Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
University Institute of Technology, Rajeev Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, M.P., India
ABSTRACT
This research paper is prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of India, All India Council of
Technical Education (AICTE) under Research Promotion Scheme (RPS). The power efficiency of wind energy systems has a high influence in the economic analysis of wind energy systems. The power efficiency in these systems depends on many elements i.e. blades, gearbox, electric generator and different control systems. Some factors that are involved in blade efficiency are the wind features, e.g. its probabilistic distribution, the mechanical interaction of blade with the electric generator, and the strategies dealing with pitch and rotational speed control. This paper focuses the effect of change in perturbation factor on axial thrust and the torque development by the turbine which is much more significant to take up the issue.
12
to take up the issue in the 1930s Glauert applied classical aerodynamic methods to airplane propeller designs in an effort to optimize performance of the horizontal axis machine for propulsion. [5] We have tried to show in our paper that controlling the range of perturbation factor can greatly affect the way in which we harness the wind power. If implemented we are sure that this important discovery has the potential to change the way we look at the wind power generation. Experimental data, consisting of hourly records over a specified period, is measured in the Energy Park of UIT-RGPV Bhopal. It can be expected that possible applications of wind energy systems could be considered for the efficient utilization of these resources.
13
P0/A1= (1/2) u03W/m2 This indicates that power available in wind is proportional to the cube of wind speed. Assuming a typical value of wind density, at 15C and at sea level to be 1.2 kg /m3, power available in moderate wind of 10 m/s is 600 W/ m2. Wind turbine is used to produce useful mechanical power from wind. The rotor of the turbine collects energy from the whole area swept by the rotor. The variation in wind speed at a location is often described by the Weibull probability distribution function. [9] For the purpose of simple analysis a smooth laminar flow with no molly used, is considered. The rotor may be considered as an actuator disk across which there is reduction of pressure as energy is extracted. Air mass decrease as air expands. The stream tube model, also known as Betz model of expanding air stream tube is shown in Fig.2. The stream tube area of constant air mass is A0 upstream, which expands to A1 while passing though rotor, and become, A2 downstream. [10] Fig.1 Wind speed and wind gust potential at UIT RGTU Bhopal
14
Comparing with Eqn. PT= Cp. P0 Where Cp is the fraction of available power in the wind that can be extracted and is known as power coefficient. Cp is given as: Cp =4a(1-a) 2 Fig. 3 Power coefficient variations with velocity at the turbine The power coefficient Cp is the fraction of available power in the wind that is extracted .The variation of power coefficient Cp at various velocities at the turbine u1 is shown in the graph .The reading shows that at 3 m/s the value of power coefficient Cp is 0.58 i.e. closer to Betz limit. Fig. 4 Power coefficient variations with downstream velocity at the turbine The power coefficient Cp fraction of available power in the wind that is extracted and its variation at various downstream velocities of the turbine u2 is shown in the graph. At 0.5 power coefficient Cp the value of downstream velocity is almost 0 i.e. closer to Betz limit. Fig. 5 Perturbation factor variations with downstream velocity at the turbine When u2 =0,a=0.5, the simple model breaks down as no wind is predicted to be leaving downstream. In practice, this is equivalent to onset of turbulence downstream. Power extraction decreases due to mismatch of rotational frequency and wind speed and partial stalling begins .The turbine blades will still be turning, causing extensive turbulence in the air stream, leading to more losses. Fig. 6 Perturbation factor variations with velocity at the turbine When the wind speed at the turbine is reduced to zero (i.e. u1 =0), a the perturbation factor becomes unity and no power is extracted. This state is nothing but the (complete) Stall State of blades. Value of Cp for different values of a can be tabulated as shown below. The maximum possible efficiency for an idealized wind turbine is roughly 59.3%. In practice, three effects prohibit a real wind turbine from achieving this efficiency: Fig. 7 Perturbation factor variations with power coefficient of wind turbine The variation of fraction of available power in the wind that is extracted with fractional wind speed decrease at the turbine is very well described by the graph of perturbation factor a versus power coefficient cp .At the value of 0.33 perturbation factor, power coefficient is obtained 0.58 i.e. almost closer to the Betz limit.
15
Fig. 9 Wind class frequency distribution in the WRPLOT view Here the Frequency Distribution plot displaying the normalized frequency of occurrences of winds in each direction sector and each wind speed class. The sub-totals for each column and row (total occurrence of wind class and wind direction respectively) are displayed; also the number of calms and total wind data are shown.
CONCLUSIONS
Thus from the above observation & calculation we have shown how important the effect of perturbation factor has in the harnessing of wind power. Torque available at the blades is also very high. When the air just passes through the turbine blades in this case without any reduction in velocity and thus the turbine taps no wind power. It was found that maximum axial thrust occurs at a perturbation factor of 0.5. This is the condition for maximum power extraction, it related to the ideal case that is nothing but the Betz criterion. For a commercial turbine the value of power extraction is always less than this. When a perturbation factor is equals to 0.5. In this case the simple model breaks down as no wind is predicted to leaving downstream. This is equivalent to onset of turbulence downstream. Power extraction decreases due to frequency mismatch and partial stalling begins. When a perturbation factor is equals to 1, there is no power extraction in this case. This state is nothing but the stall state of the blades. When no load is coupled to the turbine the blades just freewheel. There is no reduction of wind speed at the turbine, therefore, u1 =u0 and the value of a is zero. The air just passes through turbine without any reduction of speed. Now as load is applied, power is extracted, so, Cp increases as u1 decreases. Maximum value of Cp (i.e. Cp max =16/27=0.593) occurs at a =1/3. At this condition: u1 = (2/3)u0 and, u2 = (1/3)u0 That means, at maximum power extraction condition the upstream wind speed is reduced to two third at the turbine and further reduced to one-third downstream. The criterion for maximum power extraction, i.e., Cp max =(16/27) is a Betz criterion. This applies to an ideal case. For a commercial wind turbine, however, maximum power coefficient is less than ideal value.
REFERENCES
1. Beurskens, J., Jensen, P.H. 2001. Economics of wind energy prospects World 4 (4), 103-121. 2. Barnard, J.C. and Wendell, L.L. 1997. A simple method of estimating wind turbine blade fatigue at potential wind turbine sites. ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 119(2): 174179. 3. 4. Ghosh, S. 2006. Future demand of petroleum products in India. Energy Policy, 34 (15), 2032-2037. Ozgener O. Hepbasli A. (2002) 'Current status and future directions of wind energy application in Turkey' Energy sources. Vol.24 PP 1117-1129 5. Glauert, H., 1935, Airplane Propellers, Aerodynamic Theory, ed, W. F. Durand, Julius Springer, Berlin, pp. 169-360. 6. White D.L. and Musial W.D. 2004 The Effect of Load Phase Angle on Wind Turbine Damage42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Reno, Nevada January 58, 10 Blade Fatigue and directions. Renewable Energy
16
7.
Dr. Pecen Recayi, Dr. Salim MD, & Mr. Zora Ayhan (2004) A lab view based instrumentation system for a wind- solar hybrid power station in journal of industrial technology. Vol. 20 No. 3 PP 2-7.
8.
Akhlaque Ahmad M., Firoz Ahmad, and M. Wasim Akhtar, 2006, Assessment of Wind Power Potential for Coastal Areas of Pakistan Turk Journal of Phys30 pp 1 -9
9.
Gupta, B.K. 1986. Weibull parameters for annual and monthly wind speed distributions for five locations in India. Solar Energy 37 (6), 469-471.
10. Jonkman J.M. 2003 Modeling of the UAE Wind Turbine for Refinement of FAST_AD NREL/TP-500-34755 11. Chen Y. M., Hung S. C, Cheng, and Y.C. Liu2005, Multi-Input Inverter for Grid-Connected Hybrid PV/Wind Power System IEEE. Pp.850-856
U0 A1
U0
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.324 0.433 0.512 0.562 0.588 0.592 0.576 Power Coefficient 'Cp' 0.5 0.384
17
4 3 2 1 0 0.324 0.433 0.512 0.562 0.588 0.592 0.576 Power Coefficient 'Cp' 0.5 0.384
-1 -2
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.33
0.4
0.5
0.6
Perturbation Factor'a'
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.33 0.4 0.5 0.6
Perturbation Factor'a'
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.33 0.4 0.5 0.6
18