QUES. Explain leadership in international context.

Global organisations face increased challenges and competition so success demands the best performance that corporate top managers can produce. When these executives work across multiple borders, they can become global leaders. Succeeding globally means developing a global view while using local knowledge to understand particular business challenges in markets around the world. Executives need to understand different business contexts and be able to identify opportunities, leading to better business decisions about global markets. Challenges for global leaders include balancing the benefits of standardisation with the need for local adaptation, managing virtual teams across geographies and time zones, dealing with contradictory thoughts and working through ambiguous situations. Research indicates that global leaders with the skills to deal with complexity and uncertainty can perform well in global environments, but they can only sustain this level of performance if they pay attention to their values. Examples For instance, an Indian-based multinational company hired a Brazilian executive from a French corporation to head their China operation. This global leader had learned to build on his Brazilian habit of developing friendly relationships so that in China he was able to build networks within the firm and with outside stakeholders such as government, customers, and suppliers and so expand the business. Brazilian culture highly values relationships, as do Indian and Chinese cultures so that the need to emphasise smooth interactions and develop friendly relationships with outside stakeholders - and so on - was familiar. Paying attention to people this way helped him with his superiors and colleagues in India as well, since Brazil, China and India are all relationship-based cultures. He also needed to overcome his original discomfort with risk in order to meet the Indian's expectation of entrepreneurialism and even more so to show his Chinese colleagues that the company was ready to grasp opportunities. Nestl, the Switzerland-based food company hires international management trainees each year and some are expected to become dedicated expatriates, meaning they can change location every few years. Additionally, they have the option to develop their careers locally. Nestl likes its masters in management degree trainees to have international exposure and an appreciation for local values as most of its brands are adapted for each country. Global brands such as Kit Kat (chocolate biscuit bar) and Nescaf are localised, for example, the green tea Kit Kat, available in Japan, reflects the Japanese taste for this beverage while Nescaf coffee has a localised taste in different countries.

QUES. Write a short note on any 2 global companies. INTEL CORPORATION

For nearly 40 years, Intel Corporation has been at the forefront of silicon innovation. Today it is the world leader in developing technologies, products, and initiatives to continually advance how people work and live. Intels early history is legendary. The company was established in 1968 by Robert N. Noyce, cofounder of the integrated circuit, and Gordon E. Moore, a colleague of Noyces from Fairchild Semiconductor, to make semiconductor memory more practical and affordable. The pair quickly won the backing of venture capitalist Art Rock, who raised $2.5 million in less than two days. Because the name Moore Noyce was already trademarked by a hotel chain, the two called their startup Intel, short for integrated electronics.Soon after Intels founding, a third visionary joined the team: Andrew S. Grove, a Hungarian migr who had played a critical role in the development of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) large scale integrated (LSI) technology. Not long after that, top engineers Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor joined the group. In late 1969, when a Japanese calculator manufacturer, Busicom, asked the new company to design 12 custom chips for one of its products, the innovative Intel team came up with a groundbreaking solution: one chip that could do the work of 12. Nine months later, the Intel 4004 was first produced, a 1/8-inch by 1/6-inch chip that contained 2,300 MOS transistors. This computer on a chip was the worlds first microprocessor, with all the power of the 3,000-cubic-foot ENIAC computer. In 1980, the 4004 was followed by the 8080, which was chosen as the central processing unit of IBMs first personal computer. In 1985 Intel introduced its next-generation Intel386 microprocessor, and in 1993 the companys focus on R&D and manufacturing expertise resulted in the renowned Pentium microprocessor, whose descendants power performance-intensive applications today. Intels groundbreaking achievements continue in the new century. In January 2006, the company announced it had designed what is believed to be the fi rst fully functional SRAM (static random access memory) chip using 45-nanometer (nm) logic technology. Then, just a year later, Intel began to implement an innovative combination of materials that drastically reduced transistor leakage, improving energy efficiency, and significantly increasing performance in its 45nm process technology. Intel now uses a new

material based on the element hafnium instead of silicon with a property called high-k for its transistor gate dialectric, and a new combination of metals for the transistor gate in portions of the millions of transistors inside a multi-core computer chip, which is about the size of a postage stamp. According to Gordon Moore, the move to hafnium-based high-k and metal gate materials marks the biggest change in transistor technology since the introduction of polysilicon gate MOS transistors in the late 1960s. Intels new 45nm processor technology is now in production for more than 15 products in its next generation family of computer chips. With more than 400 million transistors for dual-core processors and more than 800 million for quad-core, these next generation of Intel Core 2 chips provide greater performance, power-management capabilities, higher core speeds, and larger caches for desktop, mobile, workstation, and enterprise computers. And more milestones are ahead including a 32 nanometer (nm) technology with transistors so small that more than 4 million of them could fit on the period at the end of a sentence on a printed page. Intel has a long history of translating technology leaps into tangible benefits that people appreciate, said Bill Holt, vice president and general manager of the Intel Technology and Manufacturing Group. That forward-looking ethic is reflected in Intels Leap ahead call to action, inspiring continuing commitment to moving silicon technology forward.

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is an Indian conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company operates through three business segments: petrochemicals, refining, and oil and gas; other divisions of the company include textiles, retail business, special economic zone (SEZ) development and telecom/broadband business. RIL is one of the largest publicly traded company in India by market capitalisation and is the second largest company in India by revenue after Indian Oil Corporation.[2] It is also India's largest private sector company by revenue and profit. The company is ranked 99th on Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations for the year 2012. Products Though the company's petrochemicals, refining, and oil and gasrelated operations form the incore of its business, other dividors of the company include cloth, retail business and special economic zone (SEZ) development. Reliance Retail has entered into the fresh foods market as Reliance Fresh. RIL is to invest $10 billion over the next few years in its new aerospace division which will design, develop, manufacture, equipment and components, including airframe, engine,

radars, avionics and accessories for military and civilian aircraft, helicopters, unmanned airborne vehicles and aerostats. It had applied for industrial licence in early July 2012. This decision comes after the creation of Reliance Aerospace Technologies Pvt Ltd and Reliance Security Solutions Ltd.

Major subsidiaries and associates Reliance Life Sciences participates in medical, plant and industrial biotechnology opportunities. Specifically, these relate to biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals, clinical research services, regenerative medicine, molecular medicine, novel therapeutics, biofuels, plant biotechnology, and industrial biotechnology. Reliance Institute of Life Sciences (Rils), established by Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation, is an institution of higher education in various fields of life sciences and related technologies. Reliance Logistics (P) Limited is a single-window solutions provider for transportation, distribution, warehousing, logistics, and supply chain needs, supported by in-house state of the art telematics and telemetry solutions. Reliance Clinical Research Services (RCRS), a contract research organisation (CRO) and wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Life Sciences, has been set up to provide clinical research services to pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies. Reliance Solar, the solar energy initiative of Reliance, aims to bring solar energy systems and solutions primarily to remote and rural areas and bring about a transformation in the quality of life. Relicord is a stem-cell banking service controlled by Reliance Industries. Infotel Broadband is a broadband service provider which gained 4G licensees for operating across India, now it is wholly owned by RIL for 48 billion (US$907.2 million). Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited (RIIL) was incorporated in September 1988 as Chembur Patalganga Pipelines Limited, with the main objective being to build and operate cross-country pipelines for transporting petroleum products. The company's name was subsequently changed to CPPL Limited in September 1992, and thereafter to its present name, Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited, in March 1994. It has been promoted by Mr. Satyapal Jain and his associates. The company set up a 200-millimeter diameter twin pipeline system that connects the Bharat Petroleum refinery at Mahul, Maharashtra, to Reliance's petrochemical complex at Patalaganga, Maharashtra. The pipeline carries petroleum products including naphtha and kerosene. It has commissioned facilities like the supervisory control and data acquisition system and the cathodic protection system, a jackwell at River Tapi, and a raw water pipeline system at Hazira. The infrastructure company constructed a 70,000 kiloliter petrochemical product storage and distribution terminal at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) Area in Maharashtra. ambani RIIL is mainly engaged in the business of setting up and operating industrial infrastructure. The company is also engaged in related activities involving leasing and providing services connected with computer software and data processing. Reliance Retail is the retail business wing of the Reliance business. Many brands like Reliance Fresh, Reliance Footprint, Reliance Time Out, Reliance Digital, Reliance Wellness, Reliance

Trendz, Reliance Autozone, Reliance Super, Reliance Mart, Reliance iStore, Reliance Home Kitchens, Reliance Market (Cash n Carry) and Reliance Jewel come under the Reliance Retail brand. Reliance Industry is the world's largest polyester producer and as a result one of the largest producers of polyester waste in the world. In order to deal with this large amount of waste, they had to create a way to recycle the waste. They operate the largest polyester recycling centre that uses the polyester waste as a filling and stuffing. They developed an innovative recycling process resulting in an award in 'Team Excellence'.

Ques. What are ethics in business. Are they universally applicable.

Ethics is a branch of social science. It deals with moral principles and social values. It helps us to classify, what is good and what is bad? It tells us to do good things and avoid doing bad things.So, ethics separate, good and bad, right and wrong, fair and unfair, moral and immoral and proper and improper human action. In short, ethics means a code of conduct. It is like the 10 commandments of holy Bible. It tells a person how to behave with another person.

So, the businessmen must give a regular supply of good quality goods and services at reasonable prices to their consumers. They must avoid indulging in unfair trade practices like adulteration, promoting misleading advertisements, cheating in weights and measures, black marketing, etc. They must give fair wages and provide good working conditions to their workers. They must not exploit the workers. They must encourage competition in the market. They must protect the interest of small businessmen. They must avoid unfair competition. They must avoid monopolies. They must pay all their taxes regularly to the government. In short, business ethics means to conduct business with a human touch in order to give welfare to the society. Features of Business Ethics Code of conduct : Business ethics is a code of conduct. It tells what to do and what not to do for the welfare of the society. All businessmen must follow this code of conduct. Based on moral and social values : Business ethics is based on moral and social values. It contains moral and social principles (rules) for doing business. This includes self-control, consumer protection and welfare, service to society, fair treatment to social groups, not to exploit others, etc. Gives protection to social groups : Business ethics give protection to different social groups such as consumers, employees, small businessmen, government, shareholders, creditors, etc.

Provides basic framework : Business ethics provide a basic framework for doing business. It gives the social cultural, economic, legal and other limits of business. Business must be conducted within these limits. Voluntary : Business ethics must be voluntary. The businessmen must accept business ethics on their own. Business ethics must be like self-discipline. It must not be enforced by law. Requires education and guidance : Businessmen must be given proper education and guidance before introducing business ethics. The businessmen must be motivated to use business ethics. They must be informed about the advantages of using business ethics. Trade Associations and Chambers of Commerce must also play an active role in this matter. Relative Term : Business ethics is a relative term. That is, it changes from one business to another. It also changes from one country to another. What is considered as good in one country may be taboo in another country. New concept : Business ethics is a newer concept. It is strictly followed only in developed countries. It is not followed properly in poor and developing countries.

Need or Importance of Business Ethics Stop business malpractices : Some unscrupulous businessmen do business malpractices by indulging in unfair trade practices like black-marketing, artificial high pricing, adulteration, cheating in weights and measures, selling of duplicate and harmful products, hoarding, etc. These business malpractices are harmful to the consumers. Business ethics help to stop these business malpractices. Improve customers' confidence : Business ethics are needed to improve the customers' confidence about the quality, quantity, price, etc. of the products. The customers have more trust and confidence in the businessmen who follow ethical rules. They feel that such businessmen will not cheat them. Survival of business : Business ethics are mandatory for the survival of business. The businessmen who do not follow it will have short-term success, but they will fail in the long run. This is because they can cheat a consumer only once. After that, the consumer will not buy goods from that businessman. He will also tell others not to buy from that businessman. So this will defame his image and provoke a negative publicity. This will result in failure of the business. Therefore, if the businessmen do not follow ethical rules, he will fail in the market. So, it is always better to follow appropriate code of conduct to survive in the market. Safeguarding consumers' rights : The consumer has many rights such as right to health and safety, right to be informed, right to choose, right to be heard, right to redress, etc. But many businessmen do not respect and protect these rights. Business ethics are must to safeguard these rights of the consumers. Protecting employees and shareholders : Business ethics are required to protect the interest of employees, shareholders, competitors, dealers, suppliers, etc. It protects them from exploitation through unfair trade practices. Develops good relations : Business ethics are important to develop good and friendly relations between business and society. This will result in a regular supply of

good quality goods and services at low prices to the society. It will also result in profits for the businesses thereby resulting in growth of economy. Creates good image : Business ethics create a good image for the business and businessmen. If the businessmen follow all ethical rules, then they will be fully accepted and not criticised by the society. The society will always support those businessmen who follow this necessary code of conduct. Smooth functioning : If the business follows all the business ethics, then the employees, shareholders, consumers, dealers and suppliers will all be happy. So they will give full cooperation to the business. This will result in smooth functioning of the business. So, the business will grow, expand and diversify easily and quickly. It will have more sales and more profits. Consumer movement : Business ethics are gaining importance because of the growth of the consumer movement. Today, the consumers are aware of their rights. Now they are more organised and hence cannot be cheated easily. They take actions against those businessmen who indulge in bad business practices. They boycott poor quality, harmful, high-priced and counterfeit (duplicate) goods. Therefore, the only way to survive in business is to be honest and fair. Consumer satisfaction : Today, the consumer is the king of the market. Any business simply cannot survive without the consumers. Therefore, the main aim or objective of business is consumer satisfaction. If the consumer is not satisfied, then there will be no sales and thus no profits too. Consumer will be satisfied only if the business follows all the business ethics, and hence are highly needed. Importance of labour : Labour, i.e. employees or workers play a very crucial role in the success of a business. Therefore, business must use business ethics while dealing with the employees. The business must give them proper wages and salaries and provide them with better working conditions. There must be good relations between employer and employees. The employees must also be given proper welfare facilities. Healthy competition : The business must use business ethics while dealing with the competitors. They must have healthy competition with the competitors. They must not do cut-throat competition. Similarly, they must give equal opportunities to small-scale business. They must avoid monopoly. This is because a monopoly is harmful to the consumers

While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade.[204] Many new practical issues arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields include: The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behaviour. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Also on the basis of their respective GDP and [Corruption rankings]. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives. Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g., bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair trade movement; transfer pricing. Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism. Varying global standardse.g., the use of child labor. The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centres) to low-wage countries. The permissibility of international commerce with pariah states.

The success of any business depends on its financial performance. Financial accounting helps the management to report and also control the business performance.

The information regarding the financial performance of the company plays an important role in enabling people to take right decision about the company. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand how to record based on accounting conventions and concepts ensure unambling and accurate records. Foreign countries often use dumping as a competitive threat, selling products at prices lower than their normal value. This can lead to problems in domestic markets. It becomes difficult for these markets to compete with the pricing set by foreign markets. In 2009, the International Trade Commission has been researching anti-dumping laws. Dumping is often seen as an ethical issue, as larger companies are taking advantage of other less economically advanced companies.

QUES. What are social responsibilities of Corporate of Business houses. Name a few initiatives of 5 global companies.

INTRODUCTION
Corporate Social Responsibility is on the rise all over the world and in India also. Over the past decades a growing number of companies have recognized the business benefits of CSR policies and practices.. Civil Societies, consumers and other actors have increased pressure on companies to adhere to social and environmental standards and this pressure has impact on the business in India. The ideas of CSR can be discerned from the three words contained within its title phrase: Corporate' ,'Social' and 'Responsibility. Therefore in a broader senses CSR covers the responsibilities corporations have towards society within which they are based and operate, not denying the fact that the purview of CSR goes much beyond this. Over the past decades a growing number of companies have recognized the business benefits of CSR policies and practices. Their experiences have been bolstered by a growing body of empirical studies which demonstrate that CSR has a positive impact on business Economic performance and it is not harmful to shareholder value. Companies have also been encouraged to adopt and/or expand CSR efforts as a result of pressures from Customers, suppliers, Employees, Communities, investors, activist, organization, and other stakeholders. Relevance of CSR today CSR as a strategy is becoming increasingly important for businesses today because of these identifiable trends. 1. Changing Social Expectations Consumers and society in general expect more from the companies whose products they buy. This sense has increased in the light of recent corporate scandals, which reduced public trust of corporations, and reduced public confidence in the ability of regulatory bodies and organizations to control corporate excess. 2. Increasing Affluence This is true within developed nations, but also in comparison to developing nations society in need of work and inward investment is less likely to enforce strict regulations and penalize organizations that might take their business and money elsewhere.

Benefits of CSR 1. Improved Financial Performance An recent study has found that Stake holder balanced companies showed four times the growth rate and eight times employment growth ,when compared to companies that focused only on shareholders and profit maximization. 2. Enhanced Brand Image and Reputation A company considered socially responsible can benefit both by its enhanced Reputation with the Public as well its reputation within the business. 3. Increased sales and customer loyalty. A number of studies have suggested a large and growing market for the products and services of companies to be socially responsible. 4. Increased ability to attract and retain employees. Companies perceived to have strong CSr commitments often found it easier to recruit employees particularly in tight labour markets. Retention levels are higher too. 5. Reduced Regulatory oversight Companies that demonstrate that they are engaging in practices that satisfy and go beyond regulatory compliance requirements are given less scrutiny and more free reign by both National and Local Government Entities. 6. Easier access to Capital It is clear that companies addressing ethical, social and environmental responsibilities have rapidly growing access to capital that might not otherwise have been available. CSR in India Corporate Social Responsibility is on the rise all over the world and in India also. Civil Societies, consumers and other actors have increased pressure on companies to adhere to social and environmental standards and this pressure has impact on the business in India. Limits of regulatory initiatives, changing nature of judicial activism, governments greater relevance on private enterprises etc. places greater responsibility on voluntary approaches as an alternative means of building social rights.

Observations from Full O Dreamz CSR Rating of India's 500 largest companies:

Most companies are not doing any CSR. Many companies are only making token gestures towards CSR in tangential ways such as donations to charitable trusts or NGOs, sponsorship of events, etc. Most companies believe that charity and philanthropy equals to CSR; very few companies are using their core competence to benefit the community. Most companies use CSR as a marketing tool to further spread the word about their business. For instance, donation of a token amount to some cause on purchase of a particular product. The fact that companies are hiring advertising agencies for their CSR further highlights this. Only Few Indian companies (from this study) publish a Corporate Sustainability Report to measure and assess the impact of their business on the environment. Very few companies openly state the processes followed by them, the damage caused by these processes, and the steps taken to minimize this damage. Very few companies state how much they spend on CSR. There is no mention of the amount spent in any of their balance sheets or annual reports. Most companies just list and describe their CSR activities and seem to be spending minimal amounts on CSR. Very few companies are engaged in CSR activities in the local communities where they are based. Very few companies have a clearly defined CSR philosophy. Most implement their CSR in an ad-hoc manner, unconnected with their business process. Most companies spread their CSR funds thinly across many activities, thus somewhere losing the purpose of undertaking that activity. Most companies appear reluctant to themselves fulfill their CSR unless it is mandatory by law. Generally speaking, most companies seem either unaware or dont care about CSR. However, all companies can be considered to be an upward learning curve with respect to CSR and it is expected that the situation will improve.

Initiatives in some Indian Companies ACC Limited -CSR Activities ACC has undertaken social volunteering practices almost from its inception, long before the term corporate social responsibility was coined. The companys earliest initiatives in community development date back to the 1940's in a village on the outskirts of Mumbai while the first formal Village Welfare Scheme was launched in 1952. The community living around many of our factories comprises the weakest sections of rural and tribal India with no access to basic amenities. Corporate Social Responsibility Policy The Company shall continue to have among its objectives the promotion and growth of the national economy through increased productivity, effective utilization of material and manpower resources and continued application of modern scientific and managerial

techniques, in keeping with the national aspiration; and the Company shall continue to be mindful of its social and moral responsibilities to consumers, employees, shareholders, society and the local community. Community & Rural Welfare ACC community development activities revolve around the under-privileged community that lives in the immediate vicinity of our cement plants and is thus more dependent on us. The range of our activities begins with extending educational and medical facilities and goes on to cover vocational guidance and supporting employment-oriented and income-generation projects like agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industries by developing local skills, using local raw materials and helping create marketing outlets. At all our cement factories we share our amenities and facilities with members of the local community. This includes sharing education and medical facilities, sports and recreation. Wherever possible we share access to Bore Wells, drinking water and the usage of colony roads. Education Education is imparted not only to children of ACC employees but also more importantly to children from rural areas who do not have access to any medium of information or education. ACC schools maintain high standards and are open to other children of the vicinity. Often these schools are the most preferred centers of learning in the district and adjoining areas. Wherever possible, ACC provides funds and infrastructure to help set up local schools, colleges and centers for learning and education. Healthcare ACC takes pride in providing various forms of medical assistance to the families of our employees and also to all those living in surrounding villages. Each factory has a medical center with full-fledged doctors and the latest of basic equipment. Mobile medical services are provided in the vicinity and regular medical camps are held to eradicate diseases, offers medical help, treatment and preventive care. ACC has come out to provide support to the State and National health initiatives such as the eradication of malaria, dengue fever and the dreaded HIV.

Hindustan Latex Limited - CSR Activities Hindustan Latex Limited, a public sector company established more than three decades ago, came to occupy a premier position in the countrys family planning and health care programs. The company not only established itself as the leader in the segment of manufacture of contraceptives, but also diversified into manufacturing and marketing of other related health care products . Social marketing became one of the key areas of the company to ensure that quality contraceptives are available to the people at an affordable price at an arms length of desire.

Though the direct marketing operations of the company were doing very well, over the years, the company realized that its social obligation being paramount, the company could not look at profitability alone, which was however being sustained through its exports and direct marketing. The company realized the need for family planning and healthcare programs aimed at the poor and disadvantaged sections of the society. Hindustan Latex Limited thus ventured into social sector projects aimed at creating a planned social change. It was with this objective that HLL formed the Hindustan Latex Family Planning Promotion Trust, a nonprofit organization promoted by HLL. Since its establishment in 1992, HLFPPT has been undertaking the conceptualization and implementation of various Social Sector Projects. The Trusts area of operations extends to the various states of India. Although the Trust was established for promoting the agenda of family planning, the Trusts activities have now been broad based to focus on reproductive and sexual health. The Trust is expected to develop into a major civil society participant working in the health sector, in partnership with a range of development actors. Kanoria Chemicals Industries Limited Kanoria Chemicals Industries Limited is a major player in the Indian Chemical Industry, generating a sales turnover of about US$ 70million. The company's history dates back to 1962, starting its operations in Renukoot ( the eastern region of India) as a single product company. At present, KCIL has transformed itself into a multi-product, multi-location group and has established itself as a pioneer in its field. Working on the philosophy of 'Pioneering growth through technology' every single plant at KCIL has been set up with the best technology the world has to offer. Without compromising the core values of business ethics, the group has achieved impressive value additions resulting from the strategy of forward and backward integration in its manufacturing operations. The company is involved in various community development initiatives and has adopted villages around their plants for development activities. The focus areas are community services which include social development schemes like educational activities, medical programmes and cultural activities. Agricultural and environmental activities which include tree plantation drives and water resource programmes, self employment schemes which include training programmes for various income generation activities like tailoring, basket making, wax farming etc. The company has built a nationally recognised school and an in-house hospital that caters to the educational and health needs of the local community in which it operates. The company has also planted around 2.75 lakh trees in its premises reiterating the company's commitment towards environment.

HEG Limited - Environmental & Social Initiatives Ecological impact: The Company is completely conscious of the environmental impact its operations and actions can have on its surroundings. To counter this effect, HEG has in place efficient systems to reduce any undesirable fallout from its processes. HEG is an ISO-14001 certified company since June 2005. The Company has taken up the responsibility to further improve the ecological conditions around its facilities, by implementing a widespread forestation programme. HEG's Mandideep manufacturing complex is testimony to how serious the Company is towards improving the environment around its facilities. The Mandideep facility is considered one of the cleanest graphite electrode plants in the world, when seen in the light of the materials used and the products manufactured in the graphite plant. The Company also believes in recycling and reusing any byproducts from its manufacturing processes. The Waste Heat Recovery System (WHRS) power plant is a fine example of this fact, as it makes productive use of the heat generated by waste gases that are released during the manufacture of sponge iron. Community Outreach HEG believes that local communities have a vital role to play in creation of wealth and to develop local society. HEG has various programmes to better their standard of living. To encourage education and the general welfare of people in Mandideep and its surroundings, a non-profit body Graphite Education & Welfare Society, was established in 1981. The Company operates a Graphite Primary School in HEG, Mandieep. HEG and its employees regularly come together to conduct medical camps, socio-cultural activities and other community work, often in partnership with local authorities and NGOs undertaking several CSR activities on a significant scale since its establishment in 1991. The Foundation works with the deprived sections of society wherever the Group starts business operations. It focuses on four specific areas: Education; Health, Hygiene and Sanitation; Empowerment & Livelihoods and Community Based Programme. Today the Foundation activities span the length and breadth of the country with ongoing initiatives in Rajam, Rajamundry, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Mangalore, Uttaranchal, Bangalore.