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Factorial ANOVA
When we have more than on IV we use factorial ANOVA o An experimental design where more than one IV is manipulated Why use multiple IVs? o Psychological questions are too complicated to answer using one IV o Using more than one IV gains us twice as much information from a two-factor study as in one-factor study Factorial design o (crossed) design o Each level of one IV is represented in each level of a second IV o If two variables, one IV with two levels, and second with three levels, we would have 6 conditions o Number of conditions, or factors derived from multiplying number of levels of first IV by number of levels of the second IV o Theoretically, any number of factors you can study is unlimited o But usually no more than four IVs
use two separate hypothesis desirability of laugh based on male/female desirability of laugh based on voiced/unvoiced factorial ANOVA is valuable because allows o test for an interaction effect and main effects for each of the IVs SIMULTANEOUSLY
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Portioning Variance
Main effects are listed outside the table. (Mmale= 4, Mfemale=6)
We derive an F ratio for each of the main effects (two IVs individually) Data also includes means for each of the four treatment groups or cells o We simultaneously compare two IVs, gender and voice, and derive an F value to determine if
interaction effect is present We derive three F rations o Two main effects o One interaction effect WHY? o Because we are testing three hypothesis Desirability of laughter changes based on how it voiced (Main effect) Desirability of laughter changes based on gender (Main Effect) Desirability of laughter will change based on gender and type of voice (Interaction Effect)
SSTOTAL = (X MG)2
Calculate total SS by compiling the data from all four conditions 1. Calculate am overall mean or grand mean (MG = 5) 2. Then use Grand mean to calculate the SSTOTAL for the combined data set Total SS gives us a general indication of total amount of variability present in our data o
TREATMENT Variance
Break out the Treatment variance even further We need to separate the treatment into variability associated with each of the IVs o In example we have two IVs (gender and laughter) Goal is to calculate a ratio of the Treatment variance to Error variance for each of our three hypothesis 1. Independently calculate the treatment sum of the squares for each of the IVS o Gender Main effect SS treatment formula is:
SSGROUP = 0 + 20 + 20 + 80 = 120
Degrees of freedom for interaction: multiply df for main effects o DfINTERACTION = (A -1) (B-1) Calculation of variance (MS) MSINTERACTION = SSINTERACTION/dfINTERACTION o MSA = SSA / dfA o MSB = SSB / dfB
dfERROR = n 1 dfERROR = N k
ANOVA= Treatment Variance/Error Variance = MStreatment / MSerror FA = MSA / MSERROR FB = MSB / MSERROR FC = MSC / MSERROR
place F values in table
Determining Significance
compare the calculated F values to the tabled F values use the numerator df= Treatment/ Error (1 for numerator and 16 for denominator) Yields multiple F values o We derive multiple measures of treatment variance One for each main effect Generally interpret statistically significant interaction first o Because interaction reflects the combined effect of the IVs contained in design For main effect look at the same numbers F(1,16) o Combination of IVs produce a unique effect not present when variables are examined independently