AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECT SINANS LATE PERIOD

MOSQUES

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

CEREN KATPOLU

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART
IN
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

JULY, 2007

Approval of the Graduate S chool of S ocial S ciences.

Prof. Dr. S encer AYATA

Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts.

Prof. Dr. S una GVEN

Head of the Department

This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in
scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts.

Prof. Dr. Jale ERZEN

S upervisor

Examining Committee Members:

Prof. Dr. mr BAKIRER

(METU , RES T)______________________

Prof. Dr. Jale ERZEN

(METU, AH) ______________________

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay PEKER

(METU, AH) ______________________

I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in
accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these
rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not
original to this work.

Name, Last Name: Ceren KATPOLU

S ignature

ABSTRACT

AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECT SINANS LATE PERIOD MOSQUES

Katipolu, Ceren
M.A., Department of History of Architecture
S upervisor: Prof. Dr. Jale Erzen

July 2007, 175 pages

This thesis focuses on the late period mosques of architect S inan in terms of their structural
systems, the relation with their environment, and the identities of their patrons. The links
amongst the role of the patron, his or her status in the state, materials used in the mosques,
location choice and the spatial distribution of the mosques are researched on the bases of these
six late period mosques of S inan. In this perspective, the social background of the Ottoman
Empire in the sixteenth century is the first focal point of the thesis. The relations between the
decadence of the institutions, the political conditions of the Ottoman Empire and the
architectural production during the last quarter of the sixteenth century are examined in the
second chapter of this thesis. In the third chapter these six late period mosques as the sampling
case are described in detail and evaluated in terms of their bearing systems, construction
materials, the site features and the relation with their patrons. Though, being one of the favorite
subjects in the Ottoman architectural history, there are many research and interpretations on
S inans architectural style, works on late period mosques are limited and not specifically
focused. In the fourth chapter of the study these limited interpretations are brought together and
evaluated in the light of the background information supplied in the previous chapter of

the thesis. In this framework, the aim of this study is not only to assess the late period works of
S inan as a tool to trace his architectural process, but also to unveil the relations with the
identities of the patrons and locational and structural features of the mosques.

Key words: S ixteenth Century, Ottoman Architecture, Architect S inan, Istanbul, Late Period
Mosques, Mosques Architecture.

MMAR SNANIN GE DNEM CAMLER ZERNE BR ANALZ

KATPOLU, Ceren
Yksek Lisans, Mimarlk Tarihi Blm
Tez Yneticisi: Prof. Dr. Jale Nejdet ERZEN

Temmuz 2007, 175 sayfa

Bu tez Mimar S inann ge dnem camilerini; tayc sistemleri, evreleri ile olan ilikileri ve
banilerinin kimlikleri zerinden incelemektedir. Banilerin rolleri ve onlarn devlet iindeki
statleri, camilerin yapmnda kullanlan malzemeler, yer seim kriterleri ve camilerin corafi
dalmlar, alt ge dnem camisi kapsamnda tekrar incelenmitir. Bu bak asyla, tezin ilk
odak noktas Osmanl imparatorluunun onaltnc yzyldaki sosyo -politik durumudur. Onaltn
yzyl son eyreindeki politik durum, kurumlarn k sreci ve mimari retim arasndaki
iliki, bu tezin ikinci blmnde sorgulanmaktadr. Tezin nc blmnde alt ge dnem
camisi detayl bi ekilde anlatlm ve tayc sistemleri, inaat malzemeleri, alan zellikleri ve
banilerinin kimlikleri gznne alnarak deerlendirilmitir. Osmanl mimarlk tarihinde
S inann mimarl zerine pek ok aratrma yaplamasna karn, zellikle ge dnem
camilerine odaklanan kstl sayda alma vardr. Bu tezin drdnc blm, S inann ge
dnem camileri zerine yaplan almalar bir araya getirerek, nc blmdeki analizler
nda deerlendirmektedir. Bu erevede, bu tezin amac sadece S inann mimari srecini
izlemek iin bir ara olan alt ge dnem camisini deerlendirmek deil, ayn zamanda banilerin
kimlikleri, yer seimi ve camilerin strukturel zellikleri arasndaki ilikiyi ortaya karmaktr.

Anahtar szckler: On altnc Yzyl, Osmanl Mimarisi, Mimar S inan, Istanbul, Ge Dnem
Camileri, Cami Mimarisi.

TABLE OF CONTENT
PLAGIARIS M ...................................................... ........................................................... iii
ABS TRACT...................................................................................................................... iv
Z ..................................................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT .xi
LIS T OF FIGURES ................................................. ........................................................xiii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1
2. A BRIEF OUTLOOK OF S OCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE IN THE END OF THE S IXTEENTH CENTURY......................................... 6
2.1. S ocial, Political and Economic Context of S inan's Last Period ...................... 6
2.2. The Construction Activities and the Role of the Corps of Royal Architects
in the end of the S ixteenth Centur................................................................... 13
3. S INAN'S LATE PERIOD WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE S IX MOS QUES
IN IS TANBUL......................................................................... 19
3.1. Rstem Pasha Mosque in Tahtakale ................................................................ 19
3.2. S okullu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Azapkap ................................................ 26
3.3. Piyale Pasha Mosque in Kasmpaa ........................................ 36
3.4. Kl Ali Pasha Mosque in Tophane ................................................................. 46
3.5. ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque in Eyp ..................................... 59
3.6. emsi Pasha Mosque in skdar ............................................................. 68

4. INTERPRETATIONS ON THE LATE PERIOD OF S INAN................................ 75

5. CONCLUS ION........................................................................................................... 87
REFERENCES ........................................................... ......................................................93
APPENDICES
A.

Mathematical Analysis of the Late Period Works ............................................ 101

B. The S ilhouette of the Late Period Mosques .....102

C. The S ection of ahsultan, Azapkap and Kl Ali Pasha Mosques ..104
MAPS
A. The Dockyards of Ottoman Empire......105
B. Istanbul Map with S ome Perspective Points....106
C. Piri Reiss Map ....107

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Map of the Uzunar district. .................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 2 The plan of the stanbul in Byzantium time. ........................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 3 The structures of the Rstem Pasha Complex.......................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 4 Plan of the first floor of Rstem Pasha Mosque ....................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 5 S ection of the Rstem Pasha Mosque ........................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 6 The north faade of Rstem Pasha Mosque.............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 7 The Panoramic view of the Galata and Bosporus ................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 8 Rstem Pasha Mo sque................................................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 9 S leymaniye and Rstem Pasha Mosque from Galata distirict............. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 10 Plan of the first floor of Rstem Pasha Mosque ..................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 11 Left: The north entrances of the Rste m Pasha Mosque
Right: The west entrances of the Rstem Pasha Mosque..................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 12 The staircase on the east faade ............................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 13 The double portico of the Rstem Pasha Mosque. ................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

Figure 14 Interior of the Rstem Pasha Mosque.......................................................Hata! Yer iareti

tanmlanmam.
Figure 15 Interior of the Rstem Pasha Mosque...................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 16 The side wings of the Rstem Pasha Mosque ....................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 17 The west wings of the mosque.................................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 18 The gallery above the entrance door ...................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 19 The tiles on the mihrab niche ................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 20 The tiles on the entrance faade ............................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 21 Panoramic view of stanbul from the Galata Tower............................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 22 Azapkap mosque and the city walls ...................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 23 Piri Reis Map of stanbul .......................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 24 S leymaniye Complex and Rstem Pasha Mosque ............................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 25 The inscription panel of the Azapkap Mosque .................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

Figure 26 Azapkap Mosque with its free-standing minaret .................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

10

Figure 27 Left: S outh and east vaulted stores of the mosque.

Right: North vaulted stores on the basement level of the mosque ......Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 28 The entrance faade of the Azapkap Mosque....................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 29 Azapkap Mosque from the Golden Horn.............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 30 The independent minaret of the Azapkap Mosque.............................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 31 The minaret and east faade of the Azapkap Mosque......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 32 The plans of the basement and the first floor of Azapkap Mosque... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 33 The sections of the Azapkap Mosque..................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 34 The covered upper ve stibule of the Azapkap Mosque........................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 35 The platforms and niches of the Azapkap Mosques vestibule...........Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 36 Inner side of the Azapkap Mosque......................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 37 The dome of the Azapkap Mosque ........................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 38 The first floor and roof plan of the Azapkap Mosque. .........................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 39 The inner buttresses of the Azapkap Mosque .......................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 40 The arches of the octagonal baldachine ...................................................Hata! Yer iareti

11

tanmlanmam.
Figure 41 The upper galleries of the Azapkap Mosque........................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 42 The arches of the Azapkap Mosque ....................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 43 The upper gallery of the Azapkap Mosque........................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 44 The section of the Azapkap Mosque....................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 45 The west faade of the Azapkap Mosque.............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 46 Left: The floor plan of the Mosque. Right above east faade of the
Mosque Right belove: The free standing minaret of the Mosque........ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 47 The south (kbla) faade of the Azapkap Mosque................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 48 The south and west faade of the Azapkap Mosque............................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 49 Piyale Pasha Mosque.................................................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 50 The plan of the Piyale Pasha Mosque...................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 51 The view of Piyale Pasha Mosque from east side.................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 52 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Piyale Pasha Complex.................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 53 Detail of the dockyard of the Kasmpaa................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

12

Figure 54 Map of Piri Reis, 1670-1700. .................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti

tanmlanmam.
Figure 55 Interior space of the Piyale Pasha Mosque............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 56 Interior space of the Piyale Pasha Mosque............................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 57 Left: Plan of the Maosque. Right: S ection of the Mosque..................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 58 Qbla wall of the Piyale Pasha Mosque................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 59 East and S outh galleries of the Piyale Pasha Mosque............................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 60 West side galleries of the Piyale Pasha Mosque..................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 61 The mezzins balcony and side galleries of Piyale Pasha Mosque.... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 62 The mzzins balcony and side galleries of Piyale Pasha Mosque...... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 63 The place o f the entrances and minaret of Piyale Pasha Mosque........ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 64 Left: The minaret of the mosque Right: Mezzins balcony ................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 65 The entrance of the Piyale Pasha Mosque............................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 66 The vaulted covered portico of Piyale Pasha Mosque.......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 67 The mihrab niche of Piyale Pasha Mosque............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

13

Figure 68 The courtyard of the Piyale Pasha Mosque, 1846-1849......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 69 The west faade of the Piyale Pasha Mosque ..........................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 70 The white-on-blue inscription band of Piyale Pasha Mosque.............. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 71 The mihrap niche of the Piyale Pasha Mosque...................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 72 The white marble minbar of the Piyale Pasha Mosque........................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 73 The columns of the courtyard of Piyale Pasha Mosque.........................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 74 Left: The columns at the galleries of the Mosque
Right: The columns at the portico of the Mosque................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 75 The circular discs on the side walls of Piyale Pasha Mosque. ..............Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 76 The columns of the muezzin balc ony of Piyale Pasha Mosque............Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 77 Detail from the panoramic view of stanbul from Galata Tower........ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 78 Panoramic view of stanbul...................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 79 Piri Reis Map of stanbul 1670-1700......................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 80 Tophane waterfront with cannons, 1842................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 81 Tophane district with big trees and rowing-boats..................................Hata! Yer iareti

14

tanmlanmam.
Figure 82 Nakka Osmans plan of stanbul, 1584 ................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 83 Panoramic view of the Bosphorus ........................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 84 Galata and Tophane, 1580......................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 85 Gravure of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque and the public fountain............... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 86 The bath-house of Kl Ali Pasha Complex........................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 87 The madrasa of Kl Ali Pasha Complex ............................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 88 The site plan of Kl Ali Pasha Complex ............................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 89 The section of Kl Ali Pasha Mausoleum ............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 90 The main entrance o f the courtyard of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque ........ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 91 The water dispenser of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque......................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 92 The ablution fo untain and double portico of the Mosque.................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 93 The Double Portico of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque...................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 94 The ablution fountains of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque ................. .............. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 95 Kl Ali Pasha Mosque from the street .................................................. Hata! Yer iareti

15

tanmlanmam.
Figure 96 The main entrance of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque.........................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 97 Kl Ali Pasha Mosque from its minaret................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 98 The west faade of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque............................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 99 The ground and roof plans of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 100 The section of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque.................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 101 The inner central space of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque.............................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 102 The lateral galleries of Kl Ali Pasha M osque ................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 103 The double columns at the galleries of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque........ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 104 The projecting stairs of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 105 The cross vaulted east exedra of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 106 Kl Ali Pasha Mosque from its minaret.............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 107 The east faade of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque........................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 108 The section of Kilic Ali Pasha Mosque ................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 109 The cro ss-vaulted side galleries of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque............... Hata! Yer iareti

16

tanmlanmam.
Figure 110 The inner space of Kl Ali Pasha Mosque........................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 111 Panoramic view of the shoreline of Eyp............................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 112 ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha Complex from the sea ................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 113 The hillside of the Eyp Mosque ........................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 114 The site plan of ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha Complex............Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 115 The lower and upper madrasa and the mosque of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Complex
..........................................................................................Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.
Figure 116 The staircase of ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha Complex........... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 117 The lower madrasa of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 118 The ablution fountain of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Complex..............Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 119 Plans of the Complex .............................................................................. . Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 120 The upper madrasa of the Complex ......................................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 121 Left: the south and west faade of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque Right: detail of
the buttress and waterspouts on the south faade....Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.
Figure 122 The west faade of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 123 The east faade of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque.......................... Hata! Yer iareti

17

tanmlanmam.
Figure 124 The plans of the Complex........................................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 125 The A-A section of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 126 The B-B section of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque.......................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 127 The ground and roof plan of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque....... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 128 The portico of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 129 The lead cover main dome, portico and the vestibule of ahsultan
and Zal Pasha Mosque ......................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 130 The section of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque ................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 131 The sections of ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque.............. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 132 The interior space of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque. ....................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 133 The west lateral gallery of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque............ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 134 The flat-roofed lateral space of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque.... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 135 The mihrab wall from the upper gallery of ahsultan and Zal
Pasha Mosque .......................................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 136 The upper lateral galleries of ahsultan and Zal Pasha Mosque....... Hata! Yer iareti

18

tanmlanmam.
Figure 137 The weight turrets .....................................................................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 138 The mihrab and the minbar of ahsultan and Zal Mahmud Pasha
Mosque....................................................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 139 Panoramic view of the skdar and Kadky .....................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 140 Piri Reis Map of stanbul, 1670-1700 ..................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 141 Panoramic view of skdar, 1588.......................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 142 Kavak Palace in the skdar.................................................................. Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 143 Kavak Palac e, Grelot................................................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 144 Plan of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex................................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 145 Birdeye view of emsi Ahmed Pahsa Complex. ................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 146 The plan of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex .......................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 147 The plan of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex .......................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 148 The Madrasa of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex. ..................................Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 149 The Madrasa of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex . ................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

19

Figure 150 The back faade of the complex .................................... ........................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 151 S outh Facade of the Mosque. ................................................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 152 The interior of emsi Ahmed Pasha Tomb. ........................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 153 The interior of emsi Ahmed Pasha Mosque. ..................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 154 The plan of emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex .......................................... Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.
Figure 155 emsi Ahmed Pasha Complex from the sea ........................................ Hata! Yer iareti
tanmlanmam.

20