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charge
Electric
charge
is
a
property
of
ma.er
that
causes
the
par2cles
or
objects
that
possess
it
to
experience
a
force
when
near
other
objects
or
par2cles
that
also
possess
it
There
are
only
two
types
of
charge
on
a
body:
-ve
too
many
electrons
+ve
too
few
electrons
Opposite
charges
a4ract,
like
charges
repel
each
other.
The
electric
charge
is
the
source
of
electric
force
(can
be
a.rac2ve
or
repulsive)
Charged
bodies
interact
by
exer2ng
forces
on
each
other
Electric
charge
is
conserved.
It
can
be
transferred
but
not
created
or
destroyed
An
object
with
equal
amounts
of
+ve
and
ve
charge
is
said
to
be
electrically
neutral
(there
is
no
net
charge)
1
Coulombs
Law
The
electrosta<c
force
F
of
a.rac2on
or
repulsion
between
two
point
charges
that
have
charges
Q
and
q
and
are
separated
by
a
distance
r
is
given
by
Coulombs
Law
Where
Qq 1 Qq F=k 2 = r 4 0 r 2
k is a constant (the electrosta2c constant) Q, q are the magnitudes of the point charges r is the distance separa2ng them
F E= q
F
=
force
on
a
unit
charge
q
The
unit
of
E
is
N/C
Uniform
eld
->
E
same
at
all
posi2ons
in
eld
Force
on
a
test
charge
is
the
same
wherever
it
is
placed
F 1 Q E= = 2 q 4 0 r
If
we
want
to
nd
the
electric
eld
strength
due
to
mul2ple
point
charges,
we
use
the
principle
of
superposi<on
The
net
force
experienced
by
that
test
par2cle
with
charge
q,
when
placed
near
n
point
charges
is
F
=
F1+F2++Fn
So
the
net
electric
eld
strength
experienced
by
the
test
par2cle
is
E
=
F1/q+F2/q++Fn/q
=
E1+E2++En
+ z
E(-) P
E(+)
+ z
E(-) P
E(+)
E=
1 p 2 0 z 3
9
p is the electric dipole moment = qd z is the distance from the midpoint of the dipole axis
Electric
Potential
The
electric
poten2al
V
at
a
point
in
the
electric
eld
is
dened
as
the
poten2al
energy
U
per
unit
charge
of
a
posi2ve
test
charge
placed
at
that
point
Electric poten<al energy U is the energy of a charged object in an electric eld (measured in Joules) Electric poten<al V is a property of the eld itself, whether or not a charged object has been placed in it (measured in Joules/Coulomb =Volts)
U W 1 Q V = = = q q 4 0 r
10
11
Equipotentials
Equipoten<als
are
lines
of
constant
poten2al
V
Equipoten2al
lines
are
perpendicular
to
the
eld
lines
12
Potential
gradients
A
poten<al
gradient
is
the
local
rate
of
change
of
the
poten2al
with
respect
to
displacement
Another
way
to
think
about
it
is
in
terms
of
equipoten2al
lines
Separa2on
between
equipoten2als
tells
you
about
how
the
eld
behaves
Evenly
spaced
equipoten2als
=
uniform
eld
13
Potential
gradients
Uniform
eld
The
poten<al
gradient
at
a
point
in
a
eld
is
the
change
of
poten2al
per
unit
distance
at
that
point
(unit:
V/m)
Poten2al
gradient
=
V/d
where
V
is
the
poten<al
dierence
between
the
plates
and
d
is
the
distance
between
them
Work
done
in
moving
+q
from
ve
to
+ve
plate
is
W = qV = Fd F =
qV d
14
F V E= E= q d
Potential
gradients
Non-uniform
eld
Move
a
test
charge
a
small
distance
r
towards
a
charge
Q
genera2ng
an
electric
eld
Must
exert
a
force
F
=
-qE
Work
done
W=Fr
Work
done
per
unit
charge
is
r
V=-Er
Therefore
V E = r
15
Parallel-plate
Capacitors
Two
parallel
plates
a
distanance
d
apart
are
charged
to
a
poten2al
dierence
V
One
plate
gains
the
e-
the
other
one
loses
Charge
stored
on
each
plate
assuming
empty
space
between
plates
AV 0 Q0 = d
Ways
to
increase
charge
stored:
increase
A,
increase
V,
decrease
d
16
Parallel-plate
Capacitors
There
is
another
way
to
increase
the
charge
stored:
Use
a
dielectric
Dielectrics
=
insula2ng
materials
used
to
increase
the
capacity
of
the
plates
to
store
charge
When
a
dielectric
is
placed
between
the
charged
plates,
its
molecules
become
polarized
For
a
xed
V,
inser2ng
a
dielectric
will
increase
the
charge
stored
in
the
plates
17
Relative
permittivity
The
rela2ve
permiVvity
(or
dielectric
constant)
r
is
the
ra2o
of
(charge
stored
with
dielectric)/(charge
stored
without
dielectric)
Charge
stored
on
each
plate
(with
dielectric)
AV 0r Q = rQ0 = d
Some
typical
values
for
r
Vacuum/Air
=
1,
Acrylic
(Plexiglass)
=4.5,
Beeswax=2.6
Silk=3.5,
Silicon=
12,
Pyrex
glass=5,
Paper=3
18
Q A 0r C= = V d
Unit:
Farad
(F)
=
1
Coulomb
per
Volt
Capacitance
values
are
usually
given
in
F
(1F=10-6F)
pF
(1pF=10-12F)
19
20
1 Q E= 2 4 0 r
1 Q V= 4 0 r
21
1 Q Vin = 4 0 R
22
To
Do
Read
chapter
13
from
the
book
[p.237-p.254
Electric
elds]
Homework
Assignment
wk2:
ques2ons
13.1,
13.3,
13.4,
13.6,
13.8
and
13.10
Hand
it
in
no
later
than
4:00pm
next
Wednesday
(23
Jan)
-
LATE
WORK
WILL
NOT
BE
ACCEPTED
23