AP Biology Chapter 18 Student Notes Regulation of Gene Expression Label and explain:

Chapter 18 Student Notes Part II

Warm-up: Complete the comparison of prokaryotic & eukaryotic genomes in the table below with as much information as you can
Prokaryotic Genome Shape? Size? Associated with only a few proteins Has a large amount of protein to form chromatin Eukaryotic Genome

DNA structure? How is gene expression altered? In response to what?

LABE Eukaryotic Control of Gene Expression L

Summarize the DNA:

levels of organization of

LABEL

How does the organization impact gene expression? Define & describe impact on gene expression of: Euchromatin: Heterochromatin:

Histone Acetylation: Histone methylation: Histone Phosphorylation:

DNA methylation:

Define, Describe & Give 2 examples of Epigenetic Inheritance:

Regulation at the Transcription Level: General Transcription Factors: Specific Transcription Factors: Control Elements: Proximal Distal/Enhancers-

LABE L

Activators-

Repressors-

LABE L

Combination Control of Gene Activation:

Coordinately Controlled Genes:

Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Controls of Gene Expression: Regulation of mRNA: Alternative Splicing:

mRNA Degradation:

Regulation of mRNA at translation:

Chapter 18 Student Notes Part III

Regulation of Protein Processing:

Identify 3 types of pre-protein modifications: Protein degradation: LABEL

New Research: noncoding RNAs Regulation of gene expression by noncoding RNAs occurs at: 1. 2. Describe action of microRNAs (miRNAs):

Describe action of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs):

Contrast miRNAs & siRNAs:

C. 18 Student Notes Part IV

What is differential gene expression? What orchestrates how animals will develop? List and describe the 3 basic processes involved in embryonic development: 1. 2. 3. What is genomic equivalence?

En n ha cer C ontrol elem nts e

P rom oter A um ge lb in ne

C s llin gen ry ta e

LIV C LL ER E N C U LEU S A ailable v a tiva c tors

LEN C L S EL N C U LEU S A a ble v ila activ tor a s

A m gene lbu in e pres ed x s

A lbum gen in e not e xpre se s d

C s llin gene ry ta not e es d xpr se (a) L er c iv ell (b) Le c ll ns e

C rysta g llin ene expre d sse

Describe what is happening in the illustration. Why is it significant?

List the two ways that initiate development in an organism? 1.

2.
Fig. 1 8-1 5b

Fig. 1 8-15a

Unfertilized egg cell Sperm Nucleus

Fertilization
Early embryo (32 cells) __________________ NUCLEUS

Zygote

____________ Signal molecule ______________ (b)___________by nearby cells

Mitotic cell division Two-celled embryo (a) __________________________in the egg

What is the difference between determination and differentiation?

Label and Explain:

Fig 1 . 8

-16 -3

N le uc us M s r re ula ryg n a te g to ee DA N O FF mo y D O e m c th r us le -s e ificg ne pc e s

OF F

mN R A

mN R A

mN RA

mN R A

Define: Pattern formation:

Positional information:

Cytoplasmic Determinants:

Homeotic Genes:

Maternal Effect Genes:

Egg Polarity Genes:

Bicoid Gene:

Fig. 18-19c

Summarize what you saw in the development of head and tail axis animation by labeling the illustration here and explaining.

Nurse cells Egg