CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone and cell phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. Evolution of Cellular communication system: The cellular technology has been evolved from 1G to 4G. From generation to generation there has been a rapid increase of data transfer speed and decrease in call blocking rate so as to provide feasibility to the subscribers. 1G: First generation services were analogue services for cell phones. These were (and are) for voice only; the technology didn't provide service for SMS or other data transfers. 1G is circuit switched. This means that when you place a call, a connection is established, and is maintained until you hang up. You are billed for the call duration, regardless of how much data has been transferred. 2G: Moving from 1G to 2G saw the transition from analogue to digital. As in other areas, the impact of going digital was revolutionary. The transition provided the ability to store, copy, encrypt and compress data, and also allowed data transmission without loss and with error-correction. It provided wireless cellular data services such as internet access, with speeds of 14.4.kbps (theoretical), 9.6 kbps - 19.2 kbps (practical). In addition to this, voice quality has improved. 2G was also a circuit-switched network. The generic term for 2G services is PCS (Personal Communications services). There are two 2G technologies, GSM and CDMA. These are incompatible with each other in every respect. This incompatibility explains some things about the evolution of the market and carrier relationships.

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GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication. It is based on a timesharing process in which a slice of spectrum is shared between multiple users, by dividing into small time-slices and allocating one slice to each user in turn. One of the biggest benefits of GSM is its coverage. Globally, 70% of the world's digital subscribers are on GSM. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is an elegant technology, but also a complicated one. 3G: 3G, short for 3rd Generation, is a term used to represent the 3rd generation of mobile telecommunications technology. This is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, Fixed Wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. 4G: In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television. Cellular frequencies: All cellular phone networks worldwide use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as ultra high frequency, or "UHF", for the transmission and reception of their signals. The ultra high frequency band is also shared with television, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth transmission. The cellular frequencies are the sets of frequency ranges within the ultra high frequency band that have been allocated for cellular phone use. The cellular frequencies used in India are from 800 MHz to 2100 MHz.

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Frequency bands used by GSM:

System Band Uplink Downlink Channel Number

GSM 400

450

450.4 - 457.6

460.4 - 467.6

259 - 293

GSM 400

480

478.8 - 486.0

488.8 - 496.0

306 - 340

GSM 850

850

824.2 - 849.0

869.2 - 894.0

128 - 251

GSM 900 (P-GSM) 900

890.0 - 915.0

935.0 - 960.0

1 - 124

GSM 900 (E-GSM) 900

880.0 - 915.0

925.0 - 960.0

0 - 124, 975 - 1023

GSM-R (R-GSM)

900

876.0 - 880.0

921.0 - 925.0

955 - 973

DCS 1800

1800 1,710.0 - 1,785.0 1,805.0 - 1,880.0

512 - 885

PCS 1900

1900 1,850.2 - 1,910.0 1,930.2 - 1,990.0

512 - 810

Introduction to cell phone detector: Cell phone detectors are used to detect cell phones comes into its range. It is very useful device in security campuses where cell phones are not allowed. Now days, It can be used at places like movie halls, theaters, prisons, hospitals, places of worship etc, where mobile phones are banned.It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission. Cell phone Detector is a handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer which can sense the presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for Spying
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and unauthorized video transmission. The circuit can detect the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. If required, other sources of RF transmissions can also be detected including two-way radios, and other wireless communication devices. When a transmission is detected, an alarm sequence begins that may include any combination of visual LED glows.An ordinary RF detector using tuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit detecting giga hertz signals required for a mobile bug. In addition the unit can be used as a static or portable detector, and it can be used to generate remote alarms, activateother equipment (including remote indication devices) and extend alarm messages into other areas. Cellular phone technology is rapidly changing. Features like Bluetooth, USB, high resolution cameras, microphones, Internet, 802.11 wireless, and memory cards are added every year. Also, the communication technology a cellular phone uses suchas CDMA, GSM, 3G, and 4G are rapidly changing. Hence there is more chance for leaking of confidential matter. In order to avoid such leakage of information cell phone detector circuits are used. Use the miniature 12V battery of a remote control and a small buzzer to make the gadget pocket-size. The unit will give the warning indication if someone uses Mobile phone within a radius of 1.5 meters.

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CHAPTER 2 IMPLEMENTATION
2. 1. Block Diagram

MOBILE PHONE

RECEIVER ANTENNA

CURRENT TO VOLTAGECON VERTER

TIMER 555

SPEAKER (BUZZER)

Blocks Involved: 1. Mobile phone 2. Receiver antenna 3. Current to Voltage converter 4. 555 Timer 5. Speaker

2. 2. Algorithm STEP-1: Supply is given to activate the circuit. STEP-2: A transaction is made through the mobile. STEP-3: The antenna receives the Ghz frequency signals and passes them to op-amp CA3130. STEP-4: LED glows indicating that Ghz frequency signals are sensed. STEP-5: The output of op-amp is fed to the timer. STEP-6: The timer is triggered. STEP-7: The timer activates the buzzer. STEP-8: The buzzer indicates that the cell phone is detected.

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2.3.Flow chart

Start

Transaction through mobile

Antenna receives Ghz frequency signals

Signals are passed through Op-Amp

LED glows

Output of Op-amp is fed to timer

Timer is triggered

Buzzer is activated

Cell phone is detected

Stop

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2. 4. Circuit Diagram

2.4.1. Detector Section:

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2.4.2. Power Supply Section: (230V ac to 12V dc converter)

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CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF CKT DIAGRAM

An ordinary RF detector using tuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit detecting gigahertz signals is required for a mobile bug. Here the circuit uses a 0.22uF disk capacitor (C3) to capture the RF signals from the mobile phone. The lead length of the capacitor is fixed as 18 mm with a spacing of 8 mm between the leads to get the desired frequency. The disk capacitor along with the leads acts as a small gigahertz loop antenna to collect the RF signals from the mobile phone. Op-amp IC CA3130 (IC1) is used in the circuit as a current-to-voltage converter with capacitor C3 connected between its inverting and non-inverting inputs. It is a CMOS version using gate-protected p-channel MOSFET transistors in the input to provide very high input impedance, very low input current and very high speed of performance. The output CMOS transistor is capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10 mV of either supply voltage terminal. Capacitor C3 in conjunction with the lead inductance acts as a transmission line that intercepts the signals from the mobile phone. This capacitor creates a field, stores energy and transfers the stored energy in the form of minute current to the inputs of IC1. This will upset the balanced input of IC1 and convert the current into the corresponding output voltage. Capacitor C4 along with high-value resistor R1 keeps the non-inverting input stable for easy swing of the output to high state. Resistor R2 provides the discharge path for capacitor C4. Feedback resistor R3 makes the inverting input high when the output becomes high. Capacitor C5 (47pF) is connected across strobe (pin 0 and null inputs (pin 1) of IC1 for phase compensation and gain control to optimize the frequency response. When the mobile phone signal is detected by C3, the output of IC1 becomes high and low alternately according to the frequency of the signal as indicated by LED1. This triggers monostable timer IC2 through capacitor C7. Capacitor C6 maintains the base bias of transistor T1 for fast switching action. The low-value timing components R6 and C9 produce very short time delay to avoid audio nuisance. Normally IC1 is off. So IC2 will be also off. When the power is switched on, as stated above, IC1 will give a high output and T1 conducts to trigger LED and Buzzer. This can be a good indication for the working of the circuit.

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3. 1. OVERVIEW OF MOBILE BUG

Demo Circuit:

IC1 is designed as a differential amplifier Non inverting input is connected to the potential divider R1, R2. Capacitor C2 keeps the non inverting input signal stable for easy swing to + or R3 is the feedback resistor IC1 functions as a current to voltage converter, since it converts the tiny current released by the 0.22 capacitor as output voltage At power on output go high and LED lights for a short period. This is because + input gets more voltage than the input. After a few seconds, output goes low because the output current passes to the input through R2. Meanwhile, capacitor C1 also charges. So that both the inputs gets almost equal voltage and the output remains low. 0.22 capacitor (no other capacitor can be substituted) remains

R1 1M IC 3130 C1 0.22 LED R3 1M C2 47 UF

R2 100K

fully charged in the standby state. When the high frequency radiation from the mobile phone is sensed by the circuit, 0.22 cap discharges its stored current to the + input of IC1 and its output goes high momentarily. (in the standby state, output of the differential amplifier is low since both inputs get equal voltage of 0.5 volts or more). Any increase in voltage at + input will change the output state to high.

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CHAPTER 4 WORKING OF MOBILE BUG

4. 1. Purpose of the circuit:

This circuit is intended to detect unauthorized use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms etc. It also helps to detect unauthorized video and audio recordings. It detects the signal from mobile phones even if it is kept in the silent mode. It also detects SMS.
4. 2.Concept:

Mobile phone uses RF with a wavelength of 30cm at 872 to 2170 MHzthat is the signal is high frequency with huge energy. When the mobile phone is active, it transmits the signal in the form of sine wave which passes through the space. The encoded audio/video signal contains electromagnetic radiation which is picked up by the receiver in the base station. Mobile phone system is referred to as Cellular Telephone system because the coverage area is divided into cells each of which has a base station. The transmitter power of the modern 2G antenna in the base station is 20-100 watts. When a GSM (Global System of Mobile communication) digital phone is transmitting, the signal is time shared with 7 other users. That is at any one second, each of the 8 users on the same frequency is allotted 1/8 of the time and the signal is reconstituted by the receiver to form the speech. Peak power output of a mobile phone corresponds to 2 watts with an average of 250 mw of continuous power. Each handset with in a cell is allotted a particular frequency for its use. The mobile phone transmits short signals at regular intervals to register its availability to the nearest base station. The network data base stores the information transmitted by the mobile phone. If the mobile phone moves from one cell to another, it will keep the connection with the base station having strongest transmission. Mobile phone always tries to make connection with the available base station. That is why, the back light of the phone turns on intermittently while traveling. This will cause severe battery drain. So in long journeys, battery will flat within a few hours. AM Radio uses frequencies between 180 kHz and 1.6 MHzFM radio uses 88 to 180 MHzTV uses 470 to 854 MHzWaves at higher frequencies but within the RF region is called Micro waves. Mobile phone uses high frequency RF wave in the micro wave region carrying huge amount of electromagnetic energy. That is why burning sensation develops in the ear if the mobile is used for a long period. Just like a micro wave oven,
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mobile phone is cooking the tissues in the ear. RF radiation from the phone causes oscillation of polar molecules like water in the tissues. This generates heat through friction just like the principle of microwave oven. The strongest radiation from the mobile phone is about 2 watts which can make connection with a base station located 2 to 3 km away. How the circuit works? Ordinary LC (Coil-Capacitor) circuits are used to detect low frequency radiation in the AM and FM bands. The tuned tank circuit having a coil and a variable capacitor retrieve the signal from the carrier wave. But such LC circuits cannot detect high frequency waves near the microwave region. Hence in the circuit, a capacitor is used to detect RF from mobile phone considering that, a capacitor can store energy even from an outside source and oscillate like LC circuit.

R5 100R

BUZZER

R1 3.9 M 7

IC1 CA 3130 6 R4 100 R

LED Red + 9 V Battery

3 C 0.22 UF R2 100K 2 C1 100 UF 25V

IC1 4

R3 1 M

C2 0.1

Use of capacitor

A capacitor has two electrodes separated by a dielectric like paper, mica etc. The non polarized disc capacitor is used to pass AC and not DC. Capacitor can store energy and pass AC signals during discharge. 0.22uF capacitor is selected because it is a low value one and has large surface area to accept energy from the mobile radiation. To detect the signal, the sensor part should be like an aerial. So the capacitor is arranged as a mini loop aerial (similar to the dipole antenna used in TV).In short with this arrangement, the capacitor works like an air core coil with ability to oscillate and discharge current.

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How the capacitor senses RF?

One lead of the capacitor gets DC from the positive rail and the other lead goes to the negative input of IC1. So the capacitor gets energy for storage. This energy is applied to the inputs of IC1 so that the inputs of IC are almost balanced with 1.4 volts. In this state output is zero. But at any time IC can give a high output if a small current is induced to its inputs. There a natural electromagnetic field around the capacitor caused by the 50Hz from electrical wiring. When the mobile phone radiates high energy pulsations, capacitor oscillates and release energy in the inputs of IC. This oscillation is indicated by the flashing of the LED and beeping of Buzzer. Inshort, capacitor carries energy and is in an electromagnetic field. So a slight change in field caused by the RF from phone will disturb the field and forces the capacitor to release energy.

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CHAPTER 5 COMPONENTS LIST

5. 1. Components used in cell phone detector: Components Value Quantity

Antenna IC CA3130 NE 555 Timer BC 548 Transistor LED Piezo Buzzer Resistors 2.2M 100k 1K 12k 15k Capacitors 22p 0.22 100 47p 0.1 0.01 4.7

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1

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5. 2. Components used in 220v ac supply to 12v dc supply:

Components

Value

Quantity

Resistors

100 1K 560

2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4

Capacitors Zener diodes Diodes

820n 47 1N4745A 1N4742A 1N4007GP

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CHAPTER 6 PIN DIAGRAM OF ICS

6. 1. IC CA 3130

ROLE OF IC CA 3130

This IC is a 15 MHz BiMOS Operational amplifier with MOSFET inputs and bipolar output. The inputs contain MOSFET transistors to provide very high input impedance and very low input current as low as 10pA. It has high speed of performance and suitable for low input current applications. CA3130A and CA3130 are op amps that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors. Gate-protected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current and exceptional speed performance. The use of PMOS transistors in the input stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability down to0.5V below the negative-supply terminal, an important attribute in single-supply applications. A CMOS transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10mV of either supply-voltage terminal (at very high values of load impedance), is employed as the output circuit.The CA3130 Series circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from 5V to 16V, (2.5V to 8V). They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for applicationsrequiring offset-null capability.
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Terminal provisions are also made to permit strobing of the output stage. The CA3130A offers superior input characteristics over those of the CA3130.
Features: MOSFET Input Stage Provides:

- Very High ZI = 1.5 T - Very Low current =5pA at 15V Operation Ideal for Single-Supply Applications Common-Mode Input-Voltage Range Includes Negative Supply Rail; Input can be Swung 0.5VBelow Negative Supply Rail CMOS Output Stage Permits Signal Swing to Either (or both) Supply Rails
Applications: Ground-Referenced Single Supply Amplifiers

Terminals

Fast Sample-Hold Amplifiers Long-Duration Timers/ Mono stables High-Input-Impedance Comparators (Ideal Interface with Digital CMOS) High-Input-Impedance Wideband Amplifiers Voltage Followers (e.g. Follower for Single-Supply D/A Converter ) Voltage Regulators (Permits Control of Output Voltage Down to 0V) Peak Detectors Single-Supply Full-Wave Precision Rectifiers Photo-Diode Sensor Amplifiers
6. b. NE 555 timer

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The NE555 IC is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor.
DETAILS OF PIN:

1. Ground, is the input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage 2. trigger, negative input from the lower comparators (comparator B) that maintain oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1 / 3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop 3. Output, the output pin of the IC 555. 4. Reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC work. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to Vcc to prevent reset 5. Control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the reference comparator A, usually associated with a capacitor of about 10nF to berorde pin ground 6. threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2 / 3 Vc. 7. Discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitter. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the timing of certain 8. Vcc pin it to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally if given a 5-15V. The current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 10-15mA.
NE 555 Timer Modes:

The 555 has three operating modes: Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator.Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touchswitches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on. Astable free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses includes LEDand lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.
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Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches Features High Current Drive Capability (200mA)

Adjustable Duty Cycle Temperature Stability of 0.005%/C Timing from Sec to Hours Turn off Time Less than 2Sec
Applications Precision Timing

Pulse Generation Time Delay Generation Sequential Timing

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CHAPTER 7 DETAIL OF OTHER COMPONENTS

7. 1. Antenna:

The size and shape of the antenna and the way it's constructed determine the gain and directivity of the antenna. The antenna transmits and receives electromagnetic signals. When gain increases the amount of desired signal energy that can be captured Increase but the amount of environmental noise and interferences that's captured increases by the same amount. Antenna receives the radio frequency signals (RF signals) from the mobile phone. The radio frequency signals are grasped by the antenna. In the detection process we use a wire type antenna. An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves(radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving.
7. 2. BC548 Transistor:

The BC548 is a general purpose silicon NPN BJT transistor. The "BC" part of the number designates a low power silicon NPN transistor. Transistor is a CURRENT operated device which has a very large amount of current (IC) which flows without restraint through the device between the collector and emitter terminals. Transistors are circuit elements designed to function either as amplifiers or as switches.
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Applications of BC548 Transistor: A common application for NPN transistors is to use then as switches in circuits. Another application for NPN transistors is to use them as an voltage amplifier. It can also be used as current amplifier.

7. 3. LED:

LED means Light Emitting Diode. It is an electronic device that lights up when electricity is passed through it. LEDs are usually red. They are good for displaying images because they can be relatively small. The moment the bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. LEDs contain an integrated multi vibrator circuit inside which causes the LED to flash with atypical time period. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon)is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

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7. 4. Piezo Buzzer:

The Piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a switching action, countersignal or sensor input. The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of Piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.

7. 5. Diodes:

A diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current property. The unidirectionality most diodes exhibit is sometimes generically called the rectifying property. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased condition). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve.

Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionality but have a more complex non-linear electrical characteristic, which depends on the particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other functions in which they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner.

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7.6. RESISTORS:

A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for many applications. There are various types of resistors, which can be classified according to a number of factors depending upon: Material used for fabrication Wattage and physical size Intended application Ambient temperature rating
Cost

Resistors may be classified as 1. 2. 3. Fixed Semi variable Variable resistor. In our project carbon resistors are being used. The electronic color code is used to indicate the values or ratings of electronic components, very commonly for resistors. Resistor values are always coded in ohms, capacitors in pico farads (pF), inductors in micro henries (H), and transformers in volts.

band A is first significant figure of component value band B is the second significant figure band C is the decimal multiplier bandD if present, indicates tolerance of value in

percent (no color means 20%)

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7. 7. CAPACITORS:

The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separated by a dielectric material is given by C=0.08854KA/D Where C= capacitance in pf. K= dielectric constant A=Area per plate in square cm. D=Distance between two plates in cm Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various classes like Mica, Glass, air, ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant. It changes with temperature, frequency and aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified temperature and at low frequencies.

7.8. SOLDERING TECHNIQUES:

Soldering Safety Precautions Preparing the soldering iron Using a heat sink Soldering Advice for Components What is a solder Desoldering : With a desoldering pump(solder sucker) With solder remover wick( Copper braid)

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How to Solder A few safety precautions:

Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron. Take great care to avoid touching the main flex with the tip of the iron. Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use Work in a well-ventilated area Wash your hands after using solder

Preparing the soldering Iron:

Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. Dampen the sponge in the stand. Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up. Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge. Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron.

Guidelines to use a soldering iron:

Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Feed a little solder onto the joint. Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still. Inspect the joint closely.

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USING A HEAT SINK

Some components, such as transistors, can be damaged by heat when soldering so if you are not an expert it is wise to use a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the component body. You can buy a special tool, but a standard crocodile clip works just as well and is cheaper.

Soldering Advice for Components

It is very tempting to start soldering components onto the circuit board straight away, but please take time to identify all the parts first. You are much less likely to make mistakes if you do this! 1. Stick all the components onto a sheet of paper using sticky tape. 2. Identify each component and write its name or value beside it. 3. Add the code(R1,R2,C1 etc.) if necessary.

What is a solder? Soldering Advice for Components

Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about 200 C. Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content of solder. Lead is poisonous and you should always wash your hands after using solder.Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like wires inside a mains flex. The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and it cleans the metal surface as the solder melts. This is why you must melt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip. Without flux most joints would fail because metal quickly oxidize and the solder itself will not alloy flow properly onto a dirty oxidized, metal surface.
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Desoldering:
At some stage you will probably need to desolder a joint to remove or re-position a wire or component. There are two ways to remove a solder.

With A Desoldering Pump ( Solder Sucker)

Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks. Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of you soldering iron to the joint. Wait a second or two for the solder to melt. Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten solder into the foot. Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible. The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle.

With a Solder Remover Wick (Copper Braid)

Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint. As the solder melts most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the joint. Remove the wick first, then the soldering iron. Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.

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CHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND RESULTS

8. 1. Test on the power supply circuit:

The output of thepower supply circuit must not exceed 14 volts.Proper care must be taken while designing the power supply unit.The bridge rectifier has been preferred when compared to the full wave rectifier for the following reason. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding. The output across 1. 560 resistor 8. 2. Test on the Cell phone Detector circuit: Consider an active phone is present in the detecting region of the detector circuit. Case i: An active phone is present at a distance of 10cms then Voltage across pin 6 of IC 3130A Current through pin 6 of IC 3130A Voltage across pin 3 of IC NE555 Current through pin 3 of IC NE555 12.1 volts

6.97V 320mA 5.25v 2.84mA

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Case ii: An active phone is present at a distance of 50cms then Voltage across pin 6 of IC 3130A Current through pin 6 of IC 3130A Voltage across pin 3 of IC NE555 Current through pin 3 of IC NE555 6.89v 295mA 5.18v 2.82mA

Case iii: An active phone is present at a distance of 70cms then Voltage across pin 6 of IC 3130A Current through pin 6 of IC 3130A Voltage across pin 3 of IC NE555 Current through pin 3 of IC NE555 6.81v 280mA 5.12v 2.76mA

8. 3. Advantages of Cell phone detector circuit: Portable and easy to maintain: The system is portable and can be shifted to any place. The maintenance of the system is very easy. Low power consumption: The system consumes very less power typically of the order of milli watts (mW) and works with a regulated 12V DC supply. In the project the source input is taken from the 230V AC line supply, however the project can always include a back up of 9V from a battery in the case of a power cut. Robust and Durable system: The system can be enclosed in a casing so as to prevent it from dust and other environmental effects. Switching noise effect on the system can also be decreased by casing.

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CHAPTER 9 APPLICATIONS
9. 1. Military Basis: In government buildings and military bases the unit should be installed in all sensitive areas. In addition to potential RAT phones, the Cell phone Detector can detect bugs emitting RF within the specified band range. In addition, it can be rigged to trigger a digital camera to capture an image of a person using a phone in a restricted area by sending a signal to an external trigger mechanism from the remote alarm terminal.

9. 2. Prisons: Cellphone Detector may be placed outside cell doors during lock uphours. Insideprison wings to reduce illicit cellular phone activity. In addition, Cell phone Detector maybe installed in entranceways, corridors, waiting and meeting areas where inmates visits are conducted.

9. 3. Hospitals: Cellphone Detector units are installed in general locations in corridors and waitingrooms to deter nuisance public cellular phone usage. Sensitive electronic equipment withinintensive care wards and operating theatres that are vulnerable to RF interference will haveunits installed near them.

9. 4. Schools and Colleges: Cellphone Detector units are installed in general locations in corridors, assemblypoints, concourses, classrooms and lecture theatres to promote conformity and establishmentorder. Cellphone detector units are deployed in examination rooms to deter examinationfraud via text messaging.

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9. 5. Places of Worship: Cellphone Detector units are installed as a deterrent at the main entrance. Wherecellular phone misuse is a severe or persistent problem then units can be installed in the mainprayer area with audio alert set to low volume.

9. 6. Museums and Libraries: Cellphone Detector units are installed in all areas in museums and libraries withaudio warning on low volume.

9. 7. Courtrooms: Cellphone Detector units are installed directly outside courtrooms with range set tonear. Inside the courtroom itself, a wall-mounted unit silently flashing in the public gallerymay alert security staff.

9. 8. General Application: Cellular phone detection and deterrence is an additional layer of security for your organization. How effective this layer of security will be will be dependent on theenvironment, the number of devices installed and how the detectors are integrated with otherlayers of security such as metal detection and access control systems. Confidential adviceand assistance regarding how this product can be used is available from your supplier.

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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS and FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION:

In this project cell phone detector has been implemented using OP AMP CA3130 and 555 Timer. Circuit is fabricated and tested for different range of distances between antenna and active mobiles to be detected. Expected results are obtained. This pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission. Cellular phone technology is gaining new data capabilities very rapidly. New features like Bluetooth, high resolution cameras, memory cards, and Internet make them ideal for getting data in and out of secure facilities. A cellular phone uses many different transmission protocols such as FDMA or CDMA. Currently the only way to ensure that no one is bringing a cellular phone into a secure facility is to search everyone entering and exiting. This requires a lot of manpower and money to implement. This project is used for military and civil defense for mobile radiation detection. Used for spying the unauthorized video transmission in mobile phones. Used to prevent the usage of mobile phones in examination and seminar halls. The signals emitted by mobile phones can interfere with some electronic equipment inside the hospital. This could have fatal consequences. So we use this project to detect the usage of mobile phones in the above places.

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FUTURE WORK: Increasing the range of the circuit:

The prototype version has only limited range of 2 meters. But if a preamplifier stage using JFET or MOSFET transistor is used as an interface between the capacitor and IC, range can be increased. Adding of Jammer Section: When ever Cell phone detector circuit detects the active cell phone in its detecting area jammer circuit must be activated. Adding of Display section: The coverage area of the Cell phone detector is divided into cells. Whenever it detects the active cell phone the corresponding cell in which the active cell phone is present must be displayed on the screen.

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References

W.C.Y.Lee, Mobile cellular communications,Mc-graw Hill 2nd edition 1989. Gordon L.Stuber, Principles of Mobile communications, Springer International, 2nd edition 2001. Michael Moher, Simon Haykin, Modern wireless communications, Pearson Education 2005. Rappaport, Theodore, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall 2002.

Tse,

David,

Vishwanath,

Pramod,

Fundamentals

of

Wireless

Communication, Cambridge University Press 2005.

Marples, Gareth, The History of Cell Phones 2012.

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