Ampliers Lab Report

Dovis Alessandro June 16, 2012

Abstract
This report presents the fourth experiment that we made in the lab. In this experience we performed the analysis of an inverting and a noninverting amplier, extracting their equivalent two-port model parameters (Ri, Ru, Av). We also performed a frequency analysis of the non-inverting amplier. In both analyses we compared the experimental results with the ones we got by theoretical analysis and with nominal values and we found little discrepancies between the expected ideal behavior and the real behavior of the ampliers.

Introduction

Ampliers are the fundamental building blocks of analog electronic circuits: they are active components that are ideally able to amplify the input signal into the output signal independently from the load at the output. In our experiment we have studied two amplier circuits: the rst one was a non-inverting amplier, the second one was an inverting one. For both circuits we have performed a two-port parameters extraction: gain. In the case of the non-inverting amplier, we also studied its frequency response, adding two RC lters, a LowPass and a HighPass lter. We were given the nominal value of the single components as well as the nominal value of the two-port parameters: by making some calculations we were able to compare both sets of values with the experimental results. We also plotted the Bode diagram of the non-inverting amplier and compared it with the expected plot. with some tricks (see below) we managed to retrieve the input and output resistances and the amplier

Theory

The amplier is a device used for increasing the power of a signal by means of a power supply. It can be designed to work as voltage, current, transconductance or transimpedance amplier, depending on the nature of the input and

output signals. The most commonly used amplier is the operational amplier, characterized by a dierential input. Finally, an ideal amplier can be represented with a double-port model, containing either a voltage or a current controlled generator, without any kind of resistive component. However usually we have to deal with the real model so we have to take into account the non-ideal situation, which translates into the presence of two resistances inside this network, namely gain and the bandwidth. The power gain is dened as:

Ri

and

Ro .

It is characterized by many gures of merit, but the most important are the

K=

Po Pi

and represents the ratio between the output and the input power of the device. It is very common to nd this parameter expressed in dB, a logarithmic scale, as:

|G| = K(dB) = 10 log10 |K|

as:

In many cases you can nd the gain in terms of the voltage ratio, expressed

AV =
and its version in dB:

Vo Vi

|G| = AV (dB) = 20 log10 |AV |

N.B.: the two expressions of the gain have a strict relation just if the equivalent resistances seen by the amplier at the input and output ports are equal. The bandwidth is the range of frequencies in which the device has almost the same gain as if there were only resistive components in the circuit. An amplier with a Low Pass and a High Pass lter behaves as a pass-band amplier; in this case, it is the range of frequencies between the upper and the lower half-power points (that are the frequencies at which the power is multiplied or divided by a factor of 2, also known as cut-o frequencies), namely the 3dB bandwidth. The design of both inverting and non-inverting ampliers is based on the concept of negative feedback, which drives the information at the output back to the input of the amplier continuously and makes the behavior of amplier circuit almost independent from the internal gain of the component itself.

2.1 Non-inverting amplier

Figure 1: Non-inverting amplier

It is a circuit made of an operational amplier and two resistances, in which the input signal is applied to the positive input terminal, as in 1. It results in a scaling of the signal, ideally without any phase shift. In our circuit the nal characterization of the equivalent two-port model of the amplier is:

AV =

R1 R2

+1

Ri = R3 Ro = R4
To evaluate the parameters through measurements, the following procedure can be used:

evaluate the gain directly measuring the output voltage with unloaded output; measure the output voltage with a resistor in series with the generator (Vob ) and without it (Voa ); you can evaluate the input resistance as:

Ri =

Voa Vob

R9 ; 1

measure the output voltage with a resistor loading the output (Vob ) and without it (Voa ); you can evaluate the output resistance as:

Ro = R10 ( Voa 1) Vob

2.2 Non-inverting amplier with RC lters

Figure 2: Non-inverting amplier with RC lters

By inserting a High Pass lter at the input of the amplier (capacitors and

C5

C10

in 2) and a Low Pass lter at the load (C6 ), you obtain a pass-band

amplier. The transfer function of this circuit is:

H(s) = AV

sRi (C5 +C10 ) 1+sRi (C5 +C10 )

1 1+sRu C6 .

The cut-o frequences of the model can be found as:

1 =

1 Ri (C5 +C10 ) ; 1 Ru C6 .

2 =

2.3 Inverting amplier

Figure 3: Inverting amplier

This conguration (see 3) is characterized by a feedback system that results in a 180 phase shift from input to output (and a scaling). Also in this case if the op-amp gain is very large, the total gain of the circuit is dependent almost only on the external resistances. The following model is consistent with these assumptions:

 AV = R 8 R7 Ri = R7 Ro = 0
To evaluate the parameters through measurements, one can use the same procedure as for the non-inverting amplier.

Procedure
1 board with built-in inverting and non-inverting ampliers and RC lters 1 Hameg 1004-3 Analog Oscilloscope with oscilloscope probes 1 Sefram 4422 Function Generator 1 Labornetzgerat LPS3303A Power Supply 1 HP 34401A Multimeter Matlab software tool

Equipment:

Figure 4: Amplier board schematic

First we set up all the environment: we used a double power supply that provided positive 12V and negative 12V with respect to the ground. We achieved this behavior by exploiting the tracking mode of the power supply and using the multimeter to set a more accurate voltage. We connected the power supply to the J8 (see board schematic in 4) by a three-wire power cable, the signal generator to J1 using a BNC to BNC cable and the two channels of the oscilloscope to the board pins using alligator clips to BNC connector, respectively CH1 between J6 and J7 and CH2 between J2 and J5. Next, we performed the reading of the values of the several components of the board, by using the color-code converter for resistors and the code translation for capacitors. We evaluated the input and output resistances and the gain of both inverting and non inverting amplier, as previously described in the theoretical section, adding resistances at the input and the output of the amplier and choosing between the two ampliers by using the switches provided on the board itself. We inputed a sinusoidal signal, provided by the signal generator and we could see the output and input signals on the oscilloscope display. Using the same switches we added the LP and HP lters to the amplier and perform a frequency analysis, by sampling the gain corrisponding to a set of frequencies between 300Hz and 1MHz, equispaced in logarithmic scale. Finally, we analyzed the frequency response by plotting the expected and real Bode diagrams and by comparing the nominal values of the two-port parameters with the theoretical ones.

Analysis

In the following subsections we will analyze the data retrieved during the experiment and compare them with the theoretical evaluations and nominal values.

4.1 Non-inverting amplier

The values of the resistances read translating the color-codes are:

R1 = 100k 1% R2 = 12k 5% R3 = 10k 5% R4 = 1k 5%

By applying the formulas shown in Section 2.1, we got:

AV =

R1 R2

+ 1 = 9.3 5.3%

Ri = R3 = 10k 5%

 Ro = R4 = 1k 5%
The nominal values for the parameters are:

AV = 8.5 10% Ri = 11k 5% Ro = 1k 5%

By measuring the values of input and output voltages in the dierent congurations described in detail in Section 2.1 (loaded/unloaded at input and output), we get the following results:

Gain evaluation:

Vo = (18.0 0.5)V Vi = (2.12 0.05)V , AV = 8.49 0.43

from which:

Input resistance evaluation:

Voa = (18.0 0.5)V Vob = (9.69 0.2)V R9 = 10k 1%, from Ri = (11.66 1.34)k

which:

Output resistance evaluation:

Voa = (18.0 0.5)V Vi = (9.03 0.2)V R10 = 1k 5%, from which: Ru = (0.993 0.121)k
As you can see from the quoted gures, the experimental values are much closer to the nominal values than to the theoretically evaluated values: it can be explained by the fact that the ampliers that were used are not really ideal and have some osets, I/O resistances, nite gain and other non-idealities, that cause a little deviation from the theoretical behavior. NB: The uncertainty was calculated using the worst-case evaluation method; in the case of oscilloscope measurements, only the reading uncertainty was taken into account, since the instrument uncertainty is negligible with respect to this one.

4.2 Non inverting amplier with RC lters

By using the previous values of the read resistances, together with the following capacitance values (without the uncertainties, for simplicity):

C5 = 10nF C6 = 10nF

 C10 = 3.3nF
we can calculate the cuto frequencies:

1 = 6.83 103 rad/s 2 = 1 105 rad/s

We can see the measured values in 1 and compare these values with the expected Bode plot in 5. Frequency (Hz) 300 1000 3000 10000 30000 100000 300000 1000000 Output voltage (V) 4.77 12.1 16.3 15 8.57 0.641 0.232 0.074 Input voltage (V) 2.08 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.06 0.408 0.406 0.402

Table 1: Non-inverting amplier - frequency analysis data

Figure 5: Non-inverting amplier - Bode plot

4.3 Inverting amplier

The values of the resistances read translating the color-codes are: 8

 R6 = 12k 5% R7 = 15k 5% R8 = 150k 5%

By applying the formulas shown in Section 2.3, we got:

AV = R8 = 10k 10% R7 Ri = R7 = 15k 5% Ro = 0

The nominal values for the parameters are:

AV = 10 10% Ri = 15k 5% Ro

By measuring the values of input and output voltages in the dierent congurations described in detail in Section 2.1 (loaded/unloaded at input and output), we get the following results:

Gain evaluation:

Vo = (21.1 0.5)V Vi = (2.1 0.05)V , from AV = 10.05 0.48

which:

Input resistance evaluation:

Voa = (21.1 0.5)V Vob = (12.5 0.2)V R9 = 10k 1%, from Ri = (14.53 1.56)k

which:

Output resistance evaluation:

Voa and Vob can

be considered practically equal; this implies that

Ru 0.

In this case all the values (nominal, theoretical and experimental) are rather close one to another and lie in the respective uncertainty scopes.

Conclusion

We studied the behavior of a non-inverting (both identifying the static model and plotting the frequency behavior with the insertion of rst order lters) and an inverting amplier; the experiment highlights the discrepancy between the ideal behavior that we expect from a theoretical study and the real behavior: this is due to the non-ideality of the amplier and it was taken into account in the nominal values provided by the manifacturer (that are much closer to

the real two-port parameters than the ones evaluated by us). quantitative standpoint.

The behavior

in frequency domain is close to the expected one, both from a qualitative and

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