D. Shifler Office of Naval Research Arlington, Virginia, USA S. Fujimoto Osaka University Osaka, Japan H. Kihira Nippon Steel Corporation Tokyo, Japan F. Martin Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC, USA Editors: Sponsoring Division: Published by The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street, Building D Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA tel 609 737 1902 fax 609 737 2743 www.electrochem.org TM Vol. 16 No. 43 Corrosion Copyright 2009 by The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. This book has been registered with Copyright Clearance Center. For further information, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Salem, Massachusetts. Published by: The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2839, USA Telephone 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 e-mail: ecs@electrochem.org Web: www.electrochem.org ISSN 1938-6737 (online) ISSN 1938-5862 (print) ISBN 978-1-56677-727-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-1-60768-077-2 (Softcover) Printed in the United States of America. iii Preface This issue of ECS Transactions, Corrosion in Marine and Saltwater Environments 3, is the continuation of successful symposia held in 1999 and 2004, hosted by The Electrochemical Society. The papers in this issue were presented at the 2008 PRiME meeting held in Honolulu, Hawaii, from October 12 to 17, 2008. The goal of this symposium was to address a wide spectrum of corrosion research in marine and other saltwater environments and to provide a forum to examine the most recent ideas and advances in the understanding of corrosion processes, mechanisms, and means of corrosion prevention or control from both a basic and applied research approach. Seventeen papers from that the 2008 symposium in Hawaii are included in this volume. Topic areas sought in this symposium included, but were not limited to: (1) general corrosion mechanisms of steels and other materials in seawater and other saltwater media; (2) marine atmospheric corrosion of metals and alloys; (3) microbiologically influenced corrosion; (4) environmentally assisted cracking of materials in marine environments; (5) design, processing variables, surface preparation, and pretreatments affecting corrosion and corrosion control; (6) environmentally compliant inhibitors, biocides, and coatings; (7) cathodic protection and innovative anode materials; (8) composites and other advanced materials; (9) use of electrochemical, surface analytical, and nondestructive detection methods; and (10) predictive and mechanistic corrosion modeling. D. Shifler S. Fujimoto H. Kihira F. Martin March 2009 v ECS Transactions, Volume 16, Issue 43 Corrosion in Marine and Saltwater Environments 3 Table of Contents Preface iii Chapter 1 Corrosion of Light Weight Alloys Correspondence between Electrochemical Fluctuations and Phenomenon for Localized Corrosion of Less-Noble Metals Y. Itoi and S. Take 3 Corrosion Morphologies of Aluminum-Based Materials in Solutions Containing Nickel or Cobalt Cations H. Ding and L. H. Hihara 9 Effect of Aspect Ratio of Artificial Pits Formed on Anodized Al by PRM on Localized Corrosion in Chloride Environments M. Sakairi, A. Kageyam, Y. Kojima, Y. Oya and T. Kikuchi 19 Effect of Electrolyte Compositions on the Corrosion Behavior of Oxide Films on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Prepared by Micro-Arc Oxidation H. Ryu and S. Hong 29 Chapter 2 Corrosion Protection of Light Weight Alloys Influence of Conversion Coating Conditions with Rare Earth Elements on Corrosion Resistance of Mg Alloys N. Uesaka, Y. Shikai and T. Takenaka 39 The Effect of Phosphate Source on the Post-treatment of Cerium Based Conversion Coatings on Al 2024-T3 and its Correlation to Corrosion Performance D. K. Heller, W. G. Fahrenholtz and M. J. O'Keefe 47 vi Chapter 3 Atmospheric Corrosion State of Chlorides in Rusts Formed on 3 mass% Ni-added Weathering Steel M. Kimura, N. Ohta and H. Kihira 63 Corrosion Propagation Behavior of Magnesium Alloys under Atmospheric Conditions S. Takigawa, I. Muto and N. Hara 71 Chapter 4 Accelerated Corrosion Testing Applicability of a New Method for Selecting Weathering Steel for Bridges M. Ohya, M. Takebe, R. Adachi, J. Ota, N. Kitagawa, Y. Matsuzaki and T. Aso 87 Correlation Studies between Outdoor Exposure and Accelerated Laboratory Corrosion Tests for Galvanic and Non-Galvanic Ceramic-Aluminum Couples R. Srinivasan and L. H. Hihara 101 Additions to Contingency Plan for Enhancing Secureness of Weathering Steel Structures H. Kihira, A. Imai, M. Hiramatsu, T. Aiga, T. Matsumoto, T. Sato and M. Nagai 115 Chapter 5 Corrosion of Ferrous and Other Alloys The Influence of Galvanic Coupling on Corrosion of Carbon Steel Coupled with Stainless Steels for Use in Concrete Structures S. Qian and D. Qu 127 Chloride Ion Effects in the Corrosion Kinetics of Fe-Ni Alloys N. Nguyen and K. Nobe 141 vii Chapter 6 Corrosion and other Phenomena of Alloys in Hostile Environments Power Density Profile of Biofilm Battery Composed of Stainless Steel Cathode and Aluminum Anode S. Motoda, M. J. Strom and S. C. Dexter 155 Effect of the Ammonia Nitrogen on Corrosion Behavior of Steel in 3.5% NaCl X. Wang and B. Hou 163 Mn(IV) and Mn(III) Cycling in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion M. J. Strom and S. C. Dexter 171 The Nature of Aluminum Destruction at Neutral Mediums with Different Anion Composition T. Borisenkova and S. Kaluzhina 179 Author Index 187 |tt|t t|t| || The Electrochemical Society (ECS) is an international, nonrolit, scientilic, educational orqani/ation lounded lor the advancement ol the theory and ractice ol electrochemistry, electrothermics, electronics, and allied subjects. The Society was lounded in Fhiladelhia in 1OO2 and incororated in 1O8O. There are currently over 7,OOO scientists and enqineers lrom more than 7O countries who hold individual membershi, the Society is also suorted by more than 1OO cororations throuqh Cororate Membershis. The technical activities ol the Society are carried on by Bivisions. Sections ol the Society have been orqani/ed in a number ol cities and reqions. Major international meetinqs ol the Society are held in the srinq and lall ol each year. At these meetinqs, the Bivisions and rous hold qeneral sessions and sonsor symosia on seciali/ed subjects. The Society has an active ublications roqram that includes the lollowinq. 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