Information Technology

Information Result obtained from processing is known as information Technology The art of using electronics devices in data processing. Information Technology Information technology is the technology that merges computing with the high speed links carrying data in the form text, sound, images, video etc. Information = EDP (Electronic Data Processing) In EDP two or more operation performs automatically by using already store instructions. Benefits of EDP 1. Automation 2. Fast Processing 3. Accuracy 4. Storage Technology = Data Communication Process of sending and receiving data or information through electronically. 1. Sender 2. Communication 3. Receiver EDP (Electronic Data Processing) Four different activities must be performed in EDP. 1. Input 2. Process 3. Store 4. Output

1. Input Deceives which can performed this function known as input devices. 2. Process In this activity different mathematically & logical operation are perform on binary data to result. Store Data Process of recording binary data or information for future result and immediate access. Output Process of converting binary result into human readable form. 1. Alphabetic Numerical 3. Alpha Numeric Form Audio & video form use for soft copy Printer uses for hard copy Computer is the most powerful devices in EDP. 2. 4. Graphic 4. 3.

Computer
Computer is the data processing machine which accept data machine which accept data process it, according to already store instruction and them produce required result. Computer can generate incorrect result only given to incorrect data. Type of Computer (With Respect to Data Handling) 1) Analog Computer

2) Digital Computer 3) Hybrid Computer 1. Analog Computer The name analog comes from the word "analogous", meaning similar. Analog computers are used for scientific, engineering, and process control purposes. Because they deal with quantities that are continuously variable. They give only approximate results. These types of computer provide an analog or simulation of the object or system it represents. It is especially useful for solving problems that involve relationships between variable quantities in systems that change with time. The analog compute may express changing relationships in output in the form of graphs. It is able to create such pictures because it responds to changes in electrical voltages that match changes in variable quantities. 2. Digital Computer
Is a machine the specializes in counting. It operates by counting values that are discrete, or separate and distinct, unlike the continuous quantities that can be measured by the analog computer. Digital Computers are used for both business data processing and accuracy. The basic operation performed by a digital computer is addition. It can store the sums of addition problems as they accumulate, and can complete a single calculation in a fraction of a nanosecond. The digital computer is capable of storing data as long as needed, performing logical operations, editing input data, and printing out the results of its processing at high speed 3. Hybrid Computer Although both analog and digital computers are extremely used in widely accepted in various industries, manufacturers have to attempted to designed a computer that combines the best features of both types. This specialpurpose machine called a hybrid, computer, combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer. It offers an efficient and economical method of working out special types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Some Hybrid

machines contain special equipment to convert analog voltages into digital voltages, and vice-versa.

Types of Computer (with respect to Generation)

1st generation Computer 2nd Generation Computer 3rd Generation Computer 4th Generation Computer 5th Generation Computer

1. First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. A magnetic drum, also referred to as drum, is a metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs can be stored. Magnetic drums were once use das a primary storage device but have since been implemented as auxiliary storage devices. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of firstgeneration computing devices 2. Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become

smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. 3. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. 4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the

components of the computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to input/output controlson a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Types of Computer (With respect to Capacity) The term "capacity" refers to the volume of work or the data processing capacity a computer can handle. Their performance is judged by the:

1. Amount of data that can be stored in memory 2. Speed of internal operation of the computer 3. Number and type of peripheral devices 4. Amount and type of software available for use with the computer Following are the types of computer according to the Capacity.
1) Micro Computer 2) Mini Computer 3) Medium-Size Computer 4) Large Computer 5) Super Computer 1. MICROCOMPUTERS= The mass production of silicon chips since 1971 has made it possible to put a "brain into all sorts of machines. One such machine is the microcomputer. This machine has takes fullest advantage of the use of large-scale integration on silicon chips. The microprocessors literally contain a computer on a chip that can pass through the eye of needle. Microcomputers memories are generally made of semiconductors fabricated on silicons chips. It is a digital computer system under the control of a stored program that uses a microprocessor, a programmable read-only memory (ROM), and a random-access memory (RAM), The ROM defines the instructions to be executed by the computer while RAM is the functional equivalent of computer memory. 2. MINICOMPUTERS Technological advances in the 1960's enabled manufactures to respond to the growing demand for a similar stand-alone machine, the minicomputer, to handle task that large computers could not perform economically. Minicomputer system (or small mainframe computers) provides faster operating speeds and larger storage capacities than microcomputers systems. They can support a large number of high-speed

input/output devices. Several desk drives can be used to provide online access to large data files as required for direct- access processing. Operating system developed for minicomputer systems generally support both multiprogramming and virtual storage. This means that many programs can be run concurrently. This type of computer system is very flexible and can be expanded to meet the needs of users. Minicomputers usually have from 8k to 256K memory storage locations, and relatively established applications software. Although the minicomputer is not as powerful as the medium or large-size computer, it is quite close. 3. MEDIUM-SIZE COMPUTERS it provide faster operating speeds and larger storage capabilities than small computer systems. They can support a large number of high-speed input-output devices, and several disk drives can be used to provide online access processing. Also support both multiprogramming and virtual storage. This allows the running of a variety of programs concurrently. Medium-size computer system is very flexible; they can be expanded to meet the needs of users. The possibility of increasing the data processing capability of a computer by adding devices, such additional memory, and other peripheral devices, is called expandability. 4. LARGE COMPUTERS are the ultimate in system sophistication, flexibility, and speed. They usually contain full control systems with minimal operator intervention. Large computer systems range from single-processing configurations to nationwide computer based networks involving general large computers. Large computers have storage capacities from 512K to 819K, and these computers have internal operating speeds measured in terms of nanoseconds, as a compared to smaller computers where speed

in terms of microseconds. 5. SUPERCOMPUTERS The biggest and fastest machines today are the supercomputers that are used when billions or even trillions of calculations are needed. These machines are essential for applications ranging from nuclear weapon to accurate weather forecasting. Supercomputers are machines that have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large scale systems. Their speed is in the 100-millioninstructions-per-second range

Processor
The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. Two typical components of a CPU are the Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the Control Unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

Types of Processor
1. CISC = Complex Instruction Set Computing

2. RISE = Reduce Instruction Set Computing

Machine Cycle
Any instruction in the computer can be excavated after performing four activities known as machine cycle.

Activity of the machine cycle

1) Fetch 2) Decode 3) Execute 4) Store

1. Fetch
Processor of transforming data or instruction from main memory to computer 2. Decode Processor of interoperation the instruction dividing into simple steps which are processed by the processor 3. Execute Processor of performing the operation after performing decoding. 4. Store In this activity generated result are transfer processor to main memory.

System Board/ Mother Board

PCB( print circuit board) is used to fix different s devices Mother board can be two different types 1) Slots 2) Ports

1. Slots Slots are used to fix processor, memory, and add in card. VJ card or Sound card etc. Examples of Slots a) ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture ) 16 bits b) ESA (Extended Standard Architecture) 32 bits c) PCI (peripheral comment interconnect) d) PCMICA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) 64 bits 2. Ports Ports are used to contact external peripheral devices Types of Ports a) Serial Ports b) Parallel Ports a) Serial Ports In serial ports 1 bit data can transfer at a time from peripheral devices to motherboard Serial Ports are fast then the parallel ports USB is Special type of serial port which can transfer data and user can connect multiple devices in a single serial port. C) Parallel Ports In Parallel Ports multiple bit transfer at a time from peripheral devices Cable or electronic path are used to transfer binary signal from one to another

BUS
A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. Types of Bus 1) Data Bus

2) Address Bus 3) Control Bus 1. Data Bus It carries the data between the different components of the computer. 2. Address Bus It selects the route that has to be followed by the data bus to transfer the data
3. Control Bus It decides that whether the data should be written or

read from the data bus

POST
When you turn the computer on, it performs Power On System Test (POST), during which it checks and initializes the system's internal components. If a serious error occurs, the computer does not display a message but emits a series of long and short beeps instead. Beeps are your computer's way of letting you know what's going on when the video signal is not working. These codes are built in to the BIOS of the PC.

Input Devices
The devices that are use to enter the data into computer are called input devices. Sometimes the data is entered directly into computer and some time indirectly. In the first case the data goes directly into computer from the source and in second case we have to carry out some intermediate handling. In either case the task is to gather data to be processed by the computer. There are three general types of input devices 1. Key board devices 2. Pointing devices

3. Sources data-entry devices 1 Key Board

The key board may look like a type writer keypad in which some special keys are added. The normally available on the keyboard are Numeric Alphabetic Function Additional special purposes key

It has some special keys between main key pad and the numeric keys, and the status lights in the upper right corner. This standard keyboard is also called QWERTY which describe the beginning keys in the top row of the alphabetic letters. 2 Pointing Devices Pointing devices control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen. They including the following i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. i. Mouse Trackball Pointing Stick Touch Screen Digitizing/Graphic table Touch pad Light pen Mouse A mouse is an input device that looks a little bit like a mouse. It has a ball or laser underside that is rolled on the flat surface or mouse pad. The rolling moment is the causes of the moment on the screen. Its enable to user to communicate with the commuter. Its also has the button, button are used to click an Icon to invoke the command. ii. Trackball Trackball is a move able ball on the top of stationery devices. That is rotated with finger and palm of the hand. its popularity surged with the advent of lap top computers. iii. Pointing Stick

A pointing stick is an pointing device that look like a pencil. Easer protruding from the key board between the key G, H and B keys. we use the pointing sick with our forefingers while using the thumb to press the buttons. Joy stick It is an pointing device the consist of a vertical handle like a gearshift lever mounted on a base with one or two buttons. It is basically used video games in some computer added design system iv. Touchpad Touch pad is a small, flat surface over which we slide our finger, using the same movement as we would the mouse we move the finger the cursor flows the movement. We click by tapping the finger on the flat surface or by pressing buttons position closed by the pad. Touchpad are now common the portable computer (Laptop) v. Touch Screen A touch screen is a video display screen that is sensed to receive input from simply touching our finger onto it. It is covered with the plastic layer, behind which are invisible beams of infrared light.

vi.

Light pen Light pen is a light-sensitive stylus, or pen like devices connected by a wire to the computer terminal. User bring the pen to the desire point on the display screen the presses the buttons which identify that screen location to the computer, Engineers graphic designers and the illustrators use light pen

vii.

Digitizing/Graphic table A digitizing table consists of table contacted by a wire to stylus or puck. A stylus is a pen like device with which the user sketches an image. A puck is a copying device with which the user copies an image such an architectural drawing or civil engineering map.

3.

Sources data-entry devices These are the devisees are used for direct entry to m the computer system. Few of them as under

Scanning Devices
1. Bar code reader 2. Mark-and character recognition device a. b. c. d. e. MICR (Magnetic-ink Character Recognition) OMR ( Optical Mark-Recognition ) OCR ( Optical Character Recognition) Magnetic stripe cards Smart Cards 3. Fax machine 4. Imaging System 5. Audio/Video Devices a. Audio-input Devices b. Video-input devices c. Digital Camera Scanning Devices These devices are used laser beams and reflected light to translate images of Text, Drawings, photos, and the like into a digital camera Types of Scanners Following are the types of scanners Bar code reader Bar code is the vertical zebra-stripped marks we find on the most Manufactured products in the market. This bar code system is also called Universal Product Code. These are read the bar code readers photo electronic scanners that translate the symbols of the bar code into the digital code, which is fed into computer for the father use Mark-and character recognition device a. b. MICR (Magnetic-ink Character Recognition) OMR ( Optical Mark-Recognition )

c. d. e.

OCR ( Optical Character Recognition) Magnetic stripe cards Smart Cards

A. MICR (Magnetic-ink Character Recognition) It is a method of machine-reading characteristic made of magnetizers plasters. MICR characters, which are printed with magnetized ink, are read MICR equipment, producing digitized signals, which goes to the computer for further use. B. OMR (Optical Mark-Recognition) Optical Mark-Recognition system uses a light beam to scan input data to convert into electrical/digital signals. Which are then set to the computer for processing. he best examples of the OMR technology used to read SAT and GRE test marks. C. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) Its uses a devices that read the preprinted character in particular font and convert them into digital code. The common examples are some utility bills and price tag in the departmental stores D. Magnetic-Strip cards A Magnetic-strip card has a strip of magnetically encoded data on its back. They are used personal identification during driving, in stories and public places E. Smart Cards Its looks like a credit card but a microprocessor and memory chip have been added additionally. When inserted into a reader, its exchange data with the corresponding information on a central computer. It can store sub basic information also. A mobile SIM card and ATM are good examples of this type. 3. Fax Machine The fax machine facsimile transmission scans and image and sends it as electrical signals over telephone lines to a receiving fax machine. Which recreate the images on paper; we have two types of fax machine A Dedicated fax machine B. Fax modems

Dedicated fax machine are the normal fax machine whereas, while the fax modem is a circuit board inside the system unit. It has the capability to send the signals directly to the someone elses fax machine or computer fax modem, from computer to computer. 4. Imaging System Image scanner (Graphic scanner) converts text drawings and photos graphics, into digital from and stores. It to the computer system further processing. The system scans each image (Color. Black & White) with light and breaks the images into lights and dark dots or color dots, which are then converted to digital from. This is also called raster graphics, which refers to the technique of representing a graphic image as a matrix of dots. 5. Audio/Video Devices Following are the audio/video input devices A. Audio-input device An audio-input device record analog sound and translate it for digital storage and processing. The principal use of audio-input device is to provide digital input for multimedia computer, which presentation. Sound (analog from) goes through a special circuit board called an audio board, which converts analog sound to digital from and stores it for further processing and /or plays it back. Microphone is mostly used as an audio-input device

B. Video-input devices Films and video images from VCR or camcorder are converted to digital from with the help of a special digitizing card (Called Video-capture card). It has to types i) ii) Frame-grabber video card: it can capture and digitize only a single frame at a time. Full-motion Video Card: also known as Adapters can convert analog to digital signals at the rate of upto 30 frames/second, giving the effect of continuously flowing motion pictures.

C. Digital Camera

A digital camera use a light-sensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in digital from on small diskette inserted in the camera or on flash-memory chip. The digital from is then uploaded to the computer for manipulation and printing out.

Out put devices

The information processed by the computer is translated into a from that we understand, and displayed by these machines. Normally, the output is classified as Soft Copy output or Sound Output and Hard Copy output

Soft Copy
Softcopy refer to the data that is shown on a display screen or in audio or voice from. This kind of output is not tangible; it cant be touched. Virtual reality and reboots might also be considered softcopy devices. Soft copy result display on VDU (Visual Display Unit) VDU (Visual Display Unit) = is an device which can produced self copy result A. CRT (Cathode-Ray Tubes) B. Flat-panel Display I. LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display) II. ELD ( Electro Luminescent Display) III. GPD (Gas-Plasma Display) A. CRT (Cathode-Ray Tubes) The most common from of display is CRT. A CRT is a vacuum tube use display screen in a computer or video display terminal. This same kind of technology is found not only in screens desktop computers but also in television set and in fight information monitors in airports. A stream of bits defining the image is sent from the computer (from the CPU) t the CRTs electro gun, where the bits are converted in to electrons. When a beam of electrons from electric gun hits the dots phosphor, it lights up the selected pixels and a images of output is generated on the screen B. Flat-panel Display The flat-planer display is much thinner, weightless and consumes less power then CRT. They are used to portable computers. Flat-panel display is

made up of two plates of glass with a substance between them, which is activated in different ways. There are three type of technology used in flat-panel display screen 1. LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display) LCD consists of substance called liquid Crystal. When an electronic current is passes through liquid crystal. Its molecules line up in way that lighting behind the screen to create an image. 2. ELD (Electro Luminescent Display) ELD consist a substance that glow when it is charged by an electronic current 3. GPD (Gas-Plasma Display) Gas-Plasma Display is like a neon bulb, in which display uses a gas that emits the lights in the presence of electronic current. Gas-Plasma monitors offers large screen. The display quality of theses screens also higher then the LCD (All types of VDU can display two types of data 1)Text 2).Graphic (text + images)

Quality of Picture
The quality of picture of screen is depending upon the following parameters. A. B. C. D. Screen Size Resolution Dot pitch Refreshing rate

A. Screen Size

Like television, CRT monitor size is measured diagonally, in inches across the front of the screen. E.g a 17 inches monitor measures 17 inches from the lower left to the upper right corner. Screen size is directly proportion to the picture quality. B. Resolution All the characters and images on a monitor are made up of a dot patterns dot, the Number of pixels; dot per inch determines resolution, or the sharpness of the image. A higher number pixels means a shaper images 640*480 = windows standard 800*600= internet standard 1024*768= Window XP and Salter VAG card is used to increase the resolution, resolution also directly proportional to the picture quality C. Dot Pitch Diameters of the smelliest dot are known as the dot Pitch, it is measure as millimeter. Standard Dot Pitch = .028 mm Dot pitch has inversely proportional with the picture quality. D. Refresh Rate Number of time screen displayed in a one second is called refresh rate Rang of refresh rate = 50 HZ to 100 HZ

Hard Copy
Hardcopy refers to print outs. The principal examples are printout where text or graphics are from printers or plotters. Printers Printers are used to print characteristics, symbol, and on the paper. Following are the types of printers. Types of printers (According to the function point of view)

Following are the types of printer A. Impact Printer A. Impact Printer An impact printer from character or images by striking a mechanism such a print hummer are while against of inked ribbons leaving an images on the paper. Following are few types of the Impact partners 1. Dot-Matrix printer 2. Daisy-Wheel Printer 1. Dot-Matrix printer Its continuous printer hand of the small a pins with strike an inked ribbon against printer, forming character and images. Printers hand is activate with 9, 18, or 2 4 pins with the 24-pins hands after the best quality printers. Dot-matrix printer is a special type of printer which can print text as well as images or picture. There are 2 type of dot-matrix printer A. 9 pin dot-matrix B. 24 pin dot-matix 2. Daisy-Wheel Printer This printer uses mechanism in the shape of a service of the part petals arranged on the petals wheels having a character at the end of each petal. A character coming into print position by wheel rotation end image formed by the hammer. Strike on the desired character it is slower then dot-matrix printer, but better ink quality B. Non-Impact printer Non- Impact printer from character or images without making physical contact between printing mechanism and paper. In these printer images of required output is created in printer and then pasted on the paper by using following techniques i. Electro statistic technique ( laser power printer) ii. Ink-jet techniques iii. Thermal technique i. Electro statistic technique B. Non-Impact printer

It is similar to photocopying machine and it uses the principal of dot-matrix printer of creating images without dot. ii. Ink-jet techniques Ink-jet printer sprays small, electrically charged droplets of ink from the nozzles through whole in the matrix at high speed on to paper dot. It is chapter compared to laser printer but lower resolution (300-720 DPI) and slower also (16) text only pages per minutes. iii. Thermal printer Thermal printer uses colored waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots on to special paper. The colored wax sheets a not required for black- and-white output. It produces a high quality print out but is quite expensive compared to other non-impact printer. Types of printer (According to the speed) i. ii. iii. Character printer Line printer Page printer

i. Character Printer This type of printer is print one by one character. Normally speed is mentioning CPS (Character per Second). The speed is 100 to 500 CPS. ii. Line Printer This type of computer prints a line in once. The speed mention in LPM (Line per Minute). Normally speed is 300-3000 LPM iii. Page Printer Page printer is used to print a page in once. The speed unit is PPM ( Pages per Minute). The normally speed is 20-100 PPM Copy printer = 300-1000PPM

Plotters
A plotter is used to produce high-quality graphics in many colors and use for specialized application. I.e. architectural drawings, maps, graphic and charts.

Plotters are of two basic kinds. A. Flatbed Plotters B. Drummed plotters A. Flatbed Plotters A flatbed plotter is the one, which has a paper lining flat on a table-like surface. The bed-size varies according to the need. 124 colors pens move across the paper and the images are printed by the computer accordingly. B. Drummed Plotters Its work like a flat-bed plotter with a difference the paper is mounted or drums. Enable a continuous output. A typical usage is to track earthquake readings.

Sound output
Speaker is most commonly used to have this type of output. Speaker As we used Microphone to input audio data to the computer conversely we used to get audio output from the computer. It works on the same principles to convert sound data into machine useable form. A variety of speakers are available in the market to satisfy the requirement of the user.

Storage Devices
Storage devices are used to store data for immediate access or further reference Types of storage devices 1. Primary Storage Devices 2. Secondary Storage Devices 1. Primary Storage Devices Primary storage devices are the primary part of the computer They are in faster access They consumed lesser space These are expensive

Types of primary storage devices I. RAM( Random Access Memory) 1. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) 2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) a) SD RAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) b) RD RAM (Rhombus Dynamic Random Access Memory) > Types of RAM (w.r.t to Speed) DDR I (Double Data Rate I) DDR II (Double Data Rate II) > Types of RAM (w.r.t to Storage) SIMM (Signal In Line Memory Module) DIMM (Double In Line Memory Module) II. ROM( Read Only Memory) a) P ROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) b) EP ROM (Erases able Programmable Read Only Memory) c) EEP ROM (Electronically Erases able Programmable Read Only Memory) III. Casher RAM a) Internal Casher L1 b) External Casher L2 2. Secondary Storage Devices a. SASDs (Sequential Access Storage Devices) b. DASDs (Direct Access Storage Devices)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

It is necessary for data processing and program exaction Access time almost remain same for data store anywhere in RAM Types of RAM Following are the different types of RAM as follow 1. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) 2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

a) SD RAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) b) RD RAM (Rhombus Dynamic Random Access Memory) 1. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) More reliable Faster in data transferring They are expensive Due o expensive they are not use in Microcomputers

2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) Less reliable as compare to SRAM Less speedy as compare to SRAM Cheaper as compare to SRAM Less expensive as compare to SRAM Use in Microcomputer

Types of DRAM SD RAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) RD RAM (Rhombus Dynamic Random Access Memory) > Types of RAM (w.r.t to Speed) DDR I (Double Data Rate I) DDR II (Double Data Rate II) > Types of RAM (w.r.t to Storage) SIMM (Signal In Line Memory Module) DIMM (Double In Line Memory Module) ROM (Read Only Memory) It also known as NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory). Special type of primary storage device which is permeates. Working Some basic information and instruction are store on chip inside the system unit known as the ROM Bios. When ever we switch on the computer

instruction stored on a ROM are executed before performing any other task and function Types of ROM b) P ROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) b) EP ROM (Erases able Programmable Read Only Memory) c) EEP ROM (Electronically Erases able Programmable Read Only Memory) III. Casher RAM High speed storage device used to reduce the speed gap between the memory and the processor. It main function is to used processor time efficiently. Types of casher RAM c) Internal Casher L1 d) External Casher L2 All instruction stores in casher can be access simultaneously. 2. Secondary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Devices are the combination of different components a. Storage Media b. Drivers Storage Media The surface on which data is recorded in binary form is Storage Media Examples are Magnetic type, Floppy Disk, DVDs, CDs. Drivers It contain read, writer heads which are responsible to retrieve or store data on media Examples CD ROM, DVD Writer

Hard disk
Is a special type of secondary storage device in which media and diver are combine in same/single box. That is why it is faster then the other secondary storage device Hard disk speed is RPM(Resolution Per Minute) mostly 7500 RPM

Technologies use in secondary storage device 1. Electromagnetically technology (Magnetic type, Floppy disk) 2. Optical Laser disk technology (CD=Compact Disk, DVD= Dynamic Vistula Disk) 3. Electoral technology (USB, Pen Drives, Memory Card)

Software
Logical part of computer is called software that may be Data, Information, and Program (Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware.) Data = Collection of facts and figure about the particular person or thing. Programs = set of information execution by a computer to solve a problem Types of program 1. Custom made program/software 2. Pre written / pre package program/software A) Application Software B) System Software i. System Management software I. Operating system (Source Manger) With respect to Interface a) Character Base Operating System b) Graphic User Interface Operating Sys With respect to program execution a) Single User operating system b) Multi User operating system(Network Operating System) NOS II. Data base management system ii. System support program iii. System development program 1. Custom

made program/software

These Program not available in the market but have to be develop through the software consultant of a particular organization. Such as Information system

2. Pre

written / pre package program/software

This program easily available in the market, any organization, company or individual can used them after paying the lenience fee. Following are the types of Pre written / pre package program/software A) Application Software These program are used to solve the problem or group of problem B) System Software These program are used to operate and mange the computer system These are classified into three groups. I. System Management software These program are used to run or mange the computer system Following are the types of System Management Program. I. Operating System (With respect to interface) Operating system is required for any type of operating system, operating system is required to boot the computer. Booting process enable the computer to understand and execute the user command. Types of operating System a) Character based interface (CBI) operating system This operating system remembers command to perform a task. These programs are difficult to operate. E.g. MS DOS (Disk Operating System) b) Graphic User Interface (GUI) Operating System In this operating system user have no need to remind command but to double the click the short cut or icon to perform a task. These program are easy to use. E.g. Windows XP etc II. Operating System (With respect to the program execution) Flowing are the types of operating system with respect of the program execution a) Single user Operating system Single user Operating system can execute the program of single user only. A single user operating system can perform more then one task simultaneously For example MS DOS

b) Multi user operating system (Network Operating System) NOS Multi user operating system can execute multiple program of different user at the same time Multi user operating system are more powerful then the signal user For example Net ware, UNIX II. Data base management system Data base management system is also a type of system management program which provide the facility of creating and minting different data bases. For example ORACLE, SQL(Software Queer Language) Server

Function of operating system

1. Manage the sources of the computer operating system also known as the source manger. Following are the managing task of the operating system i. Mange the memory RAM ii. Mange the processor iii. Mange the peripheral devices iv. Mange the files, FAT (Files Allocation Table) 16, 32, 64, NTFS (New Technology File System) 2. Operating system are used to run application software ii. System support program These programs are used to control the working of peripheral devices. For example Device Driver. Device Driver These are the system support program use to control the proper functioning or working of peripheral devices. iii. System Development Program These programs are used to develop the application software. Such as Complier, Interpreter, Assembler, Utilities Softwares. Translator A type of system development program which convert of non-machine program(other then binary ) into machine language program.

Computer Languages
Computer language is used to communicate with computer. These are the collection of Characters, Symbols, Reserve words, and rules which have to follow to write a program.

Types of language 1) Low level language a) Machine language (1st Generation Language) b) Assembly language (2nd Generation Language) 2) High Level Language (3rd Generation Language) procedural language a) COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) b) FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) c) Basic d) C 3) Very High level language (4th generation language) a) SQL (Structured Query Language) b) DDL (Data Definition(Description) language) c) DML (Data Manipulation Language) 4) Object Oriented Language (Modern Language) a) C++ b) Java 5) Web Based Language (Modern Language) a) HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) b) DHTML (Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language c) XML (Extensible Markup Language)

Low level language (1st and 2nd generation language)

In computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. Machine language and Assembly language is are the low level language. a) Machine Language (1st generation language) In this language we write instruction according to the working cycle of the computer. It is very easy to understand for computer and execute Program written by in machine language. b) Assembly Language (2nd Generation Language) Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine languages, but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers.

Program written in assembly language need a special translator is called assembler Assembler Is a type of translator which translates assembly language statement to machine language instruction then execute as well.

2) High Level Language (3

language

rd

generation language) procedural

In this language user have no need to care about the working style of the computer but to describe the whole procedure to solve a problem. That is why these also called procedural language In this language we use English like syntax or mathematical expression to write a program. Such as COBOL, FORTRAN, Basic, Pascal C Two different type of translator an available for high level language a. Compiler b. Interpreter a. Compiler These are used to convert high level language into machine level instructions then generate and intermediate code known as object program. After instructions we can execute object program more then once b. Interpreter It also a high level translator which convert statements in to machine level instructions and execute them before translation of next statement. Advantages It is to find out the logical errors in case of interruption It is the translator of basic language. Disadvantages Interpreter are slower then complier. No object code is created.

3. Very High Level Language Non procedural language (4

Generation Language)

th

In this language we have no need to describe the whole producer to solve a problem but to describe the input and output of the problem in well defining manner. It is also responsible of language translator to suitable producer and generates required result. Such as SQL (Structural Query Language), DDL (Data Manipulation Language)

4. Object Oriented Language (Modern Language)

These language are use to develop complex real life application, in these language concept of objects, clauses, sub clauses are used. Such as C++ or Java 4.

Web Oriented Language (Modern Language)

C)

These languages are used to develop application which can access from anywhere and at any time by using internet technology. Such as A) HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) B) DHTML (Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language XML (Extensible Markup Language)

Data Communication
Process of transferring data electronically by one point to another, following two components must be used in data communication.

Sender Communication Media a) Wire Media (Guided Media) b) Warless Media (Unguided Media) iii. Receiver Normally used electronic devices at the both ends (Sender & Receiver) of communication, such as mobile phone, computer, fax machine etc . these devices can identify digital signal only ii. Communication Media Signals are transfer from one point to another with the help of communication media. We can transfer digital & Analog as well. Digital Signals Representation of binary data (0,1) in the form of voltage variation or light rays of different insanities. Graphically digital signals are representing in the form of Square Ways Analog Signals In these signal the binary data represent in the form of electro magnetic ways of different frequencies. Analog signals are graphically represent in the form of Sine Ways Modulation Is a process in which digital signals are converted into analog signals. (This process is performed at the sender side) Demodulation Is a process in which analog signals are converted into digital signals (This process is performed at the receiver side) MODEM (MO DOM) A device used in data communication to perform the function of modulation & demodulation. Types of Communication media Following are the types of communication media a) Wire Media (Guided Media) b) Warless Media (Unguided Media) a) Wire Media (Guided Media) in this type of communication media physical cables are used to transfer the signals For Assistance

i. ii.

I. UTP Cables (Unshielded Twisted Pair) II. Fiber Optical Cable. Fiber optical is most powerful device of communication data due to the less line disturbance in signals and larger Bandwidth Bandwidth Is the combination of data transmission speed, capacity Speed Bits, BPS, KBPS, MBPS, transmitted in one bite per second) Data Transmission Capacity Number of messages or binary stream transmitted sententiously through a single communication media. b) Warless Media (Unguided Media) No physical cables are used in this media, binary signals are transferred through Air, Space or Water using through different technologies. Warless Technologies Microwaves Satellite system Infrared Ways Blue troth Wi-Fi

Communication Protocols
Set of traffic rules and producer which control the movement of data in a network is called protocols. These are based on OSI (Open System Introduction) model. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) are the most commonly used protocols. IP is required for internet. Most Commonly used Protocols 1) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) 2) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 3) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 4) HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) 5) HTTPS (Secured Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) 1) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) are the most commonly used protocols. IP is required for internet. 2) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) FTP is used for downloading and uploading the information. Downloading

Process of copying of data from web server to work station Uploading Process of copying of data from work station to web server. 3) STMP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Use only transfer text messages. 4) HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Use explores the context of the website. Website also known as the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 5) HTTPS (Secured Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) These are used to explore the restricted website.

Communication Devices
Devices used in data communication other then sender and the receiver. Following are the network devices as follow 1. NIC (Network Interface Card) LAN Card 2. MODEM 3. Hub or Switch 4. Repeaters 5. Routers 6. Bridges 7. Gate Way 8. Multiplexers 9. Concentrators

Computer Network/ Network

Network is the collection of inter contacted devices for proper utilization.

Any device in network is called NODE. Node may be a Computer, Printer or any other device Types of Network a) Communication Network b) Computer Network a) Communication Network Communication network is use for sharing audio, video files or information sharing computer network. b) Computer Network Collection of independent sectored and interconnected of computer for sharing of information, program and resources. Sharing Providing access of multiple user in a single Object Types of Network (With respect to the Distance/Area) a) Local Area Network (LAN) TINY Area Network b) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) WAN Global Area Network (GAN) a) Local Area Network (LAN) A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as home, school, computer laboratory or office building.LAN is established with in 100 m area. TINY Area Network A Special type of LAN having no more then ten computer. b) Wide Area Network (WAN) Network established more then 100m is called WAN. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Network of computers with in city WAN Network of computer with in country

Global Area Network (GAN) A network that cover the entire network e.g. internet Types of network (With respect to the feature) VAN (Value Added Network) VPN (Virtual Private Network) Value Added Network (VAN) Any type of LAN or WAN in which digital additional services are available. E.g. ISDN=Integrated Services Digital Network. Virtual Private Network (VPN) In this network additional security feature are available to any use, its mean that network cant be misuse or hack. VPN is the type of VAN in which publicly accessible network are used such a way that outsider cant intercept information. Such as DSL = Digital Subscriber Line

Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Internet technology is used in this network, internet purpose is to collect the information at anytime, anywhere A. Internet Information is available for all over Not owned by any organization Huge resources of information B. Intranet Special type of network in which internet technology (develop by the companies) are used employee or sharing information or resources among employees of an organization. Information portals are develop in the intranet to facilitate the staff employees Portals Is a comprehensive interface which provides the facility to perform various tasks. Web A web portal or links page is a web site that functions as a point of access to information in the World Wide Web.

C. Extranet Is a portal types of internet in which some limited access is also provided different stake holder of an organization, e.g. E-Commerce website

Network Topology
Physical arrangement of the Computer in a network is called topology. It describe how different computer are connected to each other. Following are the types of topology 1. Bus Topology 2. Star Topology 3. Ring or token ring Topology 4. Tree Topology 5. Hybrid Topology 6. Mesh Topology 7. Cellular Topology 1. Bus Topology In bus topology node are connected to each other with a wire is called Bus

It is most economically type of topology If some problem is occurring anywhere in the cables then the whole network will be clasps. Bus topology is less reliable 2. Star Topology In this type of topology all the nodes of network is connected with the help of cable. Hub is use to connect different nodes.

 Star topology is more reliable and expensive then Bus topology. Network will remain operate if some problem occur in the cable 3. Ring Topology or Token ring Topology It is a special type of bus topology in which both ends again connected each other. In this way user have two different paths to transfer signals, Clockwise or anti clockwise.

In this topology a special data package is known as token is used to reduce chances of data loss, a particular can only send its message only if it has token 4. Tree topology A special type of star topology in which a particular node may have more then one subscriber. It is more economically then star topology.

5. Hybrid Topology In this configuration two topologies are connected to get the benefit of the all topologies