Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IX-1
October 1995
A - ampere
Ar. - Arabic
are - 100 m2
c - centi (10-2)
C.- Celsius
Asst. - Assistant
A.S.T.M. - American Society for Testing Materials
C - coulomb
cap. - capacity
cd - candela
att. - attached
Cel. - Celsius
Attn. - Attention
cem. - cement
IX-2
October 1995
D
cert. - certificate, - tion; certified
d - deci (10-1)
deg., - degree(s)
dev. - deviation
cl., CL, C
L - center line
cm - centimeter (metric)
Dir. - Director
doz. - dozen
col. - column
E. - East
ea. - each
cu. - cubic
el. - elevation
Engr. - Engineer
cyl. - cylinder
IX-3
October 1995
G
ex. - example (pl. exx.); exception; extra
g - gram (metric)
exam. - examined; examination
G - giga (109)
hp-hr. - horsepower-hour
ft-lb. - foot-pound(s)
Hz - Hertz
IX-4
October 1995
I
lb-ft. - pound-foot
lb-in. - pound-inch
info. - information
init. - initial
in-lb. - inch-pound
liq. - liquid
inst. - instrument
lm - lumen
loc. - location
lx - lnx
J - joule (elec.)
m2 - square meter
k - kilo (103)
m3 - cubic meter
m. - mass
kg - kilogram (metric)
M - Mega (106)
mag. - magnitude
max. - maximum
kW - kilowatt(s)
meas. - measure, -ment
kWh, kW-hr., kWhr - kilowatt-hour
mech. - mechanic, -ics, -al
L
med. - medium
L - liter (metric)
memo - memorandum
l. - left; length
met. - metal
lab. - laboratory
mfg. - manufacturing
lb. - pound (L. Libra) (pl. lbs.)
mfr. - manufacture, -r (pl. mfrs.)
IX-5
October 1995
mg - milligram (metric)
Nm - Newton meter
oa., OA - overall
misc. - miscellaneous
ml - milliliter (metric)
opp. - opposite
oz. - ounce(s)
oz-ft. - ounce-foot
MPa - MegaPascal
oz-in. - ounce-inch
Pa - pascal
msg. - message
n - Nano (10-9)
Pkwy. - parkway
pop. - population
IX-6
October 1995
re - in regard to
prep. - preparation
ref. - reference
prim. - primary
prin. - principal
prob. - problem
prop. - property
retd. - returned
IX-7
October 1995
sx - sacks
sep. - separate
shpt. - shipment
shtg. - shortage
t. - temperature; time
sig. - signature
T - tesla
tech. - technical
tonn. - tonnage
sr - steradian
ult. - ultimate
Sta. - Station
ut. - utilities
stat. - statistics
std. - standard
v - volt (elec.)
stg. - storage
V. - valve; velocity
stk. - stock
vac. - vacuum
sub. - substitute
subj. - subject
var. - variation
sup. - supply
vel. - velocity
vol. - volume
Supt. - Superintendent
IX-8
October 1995
W - watt (elec.)
W. - West
Wb - weber
IX-9
October 1995
- is less than or equal to
- ohm
X - by in dimensions, as 2X4
- cube root
12345
Q - since; because
... - and so on
- degrees
- parallel to
- perpendicular to
F - degrees Fahrenheit
C - degrees Celsius
% - percent
- micro (10-6)
- sum of
IX-10
October 1995
F =
9
C + 32
5
C=
5
( F 32)
9
The following table may be used for quick conversion of temperatures in the most common working
ranges. The numbers in the center of each column refer to temperature in either degrees Celsius or
Fahrenheit. In the center, find the known temperature, and the corresponding Celsius or Fahrenheit
temperature is then found at the sides.
C
-45.6
-40
-34.4
-28.9
-23.3
-17.8
-12.2
-6.6
-1.1
4.4
10
15.6
21.1
26.7
32.2
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
-58
-40
-22
-4
14
32
50
68
86
104
122
140
158
176
194
212
230
248
266
284
302
320
77
82
88
93
99
100
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
149
177
204
232
260
288
316
F
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
338
356
374
392
410
413
428
446
464
482
500
518
536
554
572
662
752
842
932
1022
1112
IX-11
October 1995
Nominal Sieve
Standard
Alternative
Opening, in.
50 mm
2 in.
37.5 mm
1 1/2 in.
1.5
31.5 mm
1 1/4 in.
1.25
25.0 mm
1 in.
19.0 mm
3/4 in.
0.750
16.0 mm
5/8 in.
0.625
12.5 mm
1/2 in.
0.500
9.5 mm
3/8 in.
0.375
8.0 mm
5/16 in.
0.312
6.3 mm
1/4 in.
0.250
4.75 mm
No. 4
0.187
4.00 mm
No. 5
0.157
3.35 mm
No. 6
0.132
2.36 mm
No. 8
0.0937
2.00 mm
No. 10
0.0787
1.70 mm
No. 12
0.0661
1.18 mm
No. 16
0.0469
850 m
No. 20
0.0331
600 m
No. 30
0.0234
425 m
No. 40
0.0165
300 m
No. 50
0.0117
250 m
No. 60
0.0098
212 m
No. 70
0.0083
180 m
No. 80
0.0070
150 m
No. 100
0.0059
106 m
No. 140
0.0041
75 m
No. 200
0.0029
53 m
No. 270
0.0021
45 m
No. 325
0.0017
38 m
No. 400
0.0015
IX-12
October 1995
Metric Prefixes
Length = meter m
Mass = kilogram kg
Time = second s
Conversion Tables
Metric to Inch-pound
Inch-pound to Metric
Linear Measure
1 m = 39.3701 in.
1 m = 3.28084 ft.
1 km = 0.67137 mile
Surface Measure
(1 hectare = 10,000 square meters)
1 mm = 0.00155 in
1 in = 645.16 mm
1 cm = 0.1550 in
1 in = 6.4516 cm
1 dm = 0.1076 ft
1 ft = 9.2903 dm
1 m = 10.7639 ft
1 ft = 0.092903 m
1 m = 1.19599 yd
1 yd = 0.83617 m
1 hectare = 0.00386 mi
1 mi = 258.99 hectares
Volume Measure
1 cm = 0.061024 in
1 in = 16.3871 cm
1 dm = 0.035315 ft
1 ft = 28.3168 dm
1 m = 1.30795 yd
1 yd = 0.764555 m
IX-13
October 1995
1 oz. = 28.3495 g
1 g = 0.002205 lb.
1 lb.= 453.592 g
1 kg = 2.20462 lb.
1lb. = 0.453592 kg
Liquid Measure
1 L = 33.81402 oz
1 oz = 0.02957 L
1 L = 1.05669 qt
1 qt = 0.946353 L
1 L = 0.264172 gal.
1 gal = 3.78541 L
1 m = 264.`72 gal
1 gal = 0.003785 m
1 lb(f) = 4.44822 N
1 psi = 6,894.76 Pa
1 Pa = 0.020885 psf
1 psf = 47.88026 Pa
IX-14
October 1995
Width of Application
(Feet)
10
11
12
50
44.9
40.0
36.0
32.8
30.1
55
40.8
36.4
32.8
29.8
27.3
60
37.4
33.3
30.0
27.3
25.1
65
34.6
30.8
27.7
25.2
23.1
70
32.1
28.6
25.7
23.4
21.5
75
30.0
26.7
24.0
21.8
20.0
80
28.1
25.0
22.5
20.5
18.8
85
26.4
23.5
21.1
19.3
17.7
90
25.0
22.2
20.0
18.2
16.7
95
23.6
21.0
19.0
17.3
15.8
100
22.5
20.0
18.0
16.4
15.0
Note: For rates of application over 100 pounds, divide lineal feet per ton for 100 lb./sq. yd. by one hundredth of rate4 of application.
Example: Rate of application = 125 lb. per sq. yd. Width of application = 11 feet
16.4
= 13.1 feet per ton
1.25
IX-15
October 1995
Width of Application
(Meters)
(kg/m)
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.7
25
16.10
13.33
11.43
11.11
10.81
30
13.33
11.11
10.50
9.26
9.01
35
11.43
9.52
8.16
7.94
7.72
40
10.00
8.33
7.14
6.94
6.76
45
8.89
7.41
6.35
6.17
6.01
50
8.00
6.67
5.71
5.56
5.41
55
7.27
6.06
5.19
5.05
4.91
60
6.67
5.56
4.76
4.63
4.50
65
6.15
5.13
4.40
4.27
4.16
70
5.71
4.76
4.08
3.97
3.86
75
5.33
4.44
3.81
3.70
3.60
100
4.00
3.33
2.86
2.78
2.70
Note: For rates of application other than 100 kg/m, divide lineal meters per metric ton for 100 kg/m by one hundredth of rate of application.
Example: Rate of application = 125 kg/m. Width of application = 3.6 meters
2.78
= 2.22 meters per metric ton
1.25
IX-16
October 1995
Width of Spread
(Feet)
10
11
30000
20000
15000
12000
10000
9000
8571
7500
6667
6000
5000
4500
4286
4000
3750
3333
3000
2400
2000
1500
1333
1200
22500
15000
11250
9000
7500
6750
6429
5625
5000
4500
3750
3375
3214
3000
2813
2500
2250
1800
1500
1125
1000
900
18000
12000
9000
7200
6000
5400
5143
4500
4000
3600
3000
2700
2571
2400
2250
2000
1800
1440
1200
900
800
720
15000
10000
7500
6000
5000
4500
4286
3750
3333
3000
2500
2250
2143
2000
1875
1667
1500
1200
1000
750
667
600
12857
8571
6429
5143
4286
3857
3673
3214
2857
2571
2143
1929
1837
1714
1607
1429
1286
1029
857
643
571
514
11250
7500
5625
4500
3750
3375
3214
2813
2500
2250
1875
1688
1607
1500
1406
1250
1125
900
750
563
500
150
10000
6667
5000
4000
3333
3000
2857
2500
2222
2000
1667
1500
1429
1333
1250
1111
1000
800
667
500
444
400
9000
6000
4500
3600
3000
2700
2571
2250
2000
1800
1500
1350
1286
1200
1125
1000
900
720
600
450
400
360
8182
5455
4091
3273
2727
2455
2338
2045
1818
1636
1364
1227
1169
1091
1023
909
818
655
545
409
364
327
IX-17
October 1995
per
Square
Width of Spread
(Meters)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.7
3333
2778
2480
2381
2222
2083
1852
1667
1515
1389
1333
1282
1240
1190
1111
1000
952
833
741
667
606
555
2500
2083
1875
1785
1667
1562
1388
1250
1136
1041
1000
962
938
893
833
750
714
625
555
500
455
417
2000
1667
1500
1428
1333
1250
1111
1000
909
833
800
769
750
714
667
600
571
500
444
400
364
333
1333
1111
1000
952
889
833
741
667
606
555
533
513
500
476
444
400
381
333
296
267
242
222
1000
833
750
714
667
625
555
500
455
417
400
385
375
357
333
300
285
250
222
200
182
167
800
667
600
571
533
500
444
400
364
333
320
308
300
285
267
240
229
200
178
160
145
133
667
556
500
476
444
417
367
333
303
278
267
256
250
238
222
200
190
167
148
133
121
111
571
476
429
408
380
357
317
286
260
238
229
220
215
204
190
171
163
143
126
115
104
95
555
462
417
397
370
347
308
278
253
231
222
214
208
199
185
167
159
139
123
111
101
92
541
450
405
386
360
338
300
270
246
225
216
208
202
193
180
162
154
135
120
108
98
90
IX-18
October 1995
DRY WEIGHT
PER
CUBIC
YARD
10
11
12
Lbs.
Tons
120
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
3240
1.620
125
188
281
375
469
563
656
750
844
938
1031
1125
3375
1.688
130
195
293
390
488
585
683
780
878
975
1073
1170
3510
1755
135
203
304
405
507
608
709
810
911
1013
1114
1215
3645
1823
140
210
315
420
525
630
735
840
945
1050
1155
1260
3780
1.890
145
218
326
435
544
653
761
870
979
1088
1196
1305
3915
1.958
150
225
338
450
563
675
788
900
1013
1125
1238
1350
4050
2.025
155
233
349
465
582
698
813
930
1046
1162
1279
1395
4185
2.093
160
240
360
480
600
720
840
960
1080
1200
1320
1440
4320
2.160
0.083
0.111
0.139
0.167
0.194
0.222
0.250
0.287
0.306
0.333
Cubic Yards of
Material
Per
Square Yard of
0.056
Surface
IX-19
October 1995
DRY WEIGHT
PER
CUBIC
METER
(kg / m)
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
kg
Tons
1900
95
142
190
237
285
333
380
427
475
522
570
1900
1.9
2000
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
2000
2.0
2100
105
157
210
262
315
367
420
472
525
577
630
2100
2.1
2200
110
165
220
275
330
385
440
495
550
605
660
2200
2.2
2300
115
172
230
287
345
402
460
517
575
632
690
2300
2.3
2400
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
2400
2.4
2500
125
187
250
312
375
437
500
562
625
687
750
2500
2.5
2600
130
195
260
325
390
455
520
585
650
715
780
2600
2.6
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.200
0.225
0.250
0.275
0.300
IX-20
October 1995
t
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
M
0.9343
0.9324
0.9305
0.9286
0.9268
0.9249
0.9231
0.9212
0.9194
0.9175
0.9157
0.9138
0.9120
0.9102
0.9083
0.9065
0.9047
t
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
M
0.9029
0.9010
0.8992
0.8974
0.8956
0.8938
0.8920
0.8902
0.8884
0.8866
0.8848
0.8831
0.8813
0.8795
0.8777
0.8760
0.8742
0.8724
t
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
M
0.9419
0.9402
0.9385
0.9369
0.9352
0.9336
0.9319
0.9302
0.9286
0.9269
0.9253
0.9236
0.9220
0.9204
0.9187
0.9171
0.9154
t
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
M
0.9138
0.9122
0.9105
0.9089
0.9073
0.9057
0.9040
0.9024
0.9008
0.8992
0.8976
0.8960
0.8944
0.8928
0.8912
0.8896
0.8880
0.8864
IX-21
October 1995
Asphalt Emulsions
(.00025 Per F.)
t
M
60
1.0000
90
.99250
91
.99225
92
.99200
93
.99175
94
.99150
95
.99125
96
.99100
97
.99075
98
.99050
99
.99025
100
.99000
101
.98975
102
.98950
103
.98925
104
.98900
t
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
M
.98875
.98850
.98825
.98800
.98775
.98750
.98725
.98700
.98675
.98650
.98625
.98600
.98575
.98550
.98525
.98500
t
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
M
.98475
.98450
.98425
.98400
.98375
.98350
.98325
.98300
.98275
.98250
.98225
.98200
.98175
.98150
.98125
.98100
t
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
M
.98075
.98050
.98025
.98000
.97975
.97950
.97925
.97900
.97875
.97850
.97825
.97800
.97775
.97750
Gallons
per
Pounds
per
Gallon
Gallons
per
Pounds
per
Gallon
Gallons
per
Ton
Specific
Gravity
Ton
Specific
Gravity
0.930
7.745
258.2
0.980
8.162
245.0
1.030
8.578
233.2
0.935
7.786
256.8
0.985
8.203
243.8
1.035
8.620
232.0
0.940
7.828
255.6
0.990
8.245
242.6
1.040
8.662
230.8
0.945
7.870
254.2
0.995
8.287
241.4
1.045
8.704
229.8
0.950
7.911
252.8
1.000
8.328
240.2
1.050
8.745
228.5
0.955
7.953
251.4
1.005
8.370
239.0
1.055
8.787
227.6
0.960
7.995
250.2
1.010
8.412
237.8
1.10
9.161
218.3
0.965
8.036
248.8
1.015
8.453
236.6
1.20
9.994
200.1
0.970
8.078
247.6
1.020
8.495
235.4
1.30
10.826
184.8
0.975
8.120
246.4
1.025
8.537
234.2
1.40
11.659
171.6
Specific
Gravity
IX-22
Ton
October 1995
(Feet)
12
15
16
20
10
200
150
120
113
90
15
133
100
80
75
60
20
100
75
69
56
45
25
80
60
48
45
36
30
67
50
40
38
30
35
57
43
34
32
26
40
50
38
30
28
23
45
44
33
27
25
20
50
40
30
24
23
18
(Meters)
(kg/m2)
1.5
3.5
250
167
125
83
71
167
111
83
56
48
125
83
63
42
35
10
100
67
50
33
29
12
83
56
42
28
24
14
71
48
36
24
20
16
63
42
32
21
18
18
56
37
28
19
16
20
50
33
25
17
14
IX-23
October 1995
Material
Diabase
2.85 -3.00
Dolomite
2.80 - 2.85
Granite
2.65 - 2.70
Granite Gneiss
2.70 - 2.85
Gravel (Quartz)
2.60 - 2.65
Greenstone
2.95 - 3.10
Limestone
2.70 - 2.79
Sand (Quartz)
2.60 - 2.65
Sandstone
2.55 - 2.65
IX-24
October 1995
Reinforcing Steel
ASTM STANDARD REINFORCING BARS
BAR SIZE
WEIGHT
Designation
Pounds
Diameter
Cross Sectional
Perimeter
per foot
Inches
Inches
#3
0.376
0.375
0.11
1.178
#4
0.668
0.500
0.20
1.571
#5
1.043
0.625
0.31
1.963
#6
1.502
0.750
0.44
2.356
#7
2.044
0.875
0.60
2.749
#8
2.670
1.000
0.79
3.142
#9
3.400
1.128
1.00
3.544
#10
4.303
1.270
1.27
3.990
#11
5.313
1.410
1.56
4.430
#14
7.65
1.693
2.25
5.32
#18
13.60
2.257
4.00
7.09
WEIGHT
Designation
(kg/m)
Diameter
Cross Sectional
2
Perimeter
(mm)
Area (mm )
(mm)
#10
0.560
9.53
70.97
29.92
#13
0.994
12.70
129.03
39.90
#16
1.552
15.88
200.00
49.86
#19
2.235
19.05
283.87
59.84
#22
3.042
22.23
287.10
69.83
#25
3.973
25.40
509.68
79.81
#29
5.060
28.65
645.16
90.02
#33
6.404
32.26
819.35
101.35
#36
7.907
35.81
1006.45
112.52
#43
11.384
43.00
1451.61
135.13
IX-25
October 1995
GRANULAR MATERIALS
SILT-CLAY MATERIALS
A-1
Group Classification
A-1-a
A-2
A-1-b
A-3
A-2-4
A-7
A-2-5
A-2-6
A-2-7
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7-5
A-7-6
50 Max.
No. 40
30 Max.
50 Max.
51 Min.
15 Max.
25 Max.
10 Max.
No. 200
Characteristics
Passing No. 40:
of
Liquid Limit
Plasticity Index
Usual Types of
Constituent Materials
35 Max.
35 Max.
35 Max.
35 Max.
36 Min.
36 Min.
36 Min.
36 Min.
Fraction
40 Max.
41 Min.
40 Max.
41 Min.
40 Max.
41 Min.
40 Max.
41 Min.
6 Max.
N.P.
10 Max.
10 Max.
11 Min.
11 Min.
10 Max.
10 Max.
11 Min.
11 Min.a
Stone
Fragments
Gravel and Sand
Fine
Sand
Significant
Excellent to Good
Silty Soils
Clayey Soils
Fair to Poor
Classification Procedure: With required test data available, proceed from left to right on above chart and correct group will be found by process of
elimination. The first group from the left into which the test data will fit is the correct classification.
a
Plasticity Index of A-7-5 subgroup is equal to or less than LL minus 30. Plasticity index of A-7-6 subgroup is greater than LL minus 30.
Group index should be shown in parentheses after group symbol as: A-1-3(3), A-4(5), A-6(12), A-7-5(17), etc.
IX-26