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PRIMARY SOURCES
"Announcement of the First Satellite." Pravada 5 October 1957. This is the Soviet Unions official announcement of the launch. Initially, the USSR called very little attention to Sputnik, only to realize how fateful the launch was after the rest of the world had done so. The article gives bits of factual information and states that the Soviet Union plans on launching more satellites for the purpose of scientific research. The article concludes with the hope that Sputniks success will prove to the world how successful the Soviet form of government and society was. I used it in the The Soviet Announcement page.

Bonestell, Chesley. [Rocket landing on mars]. 1952. Canvas. Colliers Magazine. One of several paintings Bonestell made for Colliers. They illustrate the overly optimistic and grand ideas space enthusiasts had at the beginning of the space age, and probably had a great influence on public opinion at the time, making space appear much more fantastical than it really was. DuBridge, L. A. "The Challenge of Sputnik." Engineering & Science 21 (1958): 13-18. Caltech Office of Public Relations. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This primary source was published in the journal Engineering & Science in 1958, and it discusses what exactly Sputnik is, and what exactly America should do to respond to it. It emphasizes education reform and was a valuable resource for that section of my website.

Eisenhower, Dwight. Remarks by the President in connection with the opening of the International Geographic Year. The White House, Washington, D.C. 30 June 1957. Radio and television address. Eisenhowers speech embodies what the IGY was about- bringing together scientists for the sole purpose of scientific discovery.

Furnas, C. C. "Why Did U.S Lose the Race? Critics Speak Up." LIFE. 43.17 (21 Oct. 1957): 22-23.

Google Books. Web. 13 Dec. 2012.

Part of a series of LIFE articles written in response to Sputnik. Furnas was consulted to remark on the event and wrote on what the United States could have done to beat the USSR into space. He gives many well-reasoned points, including more attention being paid to engineering and scientific military endeavors.

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Kaplan, Irving, Preliminary statement of the Association of Manhattan District Scientists . August 1945. Letter. Gilder Lehrman Collection. Written by the AMDS several days after the dropping of the atomic bomb, it warns of the great dangers of nuclear warfare. It outlines and describes measures that must be taken to keep nuclear arms from falling into enemy hands, stating that a world in an arms race that is one of fear. The letter is fundamental in understanding the Cold War and why the United States took such drastic measures to keep the world from nuclear war.

Nicolet, Marcel. The International Geophysical Year 1957/58. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. PDF This document by the secretary general of the International Geophysical Year was very useful when I was researching the IGY. The document provided valuable primary information on how the program began, useful pictures to reinforce context, and various data that furthered my understanding of the IGY.

Soviet Satellite Sends U.S. into a Tizzy. Life. 14 Oct. 1957: 34-37. Print. This article, atypical to many published at the time, makes mention of the conference at which American and Soviet found themselves attending when news of Sputniks successful launch reached them. It goes into little detail concerning the actual event, but the title of the article gives more than enough information about how the launch was received.

United States. Dept. of Defense. Dept. of the Navy. Department of the Navy memorandum on

official statements regarding the Sputnik launch. 5 October 1957.

In response to Sputnik, Navy captain Noel Gaylor wrote a memo to the Chief of Information, notifying him that discussion of Sputnik was to be strictly limited as a matter of national security. The urgency with which it was written aptly illustrates the effect Sputnik had on American politics.

United States. National Science Board. Statement by the National Science Board in response to

Russian satellite. October 1957 [Dwight D. Eisenhower's Records as President, Official File,
Box 625, 146-F-1 Soviet Satellites]. The National Science Board is a collection of presidentially appointed and Senateapproved scientists and engineers that represents the American science community. Their issued statement following Sputnik appreciated the Soviet achievement but declared that

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the United States also recognized the blow America had been dealt. The board called for greater importance to be placed upon education in the future.

SECONDARY SOURCES
Allen, Michael. Live From the Moon: Film, Television and the Space Race. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2009. Print. Michael Allen, using information from the NASA archives and other meticulously researched primary sources, spotlights a relationship that has persisted in America since the very beginning of the Space Race- space exploration and media technology. This connection is doubtless one of the most essential factors in the rapid rise of the Space Age. It provides an answer to the question of why space became so poplar- that is, its quite possible that without the live broadcast of the 1969 moon landing or the famed space photography of the 1960s, space exploration would not have latched on to the American consciousness as it did.

Brzezinski, Matthew. Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age . New York: Times Books, 2007. Print. With much attention paid to political ties, Brezinski documents the beginnings of the Space Race- in the halls of our most prestigious political institutions. It describes Sputniks initially underestimated significance for both American Soviet politicians.

Degroot, Gerard J. Dark Side of the Moon: The Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest. New York and London: New York University Press, 2006. Print. Degroot seeks to overturn decades old myths about the great space race- that NASA and the American government overstated the Soviet threat to the United States and took advantage of the publics fascination with space to fund an essentially meaningless, ultimately purposeless, program.

Dickson, Paul. Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. New York: Walker & Company, 2001. Print. Journalist Paul Dickson uses recently released documents and meticulous research to chronicle the vast political intrigue that led up to, and followed, Sputnik. There is an equal focus on just how much Sputnik affected American culture and politics.

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Kennedy, Randy. When the Space Age Blasted Off, Pop Culture Followed. The New York Times. 25 September 2007. Web. 16 October 2012. A general overview of the effect of the space race on pop culture, citing Sputnik as the impetus of the Space Race, a viewpoint almost unanimously agreed upon. The article describes the new architecture, entertainment, and art that emerged from the Space Age and, by extension, Sputnik. It was written as a 50th anniversary commemoration.

Logsdon, John M., Roger D. Launius, and Robert W. Smith, eds. Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite. Australia: Harwood Academic, 2000. Print. This extensive collection of essays addresses both the events leading up to and the consequences of Sputnik. Many of the essays were originally collected at a 1997 conference in recognition of the launchs 40th anniversary, a symposium attended by historians dedicated to exploring new perspectives of American and Soviet history that had arisen since the end of the Cold War.

Marlin, Cheryl L. Space Race Propaganda: U.S. Coverage of the Soviet Sputniks in 1957.

Journalism Quarterly. 64. (1987): 544-49, 559. ERIC. Web. 22 November 2012.
As an in-depth analysis of various printed media coverage of the Sputnik launch, this article provides an interesting look into the American public opinion of Soviet Russia and her momentous achievement.

McQuaid, Kim. Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age. Canadian Review of American Studies; Vol. 37 Issue 3 (2007): 371-401. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 November 2012. McQuaid asserts that it was the media and American elite who, by censoring unfavorable reports of the launch and events that followed, created much of the interest and concern that came to surround space exploration.

Ragone, Nick. Presidential Leadership: 15 Decisions that Changed the Nation. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2011. eBook. I only used a single quote from this book, one about the criticism Eisenhower suffered from by Democrats in Congress, but Ragone very accurately summarized the political turmoil in Washington after Sputnik. It definitely helped to further my understanding of the political reactions to Sputnik.

Peoples, Columba. Sputnik and 'skill thinking' revisited: technological determinism in American responses to the Soviet missile threat. Cold War History. 8.1 (February 2008): 55-75.

Academic Search Premier. Web.24 November 2012.

The article examines the varied responses to the launch of Sputnik- that is, the American general public, political figures, and, a perspective Ive rarely read about, the academic communitys reaction. Peoples argues that the national tendency to revert to the idea of technology as the driving force of American society, a theory referred to as technological determinism, has existed since the Cold War- and has, for better or worse, greatly influenced our policy-making.

Prelinger, Megan Shaw. Another Science Fiction: Advertising the Space Race 1957-1962. New York: Blast Books, 2010. Print. Prelingers comprehensive collection provides a gorgeous view into the grand realm of 1950s and 1960s advertising. Imaginations were captivated in the presence of the iconic spaceman or the classic rocket ship. The awe-inspiring image of space was harnessed to both lure brilliant engineers to massive aeronautics corporations, as well as sell ordinary products to Earth-bound citizens. The book proved to be a rich source of both beautiful art and space history.

Wang, Zuoyue. In Sputniks Shadow: The Presidents Science Advisory Committee and Cold War

America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2008. Print.

In his book, Wang discusses the role of technological skepticism in policy making. He addresses important points, such as scientific involvement in politics during times of national crisis- like the launch of Sputnik and the Cold War/Nuclear Age. He focuses, as the title suggests, on the Presidents Science Advisory Committee, or PSAC, whose status was elevated post-Sputnik.