Hydraulics and Pneumatics

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Fl ui d Pow er - Def i ni t i on
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the
generation, control, and transmission of power-using
pressurized fluids.
Fluid power is the use of a confined fluid flowing
under pressure to transmit power from one location to
another.
It is one of three commonly used methods of
transmitting power in an industrial setting; the others
are electrical and mechanical power transmission.
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Fl ui d Syst em Cl assi f i cat i on
Fluid system is divided into two areas:
1. Fluid transport
Fluid transport systems have as their sole objective the
delivery of a fluid from one location to another to accomplish some
useful purpose.
2. Fluid Power
Fluid power systems are designed specifically to perform
work. The work is accomplished by a pressurized fluid bearing directly
on an operating fluid cylinder or fluid motor.
Fluid power system broadly classified as Hydraulics and
Pneumatics.
Application Area
In general, hydraulic systems are usually preferred for applications
that require:
High power / large load capacity,
Precise positioning and
Smooth movement
Pneumatics is well suited for applications that require:
Low power / light to moderate load capacity
Low to moderate precision and
Quick response
Compar i son of Hydr aul i c and Pneumat i c syst em
Hydraulic System Pneumatic System
Incompressible medium
used
Used for Heavy loads
Very expensive to
operate and build
Medium is recirculated
within the system
Hydraulic system
provide a very rigid
motion
Compressible medium used
Used for medium loads
Less expensive
Medium is exhausted into
the atmosphere
Pneumatic system behave in
a springy fashion
Advant ages of Fl ui d Pow er
The secret of fluid powers success and widespread use is its
versatility and manageability. Fluid power is the muscle of
automation because of advantages in the following 4 major
categories.
1. Ease and accuracy of control
2. Multiplication of force
3. Constant force or torque
4. Simplicity, safety, economy
Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly
reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads and
infinitely variable speed control and also highest power-per-weight
ratio.
Hydraulic fluid has 4 primary functions:
i. Power transmission or Energy transfer
ii. Lubrication
iii. Sealing
iv. Cooling
Basi c Pr i nci pl e of Hydr aul i cs
Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or motion through
the medium of a confined liquid. In a hydraulic device, power is
transmitted by pushing on a confined liquid. The transfer of energy
takes place because a quantity of liquid is subject to pressure.
Pascal's Law (also called Pascal's Principle) says that
"changes in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
at rest are transmitted undiminished to all points in
the fluid and act in all directions."
Hydr aul i c Jack
M achi ne of M ul t i pl yi ng For ce
Fr i ct i on l osses
Fr i ct i on l osses cont
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow
Friction Factor f = 64/(Reynolds Number)
v The max. recommended velocity for pressure lines is 6.1 m/s in order
to prevent turbulent flow and the corresponding losses
Fast Moving Oil May Become
Turbulent
Slow Moving Oil
Fl ui d Pow er Symbol s
long chain thin Enclosure of two or more functions contained in
one unit.
Reading Symbols For Pumps And Motors
Fl ui d Pow er Symbol s Cont ..
An arrow through a symbol at
approximately 45 degrees indicates that
the component can be adjust or varied
Variable displacement pump
Flow direction of
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Fixed displacement pump
Reading Symbols For Cylinders
Physi cal di f f er ences bet w een Li qui ds and Gases
Hydraulic mediums used in Industry
(i) Mineral oil
(ii) Synthetic oil
(iii) Water oil emulsion
(iv)Glycol in water
(v) Chlorinated synthetic fluid
(vi)Phosphate ester fluid
Pr oper t i es of Fl ui ds
A fluid is defined as any
matter that flows when
force is applied.
Liquids like water or silver
are kinds of fluid.
For ces i n f l ui ds
Forces in fluids are more complicated than forces in
solids because fluids can change shape.
Pr essur e
A force applied to a fluid creates pressure.
Pressure acts in all directions, not just the
direction of the applied force.
If one variable increases along a streamline, at
least one of the other two must decrease.
For example, if speed goes up, pressure goes down.
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High viscosity
Surface tension
Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase
the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High surface
tension
Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules
Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules
Adhesion
Cohesion
Good lubricity:
Stable in viscosity:
Hydr aul i c f l ui ds shoul d have t he f ol l ow i ng pr oper t i es:
System compatibility:
Pour point:
Oxidation resistant:
Rust and Corrosion:
The rust will have its effect on all the internal parts of the system. The
hydraulic fluid chosen should be a medium having a minimum of this
effect. Corrosion happens when acid reacts with the metal. Considering all
aspects, a suitable hydraulic oil is chosen
High Bulk Modulus:
Good Heat Dissipation:
Adequate low temperature properties:
Flash Point:
Low foaming tendency:
Fire resistant:
Low in volatility:
Good Demulsibility:
Low coefficient of expansion:
Low specific gravity:
Non toxic, Easy to handle and available:
Concl usi on on Pr oper t i es of hydr aul i c f l ui d
1. Good lubricity
2. Ideal viscosity
3. Chemical and environmental stability
4. Compatibility with system materials
5. High degree of incompressibility
6. Fire resistance
7. Good heat-transfer capability
8. Low density
9. Foam resistance
10. Non toxicity
11. Low volatility
12. Inexpensive and
13. Ready availability
Component s of a Hydr aul i c Pow er Syst em
Tank / Reservoir
Pump
Gear pump
Vane pump
Piston pump
Electric motor
Actuator
Cylinder (for linear motion)
Motor (for rotary motion)
Distribution line or Piping system
Valve
Directional Control Valve (DCV)
Pressure Control Valve (PCV)
Flow Control Valve (FCV)
Input segment
Output segment
Control segment
Wor k & Pow er
Work is done (or energy is transferred) when an object is
moved against a force, and is defined as:
Work = force (N) x distance moved (m) ; unit Nm=Joule
Power is the rate at which work is performed:
Power = work (J)/time (s) ; unit J/s=Watt
Tor que
The term torque is used to define a rotary force, and is
simply the product of the force and the effective radius as
shown in Figure
T= F (N) x d (m); unit Nm= Joule
where, d - distance
Robert Boyle
(1627-1691)
Boyle was born into an
aristocratic Irish family
Became interested in
medicine and the new
science of Galileo and
studied chemistry.
A founder and an
influential fellow of the
Royal Society of London
Wrote extensively on
science, philosophy, and
theology.
Boyles Law - 1662
Pressure x Volume = a constant
Equation: P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2
(T = constant)
Gas pressure is inversely proportional to the
volume, when temperature is held constant.
Graph of Boyles Law
Boyles Law
says the
pressure is
inverse to the
volume.
Note that when
the volume
goes up, the
pressure goes
down
Charless Law
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature, when pressure is held
constant.
This extrapolates to zero volume at a
temperature of zero Kelvin.
V
T
V
T
P
1
1
2
2
= = ( constant)
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 1850)
v French chemist and
physicist
v Known for his studies on
the physical properties of
gases.
v In 1804 he made balloon
ascensions to study
magnetic forces and to
observe the composition
and temperature of the air
at different altitudes.
Gay-Lussacs Law - 1802
The pressure and Kelvin temperature of
a gas are directly proportional, provided
that the volume remains constant.
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
=
How does a pressure cooker affect the time
needed to cook food? (Note page 422)
Sample Problem 14.3, page 423
The Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law expresses the
relationship between pressure, volume
and temperature of a fixed amount of
gas.
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
V P
T
V P
=
The combined gas law contains
all the other gas laws!
If the temperature remains
constant...
P
1
V
1
T
1
x
=
P
2
V
2
T
2
x
Boyles Law
The combined gas law contains
If the pressure remains constant...
P
1
V
1
T
1
x
=
P
2
V
2
T
2
x
Charless Law
u The combined gas law contains
u If the volume remains constant...
P
1
V
1
T
1
x
=
P
2
V
2
T
2
x
Gay-Lussacs Law
Hydr aul i c Pump Cl assi f i cat i on
Hydraulic pumps convert mechanical energy from a prime mover
(engine or electric motor) into hydraulic (pressure) energy. The pressure
energy is used then to operate an actuator. Pumps push on a hydraulic
fluid and create flow.
1. Pumps that discharge liquid in a continuous flow are nonposit ive-
displacem ent type.
2. Pumps that discharge volumes of liquid separated by periods of no
discharge are posit ive-displacem ent type.
Pump
Piston pump
Radial pump
Positive displacement
Non Positive displacement
Centrifugal Jet pump Axial type
Gear pump
External Gear
Internal Gear
Lobe pump
Screw pump
Vane pump
Unbalanced Balanced
Axial pump
Bent axis
Swash plate
Rotary ram
Rotary cylinder
Nonposi t i ve di spl acement pump
This type is generally used for low-pressure, high-volume
flow applications. Normally their maximum pressure
capacity is limited to 250-300 psi.
Flow (Q)
Pressure (P)
P
max
P
min
Q
0
Q
max
Gear Pump - Ext er nal
Gear Pump Cont
Q
N
P
Q
Q
actual
Q
theoretical
( )
A
vol
T
3 3
T D
2 2
D o i
Q
100
Q
Q (m / min) V (m / rev) N(rev / min)
V D D L
4
=
=
=
Gear Pump Ext er nal (Hel i cal Gear )
Gear Pump Cont
Advantages:
Simplicity and compact
Low cost
Less sensitive to contamination
High operating speeds
External gear pumps may use spur, herringbone, or helical gear sets to
move the fluid.
Herringbone pump gives steadier flow than the spur gear pump
Helical gears can be designed with a small number of large teeth,
thus allowing an increase in capacity without sacrificing smooth flow
Int er nal Gear Pump (Off-cent er ed)
Lobe Pump
Flow at deliver side is not smooth
(Pulsation delivery)
Volumetric efficiency is higher
than gear pumps.
Scr ew Pump
Used in submarines
Suitable for high pressure applications
(up to 3500 psi (241 bar))
Advantage
Deliver non pulsating flow
Disadvantage
Expensive
Low in efficiency
The rolling action obtained with the thread
design of the rotors is responsible for
the very quiet pump operation.
The symmetrical pressure loading around
the power rotor eliminates the need for
radial bearings because there are no radial
loads
Ger ot or Pump (Cent er ed Int er nal gear t ype)
The inner gear has one tooth less than the outer gear, and the
volumetric displacement is determined by the space formed by the
extra tooth in the outer rotor.
Ger ot or Pump Cont ..
The tooth form of each gear is related to that of the
other in such a way that each tooth of the inner gear is
always in sliding contact with the surface of the outer
gear.
Each tooth of the inner gear meshes with the outer
gear at just one point during each revolution. In the
illustration, this point is at the X.
Vane Pump
Unbalanced and Fixed displacement type
The rotor, which contains radial slots, is splined to the drive shaft and rotates
inside a cam ring.
Each slot contains a vane designed to mate with the surface of the cam
ring as the rotor turns.
Centrifugal force keeps the vanes out against the surface of the cam ring.
Anal ysi s of Vol umet r i c Di spl acement
max
C
R
max
D
D diameter of cam ring (m)
D diameter of rotor (m)
L - width of rotor (m)
N - rotor speed (rpm)
e - eccentricity (m)
e - max. possible eccentricity (m)
V - max. possible volumetric displacement
3
(m / rev)
Cont ..
Some vane pumps have provisions for mechanically varying the
eccentricity. Such a design is called a var i abl e di spl ac ement pump
Vane Pump Unbal anced t ype
Variable displacement, pressure-compensated vane pump
Vane Pump Fi xed di spl acement , bal anced t ype
Complete hydraulic balance is achieved
Low cost with respect to power output
Less noisy
Long service life
It delivers pressure up to 170 kg/cm
2
Pi st on Pump- bent axi s t ype
A pist on pump works on t he principle t hat a reciprocat ing pist on can
draw in fluid when it ret ract s in a cylinder bore and discharge it when it
ext ends.
T he pist ons are forced in and out of t heir bores as t he dist ance bet ween
t he drive shaft flange and cylinder block changes
cont
D
T D
S
tan( ) S Dtan( )
D
V YAS
Q V N NYADtan( )
= =
=
= =
Pi st on Pump Sw ash pl at e t ype
q As the cylinder
rotates, the pistons
reciprocate because
the piston shoes
follow the angled
surface of the swash
plate
q The inlet and outlet
ports are located in
the valve plate so
that the pistons pass
the inlet as they are
being pulled out and
pass the outlet as
they are being forced
back in.
Radi al Pi st on pump
The pistons remain in constant contact with the reaction ring due to centrifugal
force and back pressure on the pistons.
As the cylinder barrel rotates, the pistons on one side travel outward Suction
When a piston passes the point of max.`e, its forced inward by the reaction
ring - Delivery
Cont
Piston pump with stationary cam and rotating block
Compar i son of hydr aul i c pump t ypes
Combi nat i on pumps
For a clamping cylinder, a
large flow, but low
pressure, is needed
during extension and
retraction, but zero flow
and high pressure are
needed during clamping
Pump per f or mance
The performance of a pump is mainly a function of the precision of its
manufacture. Components must be made to close tolerances.
(i) Volumetric efficiency
Gear pump 80 to 90 %
Vane pump 82 to 92 %
Piston pump 90 to 98 %
(ii) Mechanical efficiency (90 to 95 %)
P delivery pressure (Pa) ; Q
T
Theoretical flow rate (m
3
/s)
T
A
Actual input torque (N-m) ; N Pump speed (rps)
Cont
T
m
A
T
100
T
=
(i) Overall efficiency
Under st andi ng At mospher i c Pr essur e

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