Advanced Structural Design

Semester 2

Strut-and-tie model

Deep beam subjected to point load

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Two-span Continuous beams

Complete plastic truss

Negative moment truss

Positive moment truss

Deep beam with vertical and horizontal point load

Beam with double ledge support

Dapped beam ends

Flanged Member

Dapped beam ends with hole

Corner joint

Piles cap

Development of struts with increasing load

Nonlinear finite element studies, combined with experimental observations, indicate that the maximum width of the struts occurs prior to cracking. Once cracking occurs the struts become significantly narrower, approaching that of the theoretical model.

Development of struts with increasing load

It is seen that as loading increases, the struts become more pronounced but remain bowed and, if left uncontrolled, can lead to premature failures due to splitting of the struts. AS3600 required that bottle-shaped struts be used where bursting is a consideration.

Bursting forces in bottle shaped struts

AS3600 requires designers to provide a minimum of bursting steel for cases where
Tb 0.5Tb.cr

in which Tb is bursting force which is calculated by

Tb = C tan tan = 1 2

and Tb.cr is the force required for cracking along the strut given by:
Tb.cr = 0.7t lb f ct

t is the thickness of the strut and f ct = 0.36 f ct

lb = z 2 + a 2 d c

Bursting forces in bottle shaped struts

The bursting reinforcement is uniformly distributed through the bursting zone lb and can be placed in either two orthogonal directions at angles 1 and 2 to the axis of the strut or in one direction at angle g to the axis of the strut with 400.

Bursting forces in bottle shaped struts

The required area of busting reinforcement is calculated such that:
s

( A f sin ) T A f sin T
si sy i si s i * b. s

* b

for strength, and for serviceability

Asi: Area of the reinforcement in the ith layer crossing a strut at angle i to the axis of the strut; T*b: bursting force calculated for the strength limit state conditions (tan=1/5) T*b.s: bursting force calculated under serviceability load (tan=1/5). Fs: stress limit in the reinforcement for the serviceability load

Bursting forces in bottle shaped struts

AS3600 uses stress limit fs in the reinforcing steel as a control against unserviceable cracking, with the limits: Minor degree of crack control fs 250MPa Moderate degree of crack control fs 200MPa Strong degree of crack control fs 150MPa For common case where layers of horizontal and vertical reinforcement are used for bursting, the required areas of reinforcement in each direction are:
Awh Tb*sin / s f sy Awv and Awh Tb*.s sin / f s Awv Tb*.s cos / f s for serviceability
* b

( ) for strength T cos / ( f )

s sy

Anchorage zones in prestressed concrete

Anchorage zone...

Anchorage zone...

Anchorage zone...

Anchorage zone...

Anchorage zone...

Analysis of Anchorage zone

Analysis of Anchorage zone

Bursting Stresses in Anchorage zones

STM for a simple anchorage

Calculation of bursting force

Calculation of bursting force

Different types of anchorage zones

Different types of anchorage zones