Glass Construction Guide Bauhaus University

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar
Department of Steel Structures
Glass Construction
Contents: Introduction
Historical Development of Glass Constructions
Design
Material Glass Existing Guidelines Results from Research Suggestions for further Design-Guidelines
Load-Bearing Glass Constructions

Examples FEM-Analysis based on Experiments
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Introduction

GLASS STRENGTH: GLASS STRENGTH:
Theoretical: Compressive strength:
700 900 N/mm Tensile strength: > 1000 N/mm
Practical:
Tensile strength: 30 100 N/mm (notches in glass-surface)
STEEL
GLASS
MAIN PROBLEM: MAIN PROBLEM:

Brittleness
no plasticitiy (no stress redistribution)
linear stress-strain-relation until fracture sudden collpase by reaching the ultimate load
Design
MATERIAL

IMPORTANT GLASS PRODUCTS: IMPORTANT GLASS PRODUCTS:
Floatglass
Standard Glass, most frequently used exclusive inherent strength (45 N/mm) Structure after fracture:
Star-shaped large fragments
Design
MATERIAL

IMPORTANT GLASS-PRODUCTS: IMPORTANT GLASS-PRODUCTS: TEMPERED GLASS (ESG)
thermally toughened safety glass total strength: 120 N/mm Structure after fracture: small, blunt crumbs
HEAT STRENGHTENED GLASS (TVG)

heat strengthened Floatglass total strength: variable depending on producer Structure after fracture:
Star-shaped large fragments
Design (similar to Floatglass)
(~ 70 N/mm)
Note: after thermal strengthening of ESG /TVG

further processing is not possible
MATERIAL

LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS (VSG): LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS (VSG): 2 or more panes on top of each other connected by PVB-Interlayers all glass products can be combined at will BENEFIT: fixing splinters and improved
load bearing capacity after fracture required for load-bearing Glass-Constructions
INSULATION GLAZING: INSULATION GLAZING: 2 or more panes are seperated by a hermetic

interstice connection of the panes only at the sides by separators BENEFIT: Improvement of thermal insulation
Design
MATERIAL

Experiment for punch strength
Experiment for time-dependent strength
Design
MATERIAL
t = 2min
t = 5min
Design
t=3h

SPECIAL GLASSES: SPECIAL GLASSES e.g. fire-protecting glasses
Design
MATERIAL

AREA OF APPLICATION:
continuous support of at least two opposite sides Deflection of the substructure L/200 or 15mm
(L: length of glass pane)
Existing Guidelines for Glass-Design for Glass-Design
continuous support necessary also for

lifting forces (wind suction)
(e.g. stiff cover plates)
Installation height of vertical glazing > 4m
TRLV NOT ALLOWED FOR:

Design
single or additional glass fitting enterable glazing (walk-on-glazing) single sided clamped support
TRLV

DEFINITION:
Vertical Glazing:
vertical Inclination 10
Overhead Glazing:
vertical Inclination > 10
Design
TRLV

VERTICAL GLAZING:
no special requirements concerning
load bearing capacity after fracture
4-sided support necessary (except for

tempered glass (ESG))
Heat-Soak-Test (sulfide-inclusion) - to avoid sudden failure of ESG-panes - prescribed for:

a) ESG-panes being supported on < 4 sides b) ESG-panes with alternating temperature loading
Drilling and cut-out allowed in vertical glazing

Design
TRLV

OVERHEAD GLAZING:
special requirements concerning load bearing
capacity after fracture
For single glazing and lower panes of

insulation glazing is allowed to use: a) Laminated safety glass (VSG) with Floatglass
Span > 1,20m needs to have 4-sided support
b) Wired Glass
Applicable only for spans 70 cm
Larger spans possible, if there are

additional safety devices Avoid glass pieces falling down to circulation areas
(e.g. by a close meshed net) Design
Drilling and cut-out NOT allowed in overhead

glazing
TRLV

DESIGN:
Basis: Concept of allowable stresses
More modern concepts are involved by different sizes of allowable stresses for vertical and overhead glazing (because of different durations of load actions). Allowable stresses [N/mm] Glass product ESG (Float) Floatglass VSG (Float) Overhead 50 12 15 Vertical 50 18 22,5
stick to maximum deflections factors increasing stresses are to be respected

e.g. drilling, sections Design
composite shear-effect of laminated glass is

not allowed to be respected
TRLV

SPECIALTIES CONCERNING INSULATING GLAZING: Additional to standard load-assumptions
there are differences in pressures between interstice and environment: a) Differences of temperatures b) Differences in heights (place of production and installation) c) Changes of air pressure
Effect of interconnection between the panes

is to be respected
In case of failure of overhead glazing:

The lower pane must be designed to bear the loads of the upper pane
(in this case: no requests concerning deflections)
TRLV needs not to be used for windows by

Design
sticking to some criterias:

(e.g. height of installation 20m, size of window 1,6m)
TRLV

AREA OF APPLICATION:
Glass to prevent from falling, difference
in height 1,0m
vertical glazing (TRLV) with additional demands linear beared parapet with passing structural
handrail
glass elements used as filling
TRAV NEEDS NOT TO BE USED FOR: TRAV NEEDS NOT TO BE USED FOR:
glass elements that do not prevent from falling
independently
Design (additional structural elements are used to do so, e.g. flat grids)
TRAV

CLASSIFICATION IN 5 CATEGORIES:
CATEGORY A
high vertical glazings without any

handrail or bar
horizontal forces must be beared by

the glazing
APPLICABLE GLASS PRODUCTS:
VSG for single glazing and for the

inner pane of insulation glazing
any glass product for the outer pane

of insulation glazing
Design
Category A
TRAV

CATEGORY B
parapet-high vertical glazing elements

with linear beared fixing at the bottom and a passing structural handrail
Forces from the handrail must be beared

by the glazing
In case of collapse of a glass-element

the forces must be transmitted by the handrail to the adjacent elements
APPLICABLE GLASS PRODUCTS:
only VSG
Design
Category B
TRAV

CATEGORY C C1 Filling with at least two facing sides being beared linear or by glass fittings C2 having a load-bearing bar above vertical glass elements that are fixed linear at at least two facing sides C3 Glazing like Categrory A but with an additional structural handrail APPLICABLE GLASS PRODUCTS:
Design
Category C1
Category C2
ESG with a four-sided linear bearing ESG is possible for the inner pane of insulation glazing Category C3
single glazing: only VSG Exception for C1 and C2:
TRAV

DESIGN:
ACTIONS Wind (w), Force of handrail (h) Climatic loads in case of insulation glazing COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS: In general: w+h/2 and h+w/2 for insulation glazing additionally:
w+climatic loads and h+climatic loads
Crash-loads (not to be combined) VERIFICATION: allowable stresses according to TRLV

Design
Effect of interconnection between the

panes of insulation glazing can be used
composite shear-effect of laminated glass

Is not allowed to be respected
TRAV

IMPACT LOADS:
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION Pendulum impact test
- testing heights: 45 cm (Cat. C) 70 cm (B) - 90cm (A) - different testing locations - bearing conditions must be modelled correctly (possibly experiments at the real unit)
MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION
Several criterias must be fulfilled, e.g.:
- linear bearing of the glazing - limitations of the pane-sizes
allowable stresses can be increased for impact loads

(Float: 80 N/mm, ESG: 170 N/mm)
STICKING TO DESIGN CRITERIAS, e.g.

Design
no drillings or cut-outs minimum overlapping size glass / fixation: 12 to 14mm requirements concerning the fixation
TRAV

BEMESSUNG: BEMESSUNG: High stresses at the edges of drillings must
be avoided
Exact modelling of the support area is

necessary
Expendable FEM-Analysis Often experiments are necessary to validate

mathematical results
Design
PUNKTHALTER

GRIPPING JAWS:
no drillings in the pane jaws on both sides Forces perpendicular to the pane:
Beared by the jaws
Forces in-plane:
Beared by setting blocks and / or (partially) by friction
Design
GLASS FITTING

DRILLED GLASS FITTINGS:: FITTINGS:
Glass needs to be pierced
Qualtiy of the edges of the drilling effects the load bearing capacity
BENEFIT: filigree, transparent facades Effects of rigid fixing in the area of the glass fittings
dangerous stress concentrations
Glass fitting systems support both, single

and insulation glazing
Design
GLASS FITTING
Total collapse of an VSG-Glazing-System Snap out of the PVB-Interlayer from the glass fitting
Design
GLASS FITTING
Design
GLASS FITTING
Design
GLASS FITTING

CURRENT STATUS:
Design according to allowable stresses global safety factor linear bending theory
PROBLEMS:
strength of glass depends on several factors:

(e.g. surface defects, environmental impacts)
there is no absolute strength definable Deflections can go up to multiple glass thickness

Design
nonlinear design becomes necessary
DESIGN CONCEPTS

MODERN CONCEPTS:
Design on probability of failure:

- crack starts in areas that offers relatively high stresses
with a relatively deep notch Cracks do not start in areas with the highest stresses calculating eff by integrating the mean tensile stresses
- Implementation of safety classes:

Class 1: No danger for human life Gefahr Class 2: Danger for human life G = 8,4 10 G = 1,5 10
-3 -3
Regarding strength-influencing factors:

- Quality of the surface (deepness of notches) - Size of the glass elements - Kind of loading
Design
- Length of loading (time) - Environmental impacts
DESIGN CONCEPTS

CONCEPT FOR THE EUROPEAN NORM: CONCEPT FOR THE EUROPEAN NORM:
includes all the named influences by partial safety factors

ACTION:
e.g. dead load, wind, snow, climatic loads, imposed deformation

Action persistent fluctuating Side effects PSF 1,35 1,2 1,5 0,15 0,96 note Depending on safety class -
REACTION:
characteristic strength of glass-products (e.g. Float: 45 N/mm) using factors to reduce characteristic strength
Influence Design Length of action Size of panes Safety class factor 0,27 0,72 1,0 0,88 0,55 / 0,5 note long - short 1,0m - 20,0m Safety class 1 / 2
DESIGN CONCEPTS

LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS: LAMINATED
Composite shear effect of the PVB-Interlayer

Time-Dependence Temperature-Dependence Stiffness-Dependence (support / midspan)
LAMINATED GLASS // POLYCARBONATE LAMINATED GLASS POLYCARBONATE SANDWICH: SANDWICH:
Reducing the brittleness of glass

BENEFIT: combination of transparency and ductility
NYLON-3D-VERBINDUNGSKNOTEN:
Realizing transparent, 3-dimensional

connections for glass constructions
BENEFIT: Getting a simple connection method for: Beams Design Columns Plates Panels
RESEARCH

MODERN FIELDS FOR GLASS: MODERN FIELDS FOR GLASS:
Glassbeams Glasscolumns load bearing Glasspanels stiffening / bracing with glass elements
GLASS-STEEL-CONSTRUCTIONS: GLASS-STEEL-CONSTRUCTIONS:
Glass is connected to steel elements
ALL-GLASS-CONSTRUCTIONS: ALL-GLASS CONSTRUCTIONS:
Connections Glass / Glass by

silicone compound systems
Construction
LOAD-BEARING GLASS
Construction
LOAD-BEARING GLASS
Construction
LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
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LOAD-BEARING GLASS
Construction
LOAD-BEARING GLASS
Construction
LOAD-BEARING GLASS
Load Assumptions:
Dead Load: Grid Overhead glazing Live Load: Vertical: Use of balcony Vertical: snow
Construction
gG = 0,30 kN/m gD = 0,45 kN/m pv = 10,5 kN/m ps = 0,375 kN/m pw = 0,2 kN/m
Horizontal: wind
Construction
F1 = 4,20 kN F2 = 9,01 kN
Construction

CRITICAL LOAD: 156 kN (2x78 kN)
y
Construction
Linear Buckling Analysis
Nonlinear Buckling Analysis

(zweiwellige Vorverformung mit L/200 = 14,2 mm, feste Lagerung)
uz

Lastfall 1: Lastfall 2:
ERMITTLUNG DER VORVERFORMUNG:
Dreiseitige Lagerung
(oberer Rand frei)
Ermittlung der Beuleigenform
Construction
EXPERIMENTS

Spannungsverteilung infolge Strlast und Eigengewicht
Vorverformung auf L/500 = 2mm
Strlast
Construction
EXPERIMENTS

Nichtlineare Grenzlastermittlung Vorverformung L/500 = 2mm
Problem: festigkeitsreduzierter Kantenbereich

Es wird eine Zugfestigkeit von 22 N/mm fr den Kanten- und Eckbereich angenommen
GRENZLAST: 2,48 kN
Construction
EXPERIMENTS
Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar x
Construction
Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar y
Construction
Design

THERMISCHE VORSPANNUNG:
gilt fr ESG und TVG Vorspannung darf nicht als Materialfestigkeit

angesetzt werden
Bercksichtigung der Vorspannung als Lastfall
Biegefestigkeit = Prffestigkeit + Vorspannung
[ Vorspannung = negativ]
Begrndung:
Fr Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit ist Kenntnis der Eigenfestigkeit (Biegefestigkeit) notwendig Aussage ber Lebensdauer treffen - Lebensdauer abhngig von Gre der resultierenden
Design
Zugspannung
- Bei resultierender Druckspannung auf Oberflche

wre Lebensdauer theoretisch unendlich gro
DESIGN CONCEPTS

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Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Load-Bearing Glass Constructions

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures

Civil & Structural Engineering Bauhaus-University Weimar

Department of Steel Structures