International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856

Wireless Sensors Networks Architecture

Riadh Bouhouchi1 and Tahar Ezzedine Author2
1,2

University of Tunis El-manar, National Engineering School (ENIT) of Tunis, SysCom Laboratory, 2092 Manar II, Tunisia

Abstract: Today, sensors networks and sensory systems for

environmental assessment have reached a high technical level.The recent technology in Information and communication which automates everything in this universe is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Lot of challenges are faced when enabling the sensor network with web technology and quickly getting an observation from a sensor at the right time and place may be critical, Were now Sensor Web will give solution to the web enabled WSN by featuring an advanced and scalable architecture that supports numerous diverse and heterogeneous sensor types.This paper describes an advanced concept of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which has been used the lightweight communication tools, cloud computing, service oriented architecture, wireless communications, digital electronics, mobiles sensors and the Multimedia outlines Geographic Information System to monitor the real time status of distributed measurement system.

2. SONSORS
A sensor network is a dense wireless network of specialized small devices, low-cost sensors with a communication infrastructure intended to control, monitor and record conditions at diverse locations. A sensor node, is a node in a wireless sensor which is small, lightweight and portable that is capable of gathering sensory data, performing some processing and permitting the communication with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor network consists of many different sensors type such as low sampling rate magnetic, thermal, acoustic, seismic, visual, infrared, and radar, which are able to control and monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions that include [2] Temperature, Humidity, pollution, Vehicular movement, Lightning condition, Pressure, Soil makeup, Noise levels, Mechanical stress levels on attached objects, and The current characteristics such as direction, speed, and size of an object. Sensor nodes can be used for location sensing, continuous sensing, event ID, event detection, and local control of actuators. The concept of wireless connection and the micro-sensing of these nodes promise many new application and realization areas. We categorize the applications into health, home, environment, military and other commercial areas. It is possible to amplify this classification with more categories such as chemical processing, space exploration and disaster relief, but our research is limited only to the environmental sector.

Keywords: Sensor Web Enablement (SWE), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), service oriented architecture (SOA), Cloud Computing, Geographic information system (GIS), JSON.

1. INTRODUCTION
Smart environments represent the next evolutionary development step in building, utilities, industrial, home, shipboard, and transportation systems automation. Like any sentient organism, the smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world and in order to improve services with public organizations and to help protecting the environment from possible threats,many researchers are about implementing an advanced architecture for Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) to monitor remotely environmental phenomena using recent technologies. Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different modalities in distributed locations. The smart environment needs information about its surroundings as well as about its internal workings; this is captured in biological systems by the distinction between exteroceptors and proprioceptors. The challenges in the hierarchy of: detecting the relevant quantities, monitoring and collecting the data, assessing and evaluating the information, formulating meaningful user displays, and performing decision-making and alarm functions are enormous. The information needed by smart environments is provided by Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks, which are responsible for sensing as well as for the first stages of the processing hierarchy [1]: Volume 1, Issue 4 November - December 2012

3. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

SENSOR

Environmental applications of sensor networks include monitoring environmental conditions that affect crops and livestock; macro instruments for large-scale; irrigation; earth monitoring and planetary exploration; chemical/ biological detection; precision agriculture; earth, biological, and environmental monitoring in soil, marine, and atmospheric contexts; flood detection; meteorological or geophysical research; forest fire detection; bio-complexity mapping of the environment; tracking the movements of insects, small animals, and birds; and pollution study. Forest fire detection: Since the nodes are deployed randomly in a forest, we do not have information about Page 130

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
their coordinates. Sensor nodes can relay the exact origin of the fire to the end users before the fire spreads to an uncontrollable stage. We can deploy and integrate millions of sensor nodes using radio frequencies/optical systems. Also, environmental applications of sensor networks include monitoring environmental conditions that affect crops and livestock; macro instruments for large-scale; irrigation; earth monitoring and planetary exploration; chemical/ biological detection; precision agriculture; earth, biological, and environmental monitoring in soil, marine, and atmospheric contexts; flood detection; meteorological or geophysical research; forest fire detection; bio-complexity mapping of the environment; tracking the movements of insects, small animals, and birds; and pollution study. Forest fire detection: Since the nodes are deployed randomly in a forest, we do not have information about their coordinates, sensor nodes can relay the exact origin of the fire to the end users before the fire is spread uncontrollable. We can deploy and integrate millions of sensor nodes using radio frequencies/optical systems. Also, they can only be equipped with effective power scavenging methods [3], such as solar cells. In this environment, Sensors could be left unattended for months or even years. The sensor nodes collaborate together to perform distributed sensing task and overcome nature obstacles, such as sand, rocks and trees that block wired sensors line of sight. Biocomplexity environment mapping [4]: A biocomplexity environment mapping requires sophisticated approaches that permit the integration of information across temporal and spatial scales [5,6]. The advanced technology in the automated data collection and remote sensing have enabled higher spatial, higher spectral, and temporal resolution at a geometric interpretation declining cost per unit area [7]. Along with these important advances, the sensor nodes are easy to connect to the Internet, which permits remote users to monitor, control and observe the biocomplexity of the atmosphere and the whole environment. Although airborne and satellite sensors are useful in the observation of large biodiversity, e.g., spatial complexity of dominant plant species, they do not provide fine grain enough information to control small size biodiversity, that make up most of biodiversity in an ecosystem [8]. As a result, there is a need for a ground level deployment of wireless sensor nodes to control and observe biocomplexity [9,10]. One example of biocomplexity mapping of environment is released at the James Reserve in California [4]. Three monitoring grids with each having (25-100 nodes per gri) sensor nodes will be implemented for environmental sensor data loggers and fixed view multimedia. Flood detection [11]: Another example of flood detection is the system of ALERT [12] deployed in the USA. Several types of sensors deployed in the system of ALERT are the rainfall, water level and weather sensors. All these Volume 1, Issue 4 November - December 2012 sensors supply information to the centralized storage system (database system) in a pre-defined way. Research projects, such as our project and the COUGAR Device Database Project (Cornell University) [11] and other research projects, are investigating distributed approaches in interacting with sensor nodes [13] in the sensor field to provide long-running queries and snapshot. Precision Agriculture: Some of the benefits are the level of air pollution in real-time, the level of soil erosion, and the ability to control and monitor the pesticides level in the potable water.

4. ISSUES
Wireless Sensor networks are the key to collecting the information needed by smart and virtual environments. In such applications, cabling or running wires is usually impractical and not efficacy.The basic problem is how to make Interaction with wireless sensor nodes in order to collect useful information about the external world and which protocols and technology have to be used to do so. A lot of researches and IT creators have been made to find an advanced architecture made up of adaptive future advanced Internet applications in order to allow and facilitate data communication between the sensor nodes that are placed in the environment and the final users. A wireless sensor network is required that easy to install, is fast, maintain and not expensive.

5. PRINCIPAL GOALS
The main goal of the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) is to enable all types of Web and Internet-accessible sensors, instruments, and imaging devices to be accessible and controllable via the Web. The SWE initiative is focused on developing standards to enable the real situation discovery, exchange of data, and processing of sensor observations. The main functionalities within a sensor web include: THE DISCOVERY OF SENSOR SYSTEMS, DIFFERENT OBSERVATIONS, AND THEOBSERVATION PROCESSES; THE DETERMINATION OF A SENSORS CAPABILITIES AND THE QUALITY OF MEASUREMENTS; THE ACCESS TO THE DIFFERENT SENSOR PARAMETERS THAT AUTOMATICALLY ALLOW GIS SOFTWARE TO PROCESS AND GEO-LOCATE OBSERVATIONS; THE REAL-TIME RETRIEVAL OBSERVATIONS AND COVERAGE IN STANDARD ENCODINGS; THE TASKING OF SENSORS TO ACQUIRE OBSERVATIONS OF INTEREST; THE SUBSCRIPTION TO PUBLISH ALERTS THAT WILL BE ISSUED BY THE DIFFERENT SENSORS OR SENSOR SERVICES BASED UPON CERTAIN CRITERIA IN ORDER TO ALLOW A QUICK AND CORRECT DECISION. Page 131

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856 6. ADOPTED SOLUTION
The emergence and consolidation of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), Cloud Computing and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) rise benefits, such as flexibility, scalability, security, interoperability, and adaptability, for building these kinds of applications. The following architecture summarizes the relationships between all the stated technologies and shows that we are about choosing the platform as a service cloud computing for the production environment and where the high availability of web application servers and the advanced cloud storage are owned by the cloud provider unlike the client application which is available in the user workstation technologies such as SOA and Cloud computing have been developed to resolve integration problems. The Clouds huge capacity with equivalent low cost makes it an ideal platform for SOA deployment. This paper deals with the combined approach of Cloud and Service Oriented Architecture. In cloud computing, infrastructure components are provided ashardware elements where software are provided as web services and applications (or toolkits) are exposed as APIs to the outer world. An infrastructure that allows truly ubiquitous computation using sensors as interface between physical and cyber backbone and the internet as the communication medium. - It integrates large-scale Sensor networks with sensing applications and cloud computing infrastructures. - It collects and processes data from various sensor networks. - Enables larg-scale date sharing and collaborations among users and applications on the cloud. Delivers cloud services via sensor-rich mobile devices. -Allows cross-disciplinary applications that span organizational limitations. - Enables users to easily collect, access, process, visualize, archive, share and search large amounts of sensor data from different applications. - Supports complete sensor data life cycle from data collection to the backend decision support system. - Vast amount of sensor data can be processed, analyzed and stored using computational and storage resources of the cloud. - Allows sharing of sensor resources by different users and applications under flexible usage scenarios. - Enables sensor devices to handle specialized processing tasks [15]. Also other direct benefits such as: 1. Great storage capacity 2. Investment and Cost reduction, 3. Needless software installation and maintenance. 4. Improved Scalability, Accessibility and Reliability. 5. Availability of on-demand services or applications from anywhere, 6. Pay-as-you-go model and energy saving. 7. Elasticity 6.3 Three tiered REST Architecture REST is quickly becoming the preferred technology for building arbitrary applications that communicate over the network. REST fully leverages protocols and standards that power the World Wide Web and is simpler than traditional SOAP-based web services. With the emergence of cloud-computing and the growing interest for web hosted applications, REST-based technologies can help both in the development of rich user interface clients calling into remote servers; and in the development of actual servers for manipulating data Page 132

Figure 1: Adopted Architecture 6.1 Middleware for sensor wireless networks service oriented architecture: Web services that many leading organizations are now moving towards. SOA allows an organization to efficientlycontrol existing resources rather than forcing themto build yet another redundant storage tower for each business need. This, in turn, also makes IT more proficient, permitting for shorter cycle times and faster project delivery,in order to help IT align with business. By implementing service oriented architecture at all stages of WSN, the quickimprovement of applications as well as the detailed testing of sensor networks will be possible. This service oriented methodology will allow for the development of a WSN management system that will be able to handle the dynamic addition and removal of different sensors and applications as interoperable services [14]: The SOA design pattern isdesigned by loosely joinedreusable, discoverable, inter-operable platform services. SOA offers several benefits as following i. Component Reuse ii. Language neutral integration iii. Organizational agility iv. Leveraging Existing Systems 6.2 The sensor cloud computing With the rapid evolution of Information Technology, governments, organizations and businesses are looking for solutions to expand their services and incorporate their IT infrastructures. In recent years, advanced Volume 1, Issue 4 November - December 2012

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
structures in a client application (written in any language) or directly in the browser. {"name": "Light", "value": 87} ] }} A simple JSON document as JSON formatted strings. JSON offers a better solution than XML for at least Javascriptenvironments since instead of parsing it as XML, it is directly fitted into the proper datastructure. That advantage makes JSON an important player in Web 2.0 applications. Thereexists a JSON parser available almost in every language.

7. WHY REST WEB SERVICES?

Comparative studies show in the table below the advantage of using REST. Table 1: REST VS SOAP REST vs SOAP ISSUE SOAP REST A standard A style Nature Yes Yes Devloper view Yes Yes Platform Independence No Yes Simplicity SSL,WS-Security SSL Security WSNo Transactions AtonicTransactio n Good Better Performance HTTP,SMTP,JMS HTTP Transport Protocol Support WSDL No format Service contract description definition Yes Minimal or Devloper none Tooling Request is Request is Request transmitted as transmitted as Format XML URI Response data is Normally Response transmitted as transmitted as Format XML XML can be JSON No Get operation Caching can be cached WS* initiative to There are 3ed Initiative improve problems party add ons like compression for parsing or security JSON with C# Pros ++: Loose coupling, Robustness, Scalability, Agility, Simplicity. JSON JSON is an acronym that stands for JavaScript Object Notation. This is a way of serializing data and objects into a very simple and easy string representation. This format is easily consumable not only by JavaScript, but is also much easier for humans to read, understand and debug. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [16] is a lightweight and language independent textformat to interchange data. The idea is to serialize data structures (numbers, arrays, etc) {"Sensors": { "item": [ {"name": "Temperature", "value": 26.1}, Volume 1, Issue 4 November - December 2012

8. DEVICES SENSORS
The incredible growth of sensor technology in Smartphone increases day by day and will experience amazingly over the next few years. Success of smart phones is leading to a growing amount of MEMS & sensors in mobile phones to provide new features/ services to end-users, to decrease cost through more integration or to expand hardware performance [17]: Our architecture involved this new kind of sensors and linked with the most lightweight communication tools to detect their various parameters and involves collecting readings over time.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Bonnaccorsi, On the Relationship between Firm Size and Export Intensity, Journal of International Business Studies, XXIII (4), pp. 605-635, 1992. (journal style) [2] R. Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. (book style) [3] M. Clerc, The Swarm and the Queen: Towards a Deterministic and Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization, In Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 19511957, 1999. (conference style) H.H. Crokell, Specialization and International Competitiveness, in Managing the Multinational [4] Subsidiary, H. Etemad and L. S, Sulude (eds.), Croom-Helm, London, 1986. (book chapter style) [5] K. Deb, S. Agrawal, A. Pratab, T. Meyarivan, A Fast Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms for Multiobjective Optimization: NSGA II, KanGAL report 200001, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, 2000. (technical report style) [6] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://nl1.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004]. (General Internet site)

Page 133

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 4, November December 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
AUTHOR Riadh Bouhouchi received the Master degrees in communication systems from ENIT, T.E graduated in 2000 from ESPTT, and hold an engineering degree in computer sciences since 2006, as I hold more than 8 international certificates in advanced programming and management as ITIL (Information Technologies Infrastructure Library).

Volume 1, Issue 4 November - December 2012

Page 134