Prediction of deformation behaviour of large-scale mountain tunnel with multiple cutting faces in earth ground

Naoki Tomisawa Manager, Civil Engineering Div. Konoike Construction Co., LTD Tamotsu Matsui Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Osaka University

ABSTRACT: Although large-scale mountain tunnels , such as tunnels in the Second Tomei and Meishin Highway and two-lane tunnels with sidewalk, have recently increased, their design and construction methods have not been established yet. There are many problems to design and construct such tunnels especially in earth ground. NATM with center diaphragm is one of measures to solve the problems. In this paper, deformation behaviour of surrounding ground of large-scale mountain tunnels in earth ground, which was constructed by applying NATM with center diaphragm, is firstly described, and based on the measurement results. Then, a practical finite element analytical method is proposed, to predict deformation behaviour of surrounding ground of large-scale mountain tunnel with plural cutting faces, such as center diaphragm method, in earth ground , and its applicability is examined by comparing with measured data of a tunnel constructed by using center diaphragm method. 1 INTRODUCTION NATM is generally applied to construct mountain tunnels in JAPAN. The method had made construction of tunnels easy and safe in case of rather bad geological condition and large cross sectional area. In the meantime, cross sections of highway tunnels have been enlarged because of increasing traffics and spaces for sidewalks. Such large-scale t u n n e l s a r e g e n e r a l l y d e s i g n e d individually because standard design technique for them have not established yet. And locations and geological conditions of newly planned tunnels have become more difficult. Under such conditions, it is important to predict deformation behaviour of surrounding ground of large-scale tunnels especially in urban area to consider influences on environments such as ground settlements. Pre-support methods are usually ap plied to secure stability of cutting faces of tunnels in earth ground. Besides, especially in cases of tunnels with large cross section, it is needed to increase number of divided heading sections to keep ground deformation in very small level. In such cases, it is important to predict deformation behaviour of su rrounding ground in each construction stages. Amanosan No.1 tunnel mentioned in this paper is a highway tunnel with three lanes mainly in earth ground of sands and gravels. To ensure stability of the tunnel and control ground settlements, the center diaphragm method was applied and many kinds of measurements were carried out during the construction. In this paper, based on the measured data, behaviours of the large-scale tunnel with center diaphragm in earth ground and deformation of the surrounding ground are described, followed by discussing their finite element prediction method. 2 OUTLINE OF CONSTRUCTION Amanosan No.1 tunnel is a 214m-long highway tunnel with three lanes as shown in Figure -1

Os :Sand with Gravel

Osg:Sand and Gravel

O s 8.5m

Oc :Cray
Mountain stream O s Direction of excavation 18.7m Oc O c

Osg1
Osg2 Osg2

Rock Quality Good 16 16+19 -1 34m Pipe-roof 15+12

Station No. Support Pattern Length of section Excavation Method Pre-support Measurements type-B

6+5 7 D -1 25m
Center diaphragm

8 -1 20m
with 3

9 D -1 20m

10 1 20m

11

divided sections

12 13 14 15 -2 -2 55m 40m Center diaphragm with 4 divided sections

RC-roof

Support Pattern A B C I CII DI DII DIII

Pipe-roof 9+02

12+00

12+15

13+15

15+02

Poor

Figure-1 Longitudinal cross section of the Amanosan No.1 Tunnel

Steel arch H -250

Rockbolt L=4m,n=27 Shotcrete t=200

Fiber -bolt L=3m,n=9

11.041m

16.1m

Advanced Backward Sections Sections Figure-2 Example of support pattern (D-2)

Ground surface settlements Ground settlements Ground horizontal displacements

Figure-4
0 10

Outline of cross sections for measurement

Ground surface Measurement Prediction by proposed method Prediction before construction

Settlement (mm)

20 30 40 50 2m above tunnel crown Measurement Prediction by proposed method Prediction before construction 1st face 2nd face 3rd face 4th face Final Finel

5.Removal of center diaphrag m

Excavation sequence

Figure-5 Settlement changes in the excavation

Figure-3 Sequence of the center diaphragm method with 4 divided sections

Table-1 Mechanical properties of ground
Geology Os1 Elastic Modulus N/mm 2 60.7-74.3 Osg1 65.3 38.0-142.0 Os 157.0-177.0 Osg2 123.0-125.0 115.0-234.0 N value 33-60 54 20-60 60< 60< 60<

3 DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF GROUND BASED ON MEASURED DA TA Deformation behaviour of ground is shown below, based on the measured data (Tomisawa & Matsui, 2000). Many kinds of measurements, such as settlements and horizontal displacements in the ground, ground surface settlements, axial forces of rockbolts, stresses of shotcrete, stresses of steel arches , were carried out at 6 cross sections during the construction as shown in Figure-4. Figure-5 shows an example of measured settlement changes in the excavation sequence (broken lines) with the predictions analyzed by using 2-D elastic FEM before the construction (dotted lines). Solid lines show the predictions by proposed method mentioned later on. Although predictions show increasing tendency from the third face to the fourth face, measurements hardly show such tendency. This might be because the actual interval may be different from the analytical conditions. Figure-6 s h o ws an example of measured and predicted distributions of ground settlements. Although measured values are different from predictions quantitatively, t h e s h a p e s o f b o t h distributions are similar. It seems that deformation behaviour of surround ground is almost like elastic.

Upper column: investigation data before tunnel construction Lower column: investigation data during tunnel construction

(Tomisawa & Matsui, 2000). The shape of its excavated cross section is 16m wide and 11.5m high, and its area is 145m2 as shown in Figure-2. The geological condition of the ground mainly consists of unconsolidated sands and gravels of Pleistocene.Table-1 shows the mechanical properties of the ground. The maximum overburden is 18.7m high. The center diaphragm method was applied to excavate the tunnel. Figure-3 shows sequence of the center diaphragm method with 4 divided sections.

PREPERATION STAGE -30 -20 Distance from the tunnel center (m) -10 0 10 20 30 -5 3.7 7.3 0 5 10 15 Prediction At the stage of advanced upper section At the stage of backward upper section At the final stage 17.3 22.5 24.3 Measurement At the stage of advanced upper section At the stage of backward upper section At the final stage 20 25 30 35 40 INITIAL PREDICTION RESULT PREDICTION STAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION 3-D EFFECTS INTERVAL BETWEEN FACES DISTANCE FROM TUNNEL WALL MEASUREMENT AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL 2 -D ANALYSIS GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION TUNNEL GEOMETORY

Sttelement (mm)

EXCAVATION STRESS RELEASE RATIO CONSIDERING FACE ENLARGEMENT

INITIAL 2 - D FEM ANALYSIS

35.6

Figure-6 Settlement changes in the excavation sequence (No.15+02) 4 OUTLINE OF PROPOSED ANALYTICAL METHOD 4.1 Problems on predicting deformation behaviour of centre diaphragm mountain tunnel In Japan, FEM is generally u s e d t o analyze behaviours of tunnels. And 2-D elastic analyses are supposed to be enough to understand ground deformations during tunnel constructions by following reasons. (1) 3 dimensional treatments 3-D analyses are rarely applied because of problems on cost and time. Besides, quality and quantity of geological information o b t ained before tunnel constructions are not enough to apply 3-D analyses. (2) Non-linear treatments Geological materials are often treated as linear materials because enough geological information to express non-linear behaviour is not obtained. Besides, non-linear analyses are often unstable on their convergence. (3) Time-dependent treatments Although properties of supports change with elapsed time, equivalent values are used because they are sufficient to predict deformation of ground but stress. (4) Actual construction conditions In most of tunnel analyses, predicted values are converged ones in each construction stage of subsequent cutting faces. Nevertheless, in actual construction controls, the predicted values have to be compared with measured data that do not always converge within each stage, because subsequent faces may influence them, especially in case of multi-faces excavation like center diaphragm method.

PRECEDING GROUND SETTLEMENT EXAMINE OF DEFORMATION MODULI DISTANCE FROM TUNNEL WALL OF OBJECTIVE POINT ACTUAL INTERVALS OF FACES

2 - D FEM ANALYSIS

PREDICTION

Figure-7 Sequence of proposed method 4.2 Outline of proposed method Amanosan No.1 tunnel was constructed by applying center diaphragm method with 3 or 4 divided sections with the maximum overburden of approximately 1D. The results of measurements did not converge in each construction stage, because intervals between faces were very close. In this study, therefore, the analysis sequence shown in Figure-7 i s c o n s i d e r e d t o f i t p r e d i c t i o n s t o measurements. There are two stages in the proposed method. The first is preparation stage in the upper part of the figure and the second is prediction stage in the lower part of the figure. In the preparation stage, preparation analyses and initial prediction are carried out. In the preparation analyses, 3 dimensional effects of both interval between faces and distance from tunnel wall are considered. (1) Setting of excavation stress release ratio There are four cutting faces in a cross section. The ratio for the first face is calculated by using axially symmetrical 2 dimensional analysis, considering actual overburden and cross -section area. The second to fourth face excavations are considered as enlargement. Then, the ratios are calculated by using axially symmetrical 2 dimensional analysis, considering actual overburden and enlarged crosssection areas.

2) Setting of settlement characteristic curve caused by approach of subsequent faces When applying center diaphragm method, deformation behaviours of surrounding ground are influenced by subsequent faces because interval of faces are often less than 2D. Then, settlement curves are calculated by using axially symmetrical 2 dimensional analysis, for cases of several intervals between faces considering actual overburden and cross-sectional area. (3) Setting of settlement characteristic curve on distance from tunnel wall in cross section direction Settlement ratios to converged values vary with distance from tunnel wall. Then, relationships between settlement ratios and distance from tunnel wall are calculated considering actual overburden and enlarged cross-sectional area. (4) Initial preparation analyses Initial prediction analyses are carried out as the as the same as in general prediction using 2 dimensional FEM considering calculated stress release ratios. (5) Setting of deformation moduli of geological materials Geological materials are treated elastically. Conditions of initial stresses are hardly measured. And deformation moduli obtained from laboratory and in-situ tests are often not suitable as the representative one of the ground as a whole. Then, in the prediction stage, it is assumed that deformation moduli can be decided based on a preceding ground settlement at a point close to the tunnel crown of the first face as shown in figure-8. (6) P r e d i c t i o n o f d eformation behaviour of surrounding ground Using parameters obtained in (1) to (5) mentioned above, deformation behaviour of the surround ground are calculated b y 2 dimensional FEM corresponding to actual interval between faces and distance from tunnel wall. 4.3 Decision of parameters a n d characteristic curves used in proposed method Parameters and characteristic curves described in (1) to (3) in the previous section are decided by using axially symmetrical 2 dimensional analyses corresponding to actual overburden and cross section area. Figure-9 shows the FEM mesh for the analyses of the first face. Diameters on the mesh of each stage are calculated as the equivalent circle ones to total area of each cutting face. The Y axial

4th face 3rd face 2nd face 1st face

Figure-8 Position of preceding ground settlement

area is decided as 21m considering the fourth face diameter of 14m (R=7m) and its overburden of 1D. (1) Excavation stress release ratio Figure-10 shows settlement characteristic curves at the points of tunnel crown changing excavation diameter in cases of D=6m (A1=28m2), D=10m (A2=79m2), D=12m (A3=113m2) a n d D = 1 4 m (A4=154m2). The ratio at the distance of one excavation length of 1m for the first face of D=6m is 0.586. Figure-11 shows settlement characteristic curves changing enlargement in three cases from A1 to A2 (enlargement ratio: 228%), from A2 to A3 (143%) and from A3 to A4 (136%). The ratios at the distance of one excavation length of 1m are 0.527, 0.533 and 0.501 respectively. It is seen from this figure that deformation behaviours of surrounding g r o u n d a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y s ubsequent faces. (2) Settlement characteristic curve caused by approach of subsequent faces Figure-12 s h o w s a n e x a m p l e o f s e t t l e m e n t characteristic curves changing interval between faces in case of enlargement of D=10m. It is seen from this figure that the closer the distance from subsequent face, the larger the settlement ratio to the converged value. (3) Settlement characteristic curve on distance from tunnel wall in cross section direction Figure-13 shows settlements characteristic curves changing distance from tunnel crown in case of D=6m. The smaller the distance from tunnel crown, the wider the range of settlements before arriving faces and the later the converged period. 5 APPLICABILITY OF PROPOSED METHOD Based on the sequence and results described in the previous chapter, the authors tried to predict deformation behaviour of the surrounding ground of the Amanosan No.1 tunnel, considering actual intervals of faces and distance from tunnel wall, followed by comparing with measured data. The deformation moduli were examined, based on the measured value of the nearest point to the tunnel crown at the first face arrival as shown in figure-11, resulted in 2.33 times the values used in the initial analysis before construction. The solid lines shown in Figure-5 are the predictions of ground settlements by the proposed method. The final prediction values agree with the measured ones, much better than predictions before construction. Therefore, the applicability of the proposed method for practical use can be confirmed.

6 CONCLUSION In this paper, the deformation behaviours of largescale tunnel with center diaphragm in earth ground were described, followed by proposing its prediction method for practical use. The proposed method is based on 2 dimensional FEM, considering 3 dimensional effects such as multi-face excavations and distance from tunnel wall, and modifying deformation moduli based on measured data of a preceding ground settlement. The applicability of the proposed method for practical use was confirmed by comparing the measured and predicted results on an
Y +21m

R=D/2=3m -24m +24m X L=1m (One excavated length)

Figure-9 Example of meshes used in axially symmetrical analysis

1

Settlement ratio

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

=0.30

D=6m D=10m D=12m D=14m

0 -4 -2 0 2 4 Distance from cutting face(D:Tunnel diameter)

Figure-10 Effect of excavation diameter on settlement characteristic curve actual construction case. 7 REFERENCES Tomisawa N. & Matsui T. (2000). Case history of a flat tunnel with large cross section in unconsolidated ground of gravel and sand. Proc. AITES-ITA 2000 World Tunnel Congress, pp.505-511.

1.0 0.8

Settlement ratio

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -4 D -2 D 0 2D 4D Distance from cutting face (D:Tunnel diameter) A2-A3 A3-A4 A1-A2

A1 A2 A3

A4

Figure-11 a preceding ground settlement Effect of enlargement on settlement characteristic curve

x
4 0

D=10m

D=10m
Settlement (mm)
3 0

0.5D

1.0D 1.5D

2 0 2.0D 3.0D 1 0

0 - 3D -2 D - 1D 0 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D

X: Distance from cutting faces (D:Tunnel diameter) Interval between face (D:Tunnel diameter)

Figure-12 Effect of interval between neighboring faces on settlement characteristic curve

1 Tunnel crown 0.8

Settlement ratio

2m above Tunnel crown 4m above Tunnel crown

0.6 6m above Tunnel crown 0.4 0.2 0 -4 D -2 D 0 2D 4D Distance from tunnel wall (D:Tunnel diameter)

Figure-13 Effect of distance from tunnel crown on settlement characteristic curve Tomisawa N., Matsui T. & Hino M. (2001). Behaviour of mountain tunnel with large cross section in earth ground. Proc. ISKYOTO 2001, pp403-406.