Thermal Power Station phase-II THERMAL POWER STATION Very Brief Account of Visit to Thermal Power Station ENGR.

SYED MUHAMMAD MUNAVVAR HUSSAIN Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 1

Thermal Power Station phase-II Thermal power station A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam drive n. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which either driv es an electrical generator or does some other work, like ship propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycle d to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variati on in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. T.P.S. Muzaffar Garh: Installed Capacity This Power Station is a vital and major thermal power generating installation c onnected with National grid system in Pakistan. This Power Station was construct ed in different Phases having total capacity of 1370 MW. It consists of: Three R ussian units of 210 MW each Two Chinese units of 200 MW each One Chinese unit of 320 MW Fuel Dual fuel combustion provision (Gas & Furnace Oil) has been made fo r all the machines. Furnace oil is transported through Railway Wagons and tank L orries. Unit No ST-1 ST-2 ST-3 ST-4 ST-5 ST-6 Total Installed Capacity 210 MW 210 MW 210 MW 320 MW 210 MW 210 MW 1370MW Rated Capacity 200 MW 200 MW 200 MW 300 MW 200 MW 200 MW 1300MW Make USSR USSR USSR China China China Commg. Date Sep. 1993 Mar. 1994 Feb. 1995 Dec. 1996 Dec. 1995 Dec. 1995 Fuel Type P. Gas, F. Oil P. Gas, F. Oil P. Gas, F. Oil P. Gas, F. Oil P. Gas, F. Oil P. Gas, F. Oil Table 1.1 brief views of TPS units Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 2

Thermal Power Station phase-II Amid sand dunes of area known as Rakh Khanpur, at a distance of 6 km. from Muzaf fargarh City, is located Thermal Power Complex. A few years back nobody perceive d that such a desert would yield green trees, more than 1,500 families would be residing here and a Power Station will turn into a huge Power Complex. Now, with the day and night efforts of foreign as well as Pakistani engineers, technician s and workers, the complex has grown to the realities with three sky-high chimne ys, being highest concrete structure in Pakistan and visible from the bridge of River Chenab, which is flowing to the east of the site at distance of 8 kms. In September, 1987 contract of supply and erection of a 3x210 MW capacity Thermal P ower Station was signed with M/s. TECHNOPROMEXPORT of ex-USSR, Moscow, and 1,134 acres of government land was acquired. Initially, about 230 acres land for the Power Station and 164 acres for residential colony was leveled and subsequently construction was started. Later on contracts with Chinese firm, M/s. CMEC, were signed for three units in two stages - Two Units each of 210 MW and one unit of 320 MW. In this way a power complex emerged which is going to be the biggest of all Thermal Stations in Pakistan with the possibility of construction of two mor e units. Presently, the total generation capability of three phases is envisaged as 1,370 MW. Phase - 1 (Units 1, 2 & 3): This phase consists of three steam uni ts each capable of generating 210 MW electricity. The supplier started delivery of equipment to site in January, 1989, and after pre-assembly of equipment at Si te, erection started in July, 1990. Unit No. 1 was commissioned in September, 19 93 and Unit No. 2 in March, 1994. Main Building: It contains the turbine hall ha ving a span of 45 meters and dearator bay, 12 meters wide. The steam turbines wh ich drive generators are of three stages condensing type arranged transversely t o the axis of turbine hall. The operational platform is at elevation 12.6 meters and a maintenance bay at ground floor near Unit No. 1. The power plant is desig ned on the block principle: boiler-turbine-generator-unit transformer. The fuel gas exhaust section of two units is connected with a 200 meter high stack, outer section of which is a 195-meter high concrete shell. Combined Auxiliary Buildin g: The building is connected with the main building and it houses water treatmen t plant to produce 100 t/h demineralized water for the replenishment of station losses, hydrogen plant to provide hydrogen for cooling of generators rotors, mai ntenance shops, laboratories and central control room. Fuel & Oil Facilities: Fu el oil facilities are constructed for decanting, oil storage, preparation and su pply of fuel to boiler nozzles. It also includes HSD storage as well as oil faci lities for reception, storage, purification and centralized delivery of turbine oil and insulating oil to power plant. Hydraulic Structures: The cooling water u sed in condensers is re-circulated in closed cycle with inducted draft cooling t owers. The water is being cooled for each unit in two cooling towers each consis ting of eight fans. Two cooling towers carry 27,500 Cu m/h circulating water for condensers of one unit. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 3

Thermal Power Station phase-II Startup Boiler: One startup boiler using diesel oil as fuel with steam output of 50 t/h is provided to meet steam requirement for initial start of unit as well as a backup of power plant auxiliaries. A separate stack of 30-meter high has be en constructed for it. Electrical Part: The electricity generated at 15.75 KV is brought out from Unit transformer at 220 KV and fed to the National Grid via a switchyard. Power Plant auxiliaries are fed at 6.6 KV. Phase-II (Units 5 & 6): I t consists of two units of 210 MW each having equipment similar to Phase-I. Turb ines are placed longitudinally in main building. Outdoor boilers exhaust of two units is connected to one stack Overview: There are many different types of powe r plants including thermal power plants and hydel power plants. Thermal power pl ants use fuel such as Gas, HSD, Furnace Oil or nuclear fuel to produce heat ener gy that is converted to electrical energy through a series of intermediate proce sses. Hydel power plants convert the potential energy of water to electrical pow er as it flows from higher to lower elevations. The "traditional" thermal power plant is the Rankine cycle plant, named after the man who invented the cycle. A power plant cycle is a series of processes in which a fluid, generally water/ste am, is used to convert heat energy to mechanical energy. The Rankine cycle in it s simplest form consists of a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a boiler feed pump. Early plants had thermal efficiencies of approximately 25% to 30%. Only 25 % to 30% of the heat energy in the fuel burned in these plants was converted to electrical energy. The rest was lost in various ways. The Rankine cycle has been refined considerably over the years and made more efficient by the addition of components like Economizer, Feed water heaters, Super heaters and Reheaters. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle has also been improved by increasing the pressu re and temperature of the cycle. The laws of thermodynamics and considerations s uch as material limitations have prevented any significant improvement since the n. Power plants commonly use heat rate to measure efficiency. Fuel Energy Boiler Heat Energy Turbine Mechanical Energy Generator Electrical Energy Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 4

Thermal Power Station phase-II Boiler The boiler is the main part of any thermal power plant. It converts the fuel ene rgy into steam energy. The fuel may be furnace oil, diesel oil, natural gas or c oal. The boilers may be fired from the multiple fuels. The type of boiler used i n the TPS phase-II is water tube type. Water Tube Boilers: In watertube boilers, b oiler water passes through the tubes while the exhaust gases remain in the shell side, passing over the tube surfaces. Since tubes can typically withstand highe r internal pressure than the large chamber shell in a firetube, watertube boiler s are used where high steam pressures (as high as 3,000 psi) are required. Water tube boilers are also capable of high efficiencies and can generate saturated or superheated steam. The ability of watertube boilers to generate superheated ste am makes these boilers particularly attractive in applications that require dry, high-pressure, high-energy steam, including steam turbine power generation. Par ameter of Boiler: Rated evaporating amount Reheat steam amount Main steam pressu re Temperature Outlet pressure of Reheat System Outlet Temperature of Reheat Sys tem Inlet pressure of Reheat System Inlet Temperature of Reheat System Feed wate r Temperature Boiler Efficiency (burn oil) Boiler Efficiency (burn gas) Exit gas Temperature (burn oil) Exit gas Temperature (burn gas) Consumption of crude oil Consumption of natural gas Main Parts of Boiler: The boilers consist of the fol lowing main parts: Forced Draft Fan (FDF) Air Preheater (RAH) Burners Furnace Up Rise Tubes Down Comer Tubes Water Tubes Super Heaters Gas Recirculation Fan (GR CF) Re-Heater Induced Draft Fan (IDF) Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 680 t /h 575.8 t/h 140 kg/cm2 g 541 C 23.8 kg/cm2 g 541 C 25.8 kg/cm2 g 310 C 251 C 90 .26 % 85 % 153 C 136 C 48.2 t/h 59650 Nm 2 /h 5

Thermal Power Station phase-II

Chimney

Boiler Drum

Economizer

Forced Draft Fan (FDF): The forced draft fan (FDF) sucks the air from the atmosp here which is used in the furnace for burning. The air from the atmosphere is pa ssed through the filter to remove the dust and other particles from the air. The air from the FDF is then feeded to the regenerative air heaters. The motor of t he FDF has following specification; Type KK 800 11- 8 Rated Voltage 6.6KV Rated Current 114 /121.3A Rated Speed 747rpm Output 1000KW Connection of Stator /Rotor Y Insulation Class F Permissible Rise 80K Ambient Temperature 40C No. Of Phase 3 Rated Frequency 50Hz Power Factor 0.81 Degree Of Protection IP54 Moment Of Ine rtia 310Kg.m2 Weight 12020K/13250Kg Induced Draft Fan (IDF): ID fan sucks the fl ue gases from boiler and exhaust through chimney. The motor of the IDF has follo wing specification; Type YKK 800 11- 6 Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6.6KV Ra ted Current 20 A Rated Speed 991rpm Connection of Stator Winding 2Y Insulation C lass F Permissible Rise 80k Ambient Temperature 40C No. Of Phase 3 Rated Frequen cy 50Hz Degree of Protection IP54 Moment Of Inertia 410Kg.m2 Weight 15970Kg Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 6

Thermal Power Station Gas Recirculation Fan (GRCF): The motor of the GRCF has fo llowing specification; Type KK 400 11- 4 Rated Power 315KW Rated Voltage 6600V R ated Current 34 A Rated Speed 1491rpm Connection of Stator Winding Y Insulation Class F Permissible Rise 70k Ambient Temperature 50C No. Of Phase 3 Rated Freque ncy 50Hz Degree of Protection IP54 Moment Of Inertia 11.7Kg.m2 Weight 3200Kg phase-II Cooling Towers: Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bul b air temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating water use d in oil refineries, chemical plants, power stations. Cooling Water Pump: The mo tor of the CWP has following specification; Type Y1600-16/2150 Out Put Power 160 0KW Stator Voltage 6.6KV Speed 372rpm Frequency 50Hz Stator Rated Current 182A S tator Connection 2Y Ambient Temperature 50C Insulation Class B Weight 17500Kg CW Pump: Type is single stage double suction centrifugal pump Type 1400S25-1 Capac ity 16000m3/H Speed 370rpm Power 1600KW Weight 35000kg Head 25m NP SHR 8.5m Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 7

Thermal Power Station phase-II Air Preheater: An air preheater or air heater is a general term to describe any device designed to heat air before another process (for example, combustion in a boiler) with the primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. They may be used alone or to replace a recuperative heat system or to r eplace a steam coil. The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat fro m the boiler flue gas which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler by re ducing the useful heat lost in the flue gas. As a consequence, the flue gases ar e also sent to the flue gas stack (or chimney) at a lower temperature, allowing simplified design of the ducting and the flue gas stack. It also allows control over the temperature of gases leaving the stack. Economizers: Flue gases from la rge boilers are typically 450 - 650F. Stack Economizers recover some of this heat for pre-heating water. The water is most often used for boiler make-up water or some other need that coincides with boiler operation. Stack Economizers should be considered as an efficiency measure when large amounts of make-up water are u sed (i.e. not all condensate is returned to the boiler or large amounts of live steam are used in the process so there is no condensate to return) or there is a simultaneous need for large quantities of hot water for some other use. The sav ings potential is based on the existing stack temperature, the volume of makeup water needed, and the hours of operation. Economizers are available in a wide ra nge of sizes, from small coil-like units to very large waste heat recovery boile rs. The savings potential is a function of how much heat can be recovered, which is a function of how much cold water needs to be heated. A generally accepted " rule of thumb" is that about 5% of boiler input capacity can be recovered with a properly sized economizer. A higher percentage can be recovered with a Flue Gas Condenser, assuming there is enough cold water to condense all of the flue gas that is available. Therefore, for 'ball parking' purposes, start by comparing bo iler input capacity with the need to heat water. An economizer that recovers 5% of boiler input should easily have a 2 year payback in a year-round application. Boiler Protection: Fuel protection Gas pressure protection Diesel n Furnace oil protection FD fan trip ID fan trip Regenerative air pre heater tri p Drum level high Drum low level Reheat steam pressure drop Furnace pressure low Furnace flame out Natural gas pressure high Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 8

Thermal Power Station phase-II Steam Cycle: Boiler Drum HP Cylinder Re- Heater IP Cylinder LP Cylinder Economizer Circulating Water Condenser HP Heaters STEAM CYCLE Condensate Pump Feed Water Pumps Feed Water Tank De-aerator LP Heaters Ejector Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 9

Thermal Power Station phase-II Steam Turbine Turbine is used to convert the heat energy into mechanical energy. Turbine used in tps Muzaffar Garh is impulse-reaction steam turbine. The load requirement is controlled by the steam flow through a governing valve. Maximum steam flow at fu ll load is 670 tons/hour. When the load at the generator is suddenly decreased t hen the rpm (frequency) of the generator is increased and to decrease the freque ncy we lower down the steam flow which decreases the speed and maintains the fre quency. If load is suddenly increased rotor speed becomes slower, to increase th e speed, steam flow is increased. Steam turbine has three parts. 1. HP turbine 2 . IP turbine 3. LP turbine. HP (High Pressure) Turbine: First of all steam from boiler comes into the HP turbine. Steam in the HP turbine is called live steam o r main steam. Rotor blades diameter of this part of turbine is smallest of the o ther parts of the turbine. Inlet steam temperature of the HP turbine is 540 C an d pressure is 130 kg/cm2. Outlet steam temperature of the HP turbine is 290 C an d pressure is 15 kg/cm2. HP turbine has total of 12 stages including one is gove rning stage. IP (Intermediate Pressure) Turbine: Steam comes into the IP turbine from HP turbine via reheaters. The steam pressure in this section of the turbin e is 14 kg/cm2 and temperature is 540 C. This part has total of 10 pressure stag es. . LP (Low Pressure) Turbine: The outgoing steam of the IP turbine entered in to the LP turbine. Steam from the LP turbine goes into the condenser. Specificat ion of the steam turbine: Maximum load Live steam pressure Live steam temperatur e Rated speed HP cycle Exhaust steam temperature HP cycle Exhaust steam pressure Reheat steam temperature Reheat steam pressure Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hus sain 210 MW 132 kg/cm-2 538 C 3000 rpm 310 C 24 kg/cm2 538 C 14 kg/cm2 10

Thermal Power Station phase-II

Turbine Protection: Lube oil pressure (low and high) Vacuum drop Live steam t erature drop Axial shift displacement Gas cooling pump tripping HP heater level high All FW pump trip high vibration tipping Trip unit by switch/emergency Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 11

Thermal Power Station phase-II Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System (FSSS) The FSSS station consists of the following parts; De-kending area Fuel oil tanks First Lift pump Main Heaters Second Lift pump Diesel pumps Recirculation pumps Recirculation heaters Filters control Room De-kending Area: The furnace oil that is used as a fuel in the burners of the boiler furnace to produce the steam is transported to the TPS through two ways; Oil Tankers train For unloading of the fuel from oil tankers and train there is separate unloading or dekending station for each. The unloaded fuel oil is initially stored in the underground reservoi r; from there it is filled in the main storage tanks. 02 pumps are used to fill the main storage tanks from the oil tankers de-kending area. One of them is acti ve (on load) and other is standby. Fuel Oil Tanks: From the de-kending area the furnace oil is filled in the storage tanks. From there it is supplied to the bur ners of the boiler furnace after proper heating. Usually one storage tank is cal led service tank, from there furnace oil is supplied to the units. The furnace o il is filled in the other tanks first and then filled in the service tanks throu gh recirculation pumps (RCP). The oil in the tanks is kept heated at the tempera ture 75 C to 80 C. There are total 06 storage tanks for furnace oil each having a volume of 20,000 cubic meters hence each can store 2, 00,00,000 liters. There are 2 diesel oil storage tanks each having capacity of 1000 ton. First Lift Pump : First lift pump takes the furnace oil from the service tank and supplied to th e main heaters. There are total 04 first lift pumps which are operated according to the unit load conditions. The specification of fist lift pump motor is as un der; 3 phase 50 Hz Induction Motor Connection: Star Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 12

Thermal Power Station Power: Power factor: Efficiency: Voltage Speed Current 55K W 0.9 90% 230/400V 2950rpm 177/102A phase-II Main Heaters: There are 04 main heaters each is connected to the respective firs t lift pump. The main heaters heat the furnace oil through the steam which comes from the boiler. Steam is use to heat the oil in the recirculation heaters. The seam flows through the pipes which heats the oil outside the tube. The temperat ure and pressure of the steam in the main heaters is Temp 270 C Pressure 11 to 1 3 kg/cm2 Second Lift Pump: Second lift pumps take the furnace oil from the main heaters and supplied to boilers of the units. There are total 04 second lift pum ps which are operated according to the unit load conditions. The temperature of the oil that is supplied to the boiler is 105 C to 120 C. The specification of s econd lift pump motor is as under; 3 phase 50 Hz Induction Motor Power: 250KW Vo ltage 6.6kV Speed 2950rpm Current 252A Fuel Oil Cycle: Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 13

Thermal Power Station phase-II Exhaust (Chimney) ID Fan FUEL OIL CYCLE Air Pre Heater Furnace Oil Tanks Oil Heaters Gate & Quick Closing Valves Burners (Boiler Furnace) Flue Gases The Generator The generator is a device which converts the mechanical energy into electrical e nergy. Working Principle: The working principle of generator is based on the Far adays law of electromagnetic induction, which states that The emf is always produc ed in the conductor which is placed in the magnetic field when there is a relati ve motion between conductor and the magnetic field. If the output electrical ener gy is AC, it is called AC generator or alternator. If the output electrical ener gy is DC, it is called DC generator. In fact there is no difference between alte rnator and DC generator except the way the output is obtained from the generator . In alternator the AC supply is produced in the armature and supply is obtained through slip rings where as in the DC generator the generated AC supply is obta ined from the armature through split rings or commutator which converts the AC i nto DC. The following three things are necessary for the generation of electrica l energy; Magnetic field Conductor Relative motion between conductor and Magneti c field Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 14

Thermal Power Station phase-II In the small generator the magnetic field is being produced in the stator and th e emf is produced in the rotor through Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic are used in the generator to produce the magnetic field. In the large generator the magnetic field is produced by the electromagnetic in th e rotor and the emf is produced in the stator. The output is taken from the stat or because if the output is taken from the rotor, the rotor must have high insul ation due to the high voltage induction and it must have heavy insulation which may increase the size of the rotor, and require more power for the prime mover t o rotate this heavy rotor. Synchronous Generator: The generators used in the TPS are synchronous generator. Synchronous generators are by definition synchronous , meaning that the electrical frequency produced is locked in or synchronized wi th the mechanical rate of rotation of the generator. A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, which then produces a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by a prime mover (e.g. Steam, water etc.) producing a rotating magnetic field. This rotating magnetic field induces a 3-phase set of voltages within the stator windings of the generator. Field windings applies to the windings that pro duce the main magnetic field in a machine, and armature windings applies to the wi ndings where the main voltage is induced. For synchronous machines, the field wi ndings are on the rotor, so the terms rotor windings and field windings are used int erchangeably. Generally a synchronous generator must have at least 2 components: a) Rotor Windings or Field Windings Salient Pole Non Salient Pole b) Stator Win dings or Armature Windings The rotor of a synchronous generator is a large elect romagnet and the magnetic poles on the rotor can either be salient or non salien t construction. Non-salient pole rotors are normally used for rotors with 2 or 4 poles rotor, while salient pole rotors are used for 4 or more poles rotor. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 15

Thermal Power Station phase-II A dc current must be supplied to the field circuit on the rotor. Since the rotor is rotating, a special arrangement is required to get the dc power to its field windings. The common ways are: Supply the dc power from an external dc source t o the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes. Supply the dc power from a speci al dc power source mounted directly on the shaft of the synchronous generator. S lip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insul ated from it. One end of the dc rotor winding is tied to each of the 2 slip ring s on the shaft of the synchronous machine, and a stationary brush rides on each slip ring. A brush is a block of graphite like carbon compound that conducts elect ricity freely but has very low friction; hence it doesnt wear down the slip ring. If the positive end of a dc voltage source is connected to one brush and the ne gative end is connected to the other, then the same dc voltage will be applied t o the field winding at all times regardless of the angular position or speed of the rotor. Some problems with slip rings and brushes: They increase the amount o f maintenance required on the machine, since the brushes must be checked for wea r regularly. Brush voltage drop can be the cause of significant power losses on machines with larger field currents. Small synchronous machines use slip rings a nd brushes. Larger machines brushless exciters are used to supply the dc field c urrent. A brushless exciter is a small ac generator with its field circuit mount ed on the stator and its armature circuit mounted on the rotor shaft. The 3-phas e output of the exciter generator is Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 16

Thermal Power Station phase-II rectified to direct current by a 3-phase rectifier circuit also mounted haft of the generator, and is then fed to the main dc field circuit. By ing the small dc field current of the exciter generator (located on the we can adjust the field current on the main machine without slip rings hes. Since no mechanical contacts occur between the rotor and stator, a s exciter requires less maintenance. on the s controll stator), and brus brushles

The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator: Synchronous generators are by definition synchronous, meaning that the electrical frequency produced is locked in or synchronized with the mechanical rate of rotation of the generator. A syn chronous generators rotor consists of an electromagnet to which direct current is supplied. The rotors magnetic field point in the direction the rotor is turned. Hence, the rate of rotation of the magnetic field in the machine is related to t he stator electrical frequency by: Excitation of Generator: Excitation of synchronous generator is done via DC supp ly which is given to the field winding of the generator to produce the magnetic field. The generator can be classified, with respect to the excitation, as under ; Separately Excited Generator: The generator in which the DC supply is given to the field winding of the generator through the external source is called separa tely excited generator. Self Excited Generator: 17 Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain

Thermal Power Station phase-II The generator in which the DC supply is given to the field winding of the genera tor through its own generated supply is called self excited generator. Synchrono us Generator in TPS: The main generators used in the TPS phase-I are separately excited generators. For this purpose another synchronous generator is installed on the same shaft of the turbine and main generator which is called Exciter. The e xciter is a self excited synchronous generator. In the initial startup the DC su pply is given to the field winding (rotor) of the exciter by the DC batteries fo r 4 seconds. After that the DC batteries are cut off and the DC supply is given to the field of the exciter by its own generated supply after the rectification. The AC supply generated by the exciter is also given to the field winding (roto r) for its excitation after the rectification. The AC produced by the exciter is sent to the rectifier room where it is converted to the controlled DC supply by thyristers. The firing angles of the thyristers are controlled by the AVR (auto matic voltage regulator) and hence the excitation of the generator is controlled . Exciter generator: Excitor generator of the excitor provides independent power supply(3-phase, 50 Hz) to the excitation system. The exciter generator is insta lled on the same shaft with the turbo generator. The exciter is excited by two w ater cooling thyristor converters. The thyrister converters are connected in par allel and operate in turn: one is in operation while other is in automatic stand -by duty. The ac and dc circuits of the thyristers includes several knife switch es for removal either of the converters from service for repair. Initial excitat ion of the exciter generator is carried out by a short term connection of the st orage batteries through a contactor and rectification bridge. Main Generator Parameters Pilot Exciter: Type Rated Voltage Rated Current Rated Speed Rated Power Factor P hase Rated Frequency Armature Connection Specification Mfg. Date Rated Capacity Alternating Excitor: Tfy-46-500 93/161V 286/165A 3000rpm 0.875 3 500Hz /Y OEA.513 .039 1993-3-1 46KVA Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 18

Thermal Power Station Type Rated Voltage Rated Current Rated Speed Rated Power F actor Phase Rated Frequency Armature Connection Specification Mfg. Date Rated Ca pacity Turbine Generator Water Hydrogen Cooled Type Rated Capacity Rated Output Rated Voltage Rated Current Rated Speed Rated Frequency Phase Connection Of Stat or Winding Insulation Class Power Factor Excitation Voltage Excitation Current M ax.Inlet Water Temp. For Stator Winding Max.Inlet Cooling Hydrogen Water Flow Fo r Stator Winding Rate H2 Pressure Specification Mfg. Date QFSN-210-2 246MVA 210M W 15.75KV 9056A 3000rpm 50Hz 3 2-Y F 0.85 289V 18.67A 50C 50C 35m2/h 0.3MPa OEA. 512.137 1993-2 Tl-1165-4 431V 1562A 3000rpm 0.91 3 100Hz Y OEA.513.039 1993-8-24 1165KVA phase-II Cooling System of Turbo Generator: The first question arises here is that why we need cooling of the generator? As the current flow in the stator and rotor of t he generator is very high so it increases the temperature of the stator and roto r winding. As a result the resistance of the stator and rotor windings increases which increase the power losses and may cause the insulation breakdown. Two typ es of cooling is used in the turbo generator of TPS phase-II 1. Stator cooling 2 . Rotor cooling Stator cooling: Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 19

Thermal Power Station phase-II The stator of the turbo generator is cooled by the distillated or demineralized (demi) water. For this purpose a special plant is installed which prepares the d emi water for the stator cooling. This demi water is also used for the cooling s ystem of the thyrister converters. The water is passed though the hollow conduct ors of the stator winding for its cooling. The demi water is necessary for the c ooling of the stator winding because raw water is not a pure insulator which may cause the flow of leakage current when passed through stator winding. The demin eralized water plant removes the impurities and minerals of the raw water and ma ke it good insulator whose Resistivity is taken at a minimum level of 200 k.cm. T he demi water that passes through the stator winding absorbs the heat of the sta tor winding making it cool and becomes hot itself. The demi water then passes th rough heat exchangers (coolers) where its temperature is decreased by the circul ating water coming from the cooling towers. This demi water is also passed throu gh the mechanical and magnetic filters before passing through stator winding and thyrister converters. The stator and thyristers cooling circle is shown in figu re below; Water parameters in Heat Exchangers Rated temp.of cold water at inlet Min: temp of cold water No. of gas heat exchangers Rated water flow in on heat e xchangers 32 C 15 C 02 150 m3/h Rotor Cooling: The rotor cooling is done by the Hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas is us ed for the following purposes: 1. Its heat exchange capability is much better th an other gases 2. It is very lighter than other gases so do not overload the rot or. 3. Its preparation is very easy and cheap. Hydrogen gas is filled in the gen erator and maintained at a pressure of 4kg/cm2. It takes all the heat of the rot or and cools the rotor winding and gets warmed itself. For the cooling of the ga s there are four gas coolers inside the generator on each corner. Circulating wa ter of the cooling tower is used in the gas cooler for the hydrogen cooling. Hyd rogen gas is explosive if it is combined with oxygen under pressure so to avoid any leakage of gas and entrance of air inside the generator the rotor assembly i s sealed by the seal oil whose pressure is at least 0.7kg/cm2 more than hydrogen gas inside the generator. When the generator is turned off for a long time for maintenance purpose hydrogen is released from the generator in the air using spe cial method. Method involves that firstly fill the generator with CO2 which rele ase the hydrogen in the air and then in the end air is filled in the generator a nd CO2 is released in the air. This method is adopted because if hydrogen is rel eased using air instead of CO2 then it can cause explosion due to oxygen in the air which will meet hydrogen under pressure in the generator. After maintenance hydrogen gas is refilled in the generator using the reverse process as described above. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 20

Thermal Power Station Water parameters in gas cooler Rated temp.of cold water at inlet Min: temp:of cold water Max: water pressure No. of gas coolers Rated wate r flow in on gas cooler phase-II 32 C 15 C 3 kg/cm2 04 76.5 m3/h Protections of Generator: The following protection are installed for the protection of the generator in TP S phase-I; Longitudinal differential current protection This system is intended to protect against multi phase short circuit in generator stator winding and at its leads including against double earth fault, one of which being in the genera tor. Lateral differential current protection This system is intended to protect against turn-to-turn short circuit of one phase in the generator stator winding. Earth fault protection of stator winding This system is intended to reveal and disconnect one phase earth fault of generator stator winding. 4. Differential pr otection of the unit This system is intended to backup longitudinal differential protection of generator. Negative sequence current protection This system is in tended to prevent damage of generator incase of overloading by negative sequence current caused by asymmetric load or external asymmetric short circuit and abno rmal operating condition of power grid. 6. Over current protection against overl oading of generator This system is intended for signaling at symmetric overloadi ng of generator stator. External symmetrical short circuit protection This syste m is intended to protect the generator against external symmetric short circuit. 5. 3. 2. 1. 7. 8. Protection against asynchronous mode, when excitation loss This system is intend ed to protect against asynchronous mode. One of the elements of resistance block relay for protection of the unit against external symmetrical short circuit is used. Protection of generator rotor against overloading This system is intended to protect against overloading under emergency condition as well as incase of fa ilure of generator excitation system which cause long term flow of current of ab normal value along the rotor winding. 21 9. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain

Thermal Power Station phase-II 10. Earth fault protection in one point of excitation circuit This system is int ended to protect the generator incase of earth fault at one point of excitation circuit. 11. Protection against voltage increase at generator at idle operation This system is intended to prevent inadmissible increase in voltage at turbo gen erator and transformer of unit during idle operation of the unit incase of failu re of excitation system. 12. Zero sequence current protection This system is int ended to backup protection operating at one phase short circuit in the 220KV net work. It is also used to backup unit protections when short circuit at the 220KV side of the unit. 13. Differential protection of the exciter This system is int ended to protect against all kind of short circuit in the exciter winding and on its leads. 14. Over current protection of exciter against external short circui t This system is intended to protect against over current in the external system of the exciter. Transformer Generally following type of transformers are used in our power house. Main trans former Stand by transformer Auxiliary transformer Parts of Transformer: Main tra nsformer consists of following parts: Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 22

Thermal Power Station 1. Power fans 2. Condenser type bushing 3. Oil conservator 4. Bucholz relay 5. Winding temperature controller 6. Thermostat and thermomete r 7. Current transformers 8. Tap changer 9. Earthing tower 10. Fire protection c ooling system 11. Automatic voltage regulator phase-II Power Fans: The natural cooling of the transformer can be increased by the addit ion of power fans placed at the base or along the side of radiators, whether the y are fitted directly to the tank or groups in outside gangs. The fans are of he lical type and are of capable of generating an air flow. The motor designed for an absorbed power .25 1 HP is closed, self cooling, with cage rotor and mounted o n bearing. Normally the fans are controlled automatically through a thermostat. In addition to make manual operation possible as well, a preselector is often bu ilt into the system, allowing operation by means of push buttons on the protecti on and control cover. When forced cooling is provided the power fans unit is spl it into two units each controlled through its own switch by same thermal relay. C ondenser type Bushing: The bushing is packaged in cases, generally in the vertic al position. Packing is providing to protect the bushing from blows and moisture during transients. Moreover, the part of each bushing normally immersed in oil is protected from moisture by a cup shaped metal or plastic covering directly fi tted to the bushing flange. On spare bushing, not used for transformer testing, a water proof film may be found for some construction type on the surface of res in paper. Before using the bushing, this film should be removed with a blunt too l, for not to damage the surface underneath. The bushing should be stored in dry place, always in the vertical position, even for short period. Atmoseal Type ai r-cell oil conservator: For air cell conservator the contact between oil and out side air is prevented. Moreover the pressure on the oil surface remains constant and equal to the atmosphere pressure. When transformer is running, it requires a very small maintenance limited to routine inspection. In conservator an oil re sistant, flexible, rubber oil-cell is arranged in communication with the outside through a drier that prevents condensation in the cell. The air cell gets bigge r or smaller so as to compensate oil volume variations and to keep pressure an o il surface at the atmospheric valve. The working condition of the Buchholz relay s, installed on the tank to conservator pipe, is not out all affected by the air cell. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 23

Thermal Power Station phase-II Buchholz type gas accumulation relay: This relay is provided for transformer pro tection when electrical breakdown occurs between the live parts, or in the event of fault to ground, short circuits between turns, phase interruptions, burning of core, oil leakage in the tank or in the oil cooling system. This relay will o perate on the occurrence of gas formation or on sudden variations of oil level r esulting from abnormal transformer conditions by actuating an alarm signal and i f the fault is serious or persistent, by putting the transformer out of service. The Buchholz relay is installed directly on the oil pipe connecting the tank to the conservator and is normally flooded with oil, in which its inner armature i s permanently immersed with the actuating device. The upper contact for signalin g purpose is closed by operation of pertaining float, when due to an inflow of g as to the relay or the other reason, the oil level contained in the upper part o f the relay is lowered. The lower contact which controls the tripping circuit is operated by the corresponding float when the oil level reaches the lower part o f the relay. Whenever the Buchholz relay operates the alarm and the tripping cir cuit, it is necessary to open the gas drawing cock and to make sure that gas is released. Winding temperature controller A thermal image device is used to detec t the Hot Spot temperature in the winding of a power transformer. A coil is immers ed in the hottest oil layer of the transformer, transmits through the capillary tube, the temperature variation to the temperature indicator. A heater coil is p laced around the thermometer bulb and is supplied by the secondary of main curre nt transformer. The current in the heater is proportional to that is flowing in the winding. The heater is designed to obtain a temperature rise and a thermal i nertia equal to those of transformer winding. It should be noted that the temper ature values read on the indicator are Hot Spot values, i.e. maximum local winding temperature. Therefore, when the transformer operates at full load, the reading may exceed the temperature limit by the standards for the average winding tempe rature. Temperature indicator: The indicator is sealed in the tank; it is a pote ntiometer for remote indication and is mounted at mans height at the tank of the transformer. The thermometer bulb located in the probe, is connected through the capillary tube to the actuating bellows of the instruments. A second capillary tube runs parallel to the preceding one and is connected to the compensating bel lows to cancel the influence of the ambient temperature. The system is filled wi th a special stable and non corrosive liquid. The instrument dial is graduated f rom 0 to 150 C over an arc of 270. The index 7 is actuated through a sector gear , the latter is also operates the lever , moving the slider of potentiometer if required and the lever which controls the fixed differential switch and the vari able differential switch. The device is fitted with a maximum index that can be reset to zero. The switches and the potentiometer are connected to terminal boar ds and the potentiometer has fine and zero adjustments. Thermostat and thermomet er This device is used for the temperature control and consists of a bulb at the top part of the transformer tank and connected through the capillary tube to a dial indicator. Besides indicating the temperature, this instrument closed a cir cuit connected to an alarm device and subsequently a second circuit directly con nected to the main breaker and capable to cause the detachment of the Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 24

Thermal Power Station phase-II transformer from the line. The measurement system can be of liquid thermometer t ype. The scale is not linear but approximately logarithmic expandable with the t emperature Main Transformer: The specification of main transformer is; Type Phas e Frequency Rated Power Rated Voltage Type Of Cooling Insulation Class Connectio n Symbol Current No-load Noise Level Impedance Voltage No Load Losses Load Losse s Temp. Rise WEIGHT Active Part Oil Bell Tank Total SFP7-250000/235TA 3 50HZ 250 000KVA 235 3/5*2.5% /15.75 KVA OFAF A YN.D1 0.25% 90db 13.9% 170.2 KW 675.9KW 60K 158t 55.6t 17.9t 261.83t Stand By Transformer: Type Phase Frequency Rated Power Rated Voltage Type of Coo ling Installation Connection Symbol Noise Level No Load Current SFP7-250000/235T A 3 50Hz 2500/25000/8400KVA 230 8*1.25% /6.9 /3.984KVA OFAF Outdoor YN yno d1 90d b 0.33% Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 25

Thermal Power Station No-load Losses Load Losses Temp. Rise WEIGHT Active Part O il Bell Tank Total Quantity Of Cooler Spare Cooler Temperature Classification 34 KW 113.8KW 60K 35.1t 34.54t 10t 98.64t 4 1 A phase-II NOTE: This transformer can be operated with out coolers for 20 minutes. Auxiliar y Transformer: Type Phase Frequency Rated Power Rated Voltage Rated Current Type Of Cooling Insulation Class Connection Symbol Noise Level Impedance Voltage No Load Current No-load Losses Load Losses Limit for Temperature Rise: Winding Top Oil Insulation Level WEIGHT Active Part Oil Total Transformer Protections: S27-2 500/15TA 3 50HZ 25000KVA 15.75 7*2% /6.9 KVA 916.4/2092A ONAN A D.yn11 69db 12.2% 0.336% 22.5 KW 109.4 KW 60K 50K LI150AC55/LI60AC25 27500kg 19500kg 58580kg Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 26

Thermal Power Station Differential current protection of unit t/f Gas pro of unit transformer Gas protection of on-load tap changer section Remote protec tion at 6kv side Current different of working and standby power supply 6kv secti on Over current protection against over-loading of 6kv winding Arc protection at 6kv side/winding MT Buchholz MT cooling fan stop Relief value phase-II SWITCH YARD Mainly there are different but most important things for the protection, measure ment, metering and for the other purposes Circuit Breaker Isolator Insulator Ins ulator strings Bus Bar 27 Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain

Thermal Power Station Current transformer (C.T.) Potential transformer (P.T.) Co nductor Control Switch Relays Power Line communication box phase-II Circuit Breaker: This is the basic and the most important part of the switchyard . Isolators are used for its protection because the minimum cost of the circuit b reaker which has been installed in KAPCO is of 10 million rupees. So, we are req uired to provide protection to it to avoid the burning and the familiar of the b reaker. Objective: This is installed to protect or making some disconnection or connection part, So that there can be a bridge between the two parts. This is an automatic device which opens and closes by sensing the characteristics defined by the designer. Suppose if we want to work on the transmission line going to an y other region, then we make open the connections of the circuit breaker. On the other hand, if any fault occurs on any side of the breaker, then current transf ormer which is certainly installed with a breaker senses the abnormal current an d sends information to the central control room and also performs some action to protect the system from any accident. Any of the line is no longer in contact w ith the generator, all lines are coming out from the bus bar and there is a circ uit breaker in between the line and the bus bar. So, by chance, if occurs a faul t in transmission line then we can easily recover it by opening the breaker. Sim ilarly the line from the step-up transformer to the bus bar is also protected by a circuit breaker. So, this circuit breaker is a kind of connection and disconn ection between the generator, bus bar and the transmission line. So, by this way , the transmission line or substation or bus bar itself and also generator are p rotected from any kind of small or big accidents. The Necessary Capabilities of Breaker: 1. It should be capable of extinguishing the arc without undue delay. 2. It should withstand the transient voltage that a ppears across the contacts immediately after the current flow ceases. So it shou ld provide sufficient dielectric strength immediately after the rupture of curre nt. Components of the circuit breaker: Auxiliary switch This is only for the pur pose of the taking information about the working of the C.B. e.g. it consists of PLCs which take information that whether the breaker is open or close. The infor mation about the opening and the closing of the breaker is taken by such a way t hat there are Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 28

Thermal Power Station phase-II some normally open and normally closed contacts in auxiliary switch. So, if the breaker is closed then information from the normally closed contacts is sent to C.C.R. (Central Control Room) and a light is made ON there showing that Breaker is in closed condition. Similarly is the breaker is open, then Normally open con tacts are closed and in the similar fashion described above, light is made ON in C.C.R. showing that breaker is in open condition. Mechanical switching: This pr ocess is done with help of the oil pressure. A certain oil pressure is obtained and then according to the information supplied by the manufacturer, opening and closing of the breaker is done at some pressure defined, i.e. if pressure goes l ess than 273 bars than breaker is opened and then does not close itself until it is done manually. Inside protection: As because of the opening and closing of c ontacts by some other reasons, arcs are produced inside the breaker which is dan gerous for the life and the characteristics of the breaker. So, these arcs must be quenched. There are many methods for quenching these arcs, e.g. Air quenching Gas quenching Vacuum quenching Now days, most commonly used methods for quenchi ng the arch is the use of the SF 6 gas which is very much efficient for doing th is task. Types of Circuit Breakers: They can be classified with respect to two c riteria 1. arc quenching media 2. construction With respect to arc quenching med ia , we have most used types listed below The oil circuit breakers The air circu it breakers The SF6 circuit breakers The vacuum type Oil Type: In the oil type circuit breaker, the arc is produced in the oil thus o il decomposes and replaced by the surrounding oil thus provides both cooling and give proper dielectric strength. Such an arrangement can work for breaking duty not exceeding 150MVA. Addition can be done to increase the rating by providing pressure pot and externally generated pressure to extinguish the arc by pushing it and also by dividing it into sections by means of insulators .By these means, a rating of 7500MVA at 132 kV is possible. Also low oil content breaker can be used to decrease the size and increase the life and performance of oil. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 29

Thermal Power Station phase-II Air Type: Axial, radial or cross blast is used in these breakers to extinguish a rc and also insulators can be added to increase the dielectric strength. Vacuum Type: In this type, the vacuum is created at the contact position. When the cont acts open, the resistance becomes very high since no ionization in the medium oc curs. only source of electrons is the harmonic emission through the surfaces. So no chance of re-striking arc after it is once extinguished. Current transformer s: Current transformers are used in power transformers as a source of energy for operation of relays, to measure the equipment of a thermal image plant, a line drop compensator and protection system etc. The current transformers normally in corporated in power transformers may be of bushing type with primary winding. Th e primary is formed by connection which goes from the winding of each individual phase of the transformer to the corresponding insulator and which crosses the t ransformer centrally. If the transformer ratio is very low and the accuracy is h igh, it is advisable to use the type with the primary winding. As far as possibl e, these current transformers are arranged on the machine in an easily accessibl e position. Chemical section The chemical section consists of the following sections; lization plant Oil testing lab Water testing lab Hydrogen Plant: Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 30 Hydrogen plant Deminera

Thermal Power Station phase-II Hydrogen plant prepares the hydrogen gas which is used for the cooling of the ro tor of the turbo generator. The hydrogen gas is used for the cooling of the roto r of the turbo generator because it has better heat transfer characteristics, ch eap and easy preparation and also it is very light and hence do not over load th e rotor. The hydrogen is prepared by electrolyses of the water. For this DC supp ly is given to the electrolyzer. This Dc supply is produced after step down of t he 6.6 kV supply to 400 V and then by 3-pahe rectifier. Raw water is used for th e preparation of the hydrogen as it supports fast electrolyses action then de-mi neralized water. Potassium Hydro oxide (KOH) is used as a catalyst. The oxygen a nd hydrogen are prepared in the ratio of 1:2. A generalized layout of the hydrog en plant is shown in the figure below; DC Power Supply (330A) Alkaline Solution Electrolyzer Air Compressor Separating Columns Purifier Rotor (Generator) Storage Tanks Dryer Gas Scrubber (Gas Washer) Generation of HYDROGEN DC Power Supply: The 3-phase 6.6 kV supply is stepped down to 400 V through step down transformers. For this purpose 02 transformers are installed in the sectio n which has a specification as follow; Rated Power: Rated Voltage: Rated Current : 96 kVA 415 V 133.6 A Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 31

Thermal Power Station phase-II Each transformer follows a 3-phase thyrister rectifier converting the 3-phase AC into DC supply which is given to the electrolyzers. The thyrister converters ca n provide the 60 V, 1250 A DC supply to the electrolyzers. . Electrolyzer: The p rocess of electrolyses of the water takes place in the electrolyses. The process in which DC current is passed through the water resulting the separation of the cation and anion is known as electrolyses. The electrolyzer has 25 cells each t akes 2.2 V, a total of 55 V DC and a maximum current of 1000 A. The separated hy drogen and oxygen then leaves the electrolyzer on its own ways. Separating Colum n: The hydrogen leaving the perforated flash box (PFB) enters the separating col umn which removes the small parts of alkali from it Gas Scrubber: Gas scrubber i s also called gas washer. It removes the impurities from the hydrogen such as du st particles etc. Dryer: The dryer dry the hydrogen coming out from the gas scru bber. As gas scrubber do the washing of the hydrogen gas so it has to be dried. Receiver Tanks: The receiver tanks store the prepared hydrogen gas. For this pur pose 06 receiver tanks are used. The pressure inside the tanks is kept 10kg/cm2. 03 tanks are for oxygen and 03 are for carbon dioxide storage. Demineralization plant The water which is free of all the impurities, minerals, gases like Oxygen Nitrog en and consists of only pure water (H2O) is called demineralized water. Demineral ized plant is used for the preparation of demineralized water. Demineralized wat er is used for the preparation of steam, for the cooling of stator of generator and for the cooling of thyristors in the excitation system. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 32

Thermal Power Station phase-II The plant has total generation capacity of 90 tons/hour. Raw water is used for t he preparation of the demi water. Raw water is pumped out by the tube wells and stored in the raw water storage tanks. Demi water is passed through the hollow c onductors of stator winding for the stator cooling. It is used for this purpose because demi water acts as an insulator & has a resistivity of 200kOhms.it does not short circuit the windings. Demi water is used for the steam preparation in the boiler for the following reasons: Raw water contains mineral like Calcium, M agnesium and sulphur. These minerals cause the stacks and corrosion in the boile r tubes which causes the heat loses and may damage the boiler tubes. The designe d loss of the demi water in the steam cycle is 2%. Make up demi water is done in the hot well and feed water tank. A generalized layout of the demi water plant is shown in the figure below; . Raw Water Mech. Clarifier filter Cation filter Decarbonized Exhaust Anion Filter Storage tank Mixed bed Cation 2nd filter Preparation of demineralized water _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Mech. Clarifier filters: In mechanical clarifier filter coal and gravels are is used to remove the unresolved particles from the water. Cation filter: In the ca tion filter resins is used which replaces the Na+ & Ca2+ ions in the water from the + H ions. In the end water becomes acidic. Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 33

Thermal Power Station phase-II Decarbonizer exhaust: It removes the carbonates from the water.CO2 is removed by showering of the water against air. It is also known as degasifier. Anion filte r: In Anion filter castic soda (NaOH) is used which replaces the Cl- or SO4 ions with the OH- ions forming partial demi water. Cation 2nd filter: It also remove s the positive ions from the water. Mixed filter: In the mixed filter both the r emaining anions and cations are removed. The water leaving the mixed bed is the pure distilled water. Storage tanks: This prepared demineralized water is then s tored in the storage tanks. Water treatment: Ammonium hydroxide, Hydrazine and T risodium phosphate are dozed at different points in the boiler such as boiler dr um, for water treatment. The nature of this water is acidic, to minimize the aci dity of this water ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) is used. Hydrazine (N2H4) removes the Oxygen from water and protects the boiler tubes against corrosion. Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is used in the boiler drum which removes the Ca, Mg and adds Na. Oil Testing Lab: Different tests of the furnace oil and the lubrication oil are performed in the oil testing laboratory to check their characteristics. The test on the transform er oil is also performed in this lab. The following tests are performed on the f urnace and lube oil:1. Moisture test 34 Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain

Thermal Power Station 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Flash point test. Viscosity test. Spe cific gravity test. Acidity test. Solubility test. Mechanical impurity test. Chl orification test. phase-II LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS TPS G/R T/F T/R Thermal power station Generator Transformer Transformer 35 Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain

Thermal Power Station phase-II M.T A.T H.V.S L.V.S B.B A.S.B C.B C.T P.T R.C L.A Temp. PCB ICs MW MVAR MVA EMF AC DC Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer High Voltage Side Low Voltage Side Bus Ba r Auxiliary System Bus Circuit Breaker Current Transformer Potential Transformer Relay Coil Lightning arrestor Temperature Printed Circuit Board Integrated Circ uits Mega Watt Mega Volt Ampere Reactive Mega Volt Ampere Electromotive force Al ternating current Direct current Engr. Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain 36