Signals and Systems

Fall 2012

Introduction

Adapted from Originals with Courtesy of Prof. Brian Evans at University of Texas at Austin

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Signals and Systems

Fall 2012

Introduction
Prof. Dr. Adnan Kavak

Adapted from Originals with Courtesy of Prof. Brian Evans at University of Texas at Austin

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Signals and Systems

Fall 2012

Introduction
Prof. Dr. Adnan Kavak Dept. of Computer Engineering

Adapted from Originals with Courtesy of Prof. Brian Evans at University of Texas at Austin

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Signals and Systems

Fall 2012

Introduction
Prof. Dr. Adnan Kavak Dept. of Computer Engineering Kocaeli University
Adapted from Originals with Courtesy of Prof. Brian Evans at University of Texas at Austin

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Audio CD Samples at 44.1 kHz

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Audio CD Samples at 44.1 kHz

Human hearing is from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz

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Audio CD Samples at 44.1 kHz

Human hearing is from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz Sampling theorem : sample analog signal at a rate of more than twice the highest frequency in the analog signal
Apply a filter to pass frequencies up to 20 kHz (called a lowpass filter) and reject high frequencies, e.g. a coffee filter passes water through but not coffee grounds Lowpass filter needs 10% of cutoff frequency to roll off to zero (filter can reject frequencies above 22 kHz) Sampling at 44.1 kHz captures analog frequencies of up to but not including 22.05 kHz.
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Signal Processing Systems

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

Joint Picture Experts Group (JPEG)

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Signal Processing Systems

Speech and audio
Speech synthesis and recognition Audio CD players Audio compression: AC3, MPEG 1 layer 3 audio (MP3) Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

Joint Picture Experts Group (JPEG)

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Signal Processing Systems

Speech and audio
Speech synthesis and recognition Audio CD players Audio compression: AC3, MPEG 1 layer 3 audio (MP3) Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

Image and video compression

Image compression: JPEG, JPEG 2000 Video CDs: MPEG 1 DVD, digital cable, HDTV: MPEG 2 Wireless video: MPEG 4/H.263, MPEG 4 Advanced Video Coding/H.264 Joint Picture Experts Group (JPEG)

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Signal Processing Systems

Speech and audio
Speech synthesis and recognition Audio CD players Audio compression: AC3, MPEG 1 layer 3 audio (MP3) Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

Image and video compression

Image compression: JPEG, JPEG 2000 Video CDs: MPEG 1 DVD, digital cable, HDTV: MPEG 2 Wireless video: MPEG 4/H.263, MPEG 4 Advanced Video Coding/H.264 Joint Picture Experts Group (JPEG)

Examples of communication systems?

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Communication Systems
Integrated Digital Services Network (ISDN)

Analog

Digital

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Communication Systems
Voiceband modems (56k), cable modems
Integrated Digital Services Network (ISDN)

Analog

Digital

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Communication Systems
Voiceband modems (56k), cable modems Integrated Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Digital Services ISDN: 144 kilobits per second (kbps) Network (ISDN) Symmetric: High-speed DSL Asymmetric: Asymmetric DSL and Very High-Speed DSL

Analog

Digital

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Communication Systems
Voiceband modems (56k), cable modems Integrated Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Digital Services ISDN: 144 kilobits per second (kbps) Network (ISDN) Symmetric: High-speed DSL Asymmetric: Asymmetric DSL and Very High-Speed DSL

Cellular phones
First generation (1G): AMPS Second generation (2G): Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital and Interim Standard-95 (Code Division Multiple Access) Third generation (3G): cdma2000, Wideband CDMA
Analog
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Communication Systems
Voiceband modems (56k), cable modems Integrated Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Digital Services ISDN: 144 kilobits per second (kbps) Network (ISDN) Symmetric: High-speed DSL Asymmetric: Asymmetric DSL and Very High-Speed DSL

Cellular phones
First generation (1G): AMPS Second generation (2G): Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital and Interim Standard-95 (Code Division Multiple Access) Third generation (3G): cdma2000, Wideband CDMA
Analog

Wireless Internet
IEEE 802.11, WiMax
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Internet

Wireline Communications
Central Office
downstream

DSLAM

Customer Premises
ADSL modem

ADSL modem P S T N
upstream

Voice Switch

Lowpass Filter

Lowpass Filter

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Internet

Wireline Communications
Central Office
downstream

DSLAM

Customer Premises
ADSL modem

ADSL modem P S T N
upstream

Voice Switch

Lowpass Filter

Lowpass Filter

HDSL High bitrate 1.544 Mbps in both directions

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Internet

Wireline Communications
Central Office
downstream

DSLAM

Customer Premises
ADSL modem

ADSL modem P S T N
upstream

Voice Switch

Lowpass Filter

Lowpass Filter

HDSL High bitrate 1.544 Mbps in both directions ADSL Asymmetric 1-15 Mbps down, 0.5-1 Mbps up
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Internet

Wireline Communications
Central Office
downstream

DSLAM

Customer Premises
ADSL modem

ADSL modem P S T N
upstream

Voice Switch

Lowpass Filter

Lowpass Filter

HDSL High bitrate 1.544 Mbps in both directions ADSL Asymmetric 1-15 Mbps down, 0.5-1 Mbps up VDSL Very high bitrate, 22 Mbps down, 3 Mbps up
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Wireless Communications

Picture by Prof. Murat Torlak, UT Dallas

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Wireless Communications
Time-frequency (Fourier) analysis

Picture by Prof. Murat Torlak, UT Dallas

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Wireless Communications
Time-frequency (Fourier) analysis Digital communication increases SNR/capacity

Picture by Prof. Murat Torlak, UT Dallas

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Wireless Communications
Time-frequency (Fourier) analysis Digital communication increases SNR/capacity Antenna array adds further increase in SNR & capacity by using spatial diversity

Picture by Prof. Murat Torlak, UT Dallas

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Wireless Communications
Time-frequency (Fourier) analysis Digital communication increases SNR/capacity Antenna array adds further increase in SNR & capacity by using spatial diversity 2.5G and 3G systems: transmit voice & data
Picture by Prof. Murat Torlak, UT Dallas
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Signals

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 Signal is a set of data or information, which is a function of an independent variable (time, space, etc)

Signals

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 Signal is a set of data or information, which is a function of an independent variable (time, space, etc)
E.g. Phone or TV signal, monthly sales of corporation, daily stock price, daily temperature, etc.

Signals

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 Signal is a set of data or information, which is a function of an independent variable (time, space, etc)
E.g. Phone or TV signal, monthly sales of corporation, daily stock price, daily temperature, etc.

Signals

Continuous-time signals are functions of a real argument

x(t) where t can take any real value x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t

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 Signal is a set of data or information, which is a function of an independent variable (time, space, etc)
E.g. Phone or TV signal, monthly sales of corporation, daily stock price, daily temperature, etc.

Signals

Continuous-time signals are functions of a real argument

x(t) where t can take any real value x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t

Discrete-time signals are functions of an argument that takes values from a discrete set

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square For a real-valued signal

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square For a real-valued signal

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square For a real-valued signal

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square For a real-valued signal

For a complex-valued signal (To make sure that energy is real, use magnitude square)

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Signal Energy
Measure of the signal size as the area under its amplitude square For a real-valued signal

For a complex-valued signal (To make sure that energy is real, use magnitude square)

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general)

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general) f(t) = i(t) = v(t) [ Assuming 1 Ohm resistance]

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general) f(t) = i(t) = v(t) [ Assuming 1 Ohm resistance] Then, instantenous power: p(t) = f(t) * f(t)

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general) f(t) = i(t) = v(t) [ Assuming 1 Ohm resistance] Then, instantenous power: p(t) = f(t) * f(t) This is why we use square of the signal amplitude (physical reason).

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general) f(t) = i(t) = v(t) [ Assuming 1 Ohm resistance] Then, instantenous power: p(t) = f(t) * f(t) This is why we use square of the signal amplitude (physical reason). Then, energy is integral of the instantenous power.

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Comment: Why do we use amplitude square for energy?

Instantenous power: p(t) = i(t) * v(t) (in general) f(t) = i(t) = v(t) [ Assuming 1 Ohm resistance] Then, instantenous power: p(t) = f(t) * f(t) This is why we use square of the signal amplitude (physical reason). Then, energy is integral of the instantenous power. Mathematically, if we didnt use square of amplitude, then energy may be negative which doesnt make any sense.
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Remarks about Signal Energy

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Remarks about Signal Energy

Signal energy is always positive

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Remarks about Signal Energy

Signal energy is always positive Some signals (e.g. periodic) have infinite energy. (Power signals)

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Remarks about Signal Energy

Signal energy is always positive Some signals (e.g. periodic) have infinite energy. (Power signals) Therefore, energy is not a good measure of their size. It is not meaningful.

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Remarks about Signal Energy

Signal energy is always positive Some signals (e.g. periodic) have infinite energy. (Power signals) Therefore, energy is not a good measure of their size. It is not meaningful. Signals with finite energy is called energy signals.

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square For a real valued signal

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square For a real valued signal

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square For a real valued signal

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Signal Power
Time average of the energy for the signals which have infinite energy, i.e., signal does not go to zero as time goes to infinity ts amplitude square For a real valued signal

For a complex valued signal

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Remarks about Signal Power

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal Periodic Signals are power signals provided that they have finite energy in a period.

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal Periodic Signals are power signals provided that they have finite energy in a period. Random signals are also power signals.

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal Periodic Signals are power signals provided that they have finite energy in a period. Random signals are also power signals. Power of a energy signal is zero.

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal Periodic Signals are power signals provided that they have finite energy in a period. Random signals are also power signals. Power of a energy signal is zero. Energy of a power signal is infinite.

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Remarks about Signal Power

Power is the time average of the energy or time average of the signal amplitude squared, i.e., mean-squared value of the signal Hence, square root of the signal power is the familiar RMS (root mean suared) value of the signal Periodic Signals are power signals provided that they have finite energy in a period. Random signals are also power signals. Power of a energy signal is zero. Energy of a power signal is infinite. A power signal must have infinite duration.

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Units of Energy & Power

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Units of Energy & Power

For a voltage signal:
Unit of energy is volts squared seconds Unit of power is volts squared

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Units of Energy & Power

For a voltage signal:
Unit of energy is volts squared seconds Unit of power is volts squared

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Units of Energy & Power

For a voltage signal:
Unit of energy is volts squared seconds Unit of power is volts squared

For a current signal :

Unit of energy is amperes squared-seconds Unit of power is amperes squared

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Examples

Finite Energy Ef =8

Infinite Energy But Finite Power Pf =1/3

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Examples
Example 1.1 in Lathi

Finite Energy Ef =8

Infinite Energy But Finite Power Pf =1/3

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Examples
Example 1.1 in Lathi

Finite Energy Ef =8

Infinite Energy But Finite Power Pf =1/3

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Some Useful Signal Operations

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Some Useful Signal Operations

Time Shifting

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Some Useful Signal Operations

Time Shifting Time Scaling

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Some Useful Signal Operations

Time Shifting Time Scaling Time Inversion (Reversal)

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Time Shifting

Shift by To units to the right

Shift by To units to the left

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Time Shifting

Shift by To units to the right

Shift by To units to the left

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Time Scaling

If a>1 original signal f(t) is compressed in time by a factor `a`

If a>1 original signal f(t) is expanded in time by a factor `a` 1-17

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Time Scaling

If a>1 original signal f(t) is compressed in time by a factor `a`

If a>1 original signal f(t) is expanded in time by a factor `a` 1-17

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Time Inversion (Reversal)

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Time Inversion (Reversal)

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Signals

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Signals Analog & Digital Signals

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Signals Analog & Digital Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Signals Analog & Digital Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals Energy & Power Signals

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Signals Analog & Digital Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals Energy & Power Signals Deterministic & Probabilistic Signals

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Continuous Time vs. Discrete Time

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Continuous Time vs. Discrete Time

Continuous-time signals are functions of a real argument
x(t) where t can take any real value x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t

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Continuous Time vs. Discrete Time

Continuous-time signals are functions of a real argument
x(t) where t can take any real value x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t

Discrete-time signals are functions of an argument that takes values from a discrete set
x[n] where n {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...} We sometimes use index instead of time when discussing discrete-time signals

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Continuous Time vs. Discrete Time

Continuous-time signals are functions of a real argument
x(t) where t can take any real value x(t) may be 0 for a given range of values of t

Discrete-time signals are functions of an argument that takes values from a discrete set
x[n] where n {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...} We sometimes use index instead of time when discussing discrete-time signals

Values for x may be real or complex

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Continuous-time & Discrete-time

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Continuous-time & Discrete-time

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Continuous-time & Discrete-time

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Analog vs. Digital

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Analog vs. Digital

The amplitude of an analog signal can take any real or complex value at each time/sample

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Analog vs. Digital

The amplitude of an analog signal can take any real or complex value at each time/sample

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Analog vs. Digital

The amplitude of an analog signal can take any real or complex value at each time/sample

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Analog vs. Digital

The amplitude of an analog signal can take any real or complex value at each time/sample

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Analog vs. Digital

The amplitude of an analog signal can take any real or complex value at each time/sample

Amplitude of a digital signal takes values from a discrete set

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Analog vs Digital & Continuous vs

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Analog vs Digital & Continuous vs

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Periodic Signals

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Periodic Signals

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Periodic Signals

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Periodic Signals

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Energy & Power Signals

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Energy & Power Signals

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