By Rebekkah Marshall

Heat transfer
Modesofheattransfer
Conduction
Toevaluatetemperatures:
Asingleplanewall:

Compositewalls:

Cylindricalwall:

Convection

Fora
straightfin:

radiation(emittedbyabody)
=5.6710
8
W/(m
2
K
4
)
0.17310
8
Btu/(hft
2
R
4
)
Forabody(1)thatissmallin
comparisontoitssurroundings(2):
heattransferinaBatCh
heatload(sensibleheattransfer)
Latentheattransfer
Batchheating
(Internalcoil,isothermalheatingmedium)

Batchcooling
(Internalcoil,nonisothermalcoolingmedium)

heatexChangers

overallheattransfercoefficient
Logmeantemperaturedifference
Countercurrentflow:

Cocurrentflow:

heatexchangereffectiveness()

or

T
1
T
2
k
L
q
T
1
T
2
k
1
k
2
L
1
q
T
3
L
2
T
1
r
1
r
2 T
2
k
q
T
b
A
h
L
T
FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS IS SPONSOREd bY:
heattransferfLUids
heattransfer
performance
Highspecificheat
Highthermal
conductivity
Highdensity
Lowviscosity
Herearedesirablepropertiestolookforwhen
makingyourheattransferfluidselection:
operations
Abilitytobepumpedat
ambienttemperatures
Goodthermalstability
Reasonablefluidprice
Lowfluiddegradationrate
Noncorrosivetomaterials
ofconstruction
Lowsensitivitytooxidation
Lowpressuredrop
safety
Lowvaporpressure
Highboilingpoint
Highflashpoint
Highautoignition
temperature
Lowreactivitywiththe
productbeingheated
Lowtoxicity
nomenclature
Asurfacearea
A
c
cross-sectionalarea
A
avg
averageofinsideandoutsidearea
A
i
insideareaoftubes
A
o
outsideareaoftubes
c
c
coolantspecificheat
C
C
heatcapacityrateofthecoldfluid
C
H
heatcapacityrateofthehotfluid
C
min
smallerofC
C
andC
H
c
p
heatcapacityatconstantpressure
Fconfigurationcorrectionfactor
h
i
heattransfercoefficient,insidetubes
h
o
heattransfercoefficient,outsidetubes
kthermalconductivity
Lwallthickness(orcylinderlength)
mmass
m
c
coolantflowrate
pexposedperimeter
Qheattransferred
Rresistance
R
fi
foulingresistance,insidetube
R
fo
foulingresistance,outsidetube
ttube-wallthickness
TAbsolutetemperature(KorR)
T
b
temperatureatbaseoffin
T
b1
initialbatchtemperature
T
b2
finalbatchtemperature
T
Ci
inlettemperatureofthecold
fluid(orcoolant)
T
Co
outlettemperatureofthecoldfluid
T
Hi
inlet(orinitial)temperatureofthehot
fluid
T
Ho
outlettemperatureofthehotfluid
T
M
heating-mediumtemperature
T
w
walltemperature
T

bulkfluidtemperature
Uoverallheattransfercoefficientbased
onareaAandthelogmeantem-
peraturedifference
T
lm
logmeantemperaturedifference
emissivityofthebody
heatexchangereffectiveness
heatofphasechange(vaporization,
condensation,melting,fusionasthe
casemaybe)
time