Energy Management

7.1 Principles of Energy Management

Process data and control center communication Process data from operational equipment is transferred and recorded directly from the process. There is often also an exchange of process data with other control centers. This exchange of information also has the purpose of enabling processes in the directly adjacent section of the network to be included in the network supervision and control process. Today, the standardized IEC 870-5-101 and 104 protocols are increasingly used alongside old proprietary transmission protocols for transferring information from the local network. The OPC (OLE for Process Control) standard also offers a method of process communication and a means of communicating with the world of automation. The Inter-Control Center Communication Protocol (ICCP), also known as TASE2, has now become the established form of data exchange between control centers and is compliant with IEC standard 870-6. Archiving Another basic function of a control system is the processing of archive data. Archive data processing is responsible for cyclical collection, storage and aggregation. The archive allows different functions for data collection that group together and further process the data received from the real-time database. The resulting values are stored in turn in the archive. However, archives often also provide additional functions such as generating a sliding average or determining maximum and minimum values in order to process the real-time values before they are stored (g. 7.1-5). The calculation functions of an archive usually also comprise functions for implementing recurring calculations for timedependent data. For example, the four fundamental operations can be used on measurement values. These calculations can be carried out at several levels, with the calculations at the lowest level being completed before the calculations at the next higher level are started. A typical application is the totaling of power generation in its entirety and per power plant type, or the balancing of energy consumption according to regions under different customer groups. Load forecasting In order to ensure a reliable power supply, a forecast of energy consumption (load) over time is required. Forecasting methods working on the basis of a regression approach, Kalman ltering or neural networks are used for medium-term planning in the range of up to one year (load planning). For the short term, i.e. in the range of up to one week, pattern-based approach is typically used with options to adjust for actual load values, for actual weather data, etc. Power generation planning A power producer company has typically a portfolio of different power plants available for generating electrical power. Power generation planning is made whilst economically optimizing the generation of the power needed according to the load forecast, market price forecast and contracts, taking into account the characteristics of the different power plants in the portfolio (fuel

Fig. 7.1-5: Operator user interface replay of archived values in a network display

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Fig. 7.1-6: Concept of hierarchical control

costs, start-up and shutdown times and costs, and rate of power change) to produce a generation timetable for all power generating units. These timetables are then used as target for power generation control (g. 7.1-6). Note that to meet its load the power producer may opt to buy additional energy from a 3rd party within the same power system in which case purchase contracts will be integrated to this optimization process, and/or from a 3rd party outside the same power system in which case interconnection exchanges will be integrated to this optimization process. Accordingly purchase and interchange schedules will then be integrated to these timetables. Power generation control and frequency regulation The advantage that electric power has of being universally usable is offset by the disadvantage that it is difcult to store. For this reason, the generation of electrical power must take place simultaneously with consumption. The frequency is used as the means of measuring whether generation and consump-

Siemens Energy Sector Power Engineering Guide Edition 7.0

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