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Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS Catalyst 4500/4900 and 6500/6500-E QoS Design (Hidden)
Architectural Framework
Align with Business Drivers
Internet video alone will account for 57% of all consumer Internet traffic in 2014.
Real-time video is growing in importance. By 2014, Internet TV will be over 8% of consumer Internet traffic, and ambient video will be an additional 5% of consumer Internet traffic. Globally, P2P TV is now over 280 petabytes per month.
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Collaborative Media
Ad-Hoc App TelePresence
Video
IP Video Conf
IP Telephony
Voice
WebEx
Data Apps
Data Apps
Connectivity
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Leveraging 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Investment
Co-Existence
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Experience Assurance
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SAF/XMPP/Bonjour
RTCP/SNMP/FNF RSVP/QoS
IGMPv3
802.1x CDP, LLDP-MED
Multicast
NetFlow RSVP
SAF
Resource Control
PfR
IPSLA QoS
Media Optimisation
Seamless Security
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Realtime
Streaming Video
Signaling / Control Call Signaling Network Control
Critical Data
Critical Data
Best Effort
Best Effort
Scavenger
Cisco Public
Time http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp61135
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Compatible Four-Class and Eleven-Class Queuing Models Following Realtime, Best Effort, and Scavenger
Queuing Rules
Scavenger 1%
Bulk 4% Streaming-Video
Scavenger/ Bulk 5%
Recommended Guidelines:
Voice 18%
Transactional Data
Mission-Critical Data Call-Signalling
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Congestion Avoidance should be enabled on select TCP flows (eg WRED, DBL)
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Components of QoS
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R
B
Link FIFO
Classifier
B Policer
Link
Shaper
Admission Control - Local, Measurement and Resource Based (CAC and RSVP). Classification and Marking - CoS, DSCP, Port Num, Packet Len, Protocol, VLAN etc Policing - Pre Queuing includes Marking, Policing, Dropping (Tail Drop and WRED)
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PT
FCS
Ethernet Frame
CFI
VLAN ID
Len
ID
Offset
TTL
Proto
FCS
IP SA
IP DA
Data
IPv4 Packet
7 6 5 4 3 2 IP Precedence Unused DiffServ Code Point (DSCP)
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IP ECN
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Per-Hop
Behavior EF CS5 CS4 AF4 AF3 CS6
Admission
Control Required Required Required Required Recommended
Queuing &
Dropping Priority Queue (PQ) (Optional) PQ (Optional) PQ BW Queue + DSCP WRED BW Queue + DSCP WRED BW Queue
Application
Examples Cisco IP Phones (G.711, G.729) Cisco IP Video Surveillance / Cisco Enterprise TV Cisco TelePresence Cisco Unified Personal Communicator, WebEx Cisco Digital Media System (VoDs) EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, HSRP, IKE
Call-Signaling
Ops / Admin / Mgmt (OAM)
CS3
CS2
BW Queue
BW Queue
Transactional Data
Bulk Data Best Effort Scavenger
AF2
AF1 DF CS1
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp61104
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Traffic marking can be applied unconditionally, e.g. mark the DSCP to 34 for all traffic received on a particular interface, or as a conditional result of a policer Conditional marking can be used to designate in- and out-of-contract traffic:
Conform action is mark one way Exceed action is mark another way
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Congestion can occur whenever there are speed mismatches (oversubscription) When routers receive more packets than they can immediately forward, they momentarily store the packets in buffers (full buffers = packets dropped)
Queues do not actually contain packets but consist of an ordered set of pointers to locations in buffer memory where packets in that particular queue are stored
Buffer memory generally shared across different queues (so more Qs is not necessarily better)
Routers generally use IOS-based software queuing BRKRST-2500 switches generally use hardware queuing Catalyst 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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B/W Queue 2
Low Priority/ BE
B/W Queue 1
Large buffer allocation for BE traffic (queue 1), with minimal bandwidth weighting (more latency)
Small buffer allocation for critical data (queue 2), with heavier bandwidth weighting
Queue 1
Mixed TCP and UDP applications with no real latency requirements.
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***Allocating more memory to a given queue can increase packet latency, which could impact application performance. 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Dropping algorithms are used to drop packets as queue depths build, how we drop is important.
Two main type of dropping algorithm are used today: Tail drop normally the default behaviour (Thresholds) Normally applied to VoIP/Video (UDP) traffic
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Queue
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 3 2 1 3
Queueing algorithms manage0 front of the queue ( Which packets get sent first ) the 3 Congestion avoidance algorithms manage the tail of the queue (Which packets get 0 dropped first when queuing buffers fill) 3 Variants based on Tail Drop and RED (Random Early Discard) based on weight Weighted Tail-drop and Weighted RED WRED - Drops packets according to their DSCP markings WRED works best with TCP-based applications, like data
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[Courtesy of Sean Doran, then at Ebone] Without RED, below 100% throughput
Simple FIFO with tail drop Tail drop results in session synchronisation RED enabled starting 10:00 second day, ~100% throughput
N Weighted queues
Link
Schedulers determine which queue to service next - Different schedulers service queues in different orders
Queued packets
Most common types of schedulers FIFO is the most basic queuing type and is default when no QoS is enabled Priority scheduling the queue is serviced if a packet is present Weighted bandwidth scheduling Weighted Round Robin (WRR), simple, each queue is weighted e.g. Custom Qing
Weighted Fair2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Queuing e.g. (FB)WFQ, CBWFQ, LLQ (a.k.a. PQ-CBWFQ) BRKRST-2500 Cisco Public
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Beer/Chips/Beer
Pub
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Beer/Chips/Beer
Pub
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Policed Rate
Time
Time
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Shaping
Link
Shaper
Scheduler
R
B
Link
Shaper
R
B
Shaper
Scheduler
Link
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Fragmentation and Interleaving minimises Serialisation Delay Serialisation delay is the finite amount of time required to put frames on a wire For links 768 kbps serialisation delay is a major factor affecting latency and jitter For such slow links, large data packets need to be fragmented and interleaved with smaller, more urgent voice packets
Compression can reduce L3 VoIP BW by: 20% with G.711 and 60% with G.729 Public BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
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Signalling and CAC - MediaNet Resource Reservation Needs Protocol (RSVP) This App
Protect Voice from Voice etc 3 Types Gway, Probes (IPSLA) and RSVP. RSVP QoS services
Topology Aware CAC Uses existing Routing Protocols Dynamically adjusts to link and topology changes
16K BW and 100 msec Delay
Handset
Multimedia Station
RSVP provides the policy to WFQ and LLQ to maintain Voice quality
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Handset
Multimedia Server
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Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS WAN and Branch QoS Design
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Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Surveillance
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Si
Si
Digital Signage
Si Si
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Surveillance
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40
WAN Aggregator
Server Farms
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IP Phones + PCs
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IP Phones + PCs
Cisco Public
Trust Boundaries
Conditionally Trusted Endpoints Example: IP Phone + PC [mls] qos trust device cisco-phone Secure Endpoint Example: Software-protected PC With centrally-administered QoS markings [mls] qos trust dscp Unsecure Endpoint no [mls] qos trust
Trust Boundary
Trust Boundary
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Internal DSCP = 0
CoS-to-DSCP Mapping Table
CoS = 0 DSCP = 0
Trust CoS
[mls] qos trust cos
CoS 0 0 CoS 4 32 CoS 1 8 CoS 5 40 CoS 2 16 CoS 6 48 CoS 3 24 CoS 7 56 [mls] qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
Internal DSCP = 40
CoS = 5 DSCP = 46
Trust DSCP
[mls] qos trust dscp
Internal DSCP = 46
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Drop Drop
Yes No
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
DVLAN
Mark AF11
Mark CS1 Mark DF
Minimum queuing capabilities for medianet is 1P3QyT Realtime (PQ) should be less than 33% of link Best-Effort Queue should be guaranteed at 25% of link Scavenger/Bulk queue should be minimally provisioned WRED is preferred congestion-avoidance mechanism Buffers for BE and Guaranteed BW queues can be directly proportional to BW allocation
Example: 25% BW for BE Queue can be matched with 25% Buffer Allocation
Realtime 33%
Scavenger/Bulk 5%
Guaranteed BW
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Ingress Queues
SRR
Ring
Queues
SRR
Ingress
Classification Inspect incoming packets Based on ACLs or configuration, determine classification label
Egress
Egress Queue/ Schedule Congestion Control Four SRR queues/port shared or shaped servicing One queue is configurable for strict priority servicing WTD for congestion control (three thresholds per queue) Egress queue shaping Egress port rate limiting
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Policing Ensure conformance to a specified rate On an aggregate or individual flow basis Up to 256 policers per Port ASIC Support for rate and burst
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1098508 BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Traffic is classified on ingress, based on trust-states, access-lists, or class-maps. Because the total inbound bandwidth of all ports can exceed the bandwidth of the stack or internal ring, ingress queues are supported
The Catalyst 2960 and 2975 can police to a minimum rate of 1 Mbps; all other platforms within this switch product family can police to a minimum rate of 8 kbps.
The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support multilayer switching and as such correspondingly support per-VLAN or per-port/per-VLAN policies. The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support IPv6 QoS. The Catalyst 3560 and 3750 support policing on 10 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. The Catalyst 2960/2975/3650/3750 support Shaped Round Robin (BW limits), Shared Round Robin (shares unused BW), as well as strict priority queue scheduling The Catalyst 2011 Cisco and/or itsand 3750-E/X support SRR shaping weights on 10 GE ints 3560-E/X affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKRST-2500 Cisco Public
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1. Traffic classification
class-map
Modular QoS and the Hierarchical Queuing Framework (HQF) class-map match-any VOIP
identify traffic and assign to classes match ip dscp 40 match access-group 100 class-map match-any BUS match access-group 101 class-map match-all CTRL match access-group 103 match access-group 104 ! policy-map DIFFSERV_POLICY class VOIP priority police 64000 class BUS bandwidth remaining percent 90 ! interface Serial0 ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 service-policy output DIFFSERV_POLICY
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Queuing Models
Ingress Queuing 1P1Q3T Model
Egress Queuing 1P3Q3T Model
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1098448
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Verified with:
show mls qos
C3750-E(config)#mls qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 24 32 46 48 56 ! CoS 5 (the sixth CoS value, starting from 0) is mapped to 46 C3750-E(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 C3750-E(config-if)#mls qos trust cos ! The interface is set to statically trust CoS
Verified with:
show mls qos interface show mls qos map cos-dscp
BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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DSCP (CS7) CS6 EF CS5 AF4 CS4 AF3 CS3 AF2 CS2 AF1 CS1 DF
Cisco Public
1P1Q3T EF Q2 CS5 CS4 Priority Queue CS7 CS6 CS6 CS3 Queue 1 Non-Priority AF2 Default Queue CS2 AF1 CS1 AF4 AF3
Q1T3 Q1T2 Q1T1
DF
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http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1099352 BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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DSCP (CS7) CS6 EF CS5 AF4 CS4 AF3 CS3 AF2 CS2 AF1 CS1 DF
Cisco Public
1P3Q3T CS1 Queue 4 Q4T2 Q4T1 AF1 (5%) Default Queue DF Queue 3 (35%) CS7 CS6
Q2T3
CS3
AF4 AF3 AF2 CS2
Queue 2 (30%)
Q2T2
Q2T1
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Simplifies the deployment of QoS Policies Uses a set of Standard configurations that can be modified Currently all switch platforms support AutoQoS-VoIP
Best practice QoS designs for IP Telephony deployments
AutoQoS
Supports not only IP Phones, but also TelePresence & IPVS cameras
Autoprovisions ingress trust, classification, marking & policing Autoprovisions ingress queuing (as applicable) Autoprovisions egress queuing
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http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1098289
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Mark CS3
Mark AF21 Mark AF11 Mark CS1 Mark DF
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1144082 BRKRST-2500 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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AutoQoS on EtherChannel
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1145082
Removing AutoQoS
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html#wp1145119
AutoQoS At-A-Glance
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/autoqosmediacampus.pdf
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Benefit
Provides CoS flow control using Pause. Supports lossless requirement for storage traffic with 8 independent V Lanes Grouping classes of traffic into Service Lanes IEEE 802.1Qaz, CoS based Enhanced Transmission
End to End Congestion Management for L2 network Auto-negotiation for Enhanced Ethernet capabilities DCBX
Eliminate Spanning Tree for L2 topologies Utilise full Bi-Sectional bandwidth with ECMP
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Egress Classification
Egress Policing 1-rate 2-colour and 2-rate 3-colour aggregate policing Shared policers Colour-aware aggregate policing Policing actions:
Transmit Drop Change CoS/IPPrec/DSCP Markdown
Cisco Public
Agenda Business and Technical Drivers for QoS Design Update Components of QoS Campus QoS Design Considerations and Models Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X QoS Design Catalyst 2960/2975/3560/3750 G/E/X AutoQoS WAN and Branch QoS Design
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RSVP-Enabled WAN/VPN Edge Router Interface + RSVP policies + (Optional) Application ID RSVP policies
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Scheduling Tools
LLQ/CBWFQ Subsystems
Ingress
Egress
Packets In
FQ
Packets Out
CBWFQ
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All LLQ traffic is serviced by a single strict-priority queue. This PQ is serviced on a First-In-First-Out basis VOIP and TelePresence receive an EF PHB, but VIDEO cannot interfere with VOIP. Total 16Mbps PQ shared by VoIP and TelePresence FIFO entrance into the queue
Packets IN
TX Ring
Call-Signalling CBWFQ Transactional CBWFQ Bulk Data CBWFQ Default Queue
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CBWFQ Scheduler
Packets OUT
FQ
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Realtime
Streaming Video
Signaling / Control Call Signaling Network Control
Critical Data
Critical Data
Best Effort
Best Effort
Scavenger
Cisco Public
Time http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html#wp61135
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Resources
Cisco Visual Networking Index http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution. html Overview of a Medianet Architecture http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/vrn.html Enterprise Medianet Quality of Service Design 4.0 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_ SRND_40/QoSIntro_40.html
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Resources
AutoQoS for Medianet Campus Networks At-A-Glance
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Video/autoqosmediacampus.pdf
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The Campus QoS SRND presents a unified and consistent set of recommendations across platforms
AutoQoS for Medianet is already available on the 2K/3K to simplify and expedite QoS deployment
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Q&A
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