Emission Estimation Technique Manual in Combustion of Boilers

National Pollutant Inventory
Emission estimation technique manual

for
Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008
First published in August 1999
ISBN: 978-0-642-55386-7 Commonwealth of Australia 2008 This manual may be reproduced in whole or part for study or training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. It may be reproduced in whole or part by those involved in estimating the emissions of substances for the purpose of National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) reporting. The manual may be updated at any time. Reproduction for other purposes requires the written permission of the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, e-mail: npi@environment.gov.au, web: www.npi.gov.au, phone: 1800 657 945. Disclaimer The manual was prepared in conjunction with Australian states and territories according to the National Environment Protection (National Pollutant Inventory) Measure. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the contents of this manual are factually correct, the Australian Government does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this manual.
EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMBUSTION IN BOILERS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 6 7 8 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 Information required to produce an annual NPI report ............................ 2 Additional reporting materials ................................................................. 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION..................................................................................... 3 Fuel types ................................................................................................. 3 Expected emissions .................................................................................. 3 General boiler types ................................................................................. 4 Combustion of solid fuels ........................................................................ 4 Combustion of liquid fuels....................................................................... 6 Combustion of gaseous fuels.................................................................... 7 Emission controls ..................................................................................... 7 Emissions to air ........................................................................................ 8 Fugitive emissions.................................................................................... 8 Point source emissions ............................................................................. 8 Emissions to water ................................................................................... 8 Emissions to land ..................................................................................... 9 Category 2a and 2b thresholds for boiler fuels ...................................... 10 TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING EMISSIONS ............................................. 12 Emission factors ..................................................................................... 13 Direct measurement................................................................................ 13 Sampling data......................................................................................... 14 Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data ....................... 16 Engineering calculations ........................................................................ 19 Fuel analysis........................................................................................... 19 Approved alternative technique ............................................................. 20 Calculating emissions............................................................................. 20 Emission factors for boiler fuel.............................................................. 20
EMISSION SOURCES ........................................................................................... 8
THRESHOLD CALCULATIONS ....................................................................... 10
TRANSFERS OF NPI SUBSTANCES IN WASTE ............................................ 25 NEXT STEPS FOR REPORTING ....................................................................... 26 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 27
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................. 28 APPENDIX B: TABLES .................................................................................................. 29 APPENDIX C: MODIFICATIONS TO THE COMBUSTION IN BOILERS EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE (EET) MANUAL (MARCH 2008).................................. 74
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COMBUSTION IN BOILERS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES Figure 1: The process for NPI reporting .................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Process for combustion in boilers............................................................................... 4 Table 1: Category 2a and 2b substances .................................................................................. 10 Table 2: Stack sample test results ............................................................................................ 16 Table 3: Example CEM output averaged for a boiler firing waste fuel oil.............................. 17 Table 4: Conversion factors for common boiler fuel types...................................................... 29 Table 5: Emission factors for bagasse (kg/t)............................................................................ 30 Table 6: Emission factors for brown coal briquettes (kg/t)...................................................... 30 Table 7: Emission factors for black coal cyclone furnace (kg/t)........................................... 31 Table 8: Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, bubbling bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) ............................................................................................................ 33 Table 9: Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, circulating bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) ............................................................................................................ 34 Table 10: Emission factors for black coal overfeed/crossfeed stoker (kg/t) ......................... 35 Table 11: Emission factors for black coal overfeed/spreader stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) .... 36 Table 12: Emission factors for black coal spreader stoker (kg/t).......................................... 37 Table 13: Emission factors for black coal underfeed stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) ................. 41 Table 14: Emission factors for black coal pulverised coal (kg/t).......................................... 42 Table 15: Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t)........... 43 Table 16: Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) .......... 51 Table 17: Emission factors for blast furnace gas uncontrolled (kg/t) ................................... 55 Table 18: Emission factors for coke oven gas uncontrolled (kg/t) ....................................... 56 Table 19: Emission factors for landfill gas - uncontrolled (kg/MJ)......................................... 56 Table 20: Emission Factors for natural gas tangential fired (kg/t)........................................ 57 Table 21: Emission factors for natural gas wall fired (kg/t) ................................................. 58 Table 22: Emission factors for petroleum refinery gas - uncontrolled (kg/m3) ....................... 62 Table 23: Emission factors for LPG uncontrolled (kg/t)....................................................... 62 Table 24: Emission Factors for residual oil (kg/t).................................................................... 62 Table 25: Emission factors for distillate (diesel) oil (kg/t) ...................................................... 67 Table 26: Emission factors for waste oil - uncontrolled (kg/t) ................................................ 68 Table 27: Emission factors for tallow (kg/t) ............................................................................ 69 Table 28: Emission factors for wood and wood waste (kg/t)................................................... 69 Table 29: Emission control efficiency rates............................................................................. 73 Equation 1 ................................................................................................................................ 14 Equation 2 ................................................................................................................................ 14 Equation 3 ................................................................................................................................ 15 Equation 4 ................................................................................................................................ 15 Equation 5 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Equation 6 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Equation 7 ................................................................................................................................ 18 Equation 8 ................................................................................................................................ 19 Equation 9 ................................................................................................................................ 20 Example 1: Example of a threshold calculation....................................................................... 11 Example 2: Using stack sampling data .................................................................................... 16
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Example 3: Using CEMS Data................................................................................................. 18 Example 4: Calculating sulfur dioxide emissions using fuel analysis ..................................... 20 Example 5: Reporting on NPI emissions at a facility using steam for its operations .............. 21
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Introduction
The purpose of all emission estimation technique (EET) manuals is to assist Australian manufacturing, industrial and service facilities to report emissions of listed substances to the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI). This manual describes the procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions resulting from combustion in boilers. Note that the ANZSIC code is part of NPI reporting requirements. The NPI Guide contains an explanation of the ANZSIC coding system. EET MANUAL ANZSIC 2006 Combustion in boilers Any industry sector where combustion is used in the production of steam for energy and/or hot water, i.e. ANZSIC 2006 Divisions A S.
NPI substances are those that when emitted at certain levels have potential to be harmful. Australian, state and territory governments have agreed, in response to international requirements, that industry will report these emissions on an annual basis. Reportable NPI substances are listed in the NPI Guide and are classified into six categories with different reporting thresholds. If your facility trips a threshold in a reporting year for a substance on the reporting list, all the emissions of that substance from your facility must be reported. The NPI Guide is available on the NPI website at www.npi.gov.au This manual has been developed through a process of national consultation involving state and territory environmental authorities and key industry stakeholders. Particular thanks are due to the HRL Technologies Pty Ltd for their assistance in developing this manual.
Figure 1: The process for NPI reporting The process for NPI reporting can be seen in the following flow chart:
1.1
Information required to produce an annual NPI report
Facilities will be required to estimate the type and level of certain emissions that result from the combustion process in boilers. Hence you will need to know the types of fuels, the boiler types and the quantities of fuels used in each boiler. In addition to fuel used in boilers, data will need to be collated for all fuel burning equipment, including any fuel oil or gas used in initial light-off, on-site vehicles etc. 1.2 Additional reporting materials
This manual is written to reflect the common processes employed in boiler use. In many cases it will be necessary to refer to other EET manuals to ensure a complete report of the emissions for the facility can be made. Other applicable EET manuals may include, but are not limited to: Fuel and organic liquid storage; Combustion in engines; and Fugitive emissions.
Process description
The first step in estimating emissions of NPI substances from your facility is creating a process flow diagram to highlight points in the process where emissions may occur. In the case of combustion in boilers this involves identifying the fuels burnt on site and the boiler types. When considering the fuel usage on site it is important to note: for fuel, usage indicates the amount of fuel burnt on site, not usage as applies to individual NPI substances (receipt, storage, handling, manufacture, import, processing, coincidental production or other uses); and fuels burnt in both boilers and engines need to be considered for the total fuel usage. 2.1 Fuel types
The main fuels likely to be used in boilers used in Australia include: Diesel; Petroleum products; Black coal; Natural gas; Bagasse; Residual fuel oil; Wood and wood waste; Coal by-products; Brown coal briquettes; Synthetic biofuels; Tallow; Various process gasses; and Waste oil. 2.2 Expected emissions
All fuels emit substances when combusted, many of which may be harmful and therefore of interest to the NPI. A large number of industrial processes and facilities make use of industrial boilers for hot water and steam energy. Industrial boilers use a range of fuels depending on boiler size and design characteristics and on the availability/proximity of fuel. In many cases the fuel is a by-product or waste product from other processes. The volume and nature of the emissions from combustion in boilers differs depending on the fuel composition, fuel consumption, boiler design and operation, and the emission and pollution control devices in use. Whatever fuel is used the process of combustion is basically as follows:
Figure 2: Process for combustion in boilers

Gaseous emissions Fuel and oil Combustion
Heat and steam energy
When fuels burn they are converted to various substances, some of which are NPI listed substances. The non-combustible portion of the fuel remains as a solid waste. The coarser, heavier waste is called bottom ash and is extracted from the burner, and the lighter, finer portion is fly ash and is usually emitted as particulates through the stack. Products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, oxides of nitrogen, acid gases and organic compounds. Metals and their compounds may also be entrained (carried forward by a stream of gas or vapour of fine liquid droplets). A number of techniques exist to assist complete combustion and to remove some emissions. 2.3 General boiler types
2.3.1 Combustion of solid fuels There are three basic modes of burning solids fuels: in suspension; in a bed at rest on a grate (fuel bed firing) the fuel bed may be moved slowly through the furnace by the vibrating action of the grate or by being carried on a travelling grate; and in a fluidised bed.
Although many variations of the above have been developed, the fundamental characteristics of equipment and procedures are the same. Suspension firing Suspension firing of pulverised coal (PC) is more common than fuel-bed or fluidised bed firing of coarse coal. This mode of firing affords higher steam generation capacity, is independent of the caking characteristics of the coal, and responds quickly to load changes. It is rarely used on boilers of less than 45.4 t/h steam capacity as economic advantage decreases as size decreases. Therefore, suspension fired boilers are more common for power generation or large steam raising boilers rather than for smaller industrial boilers. Fuel-bed firing (stoker) Fuel-bed firing is accomplished with mechanical stokers, which are designed to achieve continuous or intermittent fuel feed, fuel ignition, proper distribution of the
Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008 4
combustion air, free release of the gaseous combustion products, and continuous or intermittent disposal of the unburned residue. An advantage of stoker-fired furnaces is the adaptability to fire almost any unsized solid fuels (e.g. bark, bagasse, refuse). There are two classes of stoker, which are distinguished by the direction of fuel feed: overfeed stokers; and underfeed stokers. Overfeed stokers There are two general types of overfeed stokers, which are distinguished by the relative direction of fuel and air flow, as well as by the manner of fuel feed. Cross-feed stokers In cross-feed stokers, the fuel is dumped by gravity from a hopper onto one end of a moving grate, which carries the fuel into the furnace and down its length. Cross-feed stoker boilers are also termed travelling-grate stoker boilers. In the cross-feed stoker the fuel flows at right angles to the air flow. Cross-feed (travelling-grate) boilers are more commonly used with smaller scale industrial boilers Spreader stokers In spreader stokers, the fuel is propelled into the furnace. A portion of the fuel burns in suspension while the rest burns on the grate. In most units, the fuel is pushed off a plate under the storage hopper onto revolving paddles (either overthrow or underthrow), which distribute the fuel on the grate. The largest fuel particles travel the furthest, while the smallest ones become partially consumed during their trajectory and fall on the forward portion of the grate. The grate may be stationary or travelling. The fuel and air flow in opposite directions. Spreader stoker boilers are typically used for larger industrial boilers. Underfeed stokers For an underfeed stoker, both the fuel and air have the same relative direction. Underfeed stokers can be of single-retort and multiple-retort designs. In the single-retort side-dump stoker, a ram pushes the solid fuel into the retort toward the end of the stoker and upward toward the tuyere blocks (the nozzle that the air is forced through), where the air is admitted to the bed (of fuel). In multiple-retort stokers, the solid fuel is feed by rams to the top of sloping grates between banks of tuyeres. Auxiliary small sloping rams perform the same function as the pusher rods in the single retort. Air is admitted along the top of the banks of tuyeres, and on the largest units the tuyeres are given a slight reciprocating action to agitate the bed further.
Fluidised-bed combustion In fluidised-bed combustion (FBC), fuel is burned in a bed of particles supported in an agitated state by an upward flow of air introduced via an air distributor. The bed may be sand or ash derived from the fuel. In some cases, sulfur sorbent like limestone or dolomite may also be used. Fluidised beds have inherently good heat-transfer characteristics that ensure even temperatures within the combustor and high heat flux rates to steam/water cooling circuits. The good gas-solids contacting promotes effective sulfur capture by sorbents and allows high combustion efficiency to be achieved at significantly lower temperatures than would be required by, for example, for a pulverised coal (PC) fired furnace. These lower temperatures result in reduced slagging and fouling problems and significantly lower NOX formation. There are two types of FBC units, distinguished by their operating flow characteristics: bubbling; or circulating fluidised-beds.
Bubbling FBC units operate with a relatively low gas velocity within the fluidised-bed and have distinct bed and freeboard regions with the majority of the combustion reaction occurring within the bed. By comparison, circulating FBC units operate with a higher gas velocity and combustion occurs throughout the reactor and unburnt particles that are carried out of the reactor are captured and returned to the bottom of the bed. Both types of FBC combustors can be designed to operate at atmospheric pressure or at elevated pressure. An advantage of FBC is fuel flexibility, however, the unit must be designed for the range of fuels. A single FBC unit can burn a wider range of materials that a PC furnace. 2.3.2 Combustion of liquid fuels Oil is typically burned as a suspension of droplets generated by atomising the fuel. As the droplets pass from the atomiser into the flame zone, they are heated both by radiation from the flame and by convection from the hot gases that surround them. The light fuel components vaporise and the vapours mix with surrounding air and ignite. Depending on the fuel type, the fuel droplet may be completely vaporised or it may be partially vaporised, leaving a residual char or coke particle. Atomisers can be classified into two broad groups: pressure atomisers, in which fuel oil is injected at high pressure, and twin-fluid atomisers, in which fuel oil is injected at moderate pressure with a compressible fluid (steam or air) to assist in the atomisation process. Many oil burners are designed as combination gas/oil burners.
2.3.3 Combustion of gaseous fuels Gas burners may be classified as premixed or non-premixed. The flow rate of gas and / or combustion air can be regulated to achieve the required flame characteristics and level of excess air. Many forms of flame stabilisers are employed in gas burners. The use of gaseous fuels with heating values lower than that of natural gas, e.g. coke oven gas, results in a low flame temperature and, therefore, an increased heat transfer surface area to capture an equivalent amount of heat is required. 2.4 Emission controls
A number of pollution control techniques are available to reduce emissions from boilers. Primary measures to reduce emissions at the source or during combustion include: switching to fuels with a lower levels of sulfur, nitrogen, metals etc; combustion modifications which could include capacity de-rating, burner and in-furnace modifications, air and fuel modifications; and a range of combustion control mechanisms for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen. These mechanisms are referred to in Appendix B, Table 6 and include: low excess air (LEA); staged combustion (SC) including burner out-of-service (BOOS), biased burner firing (BBF), over-fire air (OFA) and fuel staging (FS); flue gas recirculation (FGR); reduced air preheat (RAP); and low NOx burners (FGR, RAP, FS). Secondary measures to reduce emissions include a number of processes and physical devices to reduce particulate, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and metal emissions. Among the devices used are: electrostatic precipitators (ESP) for removal of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10); fabric filtration (baghouse) for removal of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and including substances that resist ESPs; cyclones and multicyclones for pre-cleaning, generally to remove PM, although it is most effective for particles larger than 10m; wet and dry scrubbers for the removal of a number of pollutants which may include some particulates however this is dependent on the design of the scrubber; and techniques for the removal of sulfur dioxide (common flue gas desulfurisation (FGD)); and oxides of nitrogen (selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)).
Emission sources
General information regarding emission sources can be located in the NPI Guide. However, it is important to note that emissions from combustion in boilers will generally be directed through an air stack unless there is a spill. 3.1 Emissions to air
Air emissions may be categorised as fugitive emissions or point source emissions. 3.1.1 Fugitive emissions Fugitive emissions are not released through a vent or stack. Examples of fugitive emissions include emissions from vehicles, dust from stockpiles, volatilisation of vapour from vats and open vessels, or spills and materials handling. Emissions emanating from ridgeline roof-vents, louvers, and open doors of a building as well as equipment leaks, such as from valves and flanges are also examples of fugitive emissions. The nature of fugitive emissions does not lend itself to the use of control devices. Emission factor EETs are the usual method for determining losses from fugitive emission sources. It is expected that most emissions from boilers would not be fugitive emissions, although fugitive emission may occur at other parts of a facility such as from fuel storage. 3.1.2 Point source emissions Point source emissions are directed into a vent or stack and emitted through a single point source into the atmosphere. Most boiler emissions would be point source emissions and have the potential for monitoring activities, although these would not be commonly used. Air emission control technologies such as electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters or baghouses, and wet scrubbers are commonly installed to reduce the concentration of particulates in processing off-gases before emission through a stack. The collection efficiency of the abatement equipment needs to be considered where such equipment has been installed, and where emission factors from uncontrolled sources have been used in emission estimations. Guidance on applying collection efficiencies to emission factor equations is provided in Appendix B, Table 29. 3.2 Emissions to water Emissions of substances to water can be categorised as discharges to: surface waters (lakes, rivers, dams, estuaries); costal or marine waters; or stormwater runoff.
Emissions of toxic substances to waterways may pose environmental hazards. Most facilities emitting NPI-listed substances are required by their state or territory environment agency to closely monitor and measure these emissions. The existing sampling data can be used to calculate annual emissions to the NPI. The discharge of NPI listed substances to a sewer or tailings dam is not regarded as an emission but a transfer and as such is reportable to the NPI as a transfer (refer to Section 6: Transfers of NPI substances in waste, p29). 3.3 Emissions to land Emissions of substances to land include solid wastes, slurries, sediments, spills and leaks, storage and distribution of liquids, and such emissions may contain NPI-listed substances. Emission sources can be categorised as: Surface impoundments of liquids and slurries, or Unintentional leaks and spills. Some facilities may use treated wastewater for irrigation. This wastewater need only be considered for NPI reporting if it contains an NPI-listed substance. For NPI purposes this is categorised as an emission to land.
Threshold calculations
The NPI Guide outlines detailed information on thresholds and identifying emission sources. The method involves identifying any NPI substances that may be used by your facility, or are components of materials used by your facility, and then calculating whether the quantity you use exceeds a NPI threshold. If the threshold is exceeded for any NPI substance, then all emissions from your facility of that substance must be reported. 4.1 Category 2a and 2b thresholds for boiler fuels
The threshold for Category 2a is the burning of 400 tonnes or more of fuel in the reporting year. If your facility burns 400 or more tonnes of fuel, reporting of emissions of all Category 2a NPI substances listed in Table 1 is required. The threshold for Category 2b is the burning of 2000 tonnes or more of fuel in the reporting year. If your facility burns 2000 or more tonnes of fuel, reporting of emissions of both Category 2a and 2b NPI substances listed in Table 1 is required. Table 1: Category 2a and 2b substances Category 2a substances Carbon monoxide Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Oxides of Nitrogen Particulate matter 10 micrometres or less in diameter (PM10) Particulate matter 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter (PM2.5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sulfur dioxide Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) Category 2b substances Arsenic and compounds Beryllium and compounds Cadmium and compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium(III) compounds Chromium(VI) and compounds Copper and compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead and compounds Magnesium oxide fume Mercury and compounds Nickel and compounds Oxides of Nitrogen Particulate matter 10 micrometres or less in diameter (PM10) Particulate matter 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter (PM2.5) Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sulfur dioxide Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs)
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Example 1: Example of a threshold calculation A facility burns 6000 tonnes of virgin wood products and 300 tonnes of black coal in a year. A volume of 1500 m3 of LPG (butane) is used as a fuel source for onsite forklifts. The process for calculating whether the facility trips NPI thresholds is set out below: Category 2a and 2b threshold calculations As previously outlined at Section 2 in the manual, the combustion of fuel results in the emission of a number of NPI listed substances. For this reason, the NPI Guide indicates that the burning of 400 tonnes or more of any fuel will trigger the Category 2a threshold and 2000 tonnes or more will trigger the Category 2b threshold. For the purpose of threshold calculations, the unit for measuring fuel quantities is tonnes. The first step is to convert the volume of LPG from cubic metres to tonnes. Appendix B, Table 4 indicates that the conversion rate is 0.58kg/litre. To calculate the weight of 1500 m3 of LPG the calculation is: (0.58 1000 (tonnes)) x 1000 (litres per cubic metre) x1500 (cubic metres)) = 870 tonnes. Thus the total fuel usage is 6000 tonnes of wood fuel, 300 tonnes of black coal and 870 tonnes of LPG. This quantity of fuel exceeds the Category 2a and 2b thresholds as set out in the NPI Guide. Hence all NPI Category 2a and 2b emissions must be estimated and reported.
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Techniques for estimating emissions
If you have established under Section 4 that the quantity of fuel burnt at your facility meets or exceeds the Category 2a or Category 2b threshold, you will need to estimate the emissions to air, land and water of each tripped NPI substance. There are five approved approaches to estimating emissions for NPI purposes. These are as follows: mass balance, fuel analysis or engineering calculations, sampling data or direct measurement, emission factors, and an approved alternative. Generally, facilities that use fuel in boilers would report emissions for NPI substances using the emission factor method. The emission factor method is described in Section 5.1. As outlined above, a range of EETs can be used to calculate emissions. In the case of boiler fuel emissions, local point source measurements (including sampling, direct measurement, and fuel analysis techniques) have the potential to provide the best results. However these techniques are complex, and rely on consistency and expert assumptions. They are only beneficial when they are science-based and applied rigorously and with expertise. However, you may wish to use either of these techniques in order to report to the NPI, particularly if you already do so in order to meet other regulatory requirements. Information in relation to these techniques is detailed in the manual. Direct measurement is described in Section 5.2 and fuel analysis is described in Section 5.3. You will need to select the EET (or mix of EETs) that is most appropriate for your purposes. You can choose a mix of techniques depending on the application. If you estimate your emission by using any of these EETs, your data will be displayed on the NPI database as being of acceptable reliability. Similarly, if your relevant environmental authority has approved the use of EETs not outlined in this manual, your data will also be displayed as being of acceptable reliability. This manual seeks to provide the most effective EETs for the NPI substances relevant to combustion in boilers. However, the absence of an EET for a substance in this manual does not imply that an emission should not be reported to the NPI. The obligation to report on all relevant emissions remains wherever reporting thresholds have been exceeded. The obligation to report exists even if, because there is no emission factor, the mass of that emission cannot be calculated and the emission is reported as no data. If a blank or no data emission is included in a report for an NPI substance where usage has tripped the reporting threshold, a reason should be stated. A statement such as no emission factor is available is appropriate. You should note that the EETs presented in this manual relate principally to average process emissions. Emissions resulting from non-routine events are rarely discussed in the literature, and there is a general lack of EETs for such events. However, it is
important to recognise that emissions resulting from significant operating excursions and/or accidental situations (e.g. spills) will also need to be estimated. Emissions to land, air and water from spills must be estimated and added to process emissions when calculating total emissions for reporting purposes. The emission resulting from a spill is the net emission (the quantity of the NPI reportable substance spilled, less the quantity recovered or consumed immediately (within 24 hours) during clean up operations). 5.1 Emission factors
As discussed previously, the emission factor method is a commonly used tool in industry to estimate emissions to the environment. In this manual, it relates to the quantity of substances emitted from a source to some common activity associated with those emissions. Emission factors are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted. To calculate the emission, multiply the substance specific emission by the activity. You should be aware that there is uncertainty associated with emission factors relating to the degree of difference between the equipment/process from which the factor was derived and the equipment/process to which the factor is being applied. An A or B rating indicates a greater degree of certainty than a D or E rating. The EFR system is: A B C D E U
Excellent Above average Average Below average Poor Unrated
Emission factors applicable to this manual are listed in Appendix B, Table 5. You must ensure that you estimate emissions for all substances for which a threshold has been exceeded. You should also be aware that you can download an emissions calculation tool for Combustion in boilers from the NPI web site http://www.npi.gov.au. This tool can be used in conjunction with the NPI Online Reporting System to upload your substance emissions. Emission factors developed from measurements for a specific process may sometimes be used to estimate emissions at other sites. For example, a company may have several units of similar model and size, if emissions were measured from one facility, an emission factor could be developed and applied to similar sources. If you wish to use a site-specific emission factor, you should first seek approval from your state or territory environment agency before its use for estimating NPI emissions. 5.2 Direct measurement
As indicated above, you may wish to use direct measurement in order to report to the NPI, particularly if you already do so in order to meet other regulatory requirements.
For sampling data to be adequate and able to be used for NPI reporting purposes, it would need to be collected over a period of time and be representative of operations for the whole year. 5.2.1 Sampling data
Stack sampling test reports often provide emissions data in terms of kg per hour or grams per cubic metre (dry). Annual emissions for NPI reporting can be calculated from this data. Stack tests for NPI reporting should be performed under representative (i.e. normal) operating conditions. You should be aware that some tests undertaken for a state or territory license condition may require the test be taken under maximum emissions rating, where emissions are likely to be higher than when operating under normal operating conditions. This section shows how to calculate emissions in kg per hour based on stack sampling data, and how to convert this to an annual emissions figure. Calculations involved in determining particulate (PM) emissions are used as an example, although the same calculations are applicable for most of the substances listed on the NPI. Equation 1 indicates how to calculate the concentration of a substance from the weight of the substance and the volume of air sampled: Equation 1 CPM where: CPM = = Cf Vm,STP = concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3 filter catch, g metered volume of sample at STP, m3 = Cf / Vm, STP
Equation 2 can be used to convert the concentration of a substance calculated in Equation 1 to an hourly emission of the substance: Equation 2 EPM where: EPM CPM Qd 3.6 T = = = = = hourly emissions of PM, kg/hr concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3 stack gas volumetric flow rate, m3/s, dry 3600 seconds per hour multiplied by 0.001 kilograms per gram temperature of the gas sample, C = CPM * Qd * 3.6 * [273 / (273 + T)]
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The information from some stack tests may be reported in grams of particulate per cubic metre of exhaust gas (wet). Use Equation 4 to calculate the particulate emissions in kg/hr. Equation 3 EPM where: EPM Qw CPM 3.6 moistR 273 T = = = = = = = hourly emissions of PM in kilograms per hour, kg/hr wet cubic metres of exhaust gas per second, m3/s concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3 3600 seconds per hour multiplied by 0.001 kilograms per gram moisture content, % 273 K (0C) stack gas temperature, C = Qw * CPM * 3.6 * (1 - moistR/100) * [273 / (273 + T)]
Total suspended particulates (TSP) are also referred to as total particulate matter (total PM). To determine PM10 from total PM emissions, a size analysis may need to be undertaken. The weight PM10 fraction can then be multiplied by the total PM emission rate to produce PM10 emissions. Alternatively, assume that 100% of PM emissions are PM10; i.e. assume that all particulate matter emitted to air has an equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometres or less i.e. 10m.
To calculate moisture content use Equation 4: Equation 4 Moisture percentage = 100 % * weight of water vapour per specific volume of stack gas/ total weight of the stack gas in that volume
100 % *
moist
where
(1000 *V
moist m , STP
) (1000 *V
g
moist m , STP
)+
STP
moistR = gmoist = Vm, STP = STP =
moisture content, % moisture collected, g metered volume of sample at STP, m3 dry density of stack gas sample, kg/m3 at STP {if the density is not known a default value of 1.62 kg/m3 may be used. This assumes a dry gas composition of 50% air, 50% CO2}
An example of test results is summarised in Table 2. The table shows the results of three different sampling runs conducted during one test event. The source parameters measured as part of the test run include gas velocity and moisture content, which are
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used to determine exhaust gas flow rates in m3/s. The filter weight gain is determined gravimetrically and divided by the volume of gas sampled, as shown in Equation 1 to determine the PM concentration in grams per m3. Note that this example does not present the condensable PM emissions. Table 2: Stack sample test results Parameter
Total sampling time (sec) Moisture collected (g) Filter catch (g) Average sampling rate (m3/s) Standard metered volume (m3) Volumetric flow rate (m3/s), dry Concentration of particulate (g/m3)
Symbol
gMOIST Cf Vm, STP Qd CPM
Test 1
7 200 395.6 0.0851 1.67 * 10-4 1.185 8.48 0.0718
Test 2
7 200 372.6 0.0449 1.67 * 10-4 1.160 8.43 0.0387
Test 3
7 200 341.4 0.0625 1.67 * 10-4 1.163 8.45 0.0537
Source: Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage 1998
Example 2: Using stack sampling data PM emissions have been calculated using Equation 1 and Equation 2, and the stack sampling data for Test 1 (presented in Table 2, and an exhaust gas temperature at 25C {298 K}). This is shown below: CPM = = = = = = Cf / Vm, STP 0.0851 / 1.185 0.072 g/m3 CPM * Qd * 3.6 * [273 / (273 + T)] 0.072 * 8.48 * 3.6 * [273/423K] 1.42 kg/hr
EPM
5.2.2
Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data
A continuous emission monitoring system provides a continuous record of emissions over time, usually by reporting pollutant concentration. Once the pollutant concentration is known, emission rates are obtained by multiplying the pollutant concentration by the volumetric gas or liquid flow rate of that pollutant. It is important to note that prior to using CEMS to estimate emissions, you should develop a protocol for collecting and averaging the data in order that the estimate satisfies your relevant environmental authoritys requirement for NPI emissions estimations.
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Table 3: Example CEM output averaged for a boiler firing waste fuel oil Concentration (C)(C) (ppmvd) Gas flow Rate (Q) 8.52 8.48 8.85 Combustion rate (A) (tonnes /hour) 290 293 270
O2 Time (% by volume) 1 2 3 10.3 10.1 11.8
SO2 150.9 144.0 123.0
NOx 142.9 145.7 112.7
CO 42.9 41.8 128.4
VOC 554.2 582.9 515.1
Source: Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage, 1998. *ppmvd = parts per million volume dry
Hourly emissions can be based on concentration measurements as shown in Equation 5. Equation 5 Ei where: Ei C MW Q 3 600 22.4 T = = = = = = = emissions of pollutant i, kg/hr pollutant concentration, ppmv,d molecular weight of the pollutant, kg/kg-mole stack gas volumetric flow rate, m3/s conversion factor, s/hr volume occupied by one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (0C and 101.3 kPa), m3/kg-mole temperature of gas sample, C = (C * MW * Q * 3 600) / [22.4 * {(T + 273)/273} * 106]
Actual annual emissions can be calculated by multiplying the emission rate in kg/hr by the number of actual operating hours per year (OpHrs) as shown in Equation 6 for each typical time period and summing the results. Equation 6 Ekpy,i where: Ekpy,i = Ei = OpHrs= annual emissions of pollutant i, kg/yr emissions of pollutant i, kg/hr (from Equation 5) operating hours, hr/yr = (Ei * OpHrs)
Emissions in kilograms of pollutant per tonne of oil consumed can be calculated by dividing the emission rate in kg per hour, by the oil consumption rate (tonnes per hour) during the same period (Equation 7) as shown below. It should be noted that the emission factor calculated below assumes that the selected time period (i.e. hourly) is representative of annual operating conditions and longer time periods should be used
for NPI reporting where they are available. Use of the calculation is shown in Example 2. Equation 7 Ekpt,i where: Ekpt,i Ei A = = = emissions of pollutant i per tonne of oil consumed, kg/t hourly emissions of pollutant i, kg/hr oil consumption rate, t/hr
Ei / A
Example 3 illustrates the application of Equation 5, Equation 6 and Equation 7. Example 3: Using CEMS Data This example shows how SO2 emissions can be calculated using Equation 5 based on the CEMS data for Time Period 1 shown in Table 3, and an exhaust gas temperature of 150C (423 K). ESO2,1 = = = = (C * MW * Q * 3 600) / [(22.4 * (T+273/273) * 106] (150.9 * 64 * 8.52 * 3 600) / [22.4 * (423/273) * 106] 296 217 907 / 34 707 692 8.53 kg/hr
For Time Period 2, also at 150C ESO2,2 = 8.11 kg/hr For Time Period 3, also at 150C ESO2,3 = 7.23 kg/hr Say representative operating conditions for the year are: Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 = = = 1500 hr 2000 hr 1800 hr
Total emissions for the year are calculated by adding the results of the three Time Periods using Equation 6: Ekpy,SO2 = ESO2,1 * OpHrs + ESO2,2 * OpHrs + ESO2,3 * OpHrs = (8.53 * 1500) + (8.11 * 2000) + (7.23 * 1800) kg = 42021 kg/yr Emissions, in terms of kg/tonne of oil consumed when operating in the same mode as Time Period 1, can be calculated using Equation 7: Ekpt,SO2 = = = ESO2 / A 8.53 / 290 2.94 * 10-2 kg SO2 emitted per tonne of oil consumed
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When the boiler is operating as in Time Periods 2 or 3, similar calculations can be undertaken for emissions per tonne. 5.3 Engineering calculations
An engineering calculation is an estimation method based on physical/chemical properties (egg. vapour pressure) of the substance, and mathematical relationships (e.g. ideal gas law). 5.3.1 Fuel analysis
Fuel analysis is a particular type of engineering calculation and can be used to predict SO2, metals, and other emissions based on application of conservation laws, if fuel rate is measured. The presence of certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their presence in emission streams. This includes elements such as sulfur that may be converted into other compounds during the combustion process. The basic equation used in fuel analysis emission calculations is the following: Equation 8 Ekpy,i where: Ekpy,i = Qf = OpHrs= MWp = EWf = annual emissions of pollutant i, kg/yr fuel use, kg/hr operating hours, hr/yr molecular weight of pollutant emitted, kg/kg-mole elemental weight of pollutant in fuel, kg/kg-mole
Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel/100 * (MWp/EWf) * OpHrs
Concentration of pollutant i in fuel expressed as weight percent, % For instance, SO2 emissions from fuel oil combustion can be calculated based on the concentration of sulfur in the fuel oil. This approach assumes complete conversion of sulfur to SO2. Therefore, for every kilogram of sulfur (EW = 32) burned, two kilograms of SO2 (MW = 64) are emitted. The application of this EET is shown in Example 4.
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Example 4: Calculating sulfur dioxide emissions using fuel analysis This example illustrates how SO2 emissions can be calculated from oil combustion based on fuel analysis results and the fuel flow information from a boiler. The boiler is assumed to operate 1500 hours per year. Fuel flow Weight percent sulfur in fuel Ekpy,SO2 = = 2000 kg/hr 1.17
= Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel/100 * (MWp / EWf) = (2000) * (1.17 / 100) * (64 / 32) = (46.8 kg/hr * 1500 hr/yr) = 70 200 kg/yr
5.4
Approved alternative technique
You are able to use EETs that are not outlined in this document. You must, however, seek the consent of your state or territory environmental agency. For example, if your company has developed site-specific emission factors as a result of monitoring and testing, you may use these if they have been approved by your local environmental agency. 5.5 Calculating emissions
The general equation below uses emission factors to estimate a facilitys emissions. Equation 9 E(s) E A EF(s) CE = A EF(s) CE
is the annual emission level for a NPI substance (s) e.g. Carbon monoxide in kg/yr is the activity rate over a year (e.g. operating hours or tonnage used) is the uncontrolled emission factor for the substance as set out in this manual at Appendix B. is the control efficiency of the emission (%) and reflects the impact of any devices or processes that control the level of emissions Emission factors for boiler fuel
5.5.1
Emission factors for NPI substances that are known to be components of boiler fuel are calculated in terms of kilograms of substances per tonne of fuel. These are set out for most NPI substances at Appendix B. Appendix B, Table 29 sets out control
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efficiencies (CEs) for a number of techniques and the devices that can be used to determine emission levels. An example to demonstrate how emission factors and CEs can be used to determine emissions is set out below. Example 5: Reporting on NPI emissions at a facility using steam for its operations The facility has three stoker spreader boilers and uses 2500 tonnes of black coal in total per year. The facility uses baghouses in order to reduce emissions of particulate matter. A. Determine whether / what NPI substances are used at the facility and whether they trip NPI thresholds. As set out in Table 1, boiler fuels emit a number of NPI Category 2a and 2b substances when combusted. Section 4.1 indicates that any facility that burns 400 and/or 2 000 tonnes of black coal fuel at the site will exceed the Category 2a and 2b thresholds respectively. In this example, the facility has exceeded both the Category 2a and 2b thresholds and should report emissions for all substances listed in Table 1. B. Determine the level of emissions.
In this example, the use of emission factors is suggested for estimating emissions of required substances. As the mass of fuel burnt triggers the Category 2a and 2b thresholds, all Category 2a and 2b should be reported. Appendix B, Table 10-13 provides emission factors in terms of kilograms per tonne for a range of substances. These include: Arsenic and compounds Beryllium and compounds Cadmium and compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper and compounds Fluoride and compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead and compounds Mercury and compounds Nickel and compounds Oxides of Nitrogen PAH PM10 PM 2.5 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide TVOCs
2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 4.40E+00 9.49E-06 4.00E-02 4.00E-02 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02
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Section 5.5 indicates that the emission calculation is E(s) = A EF(s) CE
Example: Oxides of Nitrogen E(s): Emissions (substance) at the facility in a year A: Activity rate (of 2 500 tonnes of black coal burnt) in a year EF: Emission factor CE: Control efficiency factor In this example, the control efficiency has been built into the emission factor, and therefore is not separately considered in the calculation. Arsenic and compounds: EF=2.05E-04 E(Arsenic and compounds) = A EF(Arsenic and compounds) E(Arsenic and compounds) = 2500 2.05E-04(Arsenic and compounds) E(Arsenic and compounds) = 0.5125 kg/yr Beryllium and compounds: 1.05E-05 E(Beryllium and compounds) = A EF(Beryllium and compounds) E(Beryllium and compounds) = 2500 1.05E-05(Beryllium and compounds) E(Beryllium and compounds) = 0.02625 kg/yr Cadmium and compounds: 2.55E-05 E(Cadmium and compounds) = A EF(Cadmium and compounds) E(Cadmium and compounds) = 2500 2.55E-05(Cadmium and compounds) E(Cadmium and compounds) = 0.06375 kg/yr Carbon monoxide: 2.50E+00 E(Carbon monoxide) = A EF(Carbon monoxide) E(Carbon monoxide) = 2500 2.50E+00(Carbon monoxide) E(Carbon monoxide) = 6250 kg/yr Chromium(III) compounds: 0.00013 E(Chromium III) = A EF(Chromium III) E(Chromium III) = 2500 0.00013(Chromium III) E(Chromium III) = 0.325 kg/yr Chromium(VI) compounds: 3.95E-05 E(Chromium (VI)) = A EF(Chromium(VI)) E(Chromium (VI)) = 2500 3.95E-05(Chromium(VI)) E(Chromium(V)I) = 0.09875 kg/yr Copper and compounds: 4.92E-04 E(Copper and compounds) = A EF(Copper and compounds) E(Copper and compounds) = 2500 4.92E-04(Copper and compounds) E(Copper and compounds) = 1.23 kg/yr Fluoride and compounds: 7.50E-02
E(Fluoride and compounds) = A EF(Fluoride and compounds) E(Fluoride and compounds) = 2500 7.50E-02(Fluoride and compounds) E(Fluoride and compounds) = 187.5 kg/yr Hydrochloric acid: 6.00E-01 E(Hydrochloric acid) = A EF(Hydrochloric acid) E(Hydrochloric acid) = 2500 6.00E-01(Hydrochloric acid) E(Hydrochloric acid) = 1500 kg/yr Lead and compounds: 2.10E-04 E(Lead and compounds) = A EF(Lead and compounds) E(Lead and compounds) = 2500 2.10E-04(Lead and compounds) E(Lead and compounds) = 0.525 kg/yr Mercury and compounds: 4.15E-05 E(Mercury and compounds) = A EF(Mercury and compounds) E(Mercury and compounds) = 2500 4.15E-05(Mercury and compounds) E(Mercury and compounds) = 0.10375 kg/yr Nickel and compounds: 1.40E-04 E(Nickel and compounds) = A EF(Nickel and compounds) E(Nickel and compounds) = 2500 1.40E-04(Nickel and compounds) E(Nickel and compounds) = 0.35 kg/yr Oxides of Nitrogen: 4.40E+00 E(Oxides of Nitrogen) = A EF(Oxides of Nitrogen) E(Oxides of Nitrogen) = 2500 4.40E+00(Oxides of Nitrogen) E(Oxides of Nitrogen) = 11 000 kg/yr PAH: 9.49E-06 E(PAH) = A EF(PAH) E(PAH) = 2500 9.49E-06(PAH) E(PAH) = 2.37E-02 kg/yr PM10: 4.00E-02 E(PM10) = A EF(PM10) E(PM10) = 2500 4.00E-02(PM10) E(PM10) = 100 kg/yr PM2.5: 4.00E-02 E(PM2.5) = A EF(PM2.5) E(PM2.5) = 2500 4.00E-02(PM2.5) E(PM2.5) = 100 kg/yr Polychlorinated dioxins and furans: 9.12E-10 E(Polychlorinated dioxins and furans) = A EF(Polychlorinated dioxins and furans) E(Polychlorinated dioxins and furans) = 2500 9.12E-10(Polychlorinated dioxins and furans) E(Polychlorinated dioxins and furans) = 2.28E-06 kg/yr
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Sulfur dioxide: 5.70E-01 E(Sulfur dioxide) = A EF(Sulfur dioxide) E(Sulfur dioxide) = 2500 5.70E-01(Sulfur dioxide) E(Sulfur dioxide) = 1 425 kg/yr Total VOC: 3.00E-02 E(Total VOC) = A EF(Total VOC) E(Total VOC) = 2500 3.00E-02(Total VOC) E(Total VOC ) = 75 kg/yr C. What needs to be reported?
Threshold data: 2 500 tonnes of black coal Emissions data: Arsenic and compounds = 0.5125 kg/yr Beryllium and compounds = 0.02625 kg/yr Cadmium and compounds = 0.06375 kg/yr Carbon monoxide = 6250 kg/yr Chromium(III) compounds = 0.325 kg/yr Chromium(VI) compounds = 0.09875 kg/yr Copper and compounds = 1.23 kg/yr Fluoride and compounds = 187.5 kg/yr Hydrochloric acid = 1500 kg/yr Lead and compounds = 0.525 kg/yr Mercury and compounds = 0.10375 kg/yr Nickel and compounds = 0.35 kg/yr Oxides of Nitrogen = 11 000 kg/yr PAH = 2.37E-02 kg/yr PM10 = 100 kg/yr PM2.5 = 100 kg/yr Polychlorinated dioxins and furans = 2.28E-06 kg/yr Sulfur dioxide = 1 425 kg/yr Total VOC = 75 kg/yr Pollution Control Equipment Baghouse (including the year installed as well as other supporting information)
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Transfers of NPI substances in waste
The NPI requires the mandatory reporting of NPI substances that are transferred as waste to a final destination. Transfers are required to be reported if a Category 1, Category 1b or Category 3 reporting threshold is exceeded. Refer to the NPI Guide for further details on the various categories and the relevant thresholds. There is no requirement to report transfers of substances that are exclusively Category 2a or 2b in the event that they have been tripped only by the fuel and energy use threshold (i.e. there is no requirement to report transfers of oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter 10 m, particulate matter 2.5 m, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Transfers are reportable in kilograms. In the specific context of combustion in boilers, the quantities of NPI substances contained in waste moved onsite or offsite to landfill or other final destinations will need to be reported as they are considered to be mandatory transfers. As stated previously, the transfer of waste need only be reported if it contains an NPI substance that your facility has triggered in Categories 1, 1b or 3. For example, the waste from combustion in boilers include bottom waste from the combustion process as well as sludge and waste from desulfurisation and other boiler cleaning. These wastes are likely to contain unburnt substances similar to the emissions from combustion, and pollutants from the cleaning process. The transfer of NPI substances to a destination for reuse, recycling, reprocessing, purification, partial purification, immobilisation, remediation or energy recovery can be reported voluntarily. This is an opportune way for facilities to promote good news stories to their local community. Further information regarding transfers of waste can be located in the NPI Guide.
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Next steps for reporting
This manual has been written to reflect the common processes employed by facilities using fuel for steam energy and hot water in boilers. To ensure a complete report of the emissions for your facility, it may be necessary to refer to other EET manuals. These include: Combustion in engines; Fuel and organic liquid storage; and Fugitive emissions. When you have a complete report of substance emissions from your facility, report these emissions according to the instructions in the NPI Guide.
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References
Australian Bureau of Statistics and Statistics New Zealand, ANZSIC: Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, ABS Catalogue 1292.0. Department of Environment and Heritage (now Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts), Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Combustion in Boilers, Draft Version 2.0, December 2003, Eastern Research Group (US), Preferred Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Boilers, January 2001, Paper prepared for the USEPA. HRL Technologies Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, Report # : HLC/2007/075, August 2007 and references contained therein. United States Environment Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollutants and Emission Factors, Stationary Point and Area Sources, Volume 1, fifth edition, USEPA, AP-42, January 1995, Chapters 1 and 13 United States Environment Protection Agency, Technical Background Document for the Report to Congress on Remaining Wastes from Fossil Fuel Combustion: Waste Characterization, March 15, 1999, http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/fossil/ffc2_399.pdf
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Appendix A: Definitions and abbreviations AP- 42 BOOS EET EF EFR ESP FBC FGD FGR LEA LNB LPG PAH NG NPI PC PF RAP SCR SDA SNCR TVOC U/C Desulfurisation USEPA Compilations of Air Pollution Emission Factors Burning out of service Emission estimation technique Emission factor Emission factor rating Electrostatic precipitator Fluidised bed combustion Flu gas desulfurisation Flue gas recirculation Low excess air Low NOx burner Liquid petroleum gas Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Natural gas National Pollutant Inventory Pulverised coal Pulverised fuel Reduces air preheat Selective catalytic reduction Spray dryer absorbers Selective non-catalytic reduction Total Volatile Organic Compounds Uncontrolled (i.e. no pollution control device used) The removal of sulfur compounds from petroleum fractions using hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
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Appendix B: Tables
Table 4: Conversion factors for common boiler fuel types Fuel type Bagasse Brown coal briquettes Tallow Black coal Residual oil Distillate oil Light fuel oil Natural gas LPG butane LPG - propane Process gas - coke oven Process gas - blast furnace Wood fuel products Energy to weight/volume 18 - 21 MJ/tonne 22.1 GJ/tonne 35 GJ/tonne 15.2 - 23.4 GJ/t (2) 42.9 MJ/kg 45.6 MJ/kg 45.5MJ/kg 39.7 MJ/m3 28.1 MJ/l 25.5 MJ/l 18.1 MJ/m3 4 MJ/m3 16.2 GJ/tonne Weight to volume (t) 70 - 200 kg/m3 (1) 0.75 tonnes/m3 ND Normally measured in tonnes 0.97 kg/l 0.83 kg/l 0.86 kg/l 0.74 kg/m3 0.580 kg/l 0.510 kg/l 0.546 kg/l 1.25 kg/l Normally measured in tonnes
Notes: (1) Bagasse 120 200 kg/m3, Sugar cane trash 70 150 kg/l (2) NSW Coal 23.4 GJ/tonne, Qld 23.4, WA 19.7, Tas 22.8, SA 15.2. Source: HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
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The following tables provide emission factors for various fuel, process and control configurations, for certain NPI listed substances. Not all NPI substances are listed, as emission factors have not been developed for all possible combinations of process, fuel and pollution control devices used at Australian facilities. In the event you have a requirement to report on an unlisted NPI substance, you should attempt to estimate the emission using one of the other accepted EETs. If you have any questions or are in doubt over the approach to take, please contact the NPI office in your state or territory Table 5: Emission factors for bagasse (kg/t) Emission factors for bagasse (kg/t) Control Substance Emission factor Dry scrubber Carbon monoxide 2.61E+00 Dry scrubber Oxides of nitrogen 7.60E-01 Dry scrubber Particulate Matter 10.0 um 7.50E-01 Dry scrubber Sulfur dioxide 2.50E-01 U/C Carbon monoxide 2.61E+00 U/C Oxides of nitrogen 7.60E-01 U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.15E+00 U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.51E+00 U/C Sulfur dioxide 2.50E-01 Wet scrubber Carbon monoxide 2.61E+00 Wet scrubber Oxides of nitrogen 7.60E-01 Wet scrubber Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.20E-01 Wet scrubber Sulfur dioxide 2.50E-01 Source: Table 32, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 6: Emission factors for brown coal briquettes (kg/t) Brown coal briquettes (kg/t) Control Substance Emission factor Baghouse Carbon monoxide 4.79E+00 Baghouse Oxides of nitrogen 2.68E+00 Baghouse Particulate Matter 10.0 um 3.10E-01 Baghouse Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 Baghouse Sulfur dioxide 4.79E+00 U/C Carbon monoxide 4.79E+00 U/C Oxides of nitrogen 2.68E+00 U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 7.80E-01 U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 7.00E-02 U/C Sulfur dioxide 4.79E+00 Source: Table 33, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
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Table 7: Emission factors for black coal cyclone furnace (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal cyclone furnace (kg/t) Process Control Substance Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace
U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP
Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide
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Emission factor 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.65E+01 1.30E-01 5.50E-02 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01 6.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.65E+01 5.50E-02 3.00E-03 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01
Emission factors for black coal cyclone furnace (kg/t) Process Control Substance Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace Cyclone furnace
ESP Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C
Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide
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Emission factor 6.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.65E+01 5.60E-02 5.50E-02 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01 6.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.65E+01 1.30E-01 5.50E-02 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01
Emission factors for black coal cyclone furnace (kg/t) Process Control Substance Cyclone furnace U/C
Total volatile organic compounds Sub-bituminous U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Sub-bituminous U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Oxides of nitrogen 8.50E+00 Sub-bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.30E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 5.50E-02 Sub-bituminous U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Sub-bituminous U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 hydrocarbons Sub-bituminous U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Total volatile organic 6.00E-02 compounds Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 8: Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, bubbling bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, bubbling bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Carbon monoxide 9.00E+00 Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Lead & compounds 2.10E-04
Emission factor 6.00E-02
Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, bubbling bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 7.60E+00 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.45E+00 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 Sulfur dioxide 5.94E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 2.50E-02 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 9: Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, circulating bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal fluidised bed combustion, circulating bed, uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Carbon monoxide 9.00E+00 Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 2.50E+00 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.45E+00 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 Sulfur dioxide 5.94E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 2.50E-02 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
34
Table 10: Emission factors for black coal overfeed/crossfeed stoker (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal overfeed/crossfeed stoker (kg/t) Emission factor Multiclones Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Multiclones Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Multiclones Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Multiclones Carbon monoxide 3.00E+00 Multiclones Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Multiclones Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Multiclones Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Multiclones Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Multiclones Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Multiclones Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Multiclones Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Multiclones Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Multiclones Oxides of nitrogen 3.80E+00 Multiclones Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.90E+00 Multiclones Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.10E+00 Multiclones Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 Multiclones Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Multiclones Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Multiclones Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 U/C Carbon monoxide 3.00E+00 U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 U/C Oxides of nitrogen 3.80E+00 U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 3.40E+00 U/C Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.10E+00 U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 U/C Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Control Substance
35
Table 11: Emission factors for black coal overfeed/spreader stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal overfeed/spreader stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Process Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Sub- bituminous Overfeed/spreader stoker Overfeed/spreader stoker
Substance Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds
36
Emission factor 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 3.00E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 3.80E+00 3.40E+00 1.10E+00 9.49E-06 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 3.00E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 3.80E+00 3.40E+00 1.10E+00 9.49E-06 9.12E-10 5.25E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05
Emission factors for black coal overfeed/spreader stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Emission factor Overfeed/spreader stoker Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Overfeed/spreader stoker Carbon monoxide 3.00E+00 Overfeed/spreader stoker Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Overfeed/spreader stoker Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Overfeed/spreader stoker Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Overfeed/spreader stoker Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Overfeed/spreader stoker Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Overfeed/spreader stoker Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Overfeed/spreader stoker Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Overfeed/spreader stoker Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Overfeed/spreader stoker Oxides of nitrogen 3.80E+00 Overfeed/spreader stoker Particulate Matter 10.0 um 3.40E+00 Overfeed/spreader stoker Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.10E+00 Overfeed/spreader stoker Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Overfeed/spreader stoker Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 Overfeed/spreader stoker Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Overfeed/spreader stoker Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 12: Emission factors for black coal spreader stoker (kg/t) Black coal emission factors spreader stoker (kg/t) Process Control Substance Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Process Substance
Emission factor 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 5.50E+00 6.60E+00 2.30E+00 9.12E-10
37
Black coal emission factors spreader stoker (kg/t) Process Control Substance Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker
U/C U/C U/C Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP Multiclones
Emission factor Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Carbon monoxide 2.50E+00 Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 4.40E+00 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 4.00E-02 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 4.00E-02 Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Carbon monoxide 2.50E+00 Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 4.40E+00 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.20E-01 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.50E-01 Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04
38
Black coal emission factors spreader stoker (kg/t) Process Control Substance Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds
Emission factor 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 4.40E+00 3.90E+00 1.60E+00 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04
Spreader stoker
Beryllium & compounds
1.05E-05
Spreader stoker
Cadmium & compounds
2.55E-05
Spreader stoker
Carbon monoxide
2.50E+00
Spreader stoker
Chromium (III) compounds
1.30E-04
Spreader stoker
Chromium (VI) compounds
3.95E-05
Spreader stoker
Copper & compounds
4.92E-04
Spreader stoker
Fluoride compounds
7.50E-02
Spreader stoker
Hydrochloric acid
6.00E-01
39
Black coal emission factors spreader stoker (kg/t) Process Control Substance reinjection Spreader stoker Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C Lead & compounds
Emission factor 2.10E-04
Spreader stoker
Mercury & compounds
4.15E-05
Spreader stoker
Nickel & compounds
1.40E-04
Spreader stoker
Oxides of nitrogen
4.40E+00
Spreader stoker
Particulate Matter 10.0 um
6.00E+00
Spreader stoker
Particulate Matter 2.5 um
7.00E-01
Spreader stoker
Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
9.12E-10
Spreader stoker
9.49E-06
Spreader stoker
Sulfur dioxide
5.70E-01
Spreader stoker
Total volatile organic compounds
3.00E-02
Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker Spreader stoker
Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um
40
2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E+00 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 4.40E+00 6.60E+00
Black coal emission factors spreader stoker (kg/t) Process Control Substance Spreader stoker Spreader stoker U/C U/C
Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Spreader stoker U/C Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Spreader stoker U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Spreader stoker U/C Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Sub-bituminous U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E+00 Sub-bituminous U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Sub-bituminous U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Sub-bituminous U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Sub-bituminous U/C Oxides of nitrogen 4.40E+00 Sub-bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.60E+00 Sub-bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 2.30E+00 Sub-bituminous U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Sub-bituminous U/C Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Sub-bituminous U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 Sub-bituminous U/C Total volatile organic compounds 3.00E-02 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 13: Emission factors for black coal underfeed stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Black coal emission factors underfeed stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Carbon monoxide 5.50E+00 Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01
Emission factor 2.30E+00 9.12E-10
41
Black coal emission factors underfeed stoker, uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 4.80E+00 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 9.49E-06 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 3.10E+00 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.90E+00 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.12E-10 Sulfur dioxide 4.65E-01 Total volatile organic compounds 6.50E-01 Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 14: Emission factors for black coal pulverised coal (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal pulverised coal (kg/t) Process Control Substance Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom
U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C
Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds
42
Emission factor 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.10E+01 1.15E+00 3.00E-01 9.49E-06 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05
Emission factors for black coal pulverised coal (kg/t) Process Control Substance Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom Wet bottom U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C
Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Wet bottom U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Wet bottom U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Wet bottom U/C Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 compounds Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 15: Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t)
Emission factor 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.55E+01 1.30E+00 7.40E-01 9.49E-06
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Bituminous U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Bituminous U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Bituminous U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Bituminous U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Bituminous U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Bituminous U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Bituminous U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Bituminous U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Bituminous U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Bituminous U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Bituminous U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Bituminous U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Bituminous U/C Oxides of nitrogen 1.09E+01 Bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 Bituminous U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.50E-01
43
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Bituminous U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Bituminous U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 hydrocarbons Bituminous U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Bituminous U/C Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 compounds Dry bottom Baghouse Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Dry bottom Baghouse Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom
Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse Baghouse ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP
Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um
44
2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.09E+01 1.10E-02 5.00E-03 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.09E+01 2.70E-01 1.20E-02
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Dry bottom ESP Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Dry bottom ESP Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 compounds Dry bottom LNB Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Dry bottom LNB Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Dry bottom LNB Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Dry bottom LNB Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Dry bottom LNB Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Dry bottom LNB Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Dry bottom LNB Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Dry bottom LNB Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Dry bottom LNB Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Dry bottom LNB Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Dry bottom LNB Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Dry bottom LNB Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Dry bottom LNB Oxides of nitrogen 5.50E+00 Dry bottom LNB Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 Dry bottom LNB Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 Dry bottom LNB Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Dry bottom LNB Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Dry bottom LNB Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 compounds Dry bottom Multiclones Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Dry bottom Multiclones Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Multiclones Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds
45
2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 1.09E+01 2.90E-01 3.00E-02 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Dry bottom OFA/LEA Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Oxides of nitrogen 3.60E+00 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Dry bottom OFA/LEA Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 Dry bottom OFA/LEA Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 compounds Dry bottom Scrubber Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Dry bottom Scrubber Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Dry bottom Scrubber Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Dry bottom Scrubber Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Dry bottom Scrubber Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Dry bottom Scrubber Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Dry bottom Scrubber Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Dry bottom Scrubber Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Dry bottom Scrubber Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Dry bottom Scrubber Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Dry bottom Scrubber Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Dry bottom Scrubber Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Dry bottom Scrubber Oxides of nitrogen 1.09E+01 Dry bottom Scrubber Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.10E-01 Dry bottom Scrubber Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.50E-01 Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Dry bottom Scrubber Scrubber Scrubber U/C U/C U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds 9.12E-10 5.70E-01 3.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05
46
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Dry bottom U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Dry bottom U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Dry bottom U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Dry bottom U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Dry bottom U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Dry bottom U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Dry bottom U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Dry bottom U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Dry bottom U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Dry bottom U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Dry bottom U/C Oxides of nitrogen 1.09E+01 Dry bottom U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 Dry bottom U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 Dry bottom U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Dry bottom U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 hydrocarbons Dry bottom U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Dry bottom U/C Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 compounds Tangential fired, LNB Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Oxides of nitrogen 4.85E+00
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Tangential fired, LNB Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, LNB Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 bituminous compounds Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Oxides of nitrogen 5.00E+00 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, OFA/LEA Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 bituminous compounds Tangential fired, U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Oxides of nitrogen 7.50E+00 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Tangential fired, U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 bituminous hydrocarbons Tangential fired, U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 bituminous compounds Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Oxides of nitrogen 3.70E+00 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 bituminous compounds Wall fired, subU/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, dry bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Wall fired, subU/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Oxides of nitrogen 6.00E+00 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.50E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Wall fired, subU/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 bituminous hydrocarbons Wall fired, subU/C Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subU/C Total volatile organic 3.00E-02 bituminous compounds Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 16: Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Tangential fired, U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Tangential fired, U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04
51
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Tangential fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous Wall fired, bituminous
U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C
Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Hydrochloric acid Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds
3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02 6.00E-01 2.10E-04 4.15E-05 1.40E-04 7.00E+00 1.30E+00 7.40E-01 9.12E-10 9.49E-06 5.70E-01 2.00E-02 2.05E-04 1.05E-05 2.55E-05 2.50E-01 1.30E-04 3.95E-05 4.92E-04 7.50E-02
52
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Wall fired, U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Oxides of nitrogen 1.55E+01 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.30E+00 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 7.40E-01 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Wall fired, U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 bituminous hydrocarbons Wall fired, U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 bituminous Wall fired, U/C Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 bituminous compounds Wall fired, OFA/LEA Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 bituminous
53
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Oxides of nitrogen 1.20E+01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.30E+00 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Particulate Matter 2.5 um 7.40E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 bituminous furans Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Sulfur dioxide 5.25E-01 bituminous Wall fired, subOFA/LEA Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 bituminous compounds Wet bottom ESP Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Wet bottom ESP Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Wet bottom ESP Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Wet bottom ESP Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Wet bottom ESP Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Wet bottom ESP Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Wet bottom ESP Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Wet bottom ESP Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Wet bottom ESP Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Wet bottom ESP Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Wet bottom ESP Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Wet bottom ESP Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Wet bottom ESP Oxides of nitrogen 1.55E+01 Wet bottom ESP Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.10E-02 Wet bottom ESP Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.10E-02 Wet bottom ESP Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Wet bottom ESP Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Wet bottom ESP Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 compounds Wet bottom Multiclones Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Wet bottom Multiclones Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Wet bottom Multiclones Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Wet bottom Multiclones Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Wet bottom Multiclones Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Wet bottom Multiclones Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Wet bottom Multiclones Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Wet bottom Multiclones Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Wet bottom Multiclones Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Wet bottom Multiclones Lead & compounds 2.10E-04
54
Emission factors for black coal pulverised fuel, wet bottom boilers (kg/t) Process Control Substance Emission factor Wet bottom Multiclones Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Wet bottom Multiclones Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Wet bottom Multiclones Oxides of nitrogen 1.55E+01 Wet bottom Multiclones Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.50E-01 Wet bottom Multiclones Particulate Matter 2.5 um 4.30E-01 Wet bottom Multiclones Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Wet bottom Multiclones Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Wet bottom Multiclones Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 compounds Wet bottom U/C Arsenic & compounds 2.05E-04 Wet bottom U/C Beryllium & compounds 1.05E-05 Wet bottom U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.55E-05 Wet bottom U/C Carbon monoxide 2.50E-01 Wet bottom U/C Chromium (III) compounds 1.30E-04 Wet bottom U/C Chromium (VI) compounds 3.95E-05 Wet bottom U/C Copper & compounds 4.92E-04 Wet bottom U/C Fluoride compounds 7.50E-02 Wet bottom U/C Hydrochloric acid 6.00E-01 Wet bottom U/C Lead & compounds 2.10E-04 Wet bottom U/C Mercury & compounds 4.15E-05 Wet bottom U/C Nickel & compounds 1.40E-04 Wet bottom U/C Oxides of nitrogen 1.55E+01 Wet bottom U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.30E+00 Wet bottom U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 7.40E-01 Wet bottom U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 9.12E-10 furans Wet bottom U/C Polycyclic aromatic 9.49E-06 hydrocarbons Wet bottom U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.70E-01 Wet bottom U/C Total volatile organic 2.00E-02 compounds Source: Table 35-41, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 17: Emission factors for blast furnace gas uncontrolled (kg/t) Blast furnace gas emission factors uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Carbon monoxide 1.60E-01 Mercury & compounds 5.00E-08 Oxides of nitrogen 1.10E+00 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.50E-02
55
Blast furnace gas emission factors uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Particulate Matter 2.5 um 2.50E-02 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 1.00E-11 Sulfur dioxide 2.50E-03 Total volatile organic compounds 9.00E-03 Source: Table 55, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 18: Emission factors for coke oven gas uncontrolled (kg/t) Coke oven gas emission factors uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Carbon monoxide 6.40E-01 Mercury & compounds 9.90E-07 Oxides of nitrogen 6.90E-01 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.10E-02 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.10E-02 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 2.00E-11 Sulfur dioxide 2.50E-03 Total volatile organic compounds 9.00E-03 Source: Table 56, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 19: Emission factors for landfill gas - uncontrolled (kg/MJ) Landfill gas emission factors - uncontrolled (kg/MJ) Substance Emission factor Arsenic & compounds 1.86E-09 Cadmium & compounds 2.61E-09 Chromium (III) compounds 1.03E-08 Copper & compounds 3.44E-09 Lead & compounds 2.86E-09 Manganese & compounds 1.02E-07 Mercury & compounds 3.56E-11 Nickel & compounds 3.44E-08 Total volatile organic compounds 8.67E-07 Source: Table 58, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
56
Table 20: Emission Factors for natural gas tangential fired (kg/t) Natural gas emission factors tangential fired (kg/t) Control Substance Emission factor FGR Arsenic & compounds 4.33E-06 FGR Beryllium & compounds 2.60E-08 FGR Cadmium & compounds 2.38E-05 FGR Carbon monoxide 2.12E+00 FGR Chromium (III) compounds 3.03E-05 FGR Cobalt & compounds 1.76E-06 FGR Copper & compounds 1.84E-05 FGR Lead & compounds 1.08E-05 FGR Manganese & compounds 8.24E-06 FGR Mercury & compounds 5.62E-06 FGR Nickel & compounds 4.54E-05 FGR Oxides of nitrogen 1.64E+00 FGR Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.60E-01 FGR Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.60E-01 FGR Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 1.07E-10 FGR Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1.38E-05 FGR Selenium & compounds 5.13E-07 FGR Sulfur dioxide 0.035(1) FGR Total volatile organic compounds 1.19E-01 FGR Zinc & compounds 6.21E-04 U/C Arsenic & compounds 4.33E-06 U/C Beryllium & compounds 2.60E-08 U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.38E-05 U/C Carbon monoxide 5.20E-01 U/C Chromium (III) compounds 3.03E-05 U/C Cobalt & compounds 1.76E-06 U/C Copper & compounds 1.84E-05 U/C Lead & compounds 1.08E-05 U/C Manganese & compounds 8.24E-06 U/C Mercury & compounds 5.62E-06 U/C Nickel & compounds 4.54E-05 U/C Oxides of nitrogen 3.68E+00 U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.60E-01 U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.60E-01 U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 1.07E-10 U/C Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1.38E-05 U/C Selenium & compounds 4.54E-05 U/C Sulfur dioxide 0.035(1) U/C Total volatile organic compounds 1.19E-01 U/C Zinc & compounds 6.21E-04 Source: Table 51-53, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
(1)
Averaged emission factors for Australian facilities based on 76 tests (Table 30, NPI Development of emission factors for Combustion in Boilers, HRL 2007)
Table 21: Emission factors for natural gas wall fired (kg/t) Natural gas emission factors wall fired (kg/t) Process Control Substance <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans LNB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons LNB Selenium & compounds LNB Sulfur dioxide LNB Total volatile organic compounds LNB Zinc & compounds LNB+FGR Arsenic & compounds LNB+FGR Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um
Emission factor 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06 4.54E-05 1.08E+00 1.60E-01 1.60E-01 1.07E-10 1.38E-05 4.54E-05 0.035(1) 1.19E-01 6.21E-04 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06 4.54E-05 6.90E-01 1.60E-01 1.60E-01
LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR
58
Natural gas emission factors wall fired (kg/t) Process Control Substance <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input <30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input
LNB+FGR Polychlorinated dioxins and furans LNB+FGR Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons LNB+FGR Selenium & compounds LNB+FGR Sulfur dioxide LNB+FGR Total volatile organic compounds LNB+FGR Zinc and compounds U/C Arsenic & compounds U/C Beryllium & compounds U/C Cadmium & compounds U/C Carbon monoxide U/C Chromium (III) compounds U/C Cobalt & compounds U/C Copper & compounds U/C Lead & compounds U/C Manganese & compounds U/C Mercury & compounds U/C Nickel & compounds U/C Oxides of nitrogen U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and furans U/C Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons U/C Selenium & compounds U/C Sulfur dioxide U/C Total volatile organic compounds U/C Zinc & compounds LNB Arsenic & compounds LNB Beryllium & compounds LNB Cadmium & compounds LNB Carbon monoxide LNB Chromium (III) compounds LNB Cobalt & compounds LNB Copper & compounds LNB Lead & compounds LNB Manganese & compounds LNB Mercury & compounds LNB Nickel & compounds LNB Oxides of nitrogen
59
Emission factor 1.07E-10 1.38E-05 4.54E-05 0.035(1) 1.19E-01 6.21E-04 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06 4.54E-05 2.16E+00 1.60E-01 1.60E-01 1.07E-10 1.38E-05 4.54E-05 0.035(1) 1.19E-01 6.21E-04 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06 4.54E-05 3.03E+00
Natural gas emission factors wall fired (kg/t) Process Control Substance >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input
LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR LNB+FGR OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA
Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Selenium & compounds Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Zinc and compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Selenium & compounds Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Zinc and compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds
60
Emission factor 1.60E-01 1.60E-01 1.07E-10 1.38E-05 4.54E-05 0.035(1) 1.19E-01 6.21E-04 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06 4.54E-05 2.16E+00 1.60E-01 1.60E-01 1.07E-10 1.38E-05 4.54E-05 0.035(1) 1.19E-01 6.21E-04 4.33E-06 2.60E-08 2.38E-05 1.82E+00 3.03E-05 1.76E-06 1.84E-05 1.08E-05 8.24E-06 5.62E-06
Natural gas emission factors wall fired (kg/t) Process Control Substance >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input >30MW heat input OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA OFA/LEA
Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans >30MW heat input OFA/LEA Polycyclic aromatic 1.38E-05 hydrocarbons >30MW heat input OFA/LEA Selenium & compounds 4.54E-05 >30MW heat input OFA/LEA Sulfur dioxide 0.035(1) >30MW heat input OFA/LEA Total volatile organic 1.19E-01 compounds >30MW heat input OFA/LEA Zinc and compounds 6.21E-04 >30MW heat input U/C Arsenic & compounds 4.33E-06 >30MW heat input U/C Beryllium & compounds 2.60E-08 >30MW heat input U/C Cadmium & compounds 2.38E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Carbon monoxide 1.82E+00 >30MW heat input U/C Chromium (III) compounds 3.03E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Cobalt & compounds 1.76E-06 >30MW heat input U/C Copper & compounds 1.84E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Lead & compounds 1.08E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Manganese & compounds 8.24E-06 >30MW heat input U/C Mercury & compounds 5.62E-06 >30MW heat input U/C Nickel & compounds 4.54E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Oxides of nitrogen 5.95E+00 >30MW heat input U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.60E-01 >30MW heat input U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.60E-01 >30MW heat input U/C Polychlorinated dioxins and 1.07E-10 furans >30MW heat input U/C Polycyclic aromatic 1.38E-05 hydrocarbons >30MW heat input U/C Selenium & compounds 4.54E-05 >30MW heat input U/C Sulfur dioxide 0.035(1) >30MW heat input U/C Total volatile organic 1.19E-01 compounds >30MW heat input U/C Zinc and compounds 6.21E-04 Source: Table 51-53, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
(1) Averaged emission factors for Australian facilities based on 76 tests (Table 30, NPI Development of emission factors for Combustion in Boilers, HRL 2007)
Emission factor 4.54E-05 4.11E+00 1.60E-01 1.60E-01 1.07E-10
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Table 22: Emission factors for petroleum refinery gas - uncontrolled (kg/m3) Petroleum refinery gas emission factors - uncontrolled (kg/m3) Substance Emission factor Carbon monoxide 5.61E-04 Oxides of nitrogen 2.24E-03 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 4.81E-05 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 4.81E-05 Sulfur dioxide 4.56E-03 Total volatile organic compounds 4.49E-05 Source: Table 57, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 23: Emission factors for LPG uncontrolled (kg/t) LPG emission factors uncontrolled (kg/t) Process Substance Emission factor Industrial butane Carbon monoxide 7.60E-01 Industrial butane Mercury & compounds 4.96E-07 Industrial butane Oxides of nitrogen 4.43E+00 Industrial butane Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.40E-01 Industrial butane Particulate Matter 2.5 um 1.30E-01 Industrial butane Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.92E-11 Industrial butane Sulfur dioxide 1.05E-04 Industrial butane Total volatile organic compounds 5.00E-02 Industrial propane Carbon monoxide 7.50E-01 Industrial propane Mercury & compounds 4.96E-07 Industrial propane Oxides of nitrogen 4.46E+00 Industrial propane Particulate Matter 10.0 um 2.60E-01 Industrial propane Particulate Matter 2.5 um 8.00E-02 Industrial propane Polychlorinated dioxins and furans 9.92E-11 Industrial propane Sulfur dioxide 1.23E-04 Industrial propane Total volatile organic compounds 6.00E-02 Source: Table 54, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 24: Emission Factors for residual oil (kg/t) Residual oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance <30MW <30MW <30MW U/C U/C U/C Antimony & compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds
Emission factor 6.99E-04 1.76E-04 3.70E-06
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Residual oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential
U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB
Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Selenium & compounds Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Zinc and compounds Antimony & compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds
63
Emission factor 5.29E-05 6.70E-01 4.62E-02 1.12E-04 3.30E-05 8.01E-04 2.34E-04 4.96E-03 2.01E-04 4.00E-04 1.50E-05 1.12E-02 7.32E+00 5.42E-02 3.27E-02 2.34E-10 1.58E-04 9.10E-05 6.27E-01 4.00E-02 3.87E-03 6.99E-04 1.76E-04 3.70E-06 5.29E-05 6.70E-01 4.62E-02 1.12E-04 3.30E-05 8.01E-04 2.34E-04
Residual oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing
Emission factor 4.96E-03 2.01E-04 4.00E-04 1.50E-05 1.12E-02 3.46E+00 5.42E-02 3.27E-02 2.34E-10 1.58E-04 9.10E-05 4.00E-02 3.87E-03 6.99E-04 1.76E-04 3.70E-06 5.29E-05 6.70E-01 4.62E-02 1.12E-04 3.30E-05 8.01E-04
LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C
Fluoride compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins & furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Selenium & compounds Total volatile organic compounds Zinc & compounds Antimony & compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Cobalt & compounds
64
Residual oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, tangential firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing
U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB
Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Selenium & compounds Total volatile organic compounds Zinc & compounds Antimony & compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Cobalt & compounds Copper & compounds Fluoride compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds
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Emission factor 2.34E-04 4.96E-03 2.01E-04 4.00E-04 1.50E-05 1.12E-02 4.26E+00 5.42E-02 3.27E-02 2.34E-10 1.58E-04 9.10E-05 4.00E-02 3.87E-03 6.99E-04 1.76E-04 3.70E-06 5.29E-05 6.70E-01 4.62E-02 1.12E-04 3.30E-05 8.01E-04 2.34E-04 4.96E-03 2.01E-04 4.00E-04 1.50E-05 1.12E-02
Residual oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing >30MW, wall firing LNB LNB LNB LNB
Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans >30MW, wall firing LNB Polycyclic aromatic 1.58E-04 hydrocarbons >30MW, wall firing LNB Selenium & compounds 9.10E-05 >30MW, wall firing LNB Total volatile organic 4.00E-02 compounds >30MW, wall firing LNB Zinc & compounds 3.87E-03 >30MW, wall firing U/C Antimony & compounds 6.99E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Arsenic & compounds 1.76E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Beryllium & compounds 3.70E-06 >30MW, wall firing U/C Cadmium & compounds 5.29E-05 >30MW, wall firing U/C Carbon monoxide 6.70E-01 >30MW, wall firing U/C Chlorine 4.62E-02 >30MW, wall firing U/C Chromium (III) 1.12E-04 compounds >30MW, wall firing U/C Chromium (VI) 3.30E-05 compounds >30MW, wall firing U/C Cobalt & compounds 8.01E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Copper & compounds 2.34E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Fluoride compounds 4.96E-03 >30MW, wall firing U/C Lead & compounds 2.01E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Manganese & compounds 4.00E-04 >30MW, wall firing U/C Mercury & compounds 1.50E-05 >30MW, wall firing U/C Nickel & compounds 1.12E-02 >30MW, wall firing U/C Oxides of nitrogen 6.25E+00 >30MW, wall firing U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 5.42E-02 >30MW, wall firing U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.27E-02 >30MW, wall firing U/C Polychlorinated dioxins 2.34E-10 and furans >30MW, wall firing U/C Polycyclic aromatic 1.58E-04 hydrocarbons >30MW, wall firing U/C Selenium & compounds 9.10E-05 >30MW, wall firing U/C Total volatile organic 4.00E-02 compounds >30MW, wall firing U/C Zinc & compounds 3.87E-03 Source: Table 42-45, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
Emission factor 5.32E+00 5.42E-02 3.27E-02 2.34E-10
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Table 25: Emission factors for distillate (diesel) oil (kg/t) Distillate (diesel) oil emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW <30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW >30MW U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB LNB Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Selenium & compounds Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Zinc & compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Manganese & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Selenium & compounds
Emission factor 7.72E-05 5.79E-05 5.79E-05 6.80E-01 5.79E-05 1.16E-04 1.74E-04 1.16E-04 5.79E-05 5.79E-05 2.72E+00 2.25E-04 1.40E-01 3.00E-02 4.49E-10 2.92E-04 5.79E-01 2.72E-02 5.79E-02 5.79E-02 5.79E-05 5.79E-02 6.80E-01 5.79E-02 5.79E-02 5.79E-02 5.79E-02 5.79E-05 5.79E-02 1.36E+00 5.79E-02 1.40E-01 3.00E-02 4.90E-10 5.79E-02
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Sulfur dioxide 5.79E-01 Total volatile organic 2.72E-02 compounds >30MW LNB Zinc and compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Arsenic & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Beryllium & compounds 5.79E-05 >30MW U/C Cadmium & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Carbon monoxide 6.80E-01 >30MW U/C Chromium (III) 5.79E-02 compounds >30MW U/C Copper & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Lead & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Manganese & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Mercury & compounds 5.79E-05 >30MW U/C Nickel & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Oxides of nitrogen 3.26E+00 >30MW U/C Polycyclic aromatic 5.79E-02 hydrocarbons >30MW U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.40E-01 >30MW U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.00E-02 >30MW U/C Polychlorinated dioxins 4.90E-10 and furans >30MW U/C Selenium & compounds 5.79E-02 >30MW U/C Sulfur dioxide 5.79E-01 >30MW U/C Total volatile organic 2.72E-02 compounds >30MW U/C Zinc & compounds 7.72E-05 Source: Table 46-49, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 26: Emission factors for waste oil - uncontrolled (kg/t) Waste oil emission factors - uncontrolled (kg/t) Substance Emission factor Cadmium & compounds 1.17E-03 Chromium (III) compounds 2.52E-03 Carbon monoxide 6.30E-01 Hydrochloric acid 8.30E+00 Lead & compounds 6.92E-02 Nickel & compounds 1.38E-03 Oxides of nitrogen 2.39E+00 Particulate Matter 10.0 um 6.42E+00 Particulate Matter 2.5 um 3.62E+00 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3.70E-05 Sulfur dioxide 1.67E-01
>30MW >30MW
LNB LNB
Total volatile organic compounds 1.30E-01 Source: Table 50, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 27: Emission factors for tallow (kg/t) Tallow emission factors (kg/t) Control Substance Emission factor Flue gas recirculation Carbon monoxide 2.70E-01 Flue gas recirculation Oxides of nitrogen 1.52E+00 Flue gas recirculation Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.90E-01 Flue gas recirculation Sulfur dioxide 1.10E-01 Flue gas recirculation Particulate Matter 2.5 um 2.00E-02 U/C Carbon monoxide 1.80E-01 U/C Oxides of nitrogen 1.77E+00 U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um 1.90E-01 U/C Particulate Matter 2.5 um 2.00E-02 U/C Sulfur dioxide 3.00E-02 Source: HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 28: Emission factors for wood and wood waste (kg/t) Wood and wood waste emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection U/C U/C U/C Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans
69
Emission factor 1.62E+00 8.60E-01 2.75E-07 1.70E-01 5.50E+00 2.80E+00 2.75E-07 1.70E-01 8.40E+00 5.00E+00 2.75E-07
Wood and wood waste emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired Bark fired FBC FBC FBC Fuel cell/Dutch oven Fuel cell/Dutch oven Fuel cell/Dutch oven Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired U/C Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Dry electrostatic granular filter Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection
70
Sulfur dioxide Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Oxides of nitrogen Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Oxides of nitrogen Sulfur dioxide Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Arsenic & compounds
Emission factor 1.70E-01 1.25E+00 8.10E-01 2.75E-07 1.70E-01 7.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.70E-01 3.30E+00 1.90E-01 1.70E-01 4.27E-05 1.64E-07 1.06E-05 7.80E-05 2.30E-05 1.87E-04 2.23E-04 2.58E-06 3.45E-05 1.20E-01 1.00E-01 1.45E-08 1.78E-03 1.70E-01 4.27E-05
Wood and wood waste emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired
Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones w/o fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly
71
Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Particulate Matter 10.0 um
Emission factor 1.64E-07 1.06E-05 7.80E-05 2.30E-05 1.87E-04 2.23E-04 2.58E-06 3.45E-05 8.60E-01 4.30E-01 1.45E-08 1.78E-03 1.70E-01 4.27E-05 1.64E-07 1.06E-05 7.80E-05 2.30E-05 1.87E-04 2.23E-04 2.58E-06 3.45E-05 2.73E+00
Wood and wood waste emission factors (kg/t) Process Control Substance ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection Multiclones with fly ash reinjection U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C U/C Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber Wet scrubber
Emission factor 1.62E+00 1.45E-08 1.78E-03 1.49E-04 7.47E-06 2.79E-05 4.08E+00 1.43E-04 2.38E-05 3.33E-04 3.26E-04 2.38E-05 2.24E-04 1.49E+00 3.24E+00 2.74E+00 1.45E-08 8.94E-04 1.70E-01 1.20E-01 4.27E-05 1.64E-07 1.06E-05 7.80E-05 2.30E-05 1.87E-04 2.23E-04 2.58E-06 3.45E-05 2.20E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-08 1.78E-03
Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired Wood/bark fired
Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Oxides of nitrogen Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide Total volatile organic compounds Arsenic & compounds Beryllium & compounds Cadmium & compounds Chromium (III) compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Copper & compounds Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds Nickel & compounds Particulate Matter 10.0 um Particulate Matter 2.5 um Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
72
Source: Table 59-63, HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Notes: The Australian average for sulfur in fuels is 6.64 kg/t. The following are typical Australian fuel properties: Fuel Specific Volume Natural gas 1.35 (m3/kg) Coke oven gas 1.83 (m3/kg) Blast furnace gas 0.80 (m3/kg) LPG (propane) 1960 (litres/tonne) LPG (butane) 1760 (litres/tonne) Diesel 1135 (litres/tonne) Oil 1050 (litres/tonne) Source: HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Table 29: Emission control efficiency rates Substance Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10
Control SCR SNCR SNCR with LNB LEA LNB (Air staged) LNB (Flue gas recirculation) LNB (fuel staged) Wet scrubber Semi-dry scrubber Dry scrubber ESP Fabric filter Single high throughput cyclone Single conventional cyclone Single high efficiency cyclone Multi cyclones Venturi scrubber Condensation scrubber Impingement scrubber Orifice scrubber
73
Efficiency rate (%) 70 - 90 30 - 50 65 - 75 10 - 44 25 - 35 0 - 20 50 - 60 90 - 98 80 - 90 50 - 80 90 99.9 (new equipment 99 and above) 95 99.9 (new equipment 99 and above) 10 - 40 30 - 90 60 - 95 80 - 92.5 70 - 99 99 - 99.9 50 - 99 80 - 99
PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5
ESP Fabric filter Single high throughput cyclone Single conventional cyclone Single high efficiency cyclone Venturi scrubber Condensation scrubber Impingement scrubber Orifice scrubber
90 99.9 (new equipment 99 and above) 95 99.9 (new equipment 99 and above) 0 - 10 0 - 40 60 - 95 20 - 70 70 - 99 50 - 99 80 - 99
Source: HRL Technology Pty Ltd, NPI Development of Emission Factors for Combustion in Boilers, a report prepared for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Appendix C: Modifications to the Combustion in boilers emission estimation technique (EET) manual (March 2008) Page throughout Outline of alteration Version 3.1 follows the new standard format for Emission Estimation Techniques Manuals. Version 3.1 makes use of new emission factors which are additional or modifications of those used in earlier versions of the manual, based on further research reports. Published emission factors have either been developed based on Australian data, or have been drawn from USEPA AP42, where that data has been accessed as acceptable for Australian industrial applications. Emission factors for sulfur dioxide for Natural Gas combustion purposes have been updated to correct an anomaly in version 3.0 of the manual. Version 3.1 incorporates the changes to the National Environmental Protection Measure (NEPM) by state and federal Ministers from June 2007.
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National Pollutant Inventory

Emission estimation technique manual

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

First published in August 1999

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

EMISSION SOURCES ........................................................................................... 8

THRESHOLD CALCULATIONS ....................................................................... 10

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1, June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1, June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Information required to produce an annual NPI report

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Figure 2: Process for combustion in boilers

Heat and steam energy

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Techniques for estimating emissions

Excellent Above average Average Below average Poor Unrated

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

moistR = gmoist = Vm, STP = STP =

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Source: Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage 1998

Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

O2 Time (% by volume) 1 2 3 10.3 10.1 11.8

SO2 150.9 144.0 123.0

NOx 142.9 145.7 112.7

CO 42.9 41.8 128.4

VOC 554.2 582.9 515.1

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel/100 * (MWp/EWf) * OpHrs

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Approved alternative technique

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Section 5.5 indicates that the emission calculation is E(s) = A EF(s) CE

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Transfers of NPI substances in waste

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Next steps for reporting

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Emission factor 6.00E-02

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Beryllium & compounds

Cadmium & compounds

Chromium (III) compounds

Chromium (VI) compounds

Copper & compounds

Combustion in boilers Version 3.1 June 2008

Emission factor 2.10E-04

Mercury & compounds

Nickel & compounds