Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Accession
9.6.5.9.9
Class ....&#
Jf
04-74-
RATORY
By
MACINTOSH, D. D.
AND
The Place
BY REV. A. J.
BEHRENDS, D. D.
Philadelphia.
The Penn
Publishing
IpOI
Company
CONTENTS
JPAGB
Oratory
of Potent
Words
51
The
Expression
73
96599
R ATO R Y
AN ORATION
REV.
NATIONAL SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION AND ORATORY UPON THB OCCASION OF ITS THIRD ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, HELD IN THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF Music, PHILADELPHIA, MAY 29, 1876
ORATION
BY
REV.
phia audience
appreciative
;
intelligent,
sympathetic,
when
the audience
one of the
needed
have reason
to
believe has been established under the inspiration of the highest motives, not only
8
itself.
This
for
city
eminent in
many
for
reits
spects
its
institutions,
and
make
civiliza-
so honorable
last, it
congratulate, that
now, at
oratory in this central position, equidistant from the South, from the West, and
from the North, as a fitting centre from which should go out influences that shall
exalt, if not regenerate, public
sentiment
for,
while
is
making,
in the training of
ing, I think I
men
may
the exertions that are put forth in other departments of education, this subject is
behind almost
Training in this department is the great want of our day for we are living in a land whose
all
othefs.
oratory.
)There
nothing that draws men more quickly to any centre than the hope of
is
hearing important subjects wisely discussed with jull fervor of manhood and
;
that
is
oratory
duct, and character set home by the living \/ And nowhere, in force of the full man.
the
field,
in schools,
ged truth, and gives force and energy to its utterance, that people do not crowd
and throng there. We have demonstrations enough, fortunately, to show that truth alone is not
sufficient
;
for
truth
is
man
is
the
bow
that
sends
it
home./
There be many men who are the light of the pulpit, whose thought is profound, whose learning
offices
is
universal, but
whose
They do
IO
make known
the truth
but without
fer-
out inspiration and discourse upon discourse would fitly be called the funeral
;
of important subjects
Nowhere
disclosure of
what
is
possible from
in
oratory.
man
In
cir-
acting
upon men,
as
cumstances more or
oped the
instances,
force
of eloquence
in special
classes.
in-
or
among
particular
Consider that nothing can live in our midst until it has accepted
its
Now
ing learning, and of popularizing science but popular intelligence is that atmos;
phere in which
all
high
scientific
truth
II
all
learning,
in
its
find
;
and throughout our land the people demand to know what are the principles of government, what is the
stimnlation
procedure
of
courts,
what
is
the best
thought in regard to national policy, what are the ripening thoughts respecting
the reformations of the times, what
social truth,
is is
what
is civil
truth,
and what
are dis-
divine truth.
These things
cussed in the cabin, in the field, in the court-house, in the legislative hall, everywhere, throughout forty or fifty millions of people. This is in accordance with
the nature of our institutions and our the living voice more largely than to any other source are we indebted for the popularization of learn-
customs
and
to
force,
12
in accordance with
customs, I think that oratory, with the exception of here and there an instance which is supposed to be
tions
and our
artificial
as a
tation
as a
method
for actors
on the other hand, I hold that oratory has this test and mark of divine
Still,
when He makes
things perfect, signifies that He is done by throwing over them the robe of beauty;
for
beauty
is
lence.
All
things,
growing
it
in
their
in vigorous strength,
until
may
be
but not
hangs pendant, has the vine evinced for what it was made. God is a God of
beauty
to that,
;
and beauty
is
final process.
When
they have touched their limit. Now, a living force that brings to itself all the resources of imagination, all the
is
influen-
man,
is
and the divine arrangement and there is no misconstruction more utterly untrue
;
and
and
fatal
than this
thing,
that oratory
is
an
artificial
trifles, for
the sake of
making bubbles
14
curial audiences.
So
far
from
that,
it is
man
to the
himself
his
learning,
by
is
all
that there
is
is
in thought,
by alLthat there
that there
in
feeling,
by
all
home
through the
beauty.
And
place
take
its
among
that
;
ments of education.
I
have
;
said
it is
it
is
largely
this
so
disregarded fruits of
fill
disregard
is
men
all
the
places of power
directed
;
how
With
force mis-
as
it
with energy not half so fruitful might be; with sincerity that knows
to spread its
I
not
wings and fly. think that if you were to trace and analyze the methods which prevail in
how
to
all
the departments of society, you would find in no other such contempt of culture,
this
May
speak of
my own
profession,
from a life-long acquaintance from now forty years of public life and knowledge and observation ? May I say, without
being supposed to arrogate anything to
my own
profession,
that I
know
of no
and of more
sincerity,
than
yet,
And
with exceptional cases, here and there, I cannot say that the profession represents
eminence:
in elo-
quence, but in oratory. I bear them witness that they mean well I bear them
;
witness that in multitudes of cases they are grotesque; that in multitudes of other
i6
/cases
they are awkward; and that in multitudes still greater they are dull.
They are living witnesses to show how much can be done by men that are in
earnest without
offices,
taste, by and they are living witnesses training also, I think, of/how much is left undone
;
to
make
make men
eager to hear it and eager to receive it, by the lack of that very training which they
have despised
,
or neglected, at
any
rate.
ask you to scrutinize the manner and the methods that prevail in
shall
I
our courts
seesaw
?
Shall I ask you to look at the intensity that raises itself to the highest pitch in the beginning, and that then,
running
wearies,
in
if it
screaming
monotone,
all
that
hear
it ?
17
Or, shall I ask you to consider the wild way in which speaking takes place in our
political conflicts
emotion, in almost
all
of them. of the
advan-
tage that
tones
!
conversational
How
men
seldom does a
man
dare to
!
And
the
and methodical in the bad wa}/,who are most afraid of the artificial training that
is
given in the schools, and who so often show by the fruit of their labor that the
is
want of oratory
How
hold
!
remarkable
sweetness of voice
The music
of no chorded instru-
i8
ments brought together is, for sweetness, like the music of familiar affection when
spoken by brother and and mother.
Conversation
itself
sister,
or
by
father
belongs to oratory.
Where
field
is
there a wider, a
more ample
?
knowledge than
at a festive dinner
and
how
often
do we
find
that
when men,
arise to
and utterly
it
disqualified to speak
How
rare
is
on such occasions
see men.
How
seldom do we
who
of what
this
is fit
!
and proper
at gatherings of
kind
there are
who
who have
19
company among
their
Having ingly nnapt in their methods. none of the secret instrnments by which
the elements of nature
may
be tonched,
and no power in this direction, they stand as machines before A man may be as living, sensitive men.
having no
skill
only the
instrument
is
dead
hand
And
if
you can
electrify
an
audience by the power of a living man on dead things, how much more should that
audience be electrified
are living and the
when
is
the chords
man
alive,
and he
knows how
inspiration
!
to
and
for
every
reason of
of
humanity, of
a
patriotism,
and
religion,
more
20
.conduct with
the truth
set
home by
Its
all
man.
aim
not to please men, but to build them up and the pleasure which it imparts is
;
it
seeks to
to
men by
who, with unwelcome truths, undertakes to carry them to men who do not want
them, but who need them, undertakes a task which is like drawing near to a The times have gone by, but fortress.
A person
you
if
had
spoken here on certain themes belonging to patriotism which now are our glory, I
should have stood before you as before so many castles locked and barred. How
But
if
one
making the
truth beautiful;
21
one had the art of coaxing the keeper of the gate to turn the key and let the
if
interloping thought
come
in
if
one could
of envy,
of jealousy,
watches against unwelcome truths if one could by eloquence give sops to this
;
on
still
cudgeling,
Are we
to consider
a special
providence when any good comes from our preaching or our teaching ? Are we never to study how skillfully to pick the
lock of curiosity, to unfasten the door of fancy, to throw wide open the halls of emotion, and to kindle the light of inspiration in the souls of men ? Is there any
reality in oratory
?
It is all real.'
22
First, in the orator is the
man.
Let
no
of
man who
is
a sneak try to be an
orator.
the substance
is
to
be an
say.
He
very
his
He
must have
nature that kindly sympathy which connects him with his fellow-men, and which so makes him a
in
his
moves as
their tear,
man that the whole assembly. humane, a lover of his kind, full of
earnest
is
all
for
their
welfare, has in
him the
original element,
is
truth
but in this world truth needs nursing and for it needs every advantage helping
;
;
23
tne underflow of
life
is
channels of
human
The
society
have
been
on human
to dispos-
came
sess him.
gance and
cruelty, selfishness
and
its
appetites
and pas-
do swarm, and do hold in thrall the under-man that each one of us yet
carries
the
man
is
spirit-man seeks
too often he
foot.
by which
The
cv
my
adj u vau-L,
Therefore, the
man who
^
and goes
with the determination that they shall hear the man who carries victory in his
;
24
hope
the
man
who has
irrefragible
courage
it is
though
to
it
be
despised,
is
your and mother, thanks to the providence that gave you such a father and
birth,
which conies
father
by
thanks
such a mother, and thanks to the God who inspires it and sanctifies it. With
this predisposition
and
this substance of
truth which
fashion
men need, and which is to rehuman life in all its parts, the
is
need of
culture.
anything
need the
more than
gracious
Well, so long as
body.
men
There are
some who
and where they are not needed ? as men touch the ground, and
So long
feel their
25
own
tudes
and one of the very first steps in oratory is that which trains the body to be the welcome and glad servant
of the soul
human body
which
it
is
not always
for
a one
who has
acres of
little
grace of manners and many and many a one who has sweetening inside
has cacophony
when he
speaks.
Harsh,
The
first
work, therefore,
to serve his soul
is
;
to teach a
man's body
and in
this
work the education of the bodily presence is the very first step. We had almost extinguished the power of the human body by our pulpits, which, in early days, were the sources and centres of popular elo-
quence such as *there was for men fol^Y^^^(J(A lowed the Apocalyptk, figure of the
;
26
candlestick, the pulpit in the church rep-
resenting the candlestick, and the minister being supposed to be the light in it. In
those days of symbolization everything
had
to be
symbolized
was
built they
made
man
down
into
it
afar
upon
!
unto them
if
he were
distance
for his
court
or,
feet
from her
life,
would plead
as
through a
The
you,
if
you
me, a
reminiscence of
27
my own
where
I
experience.
In
the
church
and some of
the elect ladies, honorable and precious, waited upon me to know if I would not
my
table, so that
my
legs and
My
reply to
them
that
was,
"I
will,
on
one
condition
whenever
which
make
I
may
put
my
legs."
If the legs
and
feet
are tolerable in a
why
;
are they
It takes the
So
it
simple stature of the man himself. behooves us to train men to use the
whole of themselves.
is
oftentimes
28 power, after a word, or accompanying a word and men learn to perceive the
;
thought coming afar off from the man himself who foreshadows it by his action.
You
shall
obliged to
weary horse crooked over a hitching block, and preaching first on one leg, and then on the other. To be a gentle-
man
of the
lessons
which oratory
speaker.
will
teach the
young aspiring
is
how many discriminations are made hew many- smooth things are rolled off; how many complex things men are made to
By
it,
;
comprehend
How many
things
the
itself
The
29
tongue and the person are to co-operate and having been trained to work together,
;
the result
is
spontaneous, unthought
of,
unarranged
for.
Now,
natural
man
and the
man
is
the educated
thing from which he sprang how much is to be added Many a man will hear
!
it,
it
more
plain
statement.
Among
cultured
perhaps
least
and the
many
day
should not be forgotten. |How men are there that can speak from
day one hour, two hours, three hours, without exhaustion, and without hoarseness ? But it is in the power of the
to
organs, to do this.
What
multitudes of
30
men weary
its
themselves out because they put their voice on a hard run at the top of
and there is no relief to compass them, and none, unfortunately, to the audience. But the voice is like an
!
orchestra.
eagle
or
it is
low as a
lion's tone
and
some pecuIt
it
~It
has in
father's
it
the mother's
command.
It
has in
sweetness.
mirth and
it is
full of
gayety.
It glitters,
though
not seen
It
with
all its
sparkling fancies.
i ti_
ranges
r/K^rl j
^ pp fo
uses
the-wil^tinconsciously to
it;
him who
and men
listen
3*
prearranged in the man's thought, but by assiduous training made to be his second nature. Such a
voice answers to the soul,
beating.
and
it
is
its
Now, against
this
training
manifold
It is said that it is
The
conception of a
man
is
It is said that
to say,
he
can say it that if he knows what he wants to have men do, the way is for him to pitch at them. That seems to be about
the idea which ordinarily prevails on this Shoot a man, as you would a subject.
throw him as you would a and afterward, if you hand-grenade and please, look to see where he hits
rocket in war
;
;
woe be
to those
who touch
to
the fragments
Such appears
be
32
many have on
so reason
to
?
this subject.
But where
man
Here
to
is
the attempt
men
;
to
give
warmth
rations
to frigid natures
to give aspi;
to
to
to
train every
;
the perceptive power the intuitions the imagination all the sweet and overflow;
;
ing emotions.
its
The
;
emphasis
its
power of the eye and of the voice all these belong to the blessedness of this
work.
"
man
and
of the school of
fight,
the
beetle,
buzz,
and
hit
where
you can."
Thus
it
men
disdain
this culture as
though
were something
33
effeminate
;
as
though
;
it
were a science
thongh it were a means of stealing men's convictions, not and as though it lacked enforcing them
of ornamentation
as
;
calibre
and dignity.
this reasoning be
?
man who
weary quarters
voice to sing
to
drill
his
daughter's
other music.
"
is
but
is
there any-
and we receive
3
34
may make them ten. There is no one thing in man that he has in perfection till
he has
it
by
culture.
We
know
that in
Is
not the ear trained to acute hearing ? Is not the eye trained in science ? Do men not school the eye, and make it quick-seeing by patient use ? Is a man, because
he has learned a
with
cause
it,
trade,
thought to be
man
Be-
we have made discoveries of science and adapted them to manufacture because we have developed knowledge by training, are we thought to be unmanly ? Shall we, because we have unfolded our
;
for that
human
it
dained
when by
we
more
35
But
cial
;
it is
is artifiit is
that
it
mere posturing
!
that
is
it,
it.
not
but
If
;
of
man
if,
or
then the graces of speech, the graces of oratory, would be to him what all learning must be before
himself assiduously to
perfect,
os-
Never
he has
tottered
from chair
Now you
Do you
remember when your inept hands wandered through the air toward the candle,
3-6
or toward
the
mother's
bosom?
to
Now
how how
regulated,
quick,
your wish,
those hands
that they
j But became so
is
it
far
the fruit of training. perfection Let one think of what he is doing, and
you go into your parlor, where your wife and children are, you always know what to do with yourself
it ill.
he does
If
or almost always You are not in your postures, nor are you
!
awkward awkward
but
let it
be understood
are a dozen
strangers to be
and you begin to think how to appear well before them and the result
;
it
is
that
you
appear
not
very
ill.
know
how
;
Where
to
troubles
you
whether
hold up one
37
to hold both
a matter of thought
Let
me walk on
boards upon which I stand, and I walk with simplicity and perfect safety, because
think of walking but lift that board fifty feet above the ground, and let
I scarcely
;
me walk on
ing,
it
and
me
how
reel
The mo-
ment
directed to that
ill.
which he
he does
When
the
is
is
so completely
an absence of
and he does
it
it
he does
is
easily
tion
not subdued, and when, therefore, he does not act spontaneously, he is conscious of
what he
does,
38
ness prevents his doing it easily. Unconsciousness is indispensable to the doing a
Now,
orator, /if
should be part and parcel of the lessons of the school. Grace; posture; force of
manner
it
may
summer
to
them, and
call
;
upon them
that
it
may
with sweet persuasion these things .do not come artificially they belong to man.
;
Why, men
which
lies,
back of culture.
Then you
ought never to have departed from babyhood for that is the only nature you had
;
to
begin with. But is nature the acorn Is not Is not the oak nature ? forever ?
39
that which comes from the seed the best
the seed?
And
as
men we
are seeds.
Culture
is
them according to their several natures; and nowhere is training nobler than in preparing the orator for the great work to
which he educates himself
of
his
the elevation
kind,
through
through
truth,
through
through
earnestness,
beauty,
But
.ing,
it is
and that we ought not to attempt to meddle with that which God has provided
for.
Say men,
is
"
The
;
truth
is
before
you
there
your Bible
Well,
if
of God."
with what
God has
were sent because the very object of a preacher was to give the truth a living
40
jrm, and not have
it lie
As
to its simplicity
and as
I confute
for, as I
you with your own doctrine " read the sacred text, it is, Adorn
the doctrine of
are to
God our
Saviour."
We
times
times
the
for
but these are exceptional. Let every one of us please his neighbor for
;
axe
"
his
good
;
to
edification
"
is
a standing
command
and we
in
summer
But
it
guise to men. \
"
said,
is
Our
greatest orators
How
do you
know?
It
may
be that Patrick
Henry
4*
so eminent and so impetuous that break through ordinary necessities they but even Patrick Henry was eloquent only
gifts
;
Daniel Webster
supposed in
but there
many
American orator of
never lived a
so studious of
everything he did, even to the buttons on his coat, as Daniel Webster. Henry Clay
was prominent as an orator, but though he was not a man of the schools, he was a man who schooled himself and by his own thought and taste and sense of that
;
which was
fitting
and
beautiful,
he be-
If
if
you go from our land to other lands you go to the land which has been
;
irradiated
by parliamentary eloquence
42
if
if
you go
Great Britain
you go
men
in ancient
;
times
who
if
yon
they
go
to the illnstrions
names
recalls
Demosthenes
life
and Cicero
represent a
of work.
Angelo had been the servant and the slave of matter did he
until Michael
Not
had
drilled
and
drilled
free
and
summer
Not
crowning artist of beauty. You shall not find one great sculptor, nor one great architect, nor one great painter, nor one
eminent
nor one
man
in
any department of
art,
great scholar, nor one great statesman, nor one divine of universal
gifts,
whose greatness,
if
you
inquire,
you
43
will not find to be the fruit of study,
and
is
one of the
lost arts.
have heard
it
said
This fact reveals a prominent orator. law which has been overlooked namely,
that aristocracy diminishes the
number
so
of
much
up
like the
;
whereas, democracy distributes the resources of society, and brings up the whole mass of the people so that
Egypt
under a democratic government great men never stand so high above the average as
they do when society has a level far below them. Let building go up on around about the tallest spire building
in this
city,
it
spire,
though
stand
high
as
heaven,
44
because everything b}^ which rounded has risen higher.
it
is
sur-
Now, throughout our whole land there was more eloquence during our struggles
than there was previously but it was in far more mouths. It was distributed.
;
There was in the mass of men a higher method of speaking, a greater power in
and though addressing their fellow-men single men were not so prominent as
;
they would have been under other circumstances, the reason is one for which we
should be grateful.
men
Then
it
is
and espe-
Never
never!
The
is
to
it is
given a wide
;
field
and
a wonderful work
and when
it
shall be
45
clothed with
with
all
from simplicity and honesty and conviction, it will have a work second almost to
Like the
light, it
globe.
knowledge every day round the What is. done at St. Paul's in the
morning is known, or ever half the day has run around, in Wall Street, New York. What is done in New York at the
rising of the sun,
is,
By
the power
engine, the papers spread at large vast quantities of information before myriad
readers throughout the country but the office of the papers is simply to convey in;
formation.
They cannot
plant
it.
They
cannot open the soil and put it into the furrow. They cannot enforce it. It is
given only to the living man, standing
46
before
with the seed of knowledge in his hand, to open the furrows in the living
souls of men, and
men
sow the
seed,
and cover
na-
Not
it
is,
until
human
among men
Not
until then
who
brings to
is fervid
in feeling
;
who who is
;
the reasoner
moral sense;
who who
is
for the
moment
the
importunity and the urgency of zeal who brings his influence to bear upon men in
various ways / who adapts himself continually to the changing conditions of -the men that are before him who plies them
;
and by hardness, by light and by darkness, by hope and by fear who stimulates them or represses them at his
by
softness
47
will.
Nor
is
there, let
me
say,
on God's
anything so crowned and so regal as the sensation of one who faces an audience in a worthy cause, and with amfootstool,
mighty
is
man
Vast
that
dark unconsciously
only
lifting
the
the
humane
is
slave
;
Corliss engine
gine
greater than
is
Wonderful
exquisite
mechanism of modern
the
the
watch,
is
is
man
that
that
is
made.
are the
stitutions
but
48
above tliem
is
all is
man.
The
living force
greater than any of its creations greater than society, greater than its laws.
\"
for
saith
LordJ
Man And
ture
worthy of
in
all cul-
of
;
all
culture
the
power of
beauty
persuasion
reasoning.
of
all
make men patriots, to make men Christians, to make men the sons of God,
[\)
let all
Whatever there is that can make men wiser and better let it descend upon the head of him who has
all-judging reason.
orator
God's sake.
POTENT WORDS
AN ORATION
BY
REV. JOHN
S.
MACINTOSH,
D. D.
NATIONAL SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION AND ORATORY UPON THE OCCASION OF ITS EIGHTH ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, HELD AT THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF Music, PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 14, 1881
THE
WHITE SUNLIGHT
OF
POTBNT WORDS
OF
the countless acts of kindness and
gratifying
long absence to my native city and beloved laud, among the very foremost and most flattering must be ranked by
the strongly-expressed invitation to deliver this annual address before Philadelphia's
critical
me
sons
and
cultured
daughters.
From
shrank.
well
I,
not unat
first
naturally
the
nor
surprisingly,
Knowing on
51
distinguished
and masterly
52
own enhanced
this
ceded
me npon
speech and pnrest song, and had made this oration at once a high honor and a
toil-franght duty,
my
native
famous
forerunners, and also the stern, distracting pressure of clamant and incessant
work in
thousand
this
fresh
-
field
and amid a
circum-
thought troubling
stances which
for
me an me
insuperable impossibility, I
had twice
from
felt it
tempting request. But the pleadings of a lady whose worth and work demand
commands
53
of a master, have at last placed me where I shall need all the gracious indulgence
consideration
gentlewomen never
plain, blunt
man who
move
my
bright and
summon
out
and pleasant and I feel that around me is playing a soft and kindly light as I
;
come
to
54
Sunlight of Potent Words," longing as I do that soon in our glorious land all
our
spokesmen shall be true-souled prophets, whose utterances, light-born and light-shedding, shall prove them
children of the light,
whose luminous
words shall chase night and spread day in a hundred fields of thought, and be,
therefore,
words of power well chosen and perfectly spoken. This striking phrase, " The white sunhis
truly forces
mean
sire,
he
55
presents
him
to us as
white sunlight of exact truth and told his own clear thoughts in potent words.
As
I read
selves
searched for
my subject they
flashed back
with light and furnished me with the theme desired one not, perchance, inappropriate to this occasion.
These words
with
of Carlyle seemed to
me
to set forth
snnny vividness and striking freshness exactly what each lover of eloquence,
what
all
earnest,
practical,
successful
speakers, what
you in
this prosperous,
cultured, impressive,
speech.
Of speech, I
not scripture,
for scripture
that
is,
writing
is
and splendid artifice to embalm thought and perpetuate some silent emblems of
the once-active
hot,
spirit-life
;
but speech,
power
"
the tongue
may
ter grace
and good
its
to
make
ends, change
glorious potency
how
shall I perfect
acceptable sacrifice
divine gift
?
how
my
heavenly origin those arrows of the soul that, tipped with fire and swifter
57
living
and life-
and
roll
till
they
strike
my
listening
Lord?
How
speech
ideal of a true
spokesman
By making
a
revelation of realities
act, reliable, est,
is
a revelation ex-
Such
revelation
which makes
manifest
Such manifestation of
luminous,
is
light
and that
is
the very
life
Days there
are in
58
air
seems
to
have been
filtered
through
some pure
solutely
colorless,
with an all-penetrating, razorlike keenness in it when the sun pours down beams from which, like his Mas;
ter's
sight,
nothing
is
hidden
then
all
things stand out sharply cut, fully unfolded, exactly known, in the white light.
Such
life
and essence of
this in
many respects
There
speech.
is,
As
parts
in ourselves
life,
we have
action,
form,
informing
life
is
the
59
expression, the embodiment, in the appropriate harmonious forms of actual ut-
terance
is
the exercise,
I.
Here, as so often, a false start but well begun is half ended. with the true substance, seek
strength
reality
is
ruin,
Start
first
the
of
speech
which
is
truth,
and you
will in
and sweetness.
the order
start
reach the highest beauty, and utterly miss strength. It is the voice, therefore,
6o
also of high reflective art, of a really noble, resistless eloquence, that falls
upon
our ear as we
clarion-like
catch
the
old words,
:
and commanding
Speak
truth with his neighbor. ye every Search the eloquence of the past for
man
the secret of
its
ings of Judah for the suspected Benjamin before the disguised Joseph, the
soldier-like
David, the scathing irony of Elijah, the comforting words of Isaiah, the deep-
toned voice of Peter, the gleaming utterances of Paul, and the seraphic teachings of John thrill and charm and enchain us.
Search, ye that would
know the
secret
6i
of eloquence, and ye shall find truth to be the strength of the great classic
speakers truth, which Demosthenes, master of orators, flung as well-wrought gold into those still-resounding orations
which outring the delighted wonder of the growing centuries and outlast the
keenest examination of pitiless criticism.
Search, and ye shall find truth, which Plato, Cicero, and Quintilian declare to
life
of
;
abiding
truth,
virtue of eloquence
noble
speech
which Coleridge and Marsh, with Bacon, affirm to be the force and the fire of eloquence. Search, and you will find that the secret of eloquence is truth truth,
62
^schines, Cicero than Hortensius, Massillon than Bossuet, Bnrke than Fox, Webster than Hayne, Gladstone than
Disraeli.
truth
and you shall find truth, which alone can fill the
Search,
to
Quin-
tilian, has in him the possibility of the orator, with those heart-filling, com-
manding convictions that create the fiery energy of a Chatham and the resistless
sweep
of
a
Mirabeau
truth,
which
surging mobs of their furious dupes, and tyrants hate more than the pointed steel
of resolute patriots
;
truth,
which
free-
men
after
and
more than
And
63
harmony
tion,
and
by which alone
is
secured
;
the complex unity of high discourse still truth must be the life of speech,
else there can
be no light-flooded reason,
whose tremendous
activities
forces
and
resist-
the bad
How, you
we grow
?
rich in
Pursue
and
galleries of our
own
all
teerging-.'----*-^.
s'*"
English. literature.
Study
the "writers
|
UN1VERSIT
OF
64
you
that
it
only the truest of our English seers, those most noble souls who occupy our
Olympic heights
ters,
and
if
you
will see
truth will live within you then soon the fire will burn and your tongue will speak the gleaming, glowing words that
light
II.
When
adequate and appropriate expression will become at once a necessity and an anxiety.
Life
is
in
man's world
the
spirit is
wedded to form
That
ex-
the
65
orator's
art.
The
vision
of beauty
is
unveiled before the painter's imaginative soul, the possible angel greets the mus-
rapt musician
phael,
forms the truth within them, and the world gathers in moved delight and with
wondering
The
and the
in
proof of
relationship lies
vividness,
the
appropriateness,
exactness,
rhythm,
and
music
of
his
cultured
beauty given by him to the truth that he has felt or seen or heard. In that
clothing of the ethereal essence with the
66
fair
and
fitting
body
lies
the painful labor, but the exhilarating joy of the true prophet. Teachers of your fellows, you have
skill
and charity or you have heard the thousand varied voices of sky and sea and earth caroling,
purity, righteousness,
;
thundering,
whispering
their
mystic
messages
to
your
;
open
hearts
and
or, responsive spirit free-born, you have looked upon an avaricious Ahab in
his
man;
or,
youth's gleeful gladness, or you have sat in silent sorrow beside the
in jubilant
67
country rise in revolutionary wrath, and with her broken fetters smite her despot dead, or you have
in mournfulness
down-trodden
marked a once-noble
nation drifting through the mists of lies and over the treacherous seas of luxury
to her eternal ruin
;
lives
within
truth,
reality.
it
meditate upon this truth burns within you you must speak it
;
You
out
are
and speak
it
now
fitted
to
become preachers
to
men.
ing to be rich in speech, you will find that in the broad ocean of our Bnglish
literature there are pearls of great price,
words that
68
are wizards
more mighty
;
thaii
the old
words that are pictures bright and moving with all the coloring and circumstance of life words that go
Scotch magician
;
the century like battle-cries words that sob like litanies, sing like larks,
;
down
Seek
stores,
and .you
and
;
of the
frosty sky, or
like
tender
eyes words that are fresh and crisp like the mountain-breeze in autumn, or are mel;
Love's
low and rich as an old painting words that are sharp, unbending, and precise
like
and rugged like great nuggets of gold words that are glittering and gay like imperial gems, or are chaste and refined
like the face of a
Muse.
Search, and ye
like
shall
find
the
69
battle-axe of Richard
or
scimitar of
like
Solyman
mother's kiss
the nether depths of hell or point out the heavenly heights of purity and
peace
recall
a Judas,
How shall we
lish speech
Eng-
are to truth
what
fairest
body
is to finest
soul
Dig
for
them
The mines
inexhaustible
precious to us
more
the moving
life,
7o
What
terms,
rich
of
glorious forms,
of
glowing
Bacon, Hooper, Howe, and Burke, where the laughing, satirical, cutting tones of
Butler,
Swift,
where the
crackling wit of Goldsmith, Stern, and Lamb, where the homely greetings of
old Father Chaucer, the sweet songs of
Spenser, the manly teachings of Bunyan, the terse Saxon of South, the polished
periods of Pope and Addison, the alternating pathos and humor of Steele, the
solemn musings
of
71
stir,
enrich,
Control, and cultivate your plastic minds a literature that embodies in the most
perfect forms of Elizabethan
words the
peerless
gentleness
of
a Sydney, the
What
Here
is
here
tha-4s marked by terseness and clearness, by soberness and majesty, by sweetness and fullness of expression, never
surpassed,
rarely
equalled.
Here you
have
for
marked
72
who
marked
in
another
departzeal, the
rapid rush of the dauntless will, and by the passionate, piercing cry of the deeplystirred but despairing seer a literature
;
marked
in another department
by
short,
the literature that presents to you the gathered wealth of the English tongue
;
and yet this vast and noble library into which I would introduce you, far from
exhausting, only half reveals, the marvelous riches of that language whose inexhaustible stores and manifold resources
scarcely one
ever
more
73
strings, of
we
and these not the purest, richest, deepIf you would be strong est, sweetest.
of speech, master more of these notes let your vocabulary be rich, varied, pure,
;
and proportionate
you deeply impressed by the force, fullness, and flexibility of our noble tongue,
where, if anywhere, the gigantic strength of thought and truth is wedded to the
seraphic beauty of perfect utterance.
I
fling yourselves unhesiout into this great fresh sea, like tatingly bold swimmers into the rolling waves of
ocean
it will
duty
won by centuries
of
74
English
toil
crystal streams with the foul waters of careless speech honor its
its
;
not
obey
its
its
simple yet
the gift of
perfect rhythm,
its
blue blood
with the base puddle of Never speak half any mongrel race.
Ye who would
terms.
light.
Hold with
true to
what that
light reveals,
Angello true
75
the one exact impression that will be foi your hearers the exhaustive embodiment
style-marking and mending, means toil, hard and unwearying but we have
;
started
with sacred
truth
as the sub-
spurs forward in the race after excelAs the image of lence in expression.
Isis
Wisdom
made each
earnest in
the portrayal, so Truth rising up within you will move to tireless labor that you
may
we
and
if
and worthy of the goddess, for Truth is too dear and sacred to be shown
fitting
Conscience
76
in the seeking
means conscience
in the
means
conscience, further, in
;
and
we reach, thirdly, the action that makes the speech living and telling.
here
III.
THE
ELOCUTION.
is
it,
The message
expression
sidered
:
found,
acceptable
have
been
?
carefully
con-
what remains
The
elocution
makes the message tell with all You must now speak possible power.
that
out your message with an utterance and an action perfectly befitting the truth
and
its
artistic form,
it
will
have made
a resistless potency.
Let
These words
77
Potency links itself with personality with the living, moving, sympathetically
and
if
harmoniously
if
its
acting
man.
And
the cultured
possible
fullest
man
with
sion,
himself
bing with
life
sympathy and palpitating must be an additional expresembodiment, of the The whole man can be
a veritable
truth spoken.
made
limbs
eyes, face, hands, body, the very color and breath yes, can speak and they shall, and must, be
to
speak
made
to
speak
if
there
is
to
be potent
I
oratory.
have
;
men
in
have watched playing children in their dramatic imitations of their elders and
have closely observed for " ninety-five minutes a passion preacher"
superiors;
I
78
of the famous
and
graceful
body can
make.
expressive of various thought this Who does not wondrous form can be
!
How
know
velous pliancy of the Italian's fingers, the humorous play of the Irishman's
the regal dignity of the Spaniard's bow, the sturdy defiance of the Briton's folded arms, the impudent independence
face,
of
"
Young America's
"
"
careless
" swing of Jack ashore ? What meaning in the tottering and feeble
hearted
How easily and Ophelia quickly the hands will reveal the sus!
79
picious thoughts of
Lady Mac-
Eve, the tender clasp of a mother's love or the imperions repnlse of righteons How qnickly eyes and face will wrath
!
tell
pity's
The whole man melting mood can thns be made to speak with harmonious appropriateness and graceful force. But if so, this whole man must be
taught, trained, exercised,
faults
till,
his native
and
ing and patient perseverance in study and in practice are to this important end
absolutely indispensable.
fea-
8o
ture and of form
must be
the well
carefully-
developed,
highly-exercised,
important as a
untiring,
flexible, well-modulated,
;
and full-compassed voice nothing more than the voice repays care and cultivation. No carelessness as to
articulation or accentuation
for
should be
In articu-
strength and beauty the strength of consonantal distinctness and accurate pronunciation
and sweetness.
Strive
you
not, but be
and the special beauty of special lands the potent gutturals and well-trilled
8i
r's
of
Germany and
chest-voice
of
wooing sweep
catching syllabification of the Spaniard, the crisp notes of the Frenchman, and
the Norseman's consonantal power.
at a cultured, varied speech
Aim
which shall
combine and harmonize the billowy roll of the cultivated and traveled Irishman,
the low cadences
and
lute-like softness
and the
have gained an utterance that will sway by its strength and woo and captivate by
its
sweetness.
careful
82
me
the perfection of
spoken English.
is
perfect in
and the
perfect in tone,
watch the most finished speakers who have made an honest study of this most
difficult
art.
tinuous and
takes up voluntarily the position of a public teacher is summoned by the imperial voice of
Duty
to give
his
best
thoughts in their best form to that public whom he asks to listen to him, and
83
therefore
he should
toil
to
make
his
speech forceful
richly-blessed
and deeply-
responsible
children of
public
make
as to matter
and as
manner.
Re-
member
lics.
and truth
in speech
vanished
mediaeval
will
start
democracies
days,
of
classic
or
and a thousand
facts
clear-
when
and treasured more than gleaming gems, Freedom's house, rock-bound, defied
84
and crowding proofs, every storm shameful and sickening, declare that riot, rottenness, and rnin came when the
;
lie,
albeit fair-
And we
of all folks
must have
such speech. Peoples there may be who, to use Shakespeare's words, are content
to
wallow among the lily-beds of sweetness, but sons of Pym and Hampden,
of
Grattan and
Flood,
of
Knox and
Melville, of
climb
and
rejoice in
85
the full breeze
yea, even stormy
wind
if ever
definition of a republic
of orators,
which
kings like Patrick Henry and Clay and Webster, Remember, teachers of America's Anglo-
has
America's
to
preachers
remember
alone
mold, will alone satisfy and charm, will alone uphold and advance that splendid, willful, richlygifted, keenly-sensitive folk
master
and
with
whom
86
ye have
solve,
to do.
Be
it
aim,
labor,
that with
aflame,
heart
aglow, will
astir,
whole being
alive
and
active,
your ye will
speak out sweetly, gracefully, strongly, that truth God shall lend to you and
;
symbols and servants of Him who was the Light of the world and
spake as never did man.
IMAGINATION
REV.
A.
J. F.
BEHRENDS,
D. D.
NATIONAL SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION AND ORATORY UPON THE OCCASION OF ITS FOURTEENTH ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, HELD AT THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF Music, PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 7, 1887
am
I to
give
them words
if
of
I
myself creditably
may
find
am
athletes
training
that
for .months?
occurs
to
me
you
having a dull and heavy background, and so you craftily ask us to come here and pose as specimens of neglected
90
training,
that
we may
feel
heartily
Now
must beg
to decline in
advance
in the line of
you
to a little
volume recently published, in one of whose brief chapters the whole question
discussed with great freshness and vigor. The book I speak of is
of oratory
is
English as She is Taught ; and here are some morsels of its wisdom " Elocution
:
is
" We opening the mouth wide open." should always breathe with the muscles
we have catarrh Vowel sounds or a cold in the head." are made by keeping the mouth wide
of the diaphragm unless
"
open, and consonant sounds by keeping " shut." Force is more loudness it
"
when you
all,
are reading
it is
you
to
and so
good
That
will
to paint a sun-
beam
tions.
as to improve
and
I shall
invite
you
not
to join
me
our
in
little
side-excursion,
lines
will
where the
cross
professional
path.
Language
which
is
not
man
expresses
sculpture,
thoughts.
Architecture,
painting,
and
The tomb
is is
is
a meditation.
a prayer in stone.
a sermon.
The
92
and harp and violin and organ move These are ns to tears and laughter.
flute
forms of expression which the imagination creates and fills with meaning, and
It
has
three
in
forms
the
written, crystallizing
literature, in
conversation, reading,
acted, all
and oratory
and the
that is included in
movements of the
Are any of these
feet.
them by
make
sculptor,
the
painter,
the musician
though genius
But
this per-
93
vasive dominion of law
compassing
fancy spreads its wings and soars aloft. Its lines are the bands and traces within
which genins does its work, not the secret and source of its energy. Hence we call
architecture, sculpture, painting, music
fine
arts,
which
is
chiefly concerned in
.
them
is
that of the
imagination
Here poetry belongs to the same class. the imagination lays claim to one department of language, and it will be found
difficult
to
draw the
line
where
truth
its
sov-
ereignty ends.
The simple
and
is
that
effective
only when
is
fruitful
But
must hasten
to
state
what
mean by
94
cate for
it
this
stand by
of
it
by means of the senses or \jy~~ The soul and the world, introspection.
either
with the basic reality underlying and uniting both, provide for us all the materials
of
our knowledge.
of
have a
knowledge
myself,
and
have
knowledge of the world, and these are the media through which the Living God reveals Himself to my inquiring
spirit.
do not stop with fleeting impressions, chasing each other over the field of conI
The mind
and
of
man
has a registering
retentive
95
power, which
we
call
philosophy
baffles
Neither
the
how
the
kept, or
preserved.
ous
the power which the mind has of availing itself of the contents of this
is
its
treas-
subservient to
its
requirements,
recalling
them
at will or
under the guidance of a higher energy, which selects and combines, creating the
ideal types that
art.
dominate
is
life
no less than
The mind
apparatus, realistically the ever-shifting panorama reproducing of events. It is an artist, using these
a photographic
96
tion of ideal forms
;
it
is
an
architect^
power of the
mind, a faint reflex of the creative energy of the Divine Mind, flinging the radiance
of an.ideal world over the world of sense,
is
the philosophic or poetic imagination. Are there " tongues in trees, books
in the
running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in every thing "? The camera
Their
music does not fall upon mortal ears. These are purely mental intuitions, a
poetic drapery
upon
tive
its
own
?
looms.
and vain
life,
and
with
Do we
dressing up the naked, homely facts in the rags and scraps and gaudy
dolls,
97
tinsel of
us,
to
our own fancy ? So some tell and summon us to reduce all thought
and
The
the
v.isible is
the only
Beauty, truth, and goodness are only names, convenient for classification, All things are equally baseless in fact.
fair
;
there
is
nothing ugly.
;
All things
false.
is
there
is
nothing
;
there
no
The things
that
;
we
measure of existence
of excellence.
need not stop to show at length that such a view would rob civilization
Now,
98
commonplace and grossly realistic. Zola must supplant Milton and Walter Scott
and even George
George Eliot
tional
is
Art must leap from heaven to earth, and henceforth deal only with a faultless technique, an exact reidealism.
production on canvas and in marble of what the eyes reveal. There must be no
prudery, no intervention of false modesty; the greatest artist is simply the most
accurate
Conversation photographer. must be content with the gossip of the street, and employ its powers in the faithful
portraiture of domestic
and
social
Ethics and religion must be relegated to the limbo of outgrown superstitions. The land of promise is certainly
scandal.
The
prospect
is
99
up the line of inarch into this paradise, where all ideals are ostracized and disinherited.
pow er and heritage. It will continue to survey and people its ideal universe. Not as if the ideal is hostile
to
it
but
is fully understood only under the light of the ideal. The seen and the unseen are not two spheres,
infinite
a single point they are overlapping circles with the same centre, whence the ideal
;
sweeps the wider and the universally inclusive circumference. The ideals which
the
mind
There
is
truth
too
imperfect copy of an eternal idea, preexistent and immortal and in the doctrine
Iti
;
man
impinges upon the membrane of the retina. Sensation is not our only source
of knowledge.
Kant
debate by showing that the notions of space and time and causejiave their birth
"Tn tlie mind,
it
from without.
a truly
creative energy.
of
paper,
;
iminter-
pressions
sallies forth as
an
preter under the laws of thought that It are inherent in its own constitution.
reads
the visible
;
in
the.'
light
of the
invisible
it
The
IOI
mathematics
curves
space.
possible.
ideal
Its
lines
and
are the
forms of empty
Nature has neither perfect lines nor perfect angles nor perfect circles.
These are purely mental products, ideal existences, to which nothing visible exactly corresponds
;
and, what
is
more,
man under
ized
things can produce more perfect specimens of each and of all than any
Nor can
science do
its
work without
and in so doing at once introduces and makes dominant a purely mental concept.
The
is
be-
longs
and types are simply ideal forms. There is no typical rose, no typical tree,
;
no
typical horse.
The type
is
a purely
102
analysis,
It is the
is
udged.
Science
is
no
less imaginative
It deals
it is
art, poetry,
and theology.
ideal forms.
And
therefore
that the
mere copyist never satisfies the artistic demand. The mind sees more than the
photograph, and therefore demands more. We do not want the unreal, but we want
the real idealized.
you never saw such forms as those which Phidias and Michael Angelo carved into
you never saw such groups as those of Correggio and Titian. These
marble
;
and when
offends
art
abandons
the ideal
it
aesthetic taste.
103
which
it
creates, as in
speak, you never saw them act, as they do in Shakespeare's dramas. There is
real life
is
and movement
are
;
intensified,
because idealized.
The
figures
only the
drapery of the
thought the good is shown at its best, and the bad at its worst. The power of
is
in
which
it
Love
say
it is
We
blind because
it
sees
Helen's
104
the brow of Egypt." But love sees more thau the receding brow
beauty
oil
its
eyes are
oil
floods the
dusky
mother
tiful
is,
or ought to be,
of all
other
All this
it is
is
the
work
of
not, therefore,
is
there, discerned
by the mind, and that gives to every physical defect a new and fair perspective. So that we can understand the answer of the Irishman who was laughed at because he loved a cross eyed damsel,
when he
so beautiful that
were "thrying
to look into
ful cultivation
Language
of
all in-
pla.st.io
struments.
ficult of all
mastery
is
the most
dif-
achievements.
faultless
pronunciation and a perfect syntax may serve only to expose the poverty that
hides behind the purple.
I
do not un-
dervalue the physiological and the rhetorical training; but there must be some-
it
well only
makes the speaker ridiculous. And not only must there be something to say,
but there must be a proper perspective to which the sentences are adjusted.
Language
sion.
is
You
expression
is
end
is
gained only
io6
hear what you have heard. To do that The you must be a mental artist.
must be firmly grasped in your own thought, and the lines must be drawn with a steady, rapid hand.
salient features
There must be no needless digression. You must know what to leave out, for
prolixity
and wandering will produce inattention and restlessness. You all know
who act like wet blankets upon a company when they begin to talk, for you can never tell when they will stop
of people
nor what they are aiming at. Conversation is a high art, in which perfection and grace can be attained only by those
who
are intent
upon giving
it
an
ideal
form.
Do
inflection,
in-
The
tone of the
that
107
subtile, indescribable, irresistible quality
which
from
born of true and deep emotion, and which passes like an electric shock
is
the
reader
to
the hearer.
The
poem, or the page of prose, must first be mastered by the reader, all its hidden
recesses of suggestion explored, all its
its literary
;
depths sounded,
environments
reproduced in fancy and only when the author has been thus idealized can he be
successfully interpreted.
Need
do not
mean
that he
must think
in
some of
the most effective speakers have been men of a simple and unadorned vocabulary.
to
no success-
ful advocate or
preacher or debater
who
Y
UNIVERSITY
io8
of his
thought,
definite
it
in
his
aim,
marching toward
lines.
Of
manna, making
better
reason."
At no point
there
enlightened and sensitive conThe higher the art, the more science.
powerful will be
for
evil.
its
The
ethical restraints.
Our mental
pictures
must correspond
to its divine
make
plain
109
and nothing but tne truth. For must part with either beauty or
if
we
truth,
we
even in a begBut beauty and truth are gar's garb. He who made the world twin-born.
will hold fast to truth
to thought,
arranging with
in
artistic skill
our
finely chased
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ETIQUETTE
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By Dean
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modern biography finds not only its origin but model in the lives of the ancient Greeks and
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