NIK/ASASI/2013

CHAPTER 3 : CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Functions :
Transport ; 1. 2. 3. 4. Helps ; 1. 2. 3. 4. Regulate body temperature Stablize pH Defends against invading microorganism Maintains homeostatic balance Metabolic wastes Oxygen Hormones Nutrients

Composition and functions of blood

45% cellular elements 55% plasma Cellular elements Components Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Platelets Functions Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (respiratory gases) Helps in immunity and defense Blood clotting

Water Ions (electrolytes)

Plasma Solvent - Osmotic balance between blood and - interstitial fluid - pH buffer regulation of membrane permeability

Plasma proteins; consist of Components Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobin Osmotic balance Blood clotting Body defense Functions

Substances transport by blood ( nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones) 10%

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Erythrocytes
Lack nuclei and mitochondria Biconcave Thinner centre Formed in bone marrow Provide high TSA for gases exchange

Composition ; 4 polypeptides chains 4 heme groups (organic compound)

Heme group has iron to bind with oxygen RBC ; Circulate in blood for 3 to 4 months Worn out RBC broken down at liver with the helps of enzymes Iron from the RBC back to bone marrow : to make other RBC

Leukocytes (WBC)
monocytes agranulocyte lymphocytes leukocytes neutrophil granulocytes basophil

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eosinophil

Usually, granulocytes names, end with phil While agranulocytes names end eith cytes

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Basophil
Adaptations Irregular shape Nucleus constricted into two lobes Cytoplasm contain granules ; bluish black Histamine - dilates blood vessels - Allow other WBC to go to tissues

Functions Helps fight against infections Release histamine

Neutrophil
Phagocytes which fight bacteria Phagocytic action causes formation of phagosome Secretion of hydrolitic enzymes

Eosinophil
Phagocyte

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NIK/ASASI/2013 Fights parasitic protozoans and worms Reduce allergy attacks

Monocytes
Phagocytes Fight bacteria which enter the body through wound Help heal tissue by removing debris (dead cells)

Phagocytic actions : Use intermediary (opsonising) Intermediaries are antibodies and complement Bind to the microbe via pattern recognition Pattern recognition receptors - Recognize pathogens

Lymphocytes
Key cell in immunity Defends body Produce antibodies (protein) Fight viruses and cancer cells

Platelets
Functions in blood clotting together with the plasma protein fibrinogen

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NIK/ASASI/2013 BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM : Clotting factors in plasma

Clumped platelets form

Damaged cells

Activators thromboplastin

Calcium ions, Ca2+

Vitamin K

Prothrombin (inactive plasma protein)

Thrombin (active plasma protein which act as enzyme)

Fibrinogen (soluble)

Fibrin(insoluble)

Fibrin form a mesh of fibres across the wound, sealing wound and preventing further loss of blood

Circulatory system (CS)

Invertebrate
Some dont have CS (small and aquatic) Have open CS Have closed CS

Vertebrate
Closed CS

Those without CS, has Gastrovascular cavity (GvC) In Cnidarians, GvC acts as CS digestive organs

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NIK/ASASI/2013 Circulation helped by contractions of muscles of the body wall Flatworms No need circulation Flattned body allows effective diffusion of gases Have branched intestine to spread nutrients to cell

Open and closed CS have 3 components: Fluid (blood/lymph) Tubes (blood vessels) Muscular pump (heart)

Open CS OpenCS
Heart pumps blood into vessels that have open ends Blood contained in body cavity Cannot differentiate blood and lymph so it is named as haemolymph

Open CS in mollusc
Heart has 3 chambers Two atria - Receive haemolymph from the gills Ventricle - Pump haemolymph rich in oxygen into blood vessels - Vessels conduct haemolymph into large sinuses in haemocoel. After haemolymph bath the body cells, it passed to vessels which lead back to the gills to receive oxygen again.

Haemocoel
Space between the organs with the open CS Contained haemolymph

Haemolymph consist of - Blood - Lymph - Interstitial fluid

Open CS in arthropods Some arthropods have haemocyanin (piment) Haemocyanin turns blue when oxygenated Arthropod has tubular heart

In grasshopper, When tubular heart pump(contract), haemolymph to move into body cells Haemolymph brings along nutrients When heart relaxes, haemolymph return back to heart through tiny pores called ostia Ostia has valves to prevent backflow

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NIK/ASASI/2013 more haemolymph circulate during movement : provide nutrients for cell energy

Closed SC blood in vessels, does not mixes with interstitial fluid

invertebrate : earthworm has two main blood vessels Dorsal and ventral blood vessels

Dorsal and ventral blood vessels connect via the 5 pairs of contractile blood vessels (heart) Contraction of these vessels and body muscle helps circulation of blood. Vertebrate Fish Single circulation of blood Heart has one atrium and one ventricle Each chamber has its own chamber

Atria has sinus venous Collection chambers

Ventricle has conus arterious Pumping chambers

Flow of contraction

sinus venous
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

atrium

ventricle

conus arterious

Blood in the heart is deoxygenated When blood pump out of conus arterious, the blood is oxygenated (respiratory capillaries) Blood then travel to body cells Body cells used up oxygen Blood enter systemic capillaries Deoxygenated blood enters the heart again

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B O D Y Sinus venosus Systemic caplillaries

G atrium Respiratory capillaries I L L ventricle Conus arterious S

However, there is a problem in the circulation Blood lose pressure from the heart while travel through the gills Making the circulation from gills a bit slow Rate of oxygen transfer to the body is limited/slow

Conclusion : single circulation suitable for fish but not to other active vertebrates

Closed CS (Double Circulation) Separate circulation of oxygenated blood and deoxygentaed blood To supply blood with oxygen, blood in mamals and reptiles have to pass pulmonary circuit Blood in amphibians have to pass pulmocutaneous circuit blood then pass oxygen to cells of mammals, reptiles and amphibian through systemic circuit double circulation : higher pressure then single circulation

Mammals, reptiles Blood receives oxygen from Pulmonary circuit

Amphibians

Pulmocutaneous circuit

Delivers oxygenated blood through Systemic circulation Amphibian circulatory system Two partially partitions heart Right and left

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