D. A SPECIALIZATION?

: THE TREND OF HUMAN RIGHTS INGO FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC FIELD With the dynamic process of international politics, the human rights movement and the emergence of international non-government organizations (INGOs) have concurrently witnessed the evolution of complex humanitarian issues from the traditional concept of state security to rights-based human security in the advent of globalization. Amidst the dichotomy regarding globalizations adverse and beneficial impact on humanitarian issues, it has affected people in different ways, creating a plethora of ever more specific and conflicting human rights demands (Ishay, 2007, p. xxvi). The widening array has paved the way for diversified and coalesced rights movements. While prototype NGOs have been concerned with abolition of slavery, then broadened with the explosion of rights movement that gave birth to INGOs encompassing multi-dimensional humanitarian dilemmas, recent trend show the emergence of organizations focused on specific and circumscribed rights issues (Karns & Mingst, 2004). From the umbrella of human rights, organizations and movements have pursued one or a few from the basket of either specific human groupssuch as as women, children, indigenous peoples and those of African descent, rural dwellers and the residents of large citiesand/or certain groups of rightssuch as access to justice, economic, social and cultural rights, environmental law and the exercise of democracy (Inter-American Institute of Human Rights, 2003, p. 4). For example, where there have been only 6 womens INGOs in 1973, two decades have allowed it to increase to 61a plethora of NGOs with different backgrounds and agendas from various territories around the globe (Mingst, 2003). On the one hand, such trend introduces the possibility that other facets of the human rights movement would be given less attention in the arena, thus, hindering the development not only of the marginalized sectors, but also of the state and global governance and non-state actors political participation. Branching from this trajectory is a vision of increasing civilian participation in political arena of advocacy promotion, development strategies formulation, decision-making, policy blueprinting and enforcement. Guided by real voluntary principle and dedication of NGOs, demystified and conscious individuals would want to act and organize themselves to fight for their rights. To alleviate ails, them, as the concerned sector, have to take the first step and make the government aware of its needs and commitment. Going back, such specifications have enabled NGOs to concentrate efforts to issues which their members specialize on and are invested in by providing expertise for the empowerment and development of target sectors both on the public and private spheres. Narrowed and less scattered causes can offer immediate attention and long-term programs on a directand even grassroots approachto help alleviate rightsbased humanitarian issues. Nevertheless, some associate with like-minded, cause-driven NGOs to bolster depth, multiple perspective, voice, pressure and activism (Mingst, 2003). However, collaboration should not be the only action; emphasis should be place on transparent and substantive human rights specialization.

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