ILS Ground Equipment & Principles

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an instrument presented, pilot interpreted,
precision approach aid. The system provides the pilot with instrument indications which,
when utilised in conjunction with the normal flight instruments, enables the aircraft to be
manoeuvred along a precise, predetermined, final approach path.
The ILS ground facilities
have been categorised
by international
standardisation as follows:
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY I
An ILS which provides a specified quality of guidance information from the coverage
limit of the ILS to the point at which the localiser course line intersects the ILS glide path at a
height of 200 ft or less above the threshold. Using this category of equipment and provided
that appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed and operating,
operations can be permitted down to a decision height of 200 ft and with a runway visual
range (RVR) of the order of 800 metres.
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY II
An ILS which provides a specified quality of guidance information from the
coverage limit of the ILS to the point at which the localiser course line intersects the ILS
glide path at a height of 50 ft or less above the threshold. Using this category of equipment
and provided that appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed
and rating, operations can be permitted down to a decision height of 100 ft and with a RVR
of the order of 400 metres.
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY III
An ILS which, with the aid of ancillary equipment where necessary, provides the
specified quality of guidance information from the coverage limit of the facility to and
along the surface of the runway. Using this category of equipment and provided that
appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed and operating,
operations can be permitted with no decision height limitation and without reliance on
external visual reference.

There are three main elements in the complete ILS:
A localiser radio beam to furnish directional guidance to and along the runway
A glide path radio beam to furnish vertical guidance at the correct descent angle to
the runway touchdown point
Fan markers (outer marker and middle marker). In some cases DME has
been
Authorised for use when markers are not available or cannot be installed.
A suitable radio navigation aid is provided on most installations to assist in interception of

the localiser and holding procedures. At some locations two of these aids are provided. This
aid can be either a VOR or a low-powered NDB (Locator).
Fig 1.1 ILS System
CHAPTER-2
BASIC PRINCIPLE
The localiser transmitters radiate field patterns of 90-hertz and 150-hertz modulated
energy on opposite sides of the instrument runway centreline to provide a course for
guidance in azimuth. The 150-hertz modulation is always on the right looking towards the
runway from the outer marker and is known as the blue sector. The left side is modulated at
90-hertz and is known as the yellow sector. The course line (on-course) is a locus of points
of equal 90-150-hertz modulation. It is aligned along the runway centreline extended in both
directions and may be separated at the localiser antenna into a front course and a back
course. In order to obtain the quality in the front course of the localiser necessary for CAT I
and higher, a back course is not radiated in Australia.
Glide path equipment radiates field patterns of 90-and 150-hertz modulated energy
to provide a path for approach slope guidance. The field patterns are orientated so that a
preponderance of the 150-hertz energy lies below the glide path and a preponderance of the
90-hertz energy is above the glide path. The line of the glide path (on-path), similar to the
localiser course line, is a locus of points of equal 90-and 150-hertz modulation and is
aligned at the correct approach angle for descent to the runway touchdown point.
Fig 2.1 Radiation pattern of ILS
CHAPTER-3
GROUND EQIUPMENTS
3.1 LOCALIZER:
The localiser aerial is on the runway extended centreline at the opposite end to the
approach end, at a distance which ensures that it lies below the runway take-off obstruction
clearance plane. The transmitter building is usually located 100120 metres to the side of the
aerial. The field pattern radiated by the localiser is illustrated in Figure 3.2 with the course
line lying along the extended runway centreline. The localiser beam width, as it is
interpreted by the travel of the localiser needle on the aircraft cross pointer indicator from full
deflection in the blue sector (150-hertz) to full deflection in the yellow sector (90-hertz) is
normally 5 for uncategorised systems and all other systems are adjusted to 210 metres wide
at the landing threshold.
Total width in terms of degrees will depend on position of aerials and length of
runway. The equipment is designed to provide a usable on-course signal at a minimum
distance of 25 nautical miles from the runway at a minimum altitude of 2,000 ft above the
threshold.
Each localiser is identified aurally by a coded designator consisting of three letters,
the first of which is the letter I. The transmitters are usually duplicated, with an automatic
changeover facility from primary to secondary equipment in the event of failure or
malfunction.
Fig 3.1 Range and radiation of localizer
Fig 3.2 Standard ILS
Fig 3.3 Localizer array antennas
3.2 GLIDE PATH:

The transmitter buildings and glide path aerial are in close proximity and are usually
located approximately 225380 metres from the approach end and 120210 metres to the
side of the runway centreline. The field pattern radiated by the glide path equipment is
illustrated in Figure 3.4, with the on path line set at an angle of 2 to 3 from the
touchdown point on the runway. The glide path width as it is interpreted by the travel of the
glide path needle on the aircraft cross pointer indicator from a full fly-up indication to a
fly-down indication, varies from 1 to 1.5. There is no sector colour identification
associated with the glide path. The transmitters are duplicated, with an automatic changeover facility from primary to secondary equipment in the event of failure or malfunction.
Fig 3.4 Glide path
3.3 MARKER BEACON:

The marker beacons used with the ILS are low powered, operate on a frequency
of 75 MHz and radiate a fan shaped field pattern. There are usually two marker beacons:
Outer Marker:
The outer marker is located approximately 3.9 nautical miles from the runway
threshold and is aligned across the front beam of the localiser. Its purpose is to provide
height, distance and equipment functioning checks to aircraft on final approach. It is
modulated at 400-hertz and keyed to transmit dashes continuously at a rate of two per
second.
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Fig 3.5 Blue Outer Marker
Middle Marker:
The middle marker, also a fan marker, is aligned across the front beam of the
localiser and is situated approximately 1050 metres from the runway threshold. Its purpose is
to indicate the imminence, in low visibility conditions, of visual approach guidance. This
marker is modulated at 1300-hertz and keyed to transmit alternate dots and dashes.
Some overseas installations utilise a third marker beacon (inner marker) which is modulated
at 3000-hertz, identified by a keyed continuous signal of six dots per second and is located
75450 metres from the runway threshold.
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Fig 3.6 Amber Middle Marker
Inner Marker:
The inner marker, when installed, shall be located so as to indicate in low visibility
conditions the imminence of arrival at the runway threshold. This is typically the position of
an aircraft on the ILS as it reaches Category II minima. Ideally at a distance of approximately
1,000 ft (300 m) from the threshold. The modulation is Morse-style dots at 3 kHz. The
cockpit indicator is a white lamp that flashes in unison with the received audio code.
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Fig 3.7 White Inner Marker
3.4 MONITORING:
The localiser, glide path and marker beacons are monitored. Actuation of a particular
monitor will result in the automatic change-over to the second equipment of the component
concerned or the component will close down.
The localiser monitor will be actuated if any of the following conditions occur:
Shift of the on-course line from the runway alignment by more than a specified
amount. For equipment up to CAT I this is 10.5 metres, for CAT II, 7.5 metres and
for CAT III, 3 metres, measured at the landing threshold
Reduction of power output below a usable level
A change in sensitivity of 17%. A decrease in sensitivity produces an increase

in course width and an increase in sensitivity shows a narrowing of the course.
The glide path monitor will be actuated if any of the following conditions occur:
Shift of the glide path angle by more than 0.1 or if the bottom edge of the beam
shifts by more than 0.1
Reduction of power below a usable level.
The marker beacon monitors will be actuated by any failure of the modulation or
keying, or by reduction of power below a usable level.
The tower controller has available a continuous visual indication of the state of
each component of the ILS on a monitor panel and is given warning of failures by a
system of lights.
CHAPTER-4
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT
A common antenna with VOR is used for localizer reception. Another UHF
5
3
antenna for glide slope and a combined receiver for all the three components, namely
localizer, glide slope and markers is used. Panel mounted Control Unit is generally
integrated with VHF communication set. Navigational information derived from ILS
signals may be displayed on different instruments.
4.1 OBS DISPLAY:

On an OBI with an extra horizontal bar and vertical dots, the glide slope indications
are also made available on the same display for VOR and ILS. In case of glide slope the
maximum deflection either way for five dots shows 0.7 of deviation. That is, each dot
corresponding to 0.14. Half a scale deflection of fly up indication of glide slope bar is
considered significant deviation. As a thumb rule vertical scale deflection from the glide
slope equals 24 feet/ dot/ nm of deviation. Therefore, maximum deflection of horizontal bar
at 10 nm would be 700 feet (24 x 5 x 10) or at 3 nm 210 feet.
CDI scale gets four times more sensitive than VOR indications when used with a
localizer. Each dot shows 0.5 deviation from the centre line and full scale deflection
corresponds to 2.5 or more. Roughly, one dot deviation is equivalent to 50 feet/ nm of off
distance from the centre line. As an example, at 7 nm to touchdown, indication of 2 dots
fly right would mean 100 feet off the centreline. In ILS mode, OBS selection has no
effect on CDI indications. But selection of inbound track is a good reminder and useful
practice if sometimes one is required to use HSI. The CDI gives only positional
information independent of helicopters heading. Therefore, any indications of azimuth and
elevation displacement do not depend on heading. Failure of localizer signal renders the
complete installation unusable, but with failure of only the glide slope, a non precision
approach may be carried out.
Fig 4.1 OBS Display
4.2 HSI (Horizontal situation indicator):

A rotating compass card indicating heading and CDI are combined in HSI.
Selecting the inbound localizer track makes the presentation meaningful. Track arrow and
CDI are carried around with moving compass card as the helicopters heading changes.
With OBS setting the dots too move and remain perpendicular to broken arrow showing
OBS. As the CDI moves parallel to the broken arrow of OBS setting and TO/FROM
indication is available, the HSI remains as the command (what to do) instrument
throughout. With helicopters symbol in the centre, unambiguous picture in the plan view
by HSI greatly simplifies interpretation and interception of the localizer and any required
radials. The glide slope indication is given by a wide pointer moving over vertical scale
and may be either on one side or both sides of the indicator. A knob to set the heading bug
on the compass card as reminder is also there. The width of the bug assists in making
small corrections to heading close to the runway on approach.
Fig 4.2 HSI Display
4.3 MARKER BEACON INDICATOR:

A set of colored lights which flash to indicate helicopters passage over the
markers is installed on the instrument panel. Simultaneous Morse code identification in
the headsets (and speaker) is also available. Salient details of all markers are depicted and
tabulated below.
5
5
Fig 4.3 Marker Beacon Indicator

In case of a co-located DME with ILS, airborne DME equipment automatically gets switched
on when VHF frequency selection for the localizer is made on the control unit. In absence of
marker beacon or as an additional and regular check of the distance to runway, DME readings
can be used for the range. This can confirm position in relation to the glide slope by
comparison of height (or altitude) with distance to touchdown.
CHAPTER-5
SYSTEM COVERAGE AND LIMITATIONS

The volume of airspace within which accurate indications must be available are
defined by ICAO for different components of ILS.
5.1 LOCALIZER LIMITATION:

The indications for the localizer signals received should be accurate up to 7 in
elevation above the aerodrome level. The horizontal coverage of this airspace should
extend to 35 of approach centreline and up to a distance of 18 nm. Beyond this; up to
range of 25 nm the coverage should be within 10 of the extended centreline of the
runway.
Fig 5.1 Localizer Indications
5.2 GLIDE PATH LIMITATION:

The volume of airspace where accurate indication of glide path is available
extends up to 10 nm range. Its coverage in elevation is based on the glide slope angle and
extends above runway from 0.45 to 1.75 , where represents the descent angle for
approach. Therefore, for a 3 nominal angle of approach the coverage in elevation extends
from 1.35 above aerodrome to 5.25. The coverage in the horizontal plane extends to 8
either side extended centreline of the runway.
5
7
Fig 5.2 Glide slope Indication
5.3 BACK BEAM APPROACHES:

Localizer radiation pattern is replicated in take-off direction as well and can be used
for tracking out in take-off direction or carrying out a non-precision approach on the opposite
runway. On simple indicators, it must be noted that indications are opposite in sense. The
approach may be carried out only if such a procedure is published and authorized.
5.4 FALSE GLIDESLOPE:

The emission of lobes at glide slope transmitter gets repeated due to antenna design.
A steep and false glide slope above the actual one would occur at twice the normal angle. The
indications with false glide slope will be in reverse. The procedures are designed to intercept
the glide slope from below to avoid a possibility of following the false glide slope which also
demands a high rate of descent.
CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
1. Safe landing: Ensure safe landing without any external reference and without
any human efforts.
2. No pilot control: Without the control of a pilot the plane can land using only
ILS.
3. Help land blind: With extreme bad weather the plane can land safely
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Interference due to large reflecting objects, other vehicles or moving objects.
2. This interference can reduce the strength of the directional signals.
5
9
CHAPTER-7
FUTURE SCOPE
The Microwave Landing System (MLS) introduced in the 1970s was intended to replace ILS
but fell out of favour in the United States because of satellite based systems. However, it is
showing a resurgence in the United Kingdom for civil aviation.ILS and MLS are the only
standardized systems in Civil Aviation that meet requirements for Category III automated
landings. The first Category III MLS for civil aviation was commissioned at Heathrow airport
in March 2009.
The advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides an alternative source of
approach for aircraft. In the US, the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) has been
available to provide precision guidance to Category I standards since 2007, and the
equivalent in Europe, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), is
currently undergoing final trials and will be certified for safety of life applications in 2010.
Other methods of augmentation are in development to provide for Category III minimums or
better, such as the Local Area Augmentation System(LAAS).
The FAA Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) office is currently working with the
industry in anticipation of the certification of the first GBAS ground stations in Memphis,
TN; Sydney, Australia; Bremen, Germany; Spain and Newark, NJ. All four countries have
installed GBAS systems and are involved in technical and operational evaluation activities.
The Honeywell and FAA team are working on the System Design Approval of the world's
first Non-Federal U.S. approval for LAAS Category I operations; expected in first quarter
2009 and compliant with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) Category I LAAS.
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
By introducing the ILS into the aviation field the safety of the air transport is increased
rapidly but there are still some work to be done in this system as it still dont provide the
aircraft with full details about the airfield like how far is the runway and whats the
visibility of the runway.
This also lag in telling the pilot in command with the perfect glide slope angle if its
far away from the runway and also dont tell the pilot the vertical decent rate to be
maintained so that it touchdown smoothly.
6
1
CHAPTER-9
REFERENCES
History of Aircraft Landing Aids U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
"Happy Landings in Fog", June 1933, Popular Mechanics article on the early system
setup in the USA.
ILS Basics
ILS Tutorial Animations
Website dedicated to the description of ILS
ILS Tutorial Animation Illustrates and describes how are ILS navigation signals
displayed on board of an aircraft in various positions, which may occur during a safe
approach for landing.

ILS Ground Equipment & Principles

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INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

have been categorised

external visual reference.

A suitable radio navigation aid is provided on most installations to assist in interception of

Fig 1.1 ILS System

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

Fig 2.1 Radiation pattern of ILS

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

Fig 3.1 Range and radiation of localizer

Fig 3.2 Standard ILS

Fig 3.3 Localizer array antennas

3.2 GLIDE PATH:

Fig 3.4 Glide path

3.3 MARKER BEACON:

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

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Reduction of power output below a usable level

A change in sensitivity of 17%. A decrease in sensitivity produces an increase

Reduction of power below a usable level.

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

4.1 OBS DISPLAY:

Fig 4.1 OBS Display

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

4.2 HSI (Horizontal situation indicator):

Fig 4.2 HSI Display

4.3 MARKER BEACON INDICATOR:

Fig 4.3 Marker Beacon Indicator

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

SYSTEM COVERAGE AND LIMITATIONS

5.1 LOCALIZER LIMITATION:

Fig 5.1 Localizer Indications

5.2 GLIDE PATH LIMITATION:

Fig 5.2 Glide slope Indication

5.3 BACK BEAM APPROACHES:

5.4 FALSE GLIDESLOPE:

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

History of Aircraft Landing Aids U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission

ILS Tutorial Animations

Website dedicated to the description of ILS

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