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Residual stress due to welding and its effect on the assessment of cracks near the weld interface
Yoshio Arai
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saitama University. Urawa City 328, Japan

Masanori Kikuchi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Science University, Noda City 278, Japurl

Takayuki Watanabe
CRC Research Institute. Chiha City 261-01, Japan

& Michihiko Nakagaki

Department

of Mechanical

Systems Engineering,

Kvlrshu

lnstitlrte

of Trchology, /ii&u Ciryc.Q(), Jqxm

An experimental/analytical hybrid-type investigation of the effects of residual stress on crack propagation due to welding has been performed. The residual stresses in the SAW welded A533B plates and electron beam welded plates that consist of HT80 and A533B steels were detected by an acoustoelastic technique. The measured residual stress was incorporated into a finite element procedure. which simulated stable crack growth in IT compact specimens. where the effects on far-field crack parameters and on near-field crack parameters were examined. Also investigated was the effect on fatigue crack propagation with the hypothetical residual stress of the identical distribution to that in the electron beam weld. The significance of the residual stress distribution ahead and behind the crack tip in relation to the plastic zone size was identified.

1 INTRODUCTION
Residual stress is believed to be one of the causes responsible for stress corrosion cracking in the weld region of pressure vessels and piping systems. Residual stress also affects fatigue crack growth under relatively low cyclic external loads in the degraded material zone due to welding heat. A number of experimental as well as analytical verifications for the phenomenon have been reported in the literature.lm3For cyclic crack propagation under high loads and for stable cracks, the extent of the residual stress effects on
237

the crack propagation may be smaller because the concentrated stress in the cracked area due to the external loads dominates the residual stress. In designing nuclear pressure vessels and piping facilities, the extent of such effects has been of concern together with the effects of material degradation due to welding. The problem has been addressed as one of the subjects in the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics in Inhomogeneous Materials and Structures program under the Nuclear Engineering Research Committee of the Japan Welding Engineering Society. This paper reports the summary

238

Y. Ami et al.
b

of the research work conducted in the program, dealing with the qualitative as well as quantitative investigations of the effects of the residual stress due to weld on stable and fatigue crack propagation in welded steels. It used to be an expensive and time-consuming effort to detect empirically residual stress, hence Rybicki et nl. developed a finite element algorithm to generate computationally a residual stress with a moving heat source simulating the welding process. Relatively recent works are the several efforts with regard to the acoustoelastic technique that have been reported in the literature.- The method that utilizes ultrasonic shear waves is one of the nondestructive techniques for measuring residual stresses with a good accuracy. With the technique available for detecting the accurate residual stress, the present procedure employs a combined experimental/ computational hybrid-type analysis, where rather simple finite element techniques are used to take the measured residual stress into account of the crack analysis. In the subsequent crack growth simulation of the tests, effects of the embedded residual stress on the magnitude of the crack severity are investigated. It is a fact that in practice, several crack parameters are used to characterize fracture resistance. Thus, the present effort is also directed toward examining the effects on the far crack-tip fracture parameters as well as near crack-tip parameters, and the results are discussed.

!1 II

4y
Pricipal direction of stress

Polarization

direction

Fig.

1. Principal
orthotropy

directions of stresses and material relative to ultrasonic shear wave.

(polarization direction). According to Iwashimizu, AVlV, and Cpare given in terms of the difference of the principal stresses, U, - glr and the direction of the principal stress, 8, such that: AV -= V, VT, - v7-2 (VT + w/2 = C*(al - (T*)I + 2C(a, - CT*) F cos 20 i 0 i ,?I 1

@ = { tan

C(a, - a,) sin 28 C(a, - CT*) c0s2e + (AI/&,),

+y
(2)

2 METHOD OF RESIDUAL MEASUREMENT 2.1 Acoustoelastic technique

STRESS

The primary interest of the present technique is in the acoustoelastic measurement of residual stresses in the body of material anisotropy such as in welded plates. Suppose that an anisotropic plate is impinged by a set of ultrasonic shear waves, one of whose principal direction relative to the reference coordinate x is denoted by @ as depicted in Fig. 1. For anisotropic materials, the difference between the wave velocities normalized by the average of the two, that is AV/V,, is a function of both the principal stress and the material anisotropy of the plate, and so is the principal direction of the shear wave @

where, VT, and Vn are velocities of the shear waves, C is an acoustoelastic constant, (AV/V,), is the normalized velocity difference solely due to the material anisotropy in the unstressed body, and y denotes the angle of the principal direction of the material anisotropy. For rolled strips or welded plates, it is regarded in general that the principal directions of the residual stress is coincident with that of the material anisotropy. Hence, it is assumed that 8 = 0 in eqn (1) for simplicity to give: AV - = C(a, - a*) + r/;, and
@=y (4)

(3)

However, when the inhomogeneous body is addressed such as in the present welded plate, the question still exists whether the assumption, 8 = 0, is appropriate or not. To see the effects of

Eflects of residual stress due to welding

239
y=225mm ./

6 on the evaluation of the residual stress, the behavior of IAV/V,/;,Iversus (T, - CT? plotted in is Fig. 2 for the base and the weld metals of the carbon stee!, JTSSTS42, with 8 as a parameter, where the value (AV/V,),, for the materials was employed from the published work. In Fig. 2, the case 8 = 0 corresponds to eqn (3). The effect of 8 is significant. If 8 > lo, the use of eqn (3) is apparently inadequate for the weld metal. The acoustoelastic measurement of residual stresses was conducted on the welded plate specimens as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3(a) shows the configuration of the plate as welded. Figure 3(b) shows a sub-sized plate machined out of that in Fig. 3(a) upon heat treatment. Figure 3(c) shows the configuration of the small sized plate, which is also machined out of the welded plate in Fig. 3(a) upon heat treatment. The ultrasonic shear wave was impinged normal to the plate surface so that the pulse-echo train was observed on the screen of an oscilloscope. The echo numbers at the nodes are recorded. The travel time, T, and the frequency of the crystal, f, are used to determine the velocity difference according to the following: AV 1 I-lv:, =2fr (5)

i"Z--l

\&

- 5mmy=Omm

123,3

935

(4
We 1 d \ 1 ine

>i

L
0
Y

460 (b)

>I

We 1 d

1 ine

0
;
>
X

64

The ultrasonic shear wave transducer was built with a 6.4mm diameter 5 MHz PZT. The measurement system used in this study is depicted in Fig. 4. The scan was performed along
=tj
6

1 (4

e = 0
0 = lo

x10 -

-4
.. -

sTS42
Base Weld metal metal

so 2 -4

Fig. 3. Configurations of welded plates. (a) Thickness: 49 mm (as welded plate). (b) Thickness: 45 mm (sub-sized plate). (c) Thickness: 13 mm (small sized plate).

4--

UM -------------------, 731 Pulser I

Flaw detector

2445

Receiver I I

-400

-200 al

0 c2

200 MPa

400

Fig.

2. Effects

of principal direction velocity.

of stress on wave
Fig.

4. Acoustoelasticity

measurement

system.

340

I. Arcli et al.

the line segment as indicated by A-A, B-B, and C-C shown in Fig. 3. The acoustoelastic constant for the present material has been determined in a uniaxial tension test that C = -6.89 x 1W (1 /MPa). The quantities, (T, - G? and 8, are determined using eqns (1) and (2) with the measurement on AL/&,, (V/LQ,,l, @, and y, where the material anisotropy was evaluated on the positions indicated by the small circles in Fig. 3. The stress components, z,, , (T,, and gY are obtained according to the shear-difference method as follows: t,,. = ;(a, - a?) sin 2(8 + y)
u, = b, I 0 AY

x10-4

0 y=Omm(Sec

B-B)

Bead -5 0 I 100 I 200 X I 300 I 400 mm

J
for as

(6) (7)

Fig.

5. Distribution

of wave velocity difference welded plate. -

dx

o y=Omm(Sec.

B-B)

(7,.= cr, - (a, - u2) cos 2( 8 + y)

2.2 Results of measurement

(8)
400 ,/,,

200

The averaged values of (AV/V& and y for the base and the weld metal are shown in Table 1. It is noted that the absolute value of (AVlV,),, for the weld metal is greater than that for the base metal and that the sign of those are opposite to each other. The values of y are so small that they can be regarded as nil for both the base and the weld metals, which means that both the principal direction of rolling anisotropy in the base metal and that of material anisotropy in the weld metal are coincident to the direction of extrusion and welding (which is the y axis). The distribution of AV/V,/;, at section B-B, which is the mid-section of the as-welded plate specimen, is shown in Fig. 5, which clearly demonstrates a successful detection of significant variation in AV/V, over the weld metal. The residual stress, a:, is calculated and its distribution is shown in Fig. 6. The maximum residual stress at the section reached as high as 75 percent of the yield stress for the base metal without heat treatment. At section, C-C, the distributions of AVlV, and the residual stresses, at and af, are shown respectively in Figs 7 and 8. The comparison of
Table 1. Average values of (AV/V,),,, (AVIVIJ,,, Base metal Weld metal -14x 10 4 3.3 x 10 7 and y

b O0 -100 0 -0 I 100 -0 o -iZj I 200 X I\. I 300 o...o I 400 mm o

Fig. 6. Distribution
15 x10-4

of residual

stress

for as welded

plate.

0 y=225mm(Sec. n y=2 1Omm

C-C)

mm

Fig. 7. Distribution

of residual

stress for as welded

plate.

Y (dwee)
2.5

-3.1

the residual stresses in Figs 6 and 8 shows the evidence that the maximum residual stress in the center of the plate is greater than that off the center. The results for the subsized specimen, which is heat treated, shown in Fig. 3(b) are shown in Figs 9 and 10. It is seen that the maximum

Effects of residual stress due to welding

300 !z 200y = 225mm (Sec. C-C) 00::

241

30
x1o-4
1, ,/ :

20-

o y=Omm
A y=l5mm

AUF:

X Fig. 8. Distribution of residual stress for as welded

mm

plate. Fig. 11. Wave velocity difference for small sized plate.

-5

I 0
100

I
200 X

I
300

I
400 mm

I.
0 Fig. 12. Distribution of residual 30 X 60
mm

Fig. 9. Distribution

of residual

stress for sub-sized

plate.

stress for small sked plate.

of the welded plate upon the heat treatments. The comparison of the residual stresses in Figs. 12 and 10 gives the sole effect of the stress release due to the cutting into the smaller size: the maximum residual stress in the compact-type specimen is decreased almost to one third of the subsized specimen in Fig. 10.
X Fig. 10. Distribution of residual stress for sub-sized

mm

plate.

3 ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESS EFFECTS ON CRACK PROPAGATlON 3.1 Analyzed specimens

residual stress, a.:, in this specimen is almost one half of that for the full-size specimen shown in Fig. 6. This is due to the heat treatment and the machining into smaller specimen pieces. The results shown in Figs 11 and 12 are for an even smaller specimen, of the size comparable to a compact-type fracture specimen, machined out

Three welded 1T compact-type fracture specimens, the geometry of which is shown in Fig. 13, are analyzed in the present numerical procedures. Table 2 lists the crack and the weld size dimensions for the specimens. in which the specimen H5G is fabricated from a submerged

242

Y.

Arai et al.

P
W = 50.80mm t

20.93mm

F Fig. 14. Uniaxial

0.02 Strain

stress-strain relations fol materials.

composing

Configuration I4 Y 50.80mm 63.50mm +

of Sd

Fig. 13. Welded 1T compact type fracture specimen.

The present analysis also includes the effect of the residual stress on fatigue crack propagation, where the residual stress identical to the one observed in HA6 specimen is hypothesized to exist in a monolith HT80 steel 1T compact specimen. 3.2 Analysis method

arc welded A533B plate, whereas HA6 and AH6 are from an electron beam welded plate which consists of two different steels, which are HT80 and A533B. The elastoplastic material characteristics are shown in Fig. 14 for A533B, the SAW weld material, and HTSO. These welded specimens were tested to the load level that incurred a stable crack growth in ductile fracture. Finite element analyses were performed to simulate the crack growth tests with and without incorporating the residual stresses, so that the effects of the residual stresses were investigated by comparing the two cases.The study focuses on the near crack tip behavior as well as the far tip behavior with the use of proper near crack tip fracture parameters: T* (Refs 13, 14), 1 (Ref. 15), and CTOA; and far field parameters: J-integral on an outer path, empirical Js that are JMc (Ref. 16), JD (Ref. 17) and JIM(Ref. 18).
Table 2. Crack and weld dimensions specimen for 1T compact

The finite element method used in this analysis is based on the J2 incremental theory of plasticity. The measured residual stress crRwas regenerated in the finite element analyses of the compact specimens, where the incremental stiffness matrix equation will be:

FWd = {F + W - W>+ if0

(9)

where [K], {Aq}, {F + AF}, are respectively a current stiffness matrix, an incremental nodal displacement vector, and an updated external load vector. The term {F + AF} - {C} would be zero if the calculated stress field is perfectly equilibrated with the external load, where {C} is given by: C; = 2 [ Bjkigjk dV and where, the tensor B interpolates the incremental nodal displacements into strain increments AE such that: (11) However, the stress is not normally equilibrated due to the piecewisely linearizing algorithm for the material nonlinearity. The stress imbalance is thus corrected to enforce the local as well as AC, = B,,Aq,

Specimen I.D. H5G HA6 AH6

Composition #l #2 A533B-SAW HT80-A533B A533B-HT80

4, (mm)
29.87 28.8 30.48

w, (mm)
32.07 28.8 27.48

Effects of residual stress due to welding

243
Base Metal Weld Meti

global equilibrium by the Newton-Raphson procedure with the updated stiffness matrix [K]. In the above, {R} is the force vector to generate the residual stress in the finite element system. In the present analyses, three different ways are considered for {R} as follows: (a) A hypothetical assumed such that:
R, = 2

temperature

field

is

f- Bj~;D$,,& * E/n = cxTS,,,

dV

,,I J I;,,

(12)
No. of EkmenIs No. of Nodes 1
459 Phase Boundaq

(13) An iterative process is undertaken to find a proper temperature field so that (T;,= a:. (b) An elastic strain that corresponds to the residual stress is enforced to occur in the finite element system through, R;=x/ B,&c,A m V,
EIK, E&r I =

Fig. 15. Finite element mesh for HSG

specimen.

dV

(14)
(15)

(c) The nodal force that the residual stress is lumped is assigned by:
R, = C f
,?7 v,,,

Bjki~Pk dV

(16)

In the above procedures only uR, which contributes to the opening mode of crack, is taken into account in the analysis. Subsequent to the residual stress generation in the finite element model, the crack is introduced by relaxing constraints on the crack faces. Rearrangement of the residual stress occurs on the crack surfaces and around the crack tip due to release of the surface tractions on the generated crack surfaces. 3.3 Results of analysis (1) Submerged arc welded compact specimen: H5G. The crack growth test of the SAW welded compact specimen, H5G, is analyzed by simulating the test. This is the case where the residual stress is relatively low with its peak value at about 80 MPa. The finite element breakdown for the compact specimen with the use of eight noded serendipity elements are shown in Fig. 15 with the contour paths for calculating the integral parameters. The residual stress situation is most analogous to that occurring in the small specimen

shown in Fig. 3(c). Thus, the residual stresses detected and shown in Fig. 12 for the annealed 1T compact size specimen are reproduced in the analysis according to the procedure described in Section 3.12(a). The crack of the tested specimen is machined and fatigue cracked so that the initial crack tip is located in the compressive residual stress zone behind the phase boundary, where the compressive residual stress is at a maximum. The generated residual stresses prior to and posterior to the crack introduction are shown in Fig. 17. Occurrence of evident rearrangement of the residual stress after the introduction of the crack is noted. The relaxation of the residual stress on the crack surface is due to the enforced stress free condition, which simulates the machined crack face. On the small area of the fatigue precracking, the probable crack closure due to the compressive residual stress as well as the history-dependent elastoplastic deformation process are not taken into account in the present analyses. Subsequent to introducing the crack faces, the crack is incrementally loaded. Upon reaching the crack initiation load level, the crack is extended element by element according to the tested crack growth data shown in Fig. 16 in displacement control. The effects of the residual stress on the results obtained in this analysis are shown in Figs 18 through 21, where the stress state of the specimen was assumed to be in a plane strain condition. In the load versus load-line displacement results, no significant discrepancies are recognized between the results considering the residual stress and without, and those of the

244

Y. Ami

et al.

-Experiment --HH5G UH5Gwith<JR

1 I
DELTR-R

I 2
(titll

I 3
(HSG MODEL1

I 4

J 5 for H5G

0 1 2 3 4 Load Line Displacement Fig. 18. Load

versus

5 (mm)

load line displacements specimen.

for

H5G

Fig. 16. Tested load versus load line displacements

specimen.

experiment. So also for CTOA in Fig. 19, J-integral on far-field path in Fig. 20, and empirical JD, .I,, and JMc-in Fig. 21. Note that those empirical J quantities are calculated from the load and the load-line displacement data, which are far-field quantities. The temporal drop occurred to the J-path integral in Fig. 20 is coincident to the moment when the crack tip passed the phase boundary. 1 denoted by Jhporh in

0.1-I 0 1

Delta-a (mm) Fig. 19. Crack-tip

opening angle during H5G specimen. crack growth for

100.0

80.0

RESIDUAL

STRESS

DISTRIBUTIONS

Phase

Boundary

;; ;; a. a. IT IT
*

60.0

0
40.0

CT CT

SPECIMEN SPECIMEN

WITHOUT WITH

CRACK CRACK

d: x : 20.0 m

u-l & -60.0 -80.0-0 -80

-100.0 I

Base

Metal

IYcld

Metal

I
70.0

-1oo.d 0.0 0.0

I 10.0 10.0

I
20 .o 20 .o

x residual

AXIS AXIS

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

(tInI

(HSG

R-MODEL1

Fig. 17. Regenerated

stresses before

and and

after introducing

crack.

Effects of residual stress due to welding

-J -0-J -Experiment -Path

245 / I 1 I 3
A533 Gr.B 4 1

z 1000 z! 800 z 600

bl al F T 1 400 200 0 0

4
1 2 3 4 5

Delta-a

(mm) during crack

Fig. 20. Behavior

of fracture parameters growth for H5G specimen.

-40Jy----- -8 Fig. 22. Measured

method)

-4
Distance (mm)

1200
1000 G 2 600 600 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 -J,, +JM J,,,c with with with @

residual stress (with the use of X-ray in the electron beam welded specimen.

2 c7
if z -; -3

---C-

JMC JD
JM

Delta-a(mm)

Fig. 21. Behavior

of growth

fracture parameters for HSG specimen.

during

crack

Fig. 20 is the near-field quantity, which exhibits rather sensitive effects to the residual stress than the others. Although the initial crack tip is located in the compressive stress zone, the near crack parameter showed a slightly raised value probably caused by the massive tensile stress zone adjacent to the crack tip in the ligament.
(2) Electron beam welded compact specimen: AH6 The residual stress in the electron beam

300MPa. The residual stresses generated by the finite element mesh shown in Fig. 23 are presented in Fig. 24 before and after introduction of the crack. This is the case where the initial crack tip is located in the tensile area backed up by the massive compressive zone of the residual stress on the phase boundary. The computed load with the residual stress showed almost identical overall results with the case without in Fig. 2.5, where the former presents the slightly lower load than the latter prior to the crack initiation. A similar behavior is observed in the hoop stress, uee, distributed ahead of the crack tip shown in Fig. 26, where g,)

welded plate which consists of HT80 and A533B steel is shown in Fig. 22, where the maximum compressive stress also occurs at the phase boundary. The fusion size is so small (5 mm) that the use of the acoustoelastic method with the sensor probe diameter of 7 mm is inappropriate. The residual stress was thus measured in this case by the use of an X-ray method, the accuracy of which on the submerged arc weld had been checked to be comparable to the acoustoelastic method. In the finite element system, the measured data are generated according to the procedure described in Section 3.2(b). In this case, the maximum tensile residual stress level is much higher than the previous case, as high as

Fig. 23. Finite element

mesh for AH6 specimen

246

Y. Arui et al.

(3) Electron beam welded compact specimen: HA6. The mirror image of the experimentally

X [mm1
Fig. 24. Regenerated residual stressesbefore and after crack is introduced for AH6 specimen.

detected residual stress data in Fig. 22 are generated according to Section 3.2(c) in the finite element system for HA6 specimen analysis. The residual stress on the crack-line and the off crack-line at y = 9 mm are shown in Figs. 27(a) and (b). The crack tip is located in the compressive residual stress area backed up by the massive tensile area behind the crack tip. however, the crack is growing into the decaying compressive zone. The regenerated residual stress in the cracked specimen has a discrepancy with the input from the measured data in Fig. 22, in which no cracks exist. This redistribution of the residual stress is quite natural on the crack surface and around the crack tip. The load versus load-line displacement results for the present analysis are compared with the case without the residual stress and the experiment in Fig. 28. The effect of the residual stress slightly raises the load in this case in the initial loading state, however the effect becomes

0 123456

Experiment

Load Line Displacement 6 [mm] Fig. 25. Load versus load line displacements for AH6 specimen.

t .,.,,,,,.

b n..:......n...l
&ance(mm)
(a) On Crack-the

45

C
200
I. I. I. I. I .I

, . ifj D 0 0 9 O j i :
l q

interface Input Generated

f -1

r/(JD/ g 0) Fig. 26. Hoop stresses ahead of crack-tip for AH6 specimen.

.k
;;i
cc=D

i
0

-200

is the flow stress and r is the distance from the crack tip. The near crack tip parameter, 3, did not even show a slight change due to the residual stress, whereas CTOA showed some change but insignificant.

t . . . . ..I..

......
&tance(mm)

45
(y=smm)

(b) off Crack-Une

Fig. 27. Regenerated residual stresses in HA6 specimens. (a) On crack-line. (b) Off crack-line (y = 9 mm).

Efsects of residual stress due to welding

247

Residual

Stress .I

0 Without OR Cl With (J - Experiment

Displacement (mmj

Fig. 30. Regenerated

Fig. 28. Load versus load line displacements specimens. for HA6

residual stress in 1T compact specimen in fatigue loading.

type

nil on this curve as the crack extends further. The results for the crack parameters are given in Fig. 29. The far-field parameter, which are J-path integral on the remote path, JD, and .I,,,, seem almost immune to the residual stress. Whereas, the near-field parameter in terms of T* seems to sensitively pick up the local effect due to the residual stress as the crack extends through it.
(4) Compact specimen under fatigue loading.

An assumed displacement-type hybrid model in which a HRR crack singularity solution is embedded in the crack tip special elements was employed for the incremental elastic-plastic finite element procedure. A very small crack extension per cycle is performed by shifting the crack tip elements to simulate the fatigue crack propagation. The effects of the residual stress on the fatigue crack growth rate is studied utilizing Elbers crack closure model. The residual stress distribution considered for

-6

Without UR With O*
T A! I

the present fatigue crack growth analysis is shown in Fig. 30. Basically the stress is the same as that shown in Fig. 27(b) except a minor difference due to the use of singularity elements around the crack tip. The initial crack tip is located in the maximum compressive zone, and propagates into the compressive zone by 0.05 mm/cycle. During 30 cycles, the crack opening and closure stress levels are shown and compared in Fig. 31 with the base line, which is the opening level for the fatigue loading without the residual stress. The base line level of crack tip opening at 57% of the applied stress level was achieved without the residual stress. On the other hand, the present results with the residual stress provides 50% or less of the maximum load level. This indicates that the residual stress situation causes a fatigue crack growth acceleration during the cyclic loading of the applied stress level. The results seem to contradict to those in Fig. 29, where the same residual stress situation decreased the crack propagation resistance during the stable crack growth. Attributing the effect to the notable difference in the plastic zone size of the two cases, an attempt was made to explain the phenomena in that: in the fatigue crack

F=L4
. b

b 0 2 1 Crack Growth (mm) Plane Strain of fracture growth for HA6 parameters specimen. during crack

CYCLE

Fig. 29. Behavior

Fig. 31. Crack opening

without residual

and closure stress levels with and stress during fatigue crack propagation.

248

Y. Arai

et al.
through residual stress field. with closure phcnomznir.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 36 ( I9901 37% .iX?

propagation, where the externally applied load and the plastic zone at the crack-tip are small, the dominant tensile residual stress closely behind the crack tip may control the plastic zone in which the crack tip is located: however under stable crack growth, the large plastic zone extending forward may transmit better the effect of the compressive residual stress occurring ahead of the crack to the crack tip than the other case. This will be the subject of further investigations.

4 SUMMARY The acoustoelastic method is a successful and effective experimental procedure to detect residual stress. The method is proven to be a convenient nondestructive method. In the present work the release of the residual stress in the welded plate by annealing and cutting into smaller pieces is separately estimated. The accurately detected residual stress in the welded
area is regenerated in the finite element

4. Yagawa. G.. Study on elastic-plastic fracture mechanic< in inhomogeneous materials and structures, .JWES AE-9304. I-V (1990-1993). 5. Rybicki, E. F., Schmueser. D. W.. Stonesifrr. R. B.. Groom. J. J. & Mishler. H. W., A finite element model for residual stresses in girth-butt welded pipes. ASME Winter Annual Meeting (Nov. 1977). Atlanta, Ga. 6. Pao. Y., Sachse, W., & Fukuoka. H., Acoustoelasticity and ultrasonic measurements on residual stresses, ~1~~s. Acousr., XVII (1984) 61-143. 7. Iwashimizu. Y. B Kubomura, K., Stress-induced rotation of polarization directions on elastic waves in slightly anisotropic materials. Internutional .Jorrrna/ of Solids and Structures, 9 (1983) 99-l 14. 8. Arai, Y.. Kobayashi. H. & Nakazawa, H.. Influence on structure anisotropy on acoustoelastic effect (case 01 pure aluminum and aluminum alloy), Proc. Inr. Gong.
Role on Fracture Me& in Modern Technology.

Fukuoka, Japan, North-Holland

(1986) 709-720.

procedure with rather simple schemes, which allowed crack growth simulations of the welded 1T compact fracture tests. The far-field crack parameters, on which most of the empirical fracture resistance characterizations are based, are insensitive to the effect of the residual stress: the near-crack parameters showed some sensitivity to it. Although more investigations are essential to arrive at a conclusive remark with regard to the effects of the residual stress due to welding on crack growth characteristics, the present analyses indicate the significance of the residual stress distribution ahead and behind the advancing crack tip in relation to the plastic zone size in the area. Such efforts are still under way.

REFERENCES
1. Ogura, K., Miyoshi, Y., Kayama, M. & Tsuji, M., X-ray

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