EE207 Electrical Power

Lecture 7 Power Electronics

INTRODUCTION
Electronic system are used extensively in power systems and controls. Basic operations of diodes and thyristors that are used to convert DC to AC and vice versa. In power electronics , these devices acts as high speed switches.

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EE207 Electrical Power

Diodes and diode circuits

A diode is an electronic device possessing two terminals anode (A) and cathode (K). It has no moving parts, it acts like a high speed switch whose contact open and close.

E
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Rules of operation
1)When no voltage is applied across the diode, it acts as an open circuit.

Open circuit E =0

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 2) If a forward voltage of 0.7V or more is applied across the terminal, anode more slightly positive compared to cathode, the terminal short-circuits. It acts like a closed switch, and a current I flows through it. This is called forward bias.
I E0

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EE207 Electrical Power

3) If an inverse voltage is applied to the diode, anode is negative compared to cathode, the diodes remains an open circuit. This is called reversed bias.

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Main characteristics of diode

Peak inverse voltage, PIV. Maximum inverse voltage before it breaks down. Maximum average current, limit to the average current a diode can carry. Depends on construction, size and assembly. Maximum temperature, power dissipated as heat, can never exceed permissible limit, otherwise it will be destroyed. Use heat sinks or cooling systems.

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EE207 Electrical Power

Application of diodes
Diodes have many application in electronic power circuits. We will analyse the following circuits to illustrate the functions of diodes and also methods used in power technology. Battery charger with series resistor Battery charger with series inductor Single phase bridge rectifier Filters Others
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Battery charger with series resistor

2 120V, 60Hz 100V D

4 R=1 3 60V 1

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Waveforms
V 100 60 4 3 2 2 4 I 1 t 2 4 3

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 Circuit analysis: Diode is in forward bias only when potential at 2 is more than 4. 4 is always more than 60V and 3 is always at 60V with respect to reference.

Peak current is at 40A, when the switch is closed. When the diode opens, 4 follows 3. Since no current flows through the circuit. Positive current flows into the battery will charge it up.
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Resistor produces losses and are inefficient, Use inductor instead.

2 120V, 60Hz 100V 3 60V 1
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4 D L= 3.3mH

V 2 4 3 2 4 I 1 t 2 4 3

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Circuit analysis: Diode begins to conduct the same ways as the previous circuit. The voltage accumulates, current increases gradually. Maximum current is 40A. When the diode is open, the inductor discharges.
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Single phase bridge rectifier

The circuit enables us to rectify both positive and negative half cycles of an ac source, to supply DC power to the load.
G = Em ia ib

I ib
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Em

Ed=0.9 Em, rms

ia

ib

ia

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Filters
To reduce the pulsation in voltage and current, filters are used to smooth out the waveforms. The purpose of this DC filters are to produce smooth power flow into a load.
G = Em ia ib

I ib

L R

ia

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The filter must be able to absord the energy whenever the dc voltage or current rises, and release the energy when voltage or current falls, so tends to maintain a constant power flow.
Em
Ed=0.9 Em, rms

ia

ib

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 Capacitor can be placed parallel to the load, and maintain a constant voltage.
Em

R I

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The peak to peak ripple in percent is given by:-

ripple = 5.5

P fWL

We wish to build a 135 V, 20A dc supply using a single phase bridge rectifier using an inductive filter. The peak to peak current ripple is 10%. If 60Hz source is used, calculate: The inductance of the inductor and peak to peak current ripple
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P = VI = 135(20) = 2700W 5.5 P 5.5 2700 WL = = = 24.75 J f ripple 60(10) 1 1 W = LI 2 = L(20) 2 = 24.75 J L = 0.124 H 2 2

I peak peak = 0.1 20 = 2 A Fluctuates from 19A to 21A

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Three phase 3pulse diode rectifier

Composed of 3 diodes connected in series with secondary windings of a three phase transformer Em is the line-toneutral peak voltage
1 D1 I1 Em 2 D2 I2 D3 3 R Id
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I3

11

Ed=0.827Em
i1 i2 i3

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Current flow one-third of the time in given winding. Observe that the line current flow intermittently, and the sudden jumps produce rapid fluctuations in the magnetic field, which can cause noise. For example if a 100KVA transformer is used, it can deliver only 74kW without overheating. To overcome the drawbacks, 6 pulse rectifier is developed.

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6 pulse bridge rectifier

Ia

D1
Ib

I1 I2

D2 I3 I5 D5

D3

Ic

D4 I4

D6 I6

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1.414 E
1

0.5

Ed= 1.35E
0

1.225 E
Ed=1.654Em

-0.5

-1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

i1 i6
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i2 i4

i3 i5
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 Current flows two-third of the time, and if a transformer of rating 100kVA is used, it can deliver 95kW.

Ed = 1.35 Erms ripple = 0.17 P fWL

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Example
A 3 phase bridge rectifier has to supply power 360kW, 240 V dc load. If a 600V, 3 phase, 60 Hz feeder is available, calculate a) secondary line voltage

E=

Ed 240 = = 177V 1.35 1.35

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 b) DC current per diode

360kW = 1500 A 240 dc current per diode = 1500/3 = 500A Id =

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C) peak to peak output voltage

From graph the voltage fluctuates btw 1.225E and 1.414 E

Emin = 1.225(177) = 217V Emax = 1.414(177) = 250V E peak to peak = 250 217 = 33V

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Fundamental line current

IF The line current have amplitude of Id, and are rectangular

waves.

The effective current composed of fundamental component plus all the harmonics. I=0.816 Id and since IF=0.78 Id
IF = 0.955I Power factor is 0.955, but no reactive power is absorbed because the current and voltage is still in phase.
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Harmonic content and THD

The rectangular current wave occurs very frequently in power electronics.
2 2 I 2 = IF + IH

I F = rms of the fundamental line current I H = rms value of all the harmonics component combined I = rms value of the line current
The degree of distortion of an ac voltage or current is defined as the ratio of rms value of all the harmonic component divided by the rms value of the fundamental component. Total harmonic distortion =

THD =

IH IF
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 Amplitudes of the harmonics components are equal to the amplitude of the fundamental, IF divided by the order of the harmonics.

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Example
The 3 phase, 6 pulse rectifier furnishes a dc current of 400A to the load. Estimate: The rms value of line current

I = 0.816 I d = 0.816(400) = 326 A

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 The rms value of fundamental

I F = 0.955I = 0.955(326) = 311A

The rms value of the 7th and 11th harmonic combined

311 IF = = 44 A 7 7 I 311 I H 11 = F = = 28 A 11 11 2 2 2 I H 7 + H 11 = I H 7 + I H 11 IH7 =

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= 52 A Electrical Power EE207

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