MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

EXAM NOTE RAPID OVERVIEW

Muhammad Shahir Bin Rahmat CLASS : CESTODES ORDER : CYCLOPHYLLIDEA

SPECIES T. saginata / beef tape worm T. solium / pork tapeworm H. nana HABITAT small intestine small intestine small intestine SIZE 30-40 m EGGS SHAPE spherical, inner radially striated embryophore = T. saginata but non acid fast infective to man spheroid 2 coverings, *outer egg shell, *inner embryophore with 2 polar thickenings from where arise 4-8 long filaments same like H. nana but without filaments spheroid, has inner and outer membrane separated by a hyaline layer oval, operculated, thick shell D.H COLOUR yellowish brown (Z-N stain) = translucent CONTENTS fully develop hexacanth embryo = hexacanth embryo man rats mice man I.H cattle DIAGNOSTIC STAGE egg & gravid segment egg & gravid segment egg INFECTIVE STAGE Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus cellulosae egg & cercocystic cysticercoid MODE OF INFECTION ingestion undercooked beef contain c.b ingestion undercooked pork contain c.c ingestion food with contaminated egg a/i accidentally ingest fleas contain cysticercoid accidentally ingest fleas contain cysticercoid accidentally ingest dog-fleas contain cysticercoid ingestion improper cook salmon fish contain plerocercoid

man

= 30-50 m

pigs man man, rat , flea insects

H. diminuta

small intestine small intestine

60-70 m 40 m

yellowish

onchosphere

Dipylidium caninum / dog tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum

yellowish

oncosphere

rats mice, man dog, cat, man man R.H : fish eating animal

rat , flea insects dog-flea larva , insects 1. cyclops 2. salmon fish

egg

cercocystic cysticercoid cryptocystic cysticercoid

small intestine

70x50 m

yellowish brown

fertilized immature

eggs, eggs capsule, gravid segment egg

plerocercoid

TISSUES CESTODES 1.Cysticercus cellulosae (T. solium) 2.Unilocular hydatid cyst (larva E. granulosus) 3.Multilocular hydatid cyst (larva E. multilocularis) 4.Coenurus cerebralis (larva Multiceps multiceps)
2

5.Sparganum larva (plerocercoid of non human Diphyllobothrium species) 6. Cysticercoid H. nana (transitional tissue stage in submucosa small intestine CLASS : TREMATODA ORDER : DIGENEA
SPECIES F. gigantica ( liver fluke) HABITAT biliary passage man and herbivores = in between villi small intestine SIZE 140 x 70 m SHAPE oval, operculated, thin shelled EGGS COLOUR yellowish D.H CONTENT immature ovum man R.H : herbivore I.H Lymnaea cailliaudi DIAGNOSTIC STAGE immature egg in stool / duodenal aspirate INFECTIVE STAGE encyted metacercaria MODE OF INFECTION ingestion water / raw vegetables infected with e.m = ingestion raw, undercook, undersalt infected fish

F. hepatica Heterophyes heterophyes (small intestine fluke)

= 30 x 15 m

= oval, operculated, thick shelled with knob at posterior end

= yellowish brown

= mature miracidum

= man R.H : fish eating mamals and bird

Paragonimus westermani (Lung fluke)

lung : cyst like pocket

100 x 50 m

(intestinal) S. mansoni

IMV large intestine

140 x 60 m

oval, operculated (flat operculum), thick shelled oval lateral spine

goldenbrown

immature embryo

man R.H : carnivore

translucent

miracidum

man R.H :

= 1. Pirenella conica 2. Tilapia nilotica (Bolty) @ Mugil cephalus (Boury) 1. Semisulcospira libertina 2. crabs & cray fish Biomphalaria

= mature eggs in stool

= encysted metacercaria

immature egg from sputum, stool, aspirated effusion / abscess Mature egg (sample stool)

encysted metacercariae in gills, viscera nd & muscle 2 I.H Furcocercous cercaria

ingestion undercooked crab / crayfish

Skin penetration

monkey, rodents
(urinary) Schistosoma haematobium (intestinal) S. japonicum vesical vein of u.b SMV of small intestine 140 x 60 m 80 x 60 m oval terminal spine oval, small lateral tubercle translucent miracidum man Bulinus Mature egg (sample urine) Mature egg (sample stool) Furcocercous cercaria Furcocercous cercaria Skin penetration Skin penetration

translucent

miracidum

man R.H :

Oncomelania

rats, cattle, pig, dogs

Supplement for Malaysian Students

SPECIES Clonorchis sinesis (human liver fluke) HABITAT lie unattached in small branches distal biliary passage Distal biliary ducts, pancreatic duct, gall bladder (lie attached to mucosa) = SIZE 30x15 m SHAPE EGGS COLOUR yellowishbrown D.H CONTENT mature miracidium man R.H : fish eating animals I.H 1. Parafossarolus 2. fresh water fish of cyprinidae family 1. Bulimus 2. Species of cyprinoid fish DIAGNOSTIC STAGE mature egg in stool INFECTIVE STAGE encysted metacercaria in tails & underscales fish MODE OF INFECTION eating raw undercooked infected fish

Opisthorchis felineus (cat liver fluke)

30x20 m

oval, operculated, thick shelled, prominent shoulder rim on opposite side, terminal knob more slender, less marked operculum

man R.H : cat, dogs

mature egg in stool

encysted metacercaria

Opisthorchis viverrini (southest asian liver fluke) Metagonimus yokogawai

man R.H : cat, dogs

1. Bithynia 2. Fresh water

mature egg in stool

attached to mucosa small intestine

man

Fasciolopsis buski (giant intestinal flukes)

small intestine of man, pigs, dog

140 x 80 m

operculum at one end

man

1. Semisulcospira 2. Fresh water fish of salmonoid & cyprinioid family Segmentina

mature egg in stool (resemble egg H.H)

egg in stool

ingestion infected water plant

TISSUE NEMATODES 1.Trichinella spiralis

2.Filarial worms (we learn lymphatic only) 3.Visceral & cutaneous larva migrans CLASS : NEMATODA
SPECIES Ascaris lumbricoides HABITAT lumen small intestine EGGS SIZE SHAPE Fertilized oval, thick mammilated 60x45 m Unfertilized long, narrow, less 90x45 m mammilated, thin egg shell Decorticat both fertilize and ed unfertilize lack of outer mammilated layer 50x20 m oval, plano convex (Dshape), shell with 2 layers & covered by thin albuminous sticky layer 60x40 m oval with blunt poles & thin shell COLOUR yellowish brown CONTENT immature ovum refractile granule D.H man I.H DIAGNOSTIC STAGE immature egg in stool INFECTIVE STAGE embryonated egg nd containing 2 stage larva st (1 molt) MODE OF INFECTION oral

Enterobius vermicularis (oxyuris vermicularis pinworm) Ancylostoma duodenale

large intestine esp. caecum small intestine (esp. upper part)

colorless

fully developed larva

man

embryonated egg

embryonated ingestion egg a/i inhalation

translucent

immature ovum (4-cells stage)

man

immature eggs in stool

filariform larva (L3)

Necator americanus Trichostrongylus colubriformis (pseudohookworms) Strongyloides stercoralis upper part small intestine =

80x40 m

55x30 m

oval, one pole rounded, the other pole slightly pointed Hens egg) with thin shell oval, very thin shell

immature (morula stage 32 cells)

man R.H : dogs man R.H : herbivores

Penetration of skin or mucous membrane of mouth =

immature egg in stool

ingestion L3 on grass, vegetables, water skin penetration a/i

mature rhabditiform larva immature ovum (1-cell stage)

Trichuris trichiura (tricocephalus trichiurus)/ whipworm Capillaria

caecum / asc. colon

50x20 m

barrel shaped, thick shell, prominent mucoid bipolar plugs

brownish

man R.H : dogs, monkeys man R.H : pigs, monkeys man fish

Rhabditiform larva

immature egg

embryonated Ingestion egg contain L1

small int
5

egg

Filariform

ingestion

philippinensis

R.H :fish eating an.

larva (L3)

internal a/i