaporator: this is a closed chamber insulated where net refrigeration effect takes place the cold refrigerant absorbs latent heat from the substance to be cooled and brings down the temperature of the material to be cooled . HP/LP CUT OFF: switch off the compressor when high pressure and low pressure ranges are attained to protect the compressor

OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

Before starting unit please observe and note the following points: a. All the hand shut off valves should be opened except charging line valve which should not be touched. b. P1 indicate suction pressure in the gauges, c. P2 indicate discharge pressure in the gauges. the voltage is not above 250 V and below 220 Volts. Do not operate of voltage is not proper. Please see that a proper earth is provided for the unit. d. Provide a single phase 5 amps 3 pin socket power supply close to the unit. See that

Note:Only one system of expansion can be used at a time.

Capillary tube as expansion device Duration of test: 1 hour / 30 minutes FOR REFRIGERATION TEST C... 1 J/s = 1 w

1 kJ/s = 1 kw (power unit) 3600 kJ/s = 1 kwH Observation table: Sl. No 1. Duration of test Discharge pressure P1 Suction pressure P2 Temperatures T1 T2 T3 T4 capillary 2. 3. Expansion valve 1. 2. 3.

T5

Quantity of water cooled 20 litres Initial temperature of water Tw1 Initial temperature of water Tw2

Time taken for 10 revolution of energy meter disc

Specimen calculations: Power in put to compressor =

Work done=

3600 revolutionsconsidered mech tran time Energy meter const.

Initial water temperature Tw1 = T51 Final water temperature Tw2 = T52

Drop in water temperature T = Tw2 - Tw1 Heat extracted by water Q = m Cp T = Where, M = mass of water taken in kg. =38kgs Cp is the specific heat of water in kJ/kg o C T is the drop in temperature. Actual C .O.P. =

Heat extracted ( Re frigeration effect ) = Work done

Theoretical C.O.P. is determined from the chart by taking enthalpies at different points. Theoretical C.O.P. = Where, H1 H4 is the theoretical refrigeration effect (output) H2 H1 is the compressor work (input)

H1 H 4 H 2 H1

C.O.Ptheoretical >C.O.P.actual

C.O.Pcarnot =

Tlow T1 or T2 T1 Thigh Tlow

Capillary tube as expansion device

Duration of test: 1 hour / 30 minutes FOR REFRIGERATION TEST C..1 J/s = 1 w 1 kJ/s = 1 kw (power unit) 3600 kJ/s = 1 kwH Observation table: Sl. No 1. Duration of test suction pressure P1 Discharge pressure P2 Temperatures T1 T2 T3 T4 15 min 25psi 200psi 26.1 61.7 31.4 -3.8 Capillary 2. 30min 30 245 19.4 81.7 33.4 00 3. 60 minutes 30 240 12.3 79 32.6 -1.9 40 180 8.8 45.4 36.2 5.2 30 200 2.8 61.6 32.3 -1.5 28 180 0 61.7 31.6 -3.6 Expansion valve 1. 2. 3.

T5

27.8

18.7

10.5

Quantity of water cooled Initial temperature of water Tw1

38 litres 27.8

38 17.6

Initial temperature of water Tw2 Time taken for 5 revolution of energy meter disc

10.5 635 sec 36sec 35 sec

7.5 35 36 40

AIR CONDITIONING CYCLE TEST RIG

AIM: To conduct a test on air conditioning cycle test rig and find its coefficient performance. To psychometric conditions or thermodynamic proprieties of air. THEORY: the science of air conditioning deals with mentaining desirable internal air conditions irrespective of atmosphere conditioning. The factors involved are

1. temperature 2. humidity 3. air movement and circulation 4. air filtering cleaning and purification The simultaneous control of this factor is essential for human comfort. or any industrial application of this system

In any air condition system temperature humidity are controlled by thermodynamic processes. These process involve cooling heating humidification, de humidification process such as cooling heating, de humidification etc.

APPARATUS It consists of cooling coil which is part of vapor compression refrigeration system works on Freon -22 refrigerant. In the up stream and down stream of cooling coil re heat the air. The system is provided with fans, blowers, air ducts and valves to provide proper circulation of air. The system is provided with digital temperature indicator with RTD type thermocouple sensors to measure the temperatures of air and refrigeration cycle at various points. Two pressure gauges are provided to measure the pressure. A u- tube manometer is provided to measure the flow of air in the duct and to find out the quantity of air flowing through the duct... The system is equipped with following main components

Air conditioning cycle: consist of

Evaporator: or cooling coil which cools the air provided in the duct. Compressor:

hermetically sealed type,

Condenser: which cools the refrigerant from super heated gaseous to liquid state Capillary or expansion valve: is a device to throttle the liquid refrigerant where the pressure

and temperature drops to carry refrigeration effect

Digital temperature indicator: with RTD Type sensors to measure the temperatures of

refrigeration and air condition cycle is provided

Blower two nos: to provide air circulations to air conditioning cycle

Air circulation ducting is provided with insulation to circulate the air required.

Procedure:

Switch on the mains and the console

Open the hand shutt of valve to work the system on capillary or switch on the on off button of solenoid valve to work the system on expansion valve Operate the system only either through expansion valve or capillary one at a time.

Switch on the compressor and blower of refrigeration unit observes the temperature readings;

Observations:

T1 = suction temperature of refrigeration cycle suction to compressor T2 = discharge temperature of refrigeration cycle,/ to compressor discharge T3 = temperature of refrigeration cycle after condensation T4 = temperature of refrigeration cycle after expansion valve or capillary T5 = dry bulb temperature of atmospheric air to inlet T6= wet bulb temperature of atmospheric air to inlet T7= dry bulb temperature of the conditioned air cooled T8 = wet bulb temperature of the conditioned air cooled P1 = low pressure of refrigeration cycle / refrigerant at temperature T1 P1 = High pressure of refrigeration cycle / refrigerant at temperature T2 HW = h 1 + h 1 = manometer reading for air flow measurement P = Power in put to the compressor

i = relative humidity of inlet air (%) o = relative humidity of out let air
Observation table for cooling open cycle Temperatures: Refrigeration cycle T1 = suction temperature of refrigeration cycle suction to compressor T2 = discharge temperature of refrigeration cycle,/ to compressor discharge T3 = temperature of refrigeration cycle after condensation T4 = temperature of refrigeration cycle after expansion valve or capillary

Air temperatures Ti = T5 = inlet air dry bulb temperature =

T7 = inlet air wet bulb temperature

To = out let air / conditioned air temperature = HP = high pressur p2= LP = Low Pressue p1= Relative Humidity inlet air = i = Relative Humidity out let air = o = HW = h 1 + h 1 = manometer reading for air flow measurement = Time taken for 5 revn. Of energy meter T = Sec

Specimen calculation for open cycle /closed cycle

1. Quantity of air flown

v1 = C d aorifice 2ghair

2. Area of orifice
A=

d 2 (0 2 . .09) = =m 4 4

Head of air= ha = 1000 hm a

mtrs

Where, Density of water is w = 1000 kgs/m3 hm = head of water in manometer = h1 + h2. ha = head of air a= density of air at STP = 1.169 kgf/m3.

3. Power consumed by compressor =

3600 * N T *K

WATTS

Where, N = no of revn of energy meter K= energy meter constant = T = time taken for n revelation of energy meter

From the psychometric chart find out Relative Humidity and specific humidity of inlet and outlet air at temperature Ti = T5 = inlet air dry bulb temperature T6 = inlet air wet bulb temperature = =

To = out let air / conditioned air temperature = T7 HP = high pressur p2= LP = Low Pressue p1= Relative Humidity inlet air = i =

from psychometric chart

Relative Humidity out let air = o = Calculations for coefficient of performance of and net refrigeration or ton of refrigeration effect Theoretical coefficient performance of air conditioning cycle

H1 H 4 Kilojoules H 2 H1
Where H1 = Enthalpy at temperature T1 and Pressure P1 H2 = Enthalpy at temperature T2 and Pressure P2 = H3 H 4 = Enthalpy at temperature T4 and Pressure P1 Hp per tone of refrigeration =

4.715 cop

4.715 Constant for Freon-22

ALL datas are collected from P-H chart of Freon -22 refrigerants used in this equipment Calculation for Net air conditioning effect or per ton of refrigeration At inlet temperature of air (T5) dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperatue T6 Find Relative humidity i =

And air out let temperature finds relative humidity for T7 and T8
Relative humidity o =

Read from psychometric cart

At inlet

Enthalpy of inlet air Hi = Kj/Kg

Specific volume

= cub mtr/Kg

Moisture content = kg/kg of air

Wet bulb temperature T6

At out let Enthalpy of out let air Ho = KJ/Kg Specific volume = /Kg

Moisture content = kg/kg of air Wet bulb temperature T8=------Theoretical Heat rejected by air / Net refrigeration effect = Hi- Ho Actual heat rejected = m