9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O) 9.1.1: Thermionic Emission 1. Thermionic Emission is from the of a . 2.

2. (a) Thermionic emission is produced in a vacuum tube:

(b) The emitted are accelerated towards the anode by the high between the cathode and anode. (c) The beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a .. 3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission Temperature of the cathode Surface area of the cathode Potential difference between the anode and cathode emittedlerate faster towards the anode. 9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays 1. Characteristics of cathode rays. .. . 2. Determining the velocity of the electrons in cathode rays. Using the principle of conservation of energy, Maximum velocity of electron, v = velocity of an electron V = Potential difference between the anode and cathode e = Charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C m = mass of an electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg Whehe temperature of the cathode increases, the rate ofmission A larger surface area of the cathode increases the rate of emision. The te of thermionic emission is unchanged, when the poten the

Use [ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]

1.

In a cathode ray tube, an electron is accelerated so it gains a kinetic energy of 1.32 10-14 J. Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.

2.

In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference of 2.5kV. Calculate (a) The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray. (b) The maximum velocity of the electron.

3.

If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV, calculate the maximum speed of the electrons that hit the screen of CRO.

9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscop.

9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO. To measure a D.C voltage: The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) h To measure a A.C voltage: Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gain) h Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s = To measure short time intervals t = no. of divisions between two pulses time-base value.

1 (h) 2

1 2

Vp

EXAMPLES:

1.

(a) What kind of voltage is being measured in Figure 9.5? Figure 9.5 (b) If the CRO in the figure uses a Y-gain of 1.5 Vcm , calculate the value of V.
-1

2.

Figure 9.6 shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis. What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage) indicated? Figure 9.6

3.

Figure 9.7 shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source. If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms cm-1.

(a) (b)

Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source. Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.

Figure 9.7

(c)

Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm and 1 ms cm-1.

-1

4.

The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is set at 2 V/div and the time base is off. Calculate the value of : (a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp (b)Peak voltage, Vp. (c)Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s

Figure 9.8 5. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is connected to the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses will be displayed as shown in figure below. Measure the time lapse between the two claps.

5 divs

1 10ms/div
Figure 9.9

6.

Figure 9.10 shows the trace displayed on the screen of a CRO with the time-base set to 10 ms/div. What is the frequency, f of the wave? Figure 9.10

7.

An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed where it is reflected. The signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1. The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?

Figure 9.11

9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES 9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors

1. 2.

A semiconductor is .. . Examples of pure semiconductors: (a) (b) ... (c)

Silicrmanium Selenium

8. 9.

Doping -- process of adding . to improve the . of the semiconductor Complete the following. (a) n-type semiconductors

Figure 9.12

A semiconductor like silicone is doped with atoms such as or phosphorus. The phosphorus atoms have .. valence electrons, with being used in the formation of covalent bonds. The fifth electron is free to pentavalent i increases

antimony

move through the silicon. The silicon has ... as majority charge-carriers and it is known as an ... (b) p-type semiconductors

Figure 9.13

A semiconductor like silicone is doped with .. atoms such as or indium.. The Boron atoms have only . valence electrons; hence . of the covalent bonds have a missing electron. This missing electron is called a positive hole. The majority charge-carriers in this semiconductor are the . and this semiconductor is known as a .. 9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)

1. 2.

The function of semiconductor diode is to Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode.

Symbol

Figure 9.13 3. (a) Forward-biased (i) In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to and the n-type is connected to the of the battery.

p-n junction

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show a diode in forward-bias.

(b) Reverse-biased (i)

In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to . , and the n-type is connected to the

of the battery.

(ii)
4.

Draw a diagram showing the diodein reverse-bias.

What the meaning of rectification? Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.

5.

The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.

(i)

Sketch the waveform of the voltage on the CRO screen when the time-base is on.

Sketch the waveform of the voltage when a capacitor is connected parallely across the resistor, R.

6. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to a CRO.

(ii) a .

Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-base is on.

(iii)

Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

9.3 TRANSISTOR 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.

1. 2.

What is a transistor?

A transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.
Draw and label symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.

9.3.2 Transistor circuit

1.

(a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.

BE CE Ib Ic R1 R2 E1 E2 Rx

B as e, : . B
: . : . : . : ... : ... : ... : ... : ...

Coll ecto r, C

Ie
(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery.

Ry

Note: Ie = Ib + Ic Ie > Ic > Ib Ic >>>>Ib

Ie
2.

No Ib, No Ic

The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown in figure. The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated as follows.

Rx Vx = R +R y x (a) Bulb

Ry VY = R +R y x

Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 k. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so that the bulb is lighted up.

9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch. 9.3.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch. Working Principle :

Battery voltage Base voltage

RX RY

IB

IC IE

The switching action is produced using a potential divider (resistor, RX and ....... , Ry) If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is . and the transistor switches . When the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage will When the base voltage reaches a certain minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A . collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb.

1. 2.
(i)

What type of transistor is being used as the automatic switch circuit?

Transistor n-p-n

(a) Light Controlled Switch A transistor-based circuit that functions as an automatic, light-controlled switch

10 k

R 1k LDR

IC IE 6V

. The .. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the .. Its resistance .. with light. R is a fixed . The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. When it is bright, the LDR has a very . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too .. to switch on the transistor. In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very and the voltage across the LDR is enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be used to automatically switch the bulb at night. (ii) Condition RLDR VLDR R VR Transistor (ON or OFF) Day OFF Night ON (iii) How can the circuit be modified to switch on the light automatically in the day? .. The circuit can be modified by interchanging the positions of the LDR and resistor R. (b) A Heat-Controlled Switch

(i)

A transistor-based circuit that functions as a heat controlled switch.

Thermistor

Diode RB R

Relay

Alarm

A ..is a heat controlled resistor. Its resistance is when it is cold. When the thermistor heats up, its resistance rapidly. At room temperature, the thermistor has a . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor. When the thermistor heats up, its . drops and is considerablely compared to R. The ... ., VB is high enough to switch . the transistor. When the transistor is switched on, the relay switch is activated, turning on the alarm. The circuit can be used in a fire alarm system. (ii) What is the function of the diode in the heat-controlled circuit? . (iii) Remember Ic Temperature High Low RThermistor VThermistor R VR Transistor (ON or OFF)

>>>>Ib 9.3.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier 1.

ON OFF

mA

R2
A

IC

R1 IB IE

A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger current. The magnitude of the ., IC is determined by the .., IB. A .. change in the base current, IB will cause a change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:

Current Amplification
2. Name the type of the transistor used.

I C I B

3.

What happens to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when the resistance of R is reduced?

4. Thetransistor is said to have two states,and microammeter increase. A readings on miliammeter the ON state and OFF state. (a) Explain the meaning of the ON state of a transistor.

When a transistor is in the ON state, currents flow in the base and in the collector circuit. (b)
(c) Explain the meaning of the OFF state of a transistor. What is the function of the rheostat, R?

(d)

What is the function of the resistor, R1?

9.4 Logic Gates 9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates 1. 2. Gates Symbol Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Truth table Output Y 0 0 0 1 What is a logic gate?

A
AND gate

Y B

Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

OR gate

Output Y 0 1 1 1

Input A

A
NOT gate

Output Y 1 0

Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

NAND gate

A Y B

Output Y 1 1 1 0

Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

NOR gate

A Y B
Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

Output Y 1 0 0 0

Output P 1 1 0 0 Y 0 1 0 0

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates 1.

Find the output Y for each combination of logic gates. A 0011 P

110 0
Y

0101

010 0

Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 P 1 1 1 0

Output Q 0 1 1 1

Y 0 1 1 0

2.

0011

1100 Y 1000

010 1

1010 Q

10

3.

0011 A B 0101
A 0 0 1 1

X
Input

0001 Y Output Q 0100

B 0 1 0 11

010

Y 0 1 0 1

4.

B
A 0011 P 1110 0111 B 0101 Q Y 0110

5.

P Q

R S Q

Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 0

Output

B
1 0 1 0

Y 1 0 0 0

11

6.

Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically.

Keys:

Light detector

Input J L logic 1. logic 0. logic 1. logic 0. Air-conditioner

The light detector (Input J): In the day, At night, Heat Thedetector heat detector (Input K): Hot, Input K Cool

(a)

Build an appropriate truth table

Input P 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 R 1 1 1 0

Output

Q
0 1 1 1

Y 0 1 1 0

(b)

Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner will function.

- On a hot say Reinforcement Chapter 9 1.

or daytime On a hot night

Which of the following statements is not true? A. The potential at plate P is positive. B. The deflection would be greater if the potential difference is greater. C. The deflection would be greater if the electrons are moving faster. D. The electron beam will return to straight line if a suitable magnetic field is applied between the plates.

Which is not a property of cathode rays? A. It is positively charged. B. It travels in a straight line. C. It can be deflected by magnetic field. D. It can be deflected by electric field. 2. Cathode rays consists of A. Fluorescent particles B. Light rays from a screen C. Beams of fast moving particles D. Light rays from hot filament 3. A beam of electrons is being deflected due to a potential difference between plates P and Q.

4.

P Q

Figure 9.33

The figure 9.34 shows the trace displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain control is turned to 3.75 V/div. What is the maximum value of the potential difference being measured?

12

Figure 9.37 Figure 9.34

A. B. C. D. 5. 5.5 V 7.5 V 12.5 V 15.0 V A. B. C. D. 10. Replace the diode with a new one. Reverse the connection of the diode. Increase the number of bulbs. Connect a resistor in series with the bulb.

In p-type semiconductor A. The number of holes are equal to the number of electrons. B. The number of the holes are more than the number of electrons. C. The number of the holes are less than the number of electrons. 6. Which of the following is not true about diode? A. It can be used to rectify alternating current. B. It can only conduct electricity when it is connected in forward bias in a circuit. C. It is formed by joining an n-type and a p-type semiconductor. D. The majority charge carriers in the diode are electrons. 7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped to form an extrinsic semiconductor.

Figure 9.38

Figure 9.35

Which of the following is not true? A. The conductivity of the semiconductor increases. B. The semiconductor becomes an n-type. C. The majority charge carrier is electron. D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.

Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs, P, Q, R and S, and four electronic components connected in a circuit. Which of the following bulbs will light up continuously when the switch is on? A. P and Q only B. P, Q and R only C. R and S only D. P, Q and S only 11. Which of the following statements about a transistor is not true? A. A transistor can act as an amplifier B. A transistor can act as a relay switch. C. The function of a transistor is the same as that of two diodes. D. A transistor is a combination of two types of semiconductors. 12. Which of the following circuits shows the connect directions of the base current IB, emitter current, IE and collector current, IC?

8.

The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit. Which of the following statements is true?

P Q
Figure 9.36
A rectifier changes d.c to a.c. Device P allows current to flow in any directions. C. Device Q acts as a rectifier. D. The rectifier circuit would still work if device P is reversed. 9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit consisting of two diodes and a bulb. When the switch is on, the bulb does not light up. What needs to be done to light up the bulb? A. B.

13

Which of the following is correct? A. IB > IC

B. C. 15.

IB = I C IB < I C

Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of a transistor which acts as an automatic switch. When the potential difference across the thermistor is 3 V and the resistance of the thermistor is 1000 , the resistance value of resistor, R is ..

Figure 9.41

7 k 16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor circuit being used to amplify sound.

A. B. C. D.

4 k 5 k 6 k

M- Microphone C- Capacitor S- Speaker Figure 9.42

Which of the following is not correct about the circuit? A. T is an npn transistor B. The capasitor prevents d.c current but allows a.c current to pass through it. C. Speaker amplifies the sound. D. R1 and R2 act as potential divider.

17.
Figure 9.39

The figure 9.43 shows a logic gate circuit with input signals, X and Y.

Figure 9.43
13. What is the function of the transistor circuit shown in figure 9.39? A. As an amplifier B. As a rectifier C. As a switch device D. As a modulator 14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being used as a current amplifier. Which of the following is the output signal?

18.
circuit.

The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate

IB

IC

Figure 9.43 Figure 9.40

Which of the following is the output signal Z? A. 0110

14

B. 1010 C. 1110 D. 0101 19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination of three logic gates.

Figure 9.44

The truth table for the combination of tree logic gates is as follows. What is gate X? A. AND B. NOR C. OR D. NAND 20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of three logic gates in a logic circuit. When inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.
J K

Which of the following logic gates can be used to Figure 9.45 represent J and K? J K A. AND NOR B. NAND NOR C. OR AND D. NOR AND

15

Part B: Structured Questions. 1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is connected to the Yplates of an oscilloscope. Scale: 1 division = 1 cm The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm The time base is set at 5 ms/cm Figure 9.46

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission. (b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage. 2 x 3 = 6V (c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen. (d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage?

2 x 5 = 10 ms

f =1/T=50 Hz
(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to 2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.

2.

Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.

(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased. .. (b) D1 and polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased. When the D3

Figure 9.47

D2 and D4 (c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.
Voltage/V Figure 9.48 Time/ms
(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with the resistor.

Voltage/V Figure 9.49 Time/ms

(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the way that you have drawn.

16

3.

A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons, A and B for a two-storey building. A: Up button B: Down button The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50 shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.
12 V Logic gate

A B

240 V

Motor 0V Relay switch

Keys: Buttons A and B : When pressed, logic 1 Not pressed, logic 0 X Output : Motor is activated, logic 1 (a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control system.

Figure 9.50

(i) (ii)

Using the keys given, complete the truth table. Name the logic gate in the circuit in the figure 9.50.

AND Gate (iii)

In the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).

Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit? (b) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent resistor, LDR. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit for the control system of the lift door.

Input A 0 0 1 1

Output B V X 240 0 0 1 Motor 1 0 1 1 0

Figure 9.51

17

(i)

State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received by the light dependent resistor, LDR.

The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.
(ii) symbols given below. Resistor (iii) Explain how the circuit functions. Light dependent resistor

Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light dependent resistor using the

Part C: Essay Questions 1. (a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y of figures 9.52 and 9.53 are identical.

Figure 9.52

Figure 9.53

(i) What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? [2 marks] (ii) Using Figures 9.52 and figure 9.53, compare the connection of the diodes and the conditions of the bulbs. Relating (iii) (b)
the connection of the diodes and the conditions of the bulbs, deduce the function of a diode. [5 marks] State the use of a diode. [1 mark]

A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics of a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. [4 marks]

2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit are used for the purpose of rectification.

Circuit W

Circuit Y

Circuit X 18

Circuit Z

(i) (ii)
(iii)

What is meant by rectification?

[1mark]

Explain the working principle of a transformer. [3 marks] You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in figures 9.55 and consider the following aspects: Type of transformer The number of turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil. Type of rectification Characteristics of output current Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable circuit to make the battery charge. [6 marks]

3.

A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector current IC to the base current IB of a transistor.

R1 = 1k

A2 R2 = 2k R2 = 56k A1 IB T

IC

6V

Figure 9.56
Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R1 =1k and R2 = 56 k and a rheostat R3 as shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage of 6 V to the transistor circuit. Rheostat R3 is adjusted until the current IB detected by microammeter A1 is 10 A. The collector current, IC recorded by miliammeter A2 is shown in figure 9.57(a).

2 1 0 2 3 mA

3 4 5 (a) IB = 10A 4

Rheostat R3 is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A1 gives IB = 20 A, 30 A, 40 A, 50 A and 60 A. The

33 22 corresponding readings of IC on miliammeter, A2 are shown in figure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(f). 1 11 5 mA

4 4 5 5

0 mA

00 31

(b) IB = 20A

(c) IB = 30A

mA

mA

19

(d) IB = 40A

(e) IB = 50A

2 1 0 mA

3 4 5 (f) IB = 60A

(a)

Fo..

: ..

The base current, IB The supply voltage

Ic is directly proportional to IB
4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone has detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power.

Power amplifier

Loudsp eaker

Volume control Microphon e

Figure 9.58

Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs, (a) Make one suitable inference. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated. (c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others. In your description, state clearly the following: (i) Aim of the experiment, (ii) Variables in the experiment, (iii) List of apparatus and materials, (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus,

20

(v) (vi) (vii)

The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable, The way you would tabulate the data, That way you would analyse the data.

21