EE207 Electrical Power

EE207 Electrical Power
Lecture 3 3 phase circuits
Introduction
a) b) c)
Three phase power is preferred to single phase power for the following reasons:Three phase motor, generators and transformers are simpler, cheaper and more efficient. Three phase transmission line can deliver more power for a given weight and cost The voltage regulation of 3 phase transmission line is inherently better.
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Three Phase System

Single Phase Generator a R As the magnet turns it sweeps across the conductors, inducing in them a voltage given as: E a1 = Blv Induced voltage will be maximum when the poles are in the position shown by the Fig. because the flux density is greatest at the centre of the pole. Induced voltage will be zero when the poles have rotated 90o.
3
m S
N 1
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Three Phase System

The voltage and current are in phase as load is resistive. The Power supplied is always positive and at twice the voltage and current frequency and also has a peak: Pp=VpIp The average power supplied:
Vp Ip
0
-Vp 90 180 Pp 270 360 450
90 180
270 360 450
1 P1 avg = V p I p = Vrms I rms 2

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Three Phase System

In a two phase generator another set of windings (b,2) is placed 90o from the first set (a,1). Thus at 90o voltage will also be induced and power will be generated. In this case power will be supplied almost in continuous manner and thus vibration no longer exists.
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Two Phase Generator

a R
N
2
S m
1 R b
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Three Phase System

1
Ia va
0
vb
Ib
-1 0 1 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85 9.42 10.99
The voltage in phase a and b are given respectively as: v a = V p cos

v b = V p cos( +
Pa
0.5
Pb
0 0 1 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85 9.42 10.99
Pa+Pb=Ptotal
0.5
0 0 1.57 3.14 4.71 6.28 7.85 9.42 10.99
The total power Ptotal has average value equal to the peak power P2 avg = V p I p = 2 P1 avg
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Three Phase System

Three phase generator is similar to two phase generator except that it has three coils placed 120o from each other. The three phase voltages are given as:
Three Phase Generator

a 2 c
S m
1
3 b
v a = V p cos 2 v b = V p cos( ) 3 4 v c = V p cos( ) 3

R
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Three Phase System

Note that the voltage signals are phase shifted by 120o The total power supplied to a three phase load is: P3 avg = 3 P1 avg = 1.5V p I p Note also that the sum of three phase voltages is Zero at any instant. v a + vb + vc = 0 Thus if these voltages are applied across three equal impedances, the sum of the resultant three phase currents is also Zero
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va
vb
vc
0.5
-0.5
-1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
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Three Phase System

Ia a va1 3
vc 3
1 2
2 vb b
R R Ib Ic
Ia
a va1 2 1 3
3
R Ia +Ib+Ic=0 R
vc
2 vb b
R Ib Ic
The windings of a three phase system are connected to three resistive loads using 6 wires. However the return wires form all the three phases can be joined in one conductor called the Neutral. Incase the loads in three phase system are equal (balanced) , the sum of the three currents at any instant will be Zero and thus the Neutral wire can be removed.
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Wye (Y) Connection

a
an
Ia
The voltages (van, vbn and R v vcn) between line and neutral v v n are known as phase voltages v (v). v R Ib b c v The voltage difference Ic between two phase voltages Y System (vab, vbc, vca) is known as line voltage (vL). Line Currents in the lines (Ia, Ib and Ic voltages are given as: are known as line currents. v ab = van vbn In aY connected system line v bc = vbn vcn currents are equal to those currents v ca = vcn v an flow in the load phases.
ca ab
cn
bn
bc
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Wye (Y) Connection

Y system Phasor Diagram
-vna
vab = V p cos V p cos(
vcn
120o
-vnb
=30
120o 120o
van
vbn
-vnc
v bc = 3v bn
2 ) 3 1 3 sin ) = V p (cos + cos 2 2 3 3 sin ) = V p ( cos 2 2 3 1 cos sin ) = 3V p ( 2 2 vab = 3 V p cos( + 30o )
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In a Y connected system The line voltage is 3 times the phase voltage and it leads by 30o.
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Example A 3-phase, 60 Hz, wye connected generator has a line voltage of 23900 V Calculate the line-to-neutral voltage voltage induced in the individual windings the time interval between the positive peak voltage of phases A and B the peak value of the line voltage
VLN
VLL 23900 = = = 13800V 3 3
One cyle takes 1/60 s The angle between voltage waveforms is 120 T = 1/3 (1/60 s) = 1/180 s = 5.55ms
V p = VL ,rms 2 = 33800V
Delta Connection
a
Three phase load can also be connected to form what is known as Delta System. In a the line voltages appear across the load phases. However, the currents in the load phases are not the same as the line currents.
Ia
I1 1 vab vca b vbc c Ic Ib I2 2 R R R I3 3
System
The line current in system is 3 times the phase current and it lags by 30o.
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I a = I 1 I 3 I b = I 2 I 1 I c = I 3 I 2
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Delta Connection
system Phasor Diagram
Note from the phasor diagram that the phase currents are in phase with the line voltages because the load is resistive. The line currents Ia, Ib and Ic are phase shifted from each other by 120o.
vca
Ic
vab
I1 I3
120o 120
o
-I3
=30
120o
I a = 3I
Ib
I2
-I1
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vbc
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Example
Three identical impedances are connected in delta across a 550 V line. The current drawn is 10 A. Calculate the current in each impedance the impedance values
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Ia I = = 5.77 A 3 Voltage across resistor is 550V V 550 Z= = = 95 I 5.77
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Power In Balanced Three Phase System

If the magnitude of the phase voltages for a Y connected system is : v = van = v bn = v cn And if the magnitude of the phase currents for a delta system is: I = I an = I bn = I cn Then the total three phase power is:
P3 = 3 v I cos
Where is the power factor angle (angle between the voltage and the current)
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For a Y system is the magnitudes of the line voltage and line current are |VL| and |IL| respectively. Then:
VL v = and I L = I 3 The three phase power can be expressed in terms of the line quantities as:
P3 = 3 V L I L cos
Also the total Reactive power (Q) in a three phase system is given as Q3 = 3V I sin
= 3 V L I L sin

The total apparent Power (S) in a three phase system is also given as: S3 = 3 VL I L In a Delta system all the above equations are valid. For system, the total three phase power (P) is:
P3 = 3 v I cos
However for , the phase voltages and currents can be express as line quantities as:
v = VL and I L =
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I
3
20

Then the total power in a system is given as:
P3 = 3 V L I L cos similarly , Q3 = 3 VL I L sin and S 3 = 3 VL I L
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Examples
Example 1 For the circuit in the figure below calculate:
the current in each line. The voltage across the inductor terminals The Power absorbed by the load The Reactive power The apparent Power j4 a The power factor
440V 3 phase line
R 3 R
b c
j4
j4
Z = 4 2 + 32 = 5
VLN VLL = = 254V 3
3+4j 254V
VLN I= = 50.8 A Z Voltage across the inductor V = IX L = 50.8(4) = 203.2V

2540 = 50.8 36.87 A IL = 536.87 P = 3VL I L cos = 3V I cos Q = 3VL I L sin = 3V I sin S = 3VL I L
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Examples
Example 2 A manufacturer plant draws a total of 415kVA from 2400V 3 phase line. If the plant power factor is 87.5% lagging, calculate: The impedance of the plant The phase angle between the line to neutral voltage and the line current. The complete phasor diagram of the plant.
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VLN
2400 = V = = 1386V 3
S = 3VL I L 415000 IL = = 100 A 3 (2400)
1386 Z ( per branch) = = = 13.9 I 100

power _ factor = 0.875
= 29
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Example
A 5000 HP wye connected motor is connected to a 4000V, 3phase, 60 Hz line. A delta connected capacitor rated at 1800 kvar is also connected to the line. If the motor produces an output of 3594 hp at 93% efficiency and power factor of 90% lagging, calculate:4000V 3phase Capacitor Bank 1800 kvar
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Motor 3594 HP 93% efficient Pf = 0.9

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a) The active power absorbed by the motor
P = 3594(746) = 2681kW P 2681 Pm = = = 2883kW 0.93
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b) The reactive power absorbed by the motor
P = cos S S = P / cos = 2883 / 0.9 = 3203kVA Q = S 2 P 2 = 1395kVar
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c) The reactive power supplied by transmission line
Qc = 1800k var Qm = 1395k var Qnet = 1800 + 1395 = 405k var
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d) The apparent power supplied by the line
P = 2883kW Q = 405k var S = P 2 + Q 2 = 2911kVA
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e) The line current
f) Motor line current
S 3 = 3VL I L 2911k IL = = 420 A 3 (4000)
3203k Im = = 462 A 3 (4000)
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Phasor diagram
cos = 0.9 m= 25.8
Ic = 260A IL = 420A 8 25.8 Im = 462 A
P 2883 cos = = = 0.99 S L 2911
= 8
2309V
Capacitor current Q =1800kvar V = 4000V Q = 3 VI sin Ic =260 A
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Phase Sequence
3-phase systems have a property called phase sequence it determines the direction of rotation of 3-phase motors it means the order in which the three line voltages become successively positive two sequences: ABC & ACB positive sequence: ABC negative sequence: ACB
Phase sequence is determined by a simple circuit one lamp always burns brighter the sequence order is bright lamp, dim lamp, capacitor
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Wattmeters measure active power single-phase wattmeters have two pairs of terminals: voltage & current each terminal pair has polarity markings polarity markings determine the direction of power flow 3-phase, 3-wire circuits power is measured by two single-phase wattmeters total power is the sum of the two meters 3-phase, 4-wire circuits power is measured by three single-phase wattmeters total power is the sum of the three meters
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Questions 8.5 8.11 8.15 8.26
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EE207 Electrical Power - Lecture 3

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EE207 Electrical Power - Lecture 3

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Lecture 3 3 phase circuits