BIO 109 LAB 2 REVIEW Genes are segments of DNA that usually codes for a specific protein.

Allele is an alternate form of a gene All the phases of mitosis and meiosis MITOSIS Prophase- all the chromosomes are in the cell Metaphase- line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase- chromosomes are pulled apart at polar opposites of the cell Telophase- split into two cells as they both now contain the same genetic material MEIOSIS Diploid cell to replication into two sister chromatids. Exchange parts. This then turns into four sister chromatids in second meiotic division. Two of the four will have both parts of the first original two sister chromatids, and the other two will only contain the same diploid cell they started with. Plasmid What it contains a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes. Conjugation! What happens between e coli a and b(look at flow chart) e.coli A & B + LB broth centrifugation spun according to densities pour out supernatant added saline to clean before conjugation (saw growth for BHI on A & B and no growth on MNA A & B) added 3ml of e.coli A & B in one tube and incubated for conjugation saw growth Know what happened before and after conjugation

What you plated the bacteria on and why -BHI & MNA. One has minimal nutrients to see if bacteria will still grow Where you experienced growth and where you didnt experience growth Growth only on BHI and not on MNA

Whats in each type of agar pGLO- = LB and LB/AMP pGLO+ = LB/AMP and LB/AMP/ARA (turned green) Congjugation- occurs when one bacterium donates DNA to a recipient bacterium through thin cytoplasmic tube. Transformation- acquisition of DNA from an environment. Transduction- new DNA introduced by a bacteriophage or virus. Identify everything on a duplicated chromosome- everything thats associated with it Both chromosomes are called sister chromatid I and II. Each has a center called a kinetochore I and II. Off kinetochores, are the spindle microtubules, which lead to spindle pores. The middle of the chromosome where the two sisters meet is the centromere. Centrioles are the microtubules arranged in a ring, and centrosomes are what contain the centrioles and microtubules radiate from this organelle to bind to chromosomes. Understand everything for transformation- heat shock. How we got the plasmid in Heat shock at 42 degrees to open pores and allow plasmid DNA to enter. Then quickly back on ice so it can close the pores. Know what mutagens are- an agent such as radiation or a chemical substance that causes genetic mutation s.marcessians bacteria (Red pigment) UV light experiment. 0sec and 60sec lid had most bacteria bc it had the least UV light radiation and had a cover to protect itself from UV light respectively. what is pigment called prodigiosin everything on pglo plasmid and what it codes for ori- origin of replication (not gene) bla- codes for enzymes and deactivates certain antibiotics GFP- green fluorescent protein. Makes bacteria light up. Comes from jellyfish araC- regulatory gene that makes araC protiens pglo- constructed by arabinose (sugar) operon. Operon is a sequence of DNA which consisits of an operator, promoter, and 1 more structural gene. mechanism by which bacteria glow green (Whole mechanism)

know which plates will and will not grow colonies and what color it will be

only when the two genes being analyzed are on different chromosomes. If they are on the same chromosome, they will behave as one gene.