BJT Single Stage Amplier Circuits ECE 3050 Analog Electronics The Common-Emitter Amplier The common-emitter amplier

r is used to obtain a high voltage gain and a high input resistance. The circuit in Fig. 1(a) shows the ac signal circuit. The input source is represented by a Thvenin equivalent connected to the base. The output is taken from the collector. We assume that the dc bias solution is known and that the BJT is biased in its active mode. 0 The small-signal parameters re , re , and r0 are given by re = VT IE
0 re =

Rtb + rx + re 1+

r0 =

VA + VCE IC

Figure 1: (a) Ac signal circuit of the common-emitter amplier. (b) Equivalent input and output circuits. The circuit in Fig. 1(b) shows the equivalent input and output circuits. The collector output voltage is given by vc = ic(sc) (ric kRtc ) = Gmb vtb (ric kRtc ) It follows that the voltage gain from vtb to vc is given by Av = where Gmb = ric = vc = Gmb (ric kRtc ) vtb r0 Rte / 0 re + Rte kr0 r0 + Rte
0 r0 + re kRte 0 1 Rte / (re + Rte )

Note that the voltage gain is negative. This means that the CE amplier is an inverting amplier. The output resistance seen looking into the vc node is rout = ric kRtc 1

The input resistance seen looking into the vb node is rib = rx + (1 + ) re + Rte (1 + ) r0 + Rtc r0 + Rte + Rtc

When the r0 approximations are used, Gmb and rib are replaced with Gmb '
0 re

+ Rte

rib ' rx + (1 + ) (re + Rte ) Example 1 Fig. 2 shows the circuit diagrams of NPN and PNP single-stage CE ampliers. For each circuit, it is given that RS = 5 k, R1 = 120 k, R2 = 100 k, RC = 4.3 k, RE = 5.6 k, R3 = 100 , RL = 20 k, V + = 15 V, V = 15 V, VBE = 0.65 V, = 99, = 0.99, rx = 20 , VA = 100 V and VT = 0.025 V. Solve for the gain Av = vo /vs , the input resistance rin , and the output resistance rout . The capacitors can be assumed to be ac short circuits at the operating frequency.

Figure 2: Single-stage CE ampliers. Solution. For the dc bias solution, replace all capacitors with open circuits. For the NPN circuit, the Thvenin voltage and resistance seen looking out of the base are VBB = V + R2 + V R1 = 1.364 V R1 + R2 2 RBB = R1 kR2 = 54.55 k

The Thvenin voltage and resistance seen looking out of the emitter are VEE = V and REE = RE . The bias equation for IE is IE = VBB VEE VBE = 2.113 mA RBB / (1 + ) + REE

Because this is positive, the BJT is biased in its active mode. For the small-signal ac analysis, we need r0 and re. To calculate r0 , we rst calculate the collector-emitter voltage VCE = VCB + VBE = 9.171 V It follows that r0 and re have the values r0 = VA + VCE = 52.18 k IE re = VT = 11.83 IE

To test for the active mode, we calculate the collector-base voltage + IE VCB = VC VB = V IE RC VBB RBB = 8.521 V 1+

The Thvenin resistances seen looking out of the emitter and the collector are Rte = RE kR3 = 98.25
0 Next, we calculate re , Gmb , ric , and rib . 0 re =

For the small-signal analysis, V + and V are zeroed and the three capacitors are replaced with ac short circuits. The Thvenin voltage and resistance seen looking out of the base are given by R1 kR2 vtb = vs = 0.916vs Rtb = RS kR1 kR2 = 4.58 k RS + R1 kR2 Rtc = RC RkL = 3.539 k

Rtb + rx + re = 57.83 1+

Gmb = ric =

0 re

0 r0 + re kRte = 138.6 k 0 1 Rte / (re + Rte )

1 r0 Rte / = S + Rte kr0 r0 + Rte 157.8

rib = rx + (1 + ) re + Rte The output voltage is given by

(1 + ) r0 + Rtc = 10.39 k r0 + Rte + Rtc

vo = Gmb (ric kRtc ) vtb = Gmb (ric kRtc ) 0.916vs = 20.04vs Thus the voltage gain is Av = 20.04. The input and output resistances are given by rin = R1 kR2 krib = 8.73 k rout = Rtc = 3.539 k

The solutions for the PNP amplier are the same as for the NPN circuit. 3

Example 2 If the r0 approximations are used, calculate the new voltage gain and input resistance for the CE ampliers. Solution. Only Gmb and rib change. The approximate values are given by Gmb ' Gm = = 157.7 S 0 re + Rte rib ' rx + (1 + ) (re + Rte ) = 11.03 k

The new voltage gain and input resistance are given by Av = Gm (ric kRtc ) 0.916 = 20.05 rin = R1 kR2 krib = 9.173 k

Note that there is very little change in the value of Av . The Common-Base Amplier The common-base amplier is used to obtain a high voltage gain and a low input resistance. The circuit in Fig. 3(a) shows the ac signal circuit. The input source is represented by a Thvenin equivalent connected to the emitter. The output is taken from the collector. We assume that the dc bias solution is known and that the BJT is biased in its active mode. 0 The small-signal parameters re , re , and r0 are given by re = VT IE
0 re =

Rtb + rx + re 1+

r0 =

VA + VCE IC

Figure 3: (a) Ac signal circuit of the common-base amplier. (b) Equivalent input and output circuits. The circuit in Fig. 1(b) shows the equivalent input and output circuits. The collector output voltage is given by vc = ic(sc) (ric kRtc ) = Gme vte (ric kRtc ) It follows that the voltage gain is given by Av = vc = Gme (ric kRtc ) vte 4

where Gme = ric =

Note that the voltage gain is positive. This means that the CB amplier is a non-inverting amplier. The output resistance seen looking into the vc node is rout = ric kRtc The input resistance seen looking into the ve node is
0 rie = re 0 re

0 r0 + re kRte 0 1 Rte / (re + Rte )

0 1 r0 + re 0 0 Rte + re kr0 r0 + re

r0 + Rtc + r0 + Rtc / (1 + )

When the r0 approximations are used, Gme and rie are replaced with Gme ' Gm = 0 re + Rte

0 rie ' re

Example 3 Fig. 4 shows the circuit diagrams of NPN and PNP single-stage CB ampliers. For each circuit, it is given that RS = 100 , R1 = 120 k, R2 = 100 k, RC = 4.3 k, RE = 5.6 k, R3 = 100 , RL = 20 k, V + = 15 V, V = 15 V, VBE = 0.65 V, = 99, = 0.99, rx = 20 , VA = 100 V and VT = 0.025 V. Solve for the gain Av = vo /vs , the input resistance rin , and the output resistance rout . The capacitors can be assumed to be ac short circuits at the operating frequency. Solution. Because the dc bias circuits are the same as for the common-emitter ampliers, the bias currents and voltages are the same. In addition, re and r0 are the same. For the small-signal analysis, V + and V are zeroed and the three capacitors are replaced with ac short circuits. The Thvenin voltage and resistance seen looking out of the emitter are given by RE vte = vs = 0.9825vs Rte = RS kRE = 98.25 RS + RE The Thvenin resistances seen looking out of the base and the collector are Rtb = 0 Rtc = RC RkL = 3.539 k

0 Next, we calculate re , Gme , ric , and rie . 0 re =

Rtb + rx + re = 12.03 1+

Gme

0 1 r0 + re 1 S = = 0 kr 0 Rte + re 0 r0 + re 111.4

Figure 4: Single-stage common-base ampliers.

0 r0 + re kRte = 442.3 k 0 1 Rte / (re + Rte ) r0 + Rtc 0 rie = re 0 = 12.83 re + r0 + Rtc / (1 + )

ric =

The output voltage is given by vo = Gme (ric kRtc ) vte = Gme (ric kRtc ) 0.9825vs = 30.97vs Thus the voltage gain is Av = 30.97. The input and output resistances are given by rin = R1 kR2 krib = 12.81 rout = Rtc = 4.259 k

The solutions for the PNP amplier are the same as for the NPN circuit. Example 4 If the r0 approximations are used, calculate the new voltage gain and input resistance for the CB ampliers. Solution. Only Gme and rie change. The approximate values are given by Gme ' Gm =
0 re

1 = S + Rte 111.4

0 rie ' re = 12.03 k

The new voltage gain and input resistance are given by Av = Gm (ric kRtc ) 0.9825 = 30.97 rin = RE krie = 12

To 4 signicant places, there is no change in the value of Av . The Common-Collector Amplier The common-collector amplier is used to obtain a voltage gain that is approximately unity and a high input resistance. The circuit in Fig. 5(a) shows the ac signal circuit. The input source is represented by a Thvenin equivalent connected to the base. The output is taken from the emitter. We assume that the dc bias solution is known and that the BJT is biased 0 in its active mode. The small-signal parameters re , re, and r0 are given by re = VT IE
0 re =

Rtb + rx + re 1+

r0 =

VA + VCE IC

The circuit in Fig. 1(b) shows the equivalent input and output circuits. The emitter output voltage is given by Rte ve = ve(oc) rie + Rte where r0 + Rtc / (1 + ) ve(oc) = vtb 0 re + r0 + Rtc / (1 + ) It follows that the voltage gain from vtb to ve is given by Av = ve Rte r0 + Rtc / (1 + ) = 0 + r + R / (1 + ) vtb rie + Rte re 0 tc 7

Figure 5: (a) Ac signal circuit of the common-collector amplier. (b) Equivalent input and output circuits. where
0 rie = re 0 re

r0 + Rtc + r0 + Rtc / (1 + )

Note that the voltage gain is positive. This means that the CC amplier is a non-inverting amplier. The output resistance seen looking into the ve node is rout = rie kRte The input resistance seen looking into the vb node is rib = rx + (1 + ) re + Rte (1 + ) r0 + Rtc r0 + Rte + Rtc

When the r0 approximations are used, ve(oc) , rie , and rib are replaced with ve(oc) ' vtb
0 rie ' re

rib ' rx + (1 + ) (re + Rte ) Example 5 Fig. 6 shows the circuit diagrams of NPN and PNP single-stage CC ampliers. For each circuit, it is given that RS = 5 k, R1 = 120 k, R2 = 100 k, RE = 5.6 k, R3 = 100 , RL = 20 k, V + = 15 V, V = 15 V, VBE = 0.65 V, = 99, = 0.99, rx = 20 , VA = 100 V and VT = 0.025 V. Solve for the gain Av = vo /vs , the input resistance rin , and the output resistance rout . The capacitors can be assumed to be ac short circuits at the operating frequency. Solution. Because the dc bias circuits are the same as for the common-emitter ampliers, the bias currents and voltages are the same. In addition, re is the same. Because VCE is dierent, a new value of r0 must be calculated. The collector-to-emitter voltage is given by IE + RBB VBE = 17.01 V VCE = VC VE = V VBB 1+ 8

Figure 6: Single-stage common-collector ampliers. Thus r0 has the value r0 =

VA + VCE = 55.93 k IE

The Thvenin resistances seen looking out of the emitter and the collector are Rte = RE kR3 = 4.375 k
0 Next, we calculate re , ve(oc) , rie , and rib . 0 re =

For the small-signal analysis, V + and V are zeroed and the three capacitors are replaced with ac short circuits. The Thvenin voltage and resistance seen looking out of the base are given by R1 kR2 vtb = vs = 0.916vs Rtb = RS kR1 kR2 = 4.58 k RS + R1 kR2 Rtc = 0

Rtb + rx + re = 57.83 1+ r0 + Rtc / (1 + ) = 0.999vtb + r0 + Rtc / (1 + )

ve(oc) = vtb
0 rie = re

0 re

0 re

r0 + Rtc = 57.77 + r0 + Rtc / (1 + ) (1 + ) r0 + Rtc = 407 k r0 + Rte + Rtc

rib = rx + (1 + ) re + Rte

The output voltage is given by vo = ve(oc) Rte Rte = 0.999 0.916vs = 0.903vs rie + Rte rie + Rte

Thus the voltage gain is Av = 0.903. The input and output resistances are given by rin = R1 kR2 krib = 48.1 k rout = rie kRE kRL = 57.02

The solutions for the PNP amplier are the same as for the NPN circuit. Example 6 If the r0 approximations are used, calculate the new voltage gain and input resistance for the CB ampliers. Solution. In this case, ve(oc) , rie , and rib change. The approximate values are given by ve(oc) ' vtb = 0.916vs
0 rie ' re = 57.83

rib ' rx + (1 + ) (re + Rte ) = 438.7 k The new voltage gain, output resistance, and input resistance are given by Av = Rte 0.916 = 0.904 rie + Rte rout = rie kRE kRL = 57.08

rin = RE krie = 48.51 k These answers are close to those for the exact solution.

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