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Identify the unique vocabulary associated with thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic concepts. Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle. Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales Review concepts of pressure, absolutepresuure and gage pressure.
The content and the pictures are from the text book: engel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw-Hill, New York, 6th Ed., 2008
Which one do you choose between a heat pump and an electric heater? How does a heat pump work? What is the efficiency of the heat pump? Electric heater
What is the efficiency of the hot water tank? What is the optimal temperature for the water tank? What is minimum tank capacity needed for your house? braking Pad-drum friction
Heat dissipation
battery accelerating
electric motor
Concepts of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics: It asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge o the be a o o o edge of e behavior of individual particles. It provides a direct and easy way to the solution of engineering problems and it is used in this text. Statistical thermodynamics: A microscopic approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles. It is used in this text only in the supporting role. Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Review SI units
SI Primary units (base units)
Quantity Length (l) Mass (m) Time (t) Electrical current (I) Thermodynamic temperature (T)
Symbol m kg s A K mol
(m3/kg)
mg m S = = g = g V V
In the English system, the force unit, 1 lbf, is the force required to cause a mass of 32.174 lbm to accelerate at a rate of one foot per second squared (1 ft/s2)
On the moon, a mass of 1 kg weighs 1.63 N W = mg = 1 kg x 1.63 m/s2 = 1.63 kg.m/s2 = 1.63 N Mass does not change with location, but weight does Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to properly convert units.
Apply Newtons second law: 1 J = 1 Nm 1 cal = 4.1868 J 1 Btu = 1 0551 kJ 1.0551 In SI system: 1 lbm= 0.454 kg and g =9.8 m/s2 W = mg = 0.454 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 4.45 kg.m/s2 = 4.45 N
power = W/t
(J/kg)
Description
Symbol
m2 s-2
J/m3 W J/s
Newton
kgm/s
m kg s-2
Continuum
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase. disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a continuum. The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with no jump discontinuities. This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system is large relative to the space between the molecules. In this course we will limit our consideration to continuum. Despite the large gaps between molecules, a substance can be treated as a continuum because of the very large number of molecules even in an extremely small volume.
Coke Can
Demonstrate Concept of system, boundary and surroundings Demonstrate closed system Demonstrate open system
Properties of System
Property: Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. density Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the size or extent of the system. Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
An open system (a control volume) with one inlet and one exit.
Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium after being brought into contact in an isolated enclosure. A closed system reaching thermal equilibrium.
Temperature Scales
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0C or 32F). Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100C or 212F). Celsius scale: in SI unit system, ice point=0C, steam point=100C
Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system, ice point= 32F, steam point 212F. T (oF) =1.8 T(oC) +32 Rankine scale: T (R) = T(oF) +459.67 Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of any substance. Thermodynamic temperature scale is the Kelvin scale (SI); T (K) = T (C) + 273.15 (K)
Temperature Scales
Thermodynamic temperature scale
Temperature Scales
The International temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90): Ice point: 0 oC (273.15 K) Steam point: 99.975 oC Thermocouple
Atomic-resolution STM image of reconstructed Si(111)(77), Frame size: 31nm STM (scanning tunneling microscope)
Infrared sensor 0 K = - 273.15 oC Thermodynamic temperature at 0 K, absolute zero, is the temperature at which the particle constituents of matter are as close as possible to complete rest
Temperature arises from the random submicroscopic vibrations of the particle constituents of matter. These motions comprise the kinetic energy in a substance
Pressure
Pressure: A compressive force per unit area
68 kg
136 kg
Afeet=300cm2
0.23 kgf/cm2
0.46 kgf/cm2
P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2 The normal stress (or pressure) on the feet of a chubby person is much greater than on the feet of a slim person.
Throughout this text, the pressure P will denote absolute pressure unless specified otherwise.
Pascals Law
Pascals law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.
Pgauge = Pabs -Patm Pgauge, morgantown = Pabs Patm, morgantown 75 KPa = Pabs 100 kPa Pabs = 175 kPa
92 kPa Pabs 100 kPa in Morgantown
The area ratio A2/A1 is called the ideal mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift.
Pgauge, denver = Pabs Patm, denver 92 kPa = 175 kPa Patm, denver Patm, denver = 83 kPa
Pabs ??? kPa in Denver
Pascals Law
P2 P1 = gh
y x z
In a room filled with a gas, the variation of pressure with height is negligible.
= 0:
P2 xy P1xy mg = 0
P2 xy P1xy xyxzg = 0
P2 P1 zg = 0
(1). Pressure in a liquid at rest is independent of the shape or cross section of the container. (2). It changes with the vertical distance by remains in other directions. Free-body diagram of a rectangular fluid element in equilibrium.
The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences. A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil. Patm
Pascals Law
Pgas = P1 = P2 = Patm + gh
Pgage = gh
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure change across a fluid layer of density and height h is gh.
The Manometer
Measuring the pressure drop across a flow section or a flow device by a differential manometer.
The Manometer
PA
Alternatively
PB
(unit?)
= 2489 Pa
1 mmHg = 1 torr
= 2.489 kPa
Summary
Importance of dimensions and units Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity, Unity conversion ratios Systems and control volumes Properties of a system Density and specific gravity State and equilibrium The state postulate Processes and cycles The steady-flow process Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics Temperature scales Pressure Variation of pressure with depth The manometer and the atmospheric pressure
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