VYGOTSKY 1.Social development theory is the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky.

Vygotsky's theory stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition(understanding language,solving roblems and making decisions). 2. Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development. The development of the childs first language in the second year of life is held to generate a fundamental shift in cognitive development.language provides the child with a new tool,opens up new opportunities for doing things. 3. PRIVATE SPEECH young children can often be heard talking to themselves and organizing themselves as they carry out tasks or play, in what is called private speech. I will show you a video about private speech. There is a girl at the age of 4 .She is coloring a picture and speech privately. She narrates what she is doing, which is typical of how she does anything that she is deeply engaged in. She's not looking for feedback or comments from people around her, she is in her own world. (Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.[) 4.:INNER SPEECH: As children get older they speak less and less aloud and differentiate between social speech for others and inner speech which continuous to play an important role in regulating and controlling behavior. 5- THE EARLY SPEECH OF INFANTS: n considering the early speech of infants and its development into language vygotsky distinguishes the outward talk and what is happening in the childs mind. the infants begins with using single words but these words convey whole messages:when a child says juice she may mean I want some more juice or my juice has spilt. As the childs language develops the whole undivided thought message can be broken down into smaller units and expressed by putting together words that are units of talk 6-THE MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHER: for vygotsky the child is an active learner in a world full of other people.those people play important roles in helping children to learn bringing object reading stories and asking questions. The ability to learn through instruction and mediation is characteristic of human intelligence. Adults mediate the world for children and make it accessible to them. with the help of adults children can do and understand much more than they can on their own. 7-ZPD:. This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Vygotsky used the idea of ZPD to give a new meaning to intelligence. Rather than measuring intelligence by what a child can do alone ,vygotsky suggest that intelligence was better measured by what child can do with skilled help.

Different children at the same point in development will make different uses of the same help from an adult. In foreign language learning we might imagine children listening to the teacher model a new question: do you like swimming? And being encouraged to ask similar questions one child may be able to use other phrases he has learnt previously and say do you like drinking orange juice?and yet another would have trouble repeating it accurately.n each case the zpd what the child can do with the help of the adult is different .according to vygotsky this is a more useful measure of intelligence or ability. 8-IINTERNALISATION is one of Vygotskys key concepts relevant to social determination and is the process through which the internal stage of consciousness is formed. thinking aloud and talking through what is being done,to think inside the head is called internalization.n the internalizing process the interpersonal joint talk and joint activity,later becomes intrapersonal,mental action by one individual.

BRUNER For bruner,language is the most important tool for cognitive growth and he investigated how adults use language to mediate the world for children and help them to solve problems. -SCAFFOLDING is THE WAY ADULTS USE LANGUAGE TO MEDIATE THE WORLD FOR CHILDREN IN ORDER TO HELP THEM TO SOLVE PROBLEMS.. The parents, through scaffolding, may grab the attention of their child to the task, simplify the task, and control the childs frustration.. Teachers also commonly use instructional scaffolding with students of all ages.
TEACHERS CAN HELP CHILDREN TO PAY ATTENTION TO WHAT IS IMPORTANT BY SUGGESTING PRAISING THE SIGNIFICANT PROVIDING FOCUSING ACTIVITIES TEACHERS CAN HELP CHILDREN TO ADOPT USEFUL STRATEGIES BY ENCOURAGING REHEARSAL (REPETIONS) BEING EXPLICIT ABOUT ORGANISATION TEACHERS CAN HELP CHILDREN TO REMEMBER THE WHOLE TASK AND GOALS BY REMINDING

MODELLING PROVIDING PART-WHOLE ACTIVITIES

-formats and routines:bruner has provided a further useful idea for language teaching in his
notions of formats and routines. These are features of events that allows scaffolding to take place and combine the security of the familiar with the excitement of the new.Bruner s most useful example of a routine is parents reading stories to their children from babyhood onwards. THE CHILD SITS ON THE PARENTS LAP WITH A LARGE PICTURE STORY BOOK, AND PARENT AND CHILD TURN THE PAGE TOGETHER; As the child gets older the type of book and the roles of adult change but the basic format remains.(ilerleyen bebeklik) Since the child is familiar with the formats and routines, they feel the security of familiarity and they make sense of the language through familiar experiences. Bedtime stories are the examples of how parents follow routines. The classroom routines not only help language development as the children predict meaning and intention through familiarity of the event but also contribute to the management of the classroom -routines

in the language classroom

CLASSROOM ROUTINES , WHICH HAPPEN

EVERY DAY, MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. The context and the familiarity of the event provide an oppotunity for pupils to predict meaning and intention but the routine also offers a way to add variation and novelty that can involve complex language, ( George please give out the scissors) George please ask everybody if they want white paper or black paper org ive out a pair of scissors to each group. THE INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF LANGUAGE PROVIDES A SPACE FOR LANGUAGE GROWTH. ROUTINES CAN PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEANINGFUL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT