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Electric

charge
Electric charge is a property of ma.er that causes the par2cles or objects that possess it to experience a force when near other objects or par2cles that also possess it There are only two types of charge on a body:
-ve too many electrons +ve too few electrons

Opposite charges a4ract, like charges repel each other. The electric charge is the source of electric force (can be a.rac2ve or repulsive) Charged bodies interact by exer2ng forces on each other Electric charge is conserved. It can be transferred but not created or destroyed An object with equal amounts of +ve and ve charge is said to be electrically neutral (there is no net charge)
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Conductors and Insulators


Conduc2ng materials (conductors) such as metals contain a lot of free electrons Insulators are materials that do now allow the ow of free electrons (e.g. glass, plas2c) Earthing (or grounding) refers to the process by which a conductor emp2es its charge to the ground and becomes electrically neutral

Electric 3ield lines


Suppose we bring a small +ve charge B close to a much bigger +ve charge A B experiences a repelling force The eld lines are the lines which posi<ve charges follow They extend away from +ve and toward ve charge

Coulombs Law
The electrosta<c force F of a.rac2on or repulsion between two point charges that have charges Q and q and are separated by a distance r is given by Coulombs Law Where

Qq 1 Qq F=k 2 = r 4 0 r 2

k is a constant (the electrosta2c constant) Q, q are the magnitudes of the point charges r is the distance separa2ng them

Applies only to point charges


1 k= = 8.99 10 9 Nm 2C 2 4 0
4 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 C2N-1m-2 permiVvity constant (in a vacuum)

Electric 3ield strength


The electric eld strength E at a point is equal to the force on a unit charge at the point

F E= q
F = force on a unit charge q The unit of E is N/C Uniform eld -> E same at all posi2ons in eld
Force on a test charge is the same wherever it is placed

Non-uniform eld -> E varies with posi2on

Electric 3ield strength near point charge


The electric eld strength E near a point charge is

F 1 Q E= = 2 q 4 0 r
If we want to nd the electric eld strength due to mul2ple point charges, we use the principle of superposi<on The net force experienced by that test par2cle with charge q, when placed near n point charges is F = F1+F2++Fn So the net electric eld strength experienced by the test par2cle is E = F1/q+F2/q++Fn/q = E1+E2++En

Electric 3ield strength near an electric dipole


Electric dipole: Two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance d
r(-) r(+) d -
dipole axis

+ z

E(-) P

E(+)

What is the electric eld due to the dipole? E = E(+)-E(-)

Electric 3ield strength near an electric dipole


r(-) r(+) d -
dipole axis

+ z

E(-) P

E(+)

E=

1 p 2 0 z 3
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p is the electric dipole moment = qd z is the distance from the midpoint of the dipole axis

Electric Potential
The electric poten2al V at a point in the electric eld is dened as the poten2al energy U per unit charge of a posi2ve test charge placed at that point

Electric poten<al energy U is the energy of a charged object in an electric eld (measured in Joules) Electric poten<al V is a property of the eld itself, whether or not a charged object has been placed in it (measured in Joules/Coulomb =Volts)

U W 1 Q V = = = q q 4 0 r

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Equipotentials
Equipoten<als are lines of constant poten2al V Equipoten2al lines are perpendicular to the eld lines

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Potential gradients
A poten<al gradient is the local rate of change of the poten2al with respect to displacement Another way to think about it is in terms of equipoten2al lines Separa2on between equipoten2als tells you about how the eld behaves Evenly spaced equipoten2als = uniform eld

Unevenly spaced equipoten2als = non-uniform eld

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Potential gradients
Uniform eld
The poten<al gradient at a point in a eld is the change of poten2al per unit distance at that point (unit: V/m) Poten2al gradient = V/d where V is the poten<al dierence between the plates and d is the distance between them Work done in moving +q from ve to +ve plate is

W = qV = Fd F =

qV d
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F V E= E= q d

Potential gradients
Non-uniform eld
Move a test charge a small distance r towards a charge Q genera2ng an electric eld Must exert a force F = -qE Work done W=Fr Work done per unit charge is
r

W/q = Fr/q = -qEr/q=-Er


This is equal to the change of poten2al

V=-Er
Therefore

V E = r

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Parallel-plate Capacitors
Two parallel plates a distanance d apart are charged to a poten2al dierence V One plate gains the e- the other one loses Charge stored on each plate assuming empty space between plates

AV 0 Q0 = d
Ways to increase charge stored: increase A, increase V, decrease d
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Parallel-plate Capacitors
There is another way to increase the charge stored: Use a dielectric Dielectrics = insula2ng materials used to increase the capacity of the plates to store charge When a dielectric is placed between the charged plates, its molecules become polarized For a xed V, inser2ng a dielectric will increase the charge stored in the plates

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Relative permittivity
The rela2ve permiVvity (or dielectric constant) r is the ra2o of (charge stored with dielectric)/(charge stored without dielectric) Charge stored on each plate (with dielectric)

AV 0r Q = rQ0 = d
Some typical values for r
Vacuum/Air = 1, Acrylic (Plexiglass) =4.5, Beeswax=2.6 Silk=3.5, Silicon= 12, Pyrex glass=5, Paper=3
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Capacitance (of parallel plate capacitor)


The capacitance C of a capacitor is dened as the charge stored per unit p.d.(voltage) applied across its plates

Q A 0r C= = V d
Unit: Farad (F) = 1 Coulomb per Volt Capacitance values are usually given in
F (1F=10-6F) pF (1pF=10-12F)

Large capacitance can be achieved by increasing A, decreasing d, using dielectrics

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Energy stored in a Capacitor


Charging a capacitor stores energy in it We can discharge a capacitor in a circuit
Voltage V0 V W Q Q+Q Q0 Charge 0 Total work done in charging the capacitor = energy stored in the capacitor
2 1 1 1 Q0 EC = Q0V0 = CV02 = 2 2 2 C

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Charged Conducting Spheres


The electric eld of a charged sphere behaves like that of a point charge A test charge in the eld experiences the same force as if all the charge were concentrated at the center of the sphere Outside the sphere, the electric eld strength and the electric poten2al are the same as if produced by an equal charge at the center

1 Q E= 2 4 0 r

1 Q V= 4 0 r
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Charged Conducting Spheres


Inside the sphere there is no electric eld (E=0) The poten2al remains at a constant value inside No poten2al dierence between any point inside the sphere and a point at the surface

1 Q Vin = 4 0 R
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To Do
Read chapter 13 from the book [p.237-p.254 Electric elds] Homework Assignment wk2: ques2ons 13.1, 13.3, 13.4, 13.6, 13.8 and 13.10 Hand it in no later than 4:00pm next Wednesday (23 Jan) - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED

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