Q. 1. What is a transducer? Ans. Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy to another form.

Transducers may be electrical, magnetic, piezoelectric etc..

Q. 2. How can we classify transducers ? What are active transducers? Ans. Transducers can be classified as: (i) Active and passive (ii) Resistive, capacitive, inductive (iii) Analog and digital (iv) Transducers and inverse transducers. (v) Primary and Secondary Active transducers are those which do not require any external source of energy for their operation.

Q. 3. On what principles do the variable inductance type of transducers work? Ans. Variable inductance type transducers work on: (a) Variation of self inductance (b) Variation of mutual inductance (c) Production of eddy currents.

Q. 4. What are uses of LVDT for measurement? Ans. LVDT is Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It measures the linear displacement in terms of voltage. The output voltage is directly related to position of core. It is used to measure displacement, velocity etc.

Q. 5. List uses of thermistors?

Ans. Thermistors are thermal sensitive resistors having negative temperature co-efficient of resistance. These are used for (i) Measurement of temperature (ii) Measurement of difference of temperature (iii) Control of temperature (iv) Temperature compensation (v) Thermal conductivity measurement.

Q. 6. What are active transducers ? Give an example. Ans. Transducers which do not require any additional source of energy for operation are active transducers. Peizzoelectric crystals are examples of active transducers.

Q. 7. What is Hall effect?

Ans. When we place a current carrying conductor perpendicular to a magnetic field, it results in electric field perpendicular to both conductor and magnetic field .This phenomenon is Hall effect. It is used in M.R.L, magneto hydrodynamic generator.s

Q . 8. What is principle of photoelectric transducers? Ans. Photoelectric transducers have photosensitive elements which get activated i.e., produce voltage when sun light falls on them. This is principle of photoelectric transducer.

Q. 9. How can capacitance be varied in capacitive transducers? Ans. Capacitance is given as:

So, capacitance of a capacitive transducer can be varied by: (i) Varying overlapping area (ii) Varying distance between plates (iii) Varying permittivity.

Q. 10. What is a Piezoelectiric transducer? Ans. Piezoelectric transducers are made of special materials called perizoelectric. These crystals produce a potential difference on application of pressure. Example of such material is Rochells salt, Quartz etc.

Q. 11. Give advantages and limitations of foil strain gauges. Ans. Advantages of foil strain gauage are: (i) Due to larger surface area, they have better senstivity.

(ii) Foil strain gauges have better gauage factor. Limitations: (i) Heavy loads cannot be put as tensite strength of foil is low.

Q. 12.What are linear and non-linear circuits? Ans. Linear circuits are those in which relationship between input and output follows a linear graph. Non-linear circuits are those in which relationship between input and output does riot follow a linear graph.

Q. 13. What is gauge factor? Ans. Gauge factor is defined as ratio of change in resistance per unit resistance to change in length per unit length.

Q. 14. What is a Piezoelectric transducer? Ans. Piezoelectric transducer are made of special kind of material piezoelectric material. The material produces an e.m.f. when subjected to pressure. This e.m.f. can be measured easily to find out the pressure applied.

Q. 15. What are uses of LVDT for measurements? Ans. LVDT is used to measure displacement, velocity , force, pressure.

SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS Q. 1. With help of a neat diagram explain principle and operation of a Linear Variable Differential Transformer or Discuss basic principle of operation for inductive transducers. Briefly explain working of LVDT Ans. LVDT or Linear Variable Differential Transformer is a inductive type passive transducer which is used to convert displacement to voltage. It works on principle of mutual inductance. It consists of two coils, one primary and other

secondary. The secondary is divided into two parts which are connected in anti parallel . A soft iron core moves in these coils. Primary is connected to a source of a.c. voltage. The

connection diagram is as shown in When core is at a position such that induced emfs in two parts of secondary cancel each other, the net output is zero and this is called null position. When core is moved either ways, there appears a net voltage which can be read by voltmeter. The voltmeter is callibrated to read the displacement.

Q. 2. List out advantages of LVDTs. Ans. Advantages of LVDT are: 1. Very fine resolution 2. It has high accuracy and good stability 3. It is easy to fabricate and install 4. The transfer characteristic are linear. 5. They can withstand high temperatures.

Q. 3. Define transducer. State its classification with four examples of passive type transducers and active transducers? Ans. Transducers are device which are used. to convert non electrical quantities to electrical. Transducers are classified based on: (a) Energy consumption pattern: Active and Passive : Transducers which do not require any external source of energy are active transducers. Transducers which require external source of energy for operation are passive, (b) Output base: Analog and digital : Analog transducers give continuous output digital transducers give discrete output: (c) Stages involved: Primary and Secondary : Transducers which do not involve any intermediate stage are primary. Transducers which involve intermediate stage are secondary. (d) Transducers and inverse transducers:

Transducers convert non electrical quantities to electrical. Inverse transducers convert electrical to non-electrical. (e) Based on element involved: Resistive, capacitive and inductive, Examples of passive transducers are strain guage, LVDT, Pirani guage, capacitive microphone. Active transducers are peizzoelectric, peizzoresistive thermocouple, moving coil generator.

Q. 4. What is a peizzoelectric transducer ? Give its advantages and disadvantages, Ans. Peizzoelectric transducers are active transducers made of special type of materials. Peizzoelectric materials are crystalline materials which when compressed along one of its axes, acquires an electrostatic charge on opposite faces of material. Example of peizzoelectric material are Quartz or Rochelles salt.

The advantages of Peizzoelectric transducers are that they do not require any external source of energy also they do not load the source. Disadvantages are that they can be used to measure only limited number of quantities.

Q. 5. What are qualities a transducer should possess? Ans. Transducer should possess following qualities: (i)Ruggedness (ii) Linearity (iii) Repeatability (iv) High output signal quality (v) Good dynamic response (vi) High reliability and stability (vii) No hystersis.

Q. 6. What is a potentiometer ? What are various types of potentiometers? Ans. A potentiometer is a resistive transducer which converts linear or rotational displacement to voltage. It is a passive transducer. It works on principle that potential drop across a length is proportional to length. The following are types of potentiometers: (i) Wire wound (ii) Non wire which can be further classified as: (a) Carbon film (b) Thin metal film (c) Hot moulded carbon (d) Cermet.

Q. 7. What is a strain guage ? What are its types and applications? Ans. Strain guage is device for measuring mechanical surface strain. It is a resistive transducer. It can detect force or measure small mechanical displacements by converting them to electrical quantities. The working principle of strain guage is when stress is applied on metal conductor its resistance changes owing to change in length or are of cross section. The resistance varies according to relation.

(a ) where R is resistance (b) p is resistivity (c) eislength A is area of cross section. Types of strain guages are: (a) Wire strain guages (b) Foil strain guages

(c) Thin film (d) Semiconductor. Strain guages are used to measure force and small displacements. They are used for analyzing the dynamic strain of complex structures. They are used to measure tension, rque etc.

Q. 8. What is a Thermistor ? What is its use? Ans. Thermistors are resistive transducers. Thermistors are thermal sensitive resistors. They have negative temperature co-efficient of resistance i.e. as temperature increases resistance decreases. Thermistors are manufactured from oxides of metals of manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminium etc. Thermistors are used for measurement of: (a) Temperature (b) Difference of two temperatures (c) Control of temperature (d) Temperature compensation (e) Thermal conductivity measurement

(f Measurement of gas composition (g) Measurement of flow.

Q. 9. What are Thermocouples ? What is their principle? Ans. Thermocouples are devices used to measure temperature. It consists of two dissimilar metal wires which are brazed at ends. The thermocouple is based on Seebeck effect which states that if two wires of different metals are joined together at each end and form a complete electric circuit then current flows in the circuit when two junctions are kept at different temperature.

Q. 10. What are principles on which inductive transducers work? Ans. Inductive transformers operate on one of following principles: (i) Variation of self inductance of coil. (ii) Variation of mutual inductance of coil (iii) Production of eddy currents.

Q. 11. What is principle of operations, of capacitive transducers? Ans. The capacitance is given by:

Capacitive transducers are analog passive transducers. The capacitance can be varied by any of three methods: (a) By varying overlapping area of plates A

(b) By varying distance between plates d (c) By varying relative permittivity of dielectric medium between two plates.

Q. 12. What are peizzoelectric transducers? Ans. Peizzoelectric transducers are made of special materials peizzoelectric materials. These materials have special quality that they produce potential difference when mechanical force is applied across their faces. Naturally occurring peizzoelectric transducers are Quartz or Rochealles salt.

Q. 13. What is a thermocouple ? What its working principle? Ans. A thermocouple is formed by joining two dissimilar metals at their ends forming two junctions. The operation of thermocouple is based on Seebeck effect which states that if two wires of different metals are joined together at each end to form a complete circuit, then a current will flow in

circuit when two junctions are at different temperatures. The current is caused by an e.m.f called thermoelectric e.m.f ihermocouples are used to measure temperature difference, surface temperatures and in pyrometers.

Q. 14. Show that G = 1 + 2 i for a strain guage where G = Guage factor, i = change in resistance due to change

Q. 15. What are thermistors ? What are their applications? Ans. Thermistors are thermal sensitive resistors, resistors whose resistance varies as function of temperature. Thermistors have negative temperature co-efficient of resistance. Thermistors are used for: (a) Measurement of temperature (h) Measurement of difference of two temperatures. (c) Control of temperature. (d) Temperature compensation (e) Thermal conductivity measurement. (J) Measurement of gas composition, (g) Measurement of flow.

Q. 16. What are merits and demerits of LVDT? Ans. Merits of LVDT are: (i) It has linear characteristic over specified range. (ii) It has high senstivity. (iii) LVDT has infinite resolution. (iv) Its output is very high. (v) It consumes very less power. (vi) LVDT can be used for high frequencies. (vii) Output impedance of LVDT remains constant. (viii) LVDT has low hystersis loss and good repeatability (ix) It has rugged construction.

Demerits of LVDT are: (i) LVDT is sensitive to stray magnetic fields. (ii) For getting appreciable differential output relatively large displacements are required. (iii) LVDT is prove to errors due to temperature. (iv) The dynamic response is limited for LVDT due to mass of core

Q. 17. What are merits and demerits of capacitive transducers? Ans. Merits of capacitive transducers: 1. Capacitive transducers have very high input impedance. 2. They have excellent frequency response. 3. They are not effected by stray magnetic fields. 4. They are extremely sensitive. 5. They need small power for operation.

Demerits: 1. Output impedance is high. 2. Stray capacitances cause errors. 3. Temperature errors are present. 4. Electrostatic screening needs to be provided to prevent pick up.

Q. 18. What are peizzoelectric transducers ? Where are they used? Ans. Peizzoelectric materials are those in which potential difference appears across opposite faces of material as a result of dimensional changes when mechanical force is applied to them. Transducers made of peizzoelectric material are peizzoelectric transducers. These transducers are small in size, light in weight and very rugged. These transducers are used for measurement of force and pressure. They are used in high frequency accelerometers. These transducers are used for temperature measurement also.

Q. 19. Why piezoelectric cannot be used for measurement of static displacements? Explain. Ans. Piezoelectric transducers have piezoelectric crystals which produce an e.m.f on relative motion between molecules due to pressure exerted by motion. Since in static displacements, no motion of molecules is involved, hence, piezoelectric cannot be used for measurement of static displacement.

Q. 20. What is a thermocouple ? What is its principle of operation? Discuss its advantages. Ans. Thermocouple is a resistance type temperature sensor. It is a passive transducer. Thermocouple is formed by joining two dissimilar metals having different temperature coefficient of resistance. The operation of thermocouple is based on seebeck effect which states that current flows in a closed circuit made of two dissimilar metal if the junctions of two metals are kept at different temperatures.

The advantages of thermocouple are: (i) They have wide temperature range (ii) No external some is required (vi) They have good sensitivity (iv) They are cheap and physical size is small.

Q. 21. What are passive transducers? Discuss working of a passive transducer. Ans. Transducers which require external source of energy for their operation are called passive transducers. Example of passive transducer is LVDT. For working of LVDT refer ans 1, in the section

Q. 22. Explain the principle and working of attraction type moving iron instruments and derive expression for deflecting torque. Ans. Piezoelectric transducers have piezoelectric crystals which produce an e.m.f on relative motion between molecules due to pressure exerted by motion. Since in static displacements, no motion of molecules is involved, hence, piezoelectric cannot be used for measurement of static displacement.

Q. 20. What is a thermocouple ? What is its principle of operation? Discuss its advantages. Ans. Thermocouple is a resistance type temperature sensor. It is a passive transducer. Thermocouple is formed by joining two dissimilar metals having different temperature coefficient of resistance. The operation of thermocouple is based on seebeck effect which states that current flows in a closed circuit made of two dissimilar metal if the junctions of two metals are kept at different temperatures. The advantages of thermocouple are:

(i) They have wide temperature range (ii) No external some is required (vi) They have good sensitivity (iv) They are cheap and physical size is small.

Q. 21. What are passive transducers? Discuss working of a passive transducer. Ans. Transducers which require external source of energy for their operation are called passive transducers. Example of passive transducer is LVDT. For working of LVDT refer ans 1, in the section.

Q. 22. Explain the principle and working of attraction type moving iron instruments and derive expression for deflecting torque. Ans. Principle : A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. Working: In attract-ion type instruments when unmagnetised iron piece is brought near electromagnets or current carrying coils, it is attracted into its field. The pointer is mounted on moving system and gives a deflection on scale. The deflection of pointer depends on current producing magnetic field.Principle : A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. Working: In attract-ion type instruments when unmagnetised iron piece is brought near electromagnets or current carrying coils, it is attracted into its field. The pointer is mounted on moving system and gives a deflection on scale. The deflection of pointer depends on current producing magnetic field.

Applying Faradays law, we can see whatever is direction of current the moving system is always attracted towards field.

Q. 23. Discuss the working principle, frequency response and applications of piezoelectric transducers. Ans. Piezoelectric transducers are made up of special type of material piezoelectric material. These materials have like property that yrhenever pressure or mchanical force is applied due to dimensional changes an e.m.f. is produced. Examples of such materials are Rochelles salt. Thansducers made of peizoelectic materials are peizoelectric transducers. These transducers are small in size, light in weight and very rugged. Piezoelectric transducers have reasonably good frequency response for frequencies upto few kHz. Application of piezoelectric transducers are for (a) measurement of force and pressure (h) high frequency accelero meters (c) temperbire measurements.

Q. 24. Explain the principle and working of attraction type moving iron instruments and derive expression for deflecting torque. Ans. Principle: A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a force.

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