Contains

1. Abstract2 2. Nationalism in General............................3 3. Historical Backround...4 4. National Socialism of Germany..6 i. ii. 5. The eternal Gernan.7 The twentieth century 8

Nationalism of German between the era of 1900/1945....10 20th Centrury.16

6. France11 i. 7. Conclusions............17 8. Sources...22

Abstract

In the essay the concept of the nationalism prevailed between the world war in both France and German is surveyed. Bearing in mind that as a notion the concept of nationalism is a universal value the focus made to overt the differentation of two countries understanding and perception over the topic. The historical feature engaging with nationalism tried to be given in line with the chronical order. However the deeper developtment of both nationalism which shaped the nations in particular end of 19th cc. in which the universal values merged within is out of scope of this article. The different aspects of the two nationalism also tried to be accorded with intellectual perception.

Nationalism In General 1

Nationalism is a sense of identity with the nation. It is similar to tribalism, and like the family, is held together by a sense of kinship. Liah Greenfeld, Professor of Sociology at Boston University has defined nationalism as "an image of a social order, which involves the people as a sovereign elite and a community of equals". The original use of the term nationalism refers to elite groups, but in modern useage it refers usually to a very large group, sometimes as large as an empire. A nation differs from a tribe in that it is larger. The greater literacy, and the improved communications and transportation rendered by industrialization make the nation possible. The nation is unlike an empire, which is held together by military force, by police, sometimes by religion as with a god-king. The relationship between the members of an empire is an unequal relationship between the ruler and the subject. The relationship of the members of a nation is, theoretically, an equal relationship between citizens. It develops differently in different national communities under different historical circumstances. According to Professor Liah Greenfeld, nationalism may be collectivistic or individualistic depending upon whether or not the community or the individual is considered to be more important. A collectivistic nationalism tends to be authoritarian. An individualistic nationalism tends to be liberal. Also, nationalism may be either ethnic or civic. Ethnic nationalism must also be collectivistic because it is based upon blood or race or ethnic group. Civic nationalism is usually individualistic, but it can be collectivistic. England and the United States are examples of civic, individualistic nationalisms. France is an example of a civic, collectivistic nationalism. Germany and Russia are examples of ethnic, collectivistic nationalisms.
1

BIDDEFORD, ME, February 24, 2011, Norman R. Beaupr, Ph.D., retired Professor Emeritus of Humanities from the University of New England, has been recognized by Cambridge Whos Who for demonstrating dedication, leadership and excellence in higher education. http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/nationalism.html

Historical Backround

During the period 1850 to 1871, the nation-state achieved its mature status in Europe. Nationalism clearly became the principal basis for the organization of western civilization. This fact had earlier been demonstrated in England and in France during the course of their political revolutions. In this period, it became manifest throughout Europe. Nationalism is a primary motivating element which determines the course of events in those: France during the regime of Napoleon III, Italy where unification is achieved, Germany where unification is achieved, Russia where important steps towards modernization are taken, and the United States which experiences the Civil War, a war to preserve the union (of the citizens of it)

In the time that Napoleon won election as President of the 2 nd French Republic because of his successful appeal to Frenchmen regardless of class. That same nationalistic appeal won him the support for his seizure of power and establishment of the 2nd Empire. His popularity was further enhanced by the public works program which made the city of Paris into a city about which the French people could feel proud He also benefitted from the return of prosperity in the 1850's. Prosperous conditions were enhanced by the activities and wealth being generated by the industrial revolution which entered into a new dynamic phase after mid-century. During the 1860's, Napoleon allowed the French Assembly increasing its influence. France was slowly evolving in a liberal direction. Napoleon's popularity was, however, gradually eroded by foreign involvements.

He brought France into involvement with Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856). While French nationalism motivated France to be a self-appointed protector of the Roman Catholic
4

Church and Christian shrines in Palestine, Russian nationalism motivated the Russians to be the self- appointed protectors of the Christian Orthodox interests there. Although part of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks were becoming too weak to maintain their own control against the pressure of European powers. Meanwhile, England opposed the expansion of Russian influence into the eastern Mediterranean and gave support to the Turks in standing against Russia. England's connection with India went through the Mediterranean and the isthmus of Suez. War developed from these tensions, England allied with France against Russia. The next step in the course of events in both France and Italy, depended upon developments in Prussia and Germany.

Although Germany was still divided into 38 sovereign states after the revolutions of 1848, there was a customs union, the Zollverein, that developed throughout northern Germany in the part outside the Austrian Empire. This encouraged rapid economic development while it strengthened the role of Prussia as the largest German state within the Zollverein. During the 1850's, Prussians wanted to unite Germany under their leadership, but Austria blocked such a union. The Prussian emperor and army leaders foresaw the need for a greatly expanded army, but were blocked by a liberal legislature which refused to appropriate the funds. The emperor William I appointed Bismarck, a Junker aristocrat, to the position of Chancellor in 1862. Bismarck had a reputation, established during the Revolution of 1848, as an arch defender of the monarchy and the army, and a critic of the liberal revolution. He had represented Prussia in the German confederation and later served as ambassador to Russia and to France. He knew, from personal experience, that Austria stood in the way of German unification under Prussian leadership. Bismarck dictated the terms of a peace treaty which removed Austria from any influence with the other German states. A North German Confederation was created. Prussia controlled the foreign policy in a federal system. The southern German states remained independent. No Austrian territory was annexed; nor were any reparations demanded.

Bismarck knew that war with France, if France looked to be the aggressor, would propel the southern German states into union with Prussia. He therefore hoped for such an eventuality. Meanwhile he used diplomacy to assure France's diplomatic isolation. In 1870, there was no direct heir to the Spanish throne. Leopold of the Hohenzollern dynasty, which ruled Prussia, could claim the throne. France protested, threatened war, and Bismarck thought his opportunity had arrived. However, Leopold refused the throne. But the French were not satisfied. They demanded, at a meeting between the French ambassador and the Prussian emperor, that the Prussians forever renounce any claim to the Spanish throne. The emperor was unwilling to go that far. He reported his discussions to Bismarck in the Ems Dispatch. Bismarck edited the dispatch to exaggerate the hostility between the two men, and released the edited version to the leading Berlin newspaper. Newspapers in Paris quickly picked up the story. Frenchmen, believing their ambassador was insulted, demanded war. The Franco-Prussian War was over in 6 months. Their army was defeated in the first month and Napoleon taken prisoner. The seige of Paris endured until the following year (1871). A unified Germany created a strong power in central Europe for the first time in European history. With an industrious people, and great resources in coal and iron, Germany would, by the end of the century, become the greatest power in Europe. Under ths developtment we could say that the face of Europe had been remade by nationalism.

National Socialism of Germans2 The beginnings of popular nationalism in Germany can be traced to Napoleon's invasion of German territory in 1806. Whilst this act helped precipitate the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon's political machinations helped to encourage nationalist feeling. Many people within the German heartlands wished to escape the influence of foreign autocrats, such as the emperors of France and Austria, and build their own state.

Swallow, ALAN, Reading on Fascishm and National Socialism, Colorado, 2004 Written by the selected members of the department of philosoph of University of Colorado. 6

This broad feeling was encouraged by the works of eighteenth century German writers and philosophers, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and particularly Johann Gottfried von Herder. With his work on aesthetics, gothic art, and folk poetry, Herder encouraged an idea that the Germans had a rich common cultural heritage. Although Herder glorified the Germans, he was well travelled, feeling that every country had its unique features, and was worthy of some admiration.3

The Eternal German The concept of eternal German is the crux term of understanding the German Nationalism. In modern times has come from Germany. The intellectual history of the world has been enriched immeasurably by the work of Leibniz, with his faith in the permanent reality of individual souls, Kant, the founder of "critical" philosophy or of "tran- scendentalism4" and Fichte and Schelling, post-Kantian idealists who sought to eliminate the residue of transcendence and convert thought into the exclusive pillar of the universe. There was a strong and interesting philosophical life in Germany in the period under discussion, including such philosophers as Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Fechner, Lotze, Hartmann, Dilthey, Jaspers, the logical positivists, and the neo-Kantians. Especially significant were the contributions of German idealism, the tendency to oppose the representations of the mind (ideas and ideals) to empirical reality and to give them a dominant place in the scale of human values. By its very nature, German idealism sided definitely with conservatism in politics and religion. Hegel's dictum, "the real is rational," was exploited by reactionaries in a way which he, possibly, had never intended. In the middle of the nineteenth century, many German materialists were inspired by an enthusiasm for humanity and for the amelioration of miserable human condi-tions. In general, German contributions to philosophic thought have been on the highest plane of excellence.

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/European_Imperialism_and_Nationalism
4

Any system of philosophy, esp that of Kant, holding that the key to knowledge of the nature of reality lies in the critical examination of the processes of reason on which depends the nature of experience, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/transcendentalism

It was in the 19th century that nationalism became a widespread and powerful force. During this time nationalism expressed itself in many areas as a drive for national unification or independence. The spirit of nationalism took an especially strong hold in Germany, where thinkers such as Johann Gottfried von Herder and Johann Gottlieb Fichte had developed the idea of Volk. However, the nationalism that inspired the German people to rise against the empire of Napoleon I was conservative, tradition-bound, and narrow rather than liberal, progressive, and universal. And when the fragmented Germany was finally unified as the German Empire in 1871, it was a highly authoritarian and militarist state. After many years of fighting, Italy also achieved national unification and freedom from foreign domination, but certain areas inhabited by Italians (e.g., Trieste) were not included in the new state, and this gave rise to the problem of irredentism. In the United States, where nationalism had evinced itself in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, national unity was maintained at the cost of the Civil War. In the latter half of the 19th cent., there were strong nationalist movements among the peoples subject to the supranational Austrian and Ottoman empires, as there were in Ireland under British rule, and in Poland under Russian rule. At the same time, however, with the emergence in Europe of strong, integrated nation-states, nationalism became increasingly a sentiment of conservatives. It was turned against such international movements as socialism, and it found outlet in pursuit of glory and empire. Nationalist conflicts had much to do with bringing on World War I. Those radcal social changes brouth into the states at the verge of world war. The Twentieth Century The early 20th cent., with the breakup of Austria-Hungary and of the Ottoman Empire, saw the establishment of many independent nations, especially through the peace treaties ending World War I. The Paris Peace Conference established the principle of national selfdetermination, upheld by the League of Nations and later by the United Nations. While selfdetermination is a nationalist principle, it also recognizes the basic equality of all nations, large or small, and therefore transcends a narrow nationalism that claims superiority for itself. It was exactly this latter type of nationalism, however, that arose in Nazi Germany, preaching the superiority of the so-called Arian race and the need for the extermination of
8

the Jews and the enslavement of Slavic peoples in their living space . Italian fascism was in a similar manner based on extreme nationalist sentiments. Therefore during the era of 1900s the exalation of the german nations was a praised social wave. The German Nationalism in the 1930s ignited by the feeling and the obseesion of the German volk as to Hitler main propoganda at that time, as later, was denonciation of Versaillers Treaty and the treator (by which he meant Jews, Communist, soialist, Pacifist and others) who delivered stab in the back to the German Army starting a revolution 5 National socialism consider the race and the people belong together. The theory of the racial supremacy of the Nordic, i.e German, which was developed by Wagner and Stewart Chamberlian reaches its culmination in the writing of Alfred Rosenberg, the high priest of Nazi racial and herald of the Herrenvolk (master race). Rosenberg f,developed his ideas in the obscure phraseology of Der Mytus de 20 Jahrhundert (The myth of the Twenty Centry). Rosenberg accepts the classic German view of the volk, which he relates closely to the concept of race. The new thougt puts folk and race higher than the state and its form. It declares protection of folk more important than protection of a religious denomination, a class, the monarch of the republic; it sees in treason againts the folk a greater crime than high treason againts state. In the Legal Organization and legal function of the Movement (made by Guweiler ) the nazi idology must establish five basic values; Race Soil (boden) Work (work of the hands and the head) The reich (with securing of the three basic values of race, soil and work arises National Socialist Reich (wealth) Whoever wishes fully to realize himself, whoever experiences and embody the eternal German ideal withinn himself must lift his eyes from everday life and must listen the beat of his blood and his conscience. He must be capable of that superhuman greatness which is ready to cast aside all temporal bonds in the battle for German eternity. Apparently paradoxical finding is that German historical school work must be the most numerous and densest this study raised this true that these works seem to be all inspired by
5

H:L: Peacock, a history of Modern Europe, p.p 323 9

far the only concern of idle curiosity and scientific objectivity to some German historians of the period between the wars history of nationalism fran ais in fact appears to merge with

the idea of revenge acts mainly to show and these concerns are particularly visible in the two books most often cited that of Joachim Khn and the The Universal Dictionary of Pierre Larousse 1874 illutration its definitions of the following two quotes seem narrowminded nationalism feels everyone's mind right ridiculous infinite Berlioz If the principle nationalism is true it implies independence and autonomy of smaller groups such as the largest cities Proudhon. The Nationalism of German between the 1900/1945 era6 A positive answer to the last question could be derived from Liah Greenfelds Five Roads to Modernity, which considers the development of the English, French, Rus-sian, German and American nations not only by comparing them, but also each on their own terms. Upon closer study of particular historical cases, it becomes clear that the evolution of nations has almost always been characterised by some feelings of inferiority with regard to their competitors, and that the formation of nations has more often than not been an expression of existential envy, res-sentimentGermany was ready for Holocaust from the moment German national identity existed.But to view National Socialism as a mere consequence of traditional German hatred of the West, and the desire of Germans to over-come their feelings of inferiority by offering their salvation to humankind is misleading. Obviously, there were other factors involved (social, economic), and even the German literary and philosophical tradition consists of more than a few nationalistic writings. Many influential contemporaries of Herder, who is usually held responsible for the birth of irrational, ethnically defined and thus il- liberal nationalism, regarded themselves as cosmopolitans. Thus, even a nation formed by a purely Eastern type of nationalism did not necessarily have to end up with a totali-tarian regime. The facism of German consist of collectivism, militarism, universialism, hatret of liberal democracy and ethical nihilism. 7

Stefan Auer, Two Types of Nationalism in Europe Published by the Contemporary Europe Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Vol.7 No.12 December 1997
7

Norman Davies, Avrupa Tarihi, 1996, ev.B.man, E. Topugil, K. Emirolu, Kaya p.p. 110.

10

This is a christal clear sum up of the german nationalism during the era of 1900-1945 which is affected the whole process of social movement.

France8 In French terminology the nationalisme further tends therefore refer to any relatively coherent system of thought of feelings or emotions primarily centered

on defense and exaltation of the national idea that

can certainly continue everyday

language used in the sense that it was originally used for maintaining perpetual and inevitable national proud and benefit. However it tending to make confusion and facing hardship to be distinguished from simple chauvinism.

As an nationalistic idea, however, in the third and final meaning of the term study of nationalism seems to be included in political and moral history of the

Contemporary France. It dates back to the Mazzini (1836) but also Grande Encyclopedie of Marvcellin Berthelot (1885) work. We can infer from those studies the nationalism of France evolved from patriotism and chauvisme. Thus nationalism must be clearly distinguished at

least in the context of France from that idea or the national consciousness this distinction we believe is generally ignored in basic the abundant literature that political science AngloSaxon concern.

The French political identity took shape in the 1870s, but the problem of French cultural identity remained, especially because in that time France now faced a stronger Germany and a reunified Italy. France in the early and mid-1800s was, in some ways, a bipolar world. At one extreme were the nationalist residents of Paris; at the other extreme were rural peasants, who embraced regional identities and languages. Under Louis Napoleon, France had begun a process of incorporating France's rural provinces into the new nation, in part by conscripting peasants into the French army. In this social construction process, France became a modern nation in the 1870s and 1880s as state bureaucratic efforts to produce cultural assimilation succeeded in raising the level of
8

Monsier Raol Girardet , Pour une introduction Lhistoire du nationalisme franais, 1958. Pp.505-528, http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsp_0035-2950_1958_num_8_3_392474

11

awareness of French culture in rural areas of the country. Railway construction and road building in outlying regions was accelerated to create new economic opportunities. The rapid spread of schools in the 1880s helped indoctrinate a new generation of peasant children into the ways of the French. Nationalism was thus a philosophy as well as a process conceived and directed by leaders of a political state wishing to expand territorial and demographic sovereignty. Moreover, nationalism made peasants want to fight for France and learn the French language, thus transforming them into citizens of a republic. French opinion and responsibilities of adversary on the genesis of World War probably reaction is fast enough which must be particularly synthesis of Hertz. They are as

worthy work effort by understanding the nationalism. They say more or less directly, they respond remain dominated by the issue of responsibility of the first World War and escaped, leaving many ways much

deep currents of nationalism of French. In the German historiography Ernst Curtius stated that Maurice Barres 9 as a spiritual foundator of nationalism. It is important that some of the important German work can also forget the works of more and more

9 Barrs is considered, alongside Charles Maurras, as one of the main thinkers of ethnic nationalism at the turn of

the century in France, associated with Revanchism the desire to reconquer the Alsace-Lorraine, annexed by the newly created German Empire at the end of the 1871 Franco-Prussian War (Barrs was aged 8 at that time). In fact, he himself popularized the word "nationalism" in French. Opposed to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of social contract, Barrs considered the 'Nation' (which he used to replace the 'People') as already historically founded: it did not need a "general will" to establish itself, thus also contrasting with Ernest Renan's definition of the Nation. Much closer to Herder and Fichte than to Renan in his definition of the Nation, Barrs opposed French centralism (as did Maurras), as he considered the Nation to be a multiplicity of local allegiances, first to the family, the village, the region, and ultimately to the nation-state. Influenced by Edmund Burke, Frdric Le Play and Hippolyte Taine, he developed an organicist conception of the Nation which contrasted with the universalism of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. According to Barrs, the People is not founded by an act of autonomy, but find its origins in the earth (le sol), history (institutions, life and material conditions) and traditions and inheritance ("the dead").His early individualism was quickly superated by an organicist theory of the social link, in which "the individual is nothing, society is everything"). Barrs feared miscegenation of modern times, represented by Paris, claiming against Michelet that it jeopardized the unity of the Nation. The Nation was to be balanced between various local nationalities (he spoke of the "Lorraine nationality" as much as of the "French nationality") through decentralisation and the call for a leader, giving a Bonapartist aspect to his thought which explained his attraction for the General Boulanger and his opposition to liberal democracy. He pleaded for a direct democracy and personalisation of power, as well as for the implementation of popular referendums as done in Switzerland.In this nationalist frame, anti-Semitism was to be the cohesive factor for a right-wing mass movement. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s

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certain

aspects of nationalism inspired French Nationalism. In fact that expression is now

widely applied certain doctrines Political parties also applied to groups or movements of nationalism as the French nationalism is being referred. It further tends to mean any system therefore relatively consistent thinking of feelings or emotions primarily focused on defense and exaltation of the national idea can certainly continue everyday language used in the sense that it was primitive employees and maintaining perpetual and elsewhere the benefit of the nation. Inevitable confusions of simple chauvinism with nationalism is a fact. No doubt can we get for the period before 1848 of very valuable information contained in the course if substantial Charles Pouthas on the movement of nationalities in Europe for the entire period of the third Republic will be consulted with profit in addition to various general histories of the last chapters of the book by Ren Rmond on the right in France in 1815. To search for objective scientific study history of nationalism French thus

remained a immense terra ignota (un known field) which can hardly be seen as few landmarks is this observation indicating that gap that self may be the very general nature of observed Nations or rather working hypotheses that this article aims. What form present nationalism of French said of 1815 difers from todays throughout the history of nineteenth and twentieth-centuryare the ideological realities which it corresponded. Is it possible to define some of its original features permanent and ginal assign What place in moral development and social of contemporary France How can we suggest about it some

elements interpretation and explanation. Action Franaise10 was a idea which is polarized againts to the French Communist Party. The idead was based on militaric expansion and political domanion on the other countries.

10

Stewart Lloyd, University of Glasgow, March 1998 Of the two movements, Action Franaise was undoubtedly more concerned with maintaining doctrinal purity than with direct intervention in the political process. This political aloofness was to be a continuing trait of the Maurrasian movement, pursued at no small cost to the movement's effectiveness largely through the efforts of Charles Maurras himself. Determined to maintain Action Franaise as a doctrinal rather than as a political movement, Maurras was content to allow Georges Valois his brief experiment with the Camelots du Roi and his attempts at incorporating the working class in nationalist politics. However, as soon as it became apparent allowing Action Franaise to 'dirty its hands', as it were, would inevitably lead to a dilution of its ideological purity due to the political imperative of reaching compromises and agreements with people who did not share its core objectives, Maurras was quick to call a halt to the entire process and lead the movement back into its more comfortable role as critic and judge [60]. Valois, and one supposes many others like him, despairing of Maurras' position and of his vice-like hold on the destinies of the movement, were either ejected from it or left of their own accord to seek or to create vehicles through which they could seek to realise their own objectives. http://www.cphrc.org/index.php/essays/articles/105-action-francaise-and-integralismolusitano

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The beginning of 1900s may was an important mile stone that was the clear indication of the collapsing oof the French superiority in the world itself. It will of course, can not be resolved without careful analysis, however, inappropriate to try to help as best ask and better understanding of French nationalism. It should however be noted that the term does when take over another word commonly used for this one the beginning of the century the word national in fact it is well clear that the term entered common usage not with no appearance of the movement of thought or feeling that this

term will now apply the national French nationalism is not born with Maurras or Barres Armand Carrel and his friends the nationals of the Restoration and the July Monarchy were already nationalists in the sense we hear today. The fundamental difference that the March Quent the last years of the nineteenth century and between members of the country French or French activists of Action to ease patriots of 1830 is that nationalism is no longer associated with the same doctrines and the same political

ideologies.

Leagues national politics are in French home the day before

the last war

right-wing opposition groups. Shift in values in 1899 has most of the old faithful in the general recognize themselves as nationalist label change or rather adding a label. It leads, however simple banality highlight the diversity. French expression of nationalism as well as the complexity and the plurality of its manifestations as it requires the introduction the beginning of our study of very important elements of differentiation.

Very schematically this association are three days of 1815 forms of nationalism French that we are led to distinguish three forms emerged in succession but without any of them completely erases the previous one nationalism revolutionary tradition of expressing mainly the Restoration and the July Monarchy nationalism of Revenge maintained in the years following the defeat of a 1871 national professionalism anti-parliamentary born in the last years of nineteenth-century.

It is indeed important to remember after the fall of the Napoleonic nationalism is French related nature of the mainstream almost mystical wave may but be singularly powerful as contemporaries called the religion of Freedom. This are natural boundaries found resurrected Poland Unified Italy in the tricolor winner walked in European capitals is like the singing happened later. Therefore we it may conferred that Jacobin tradition born of ideological legacy of the revolution first nineteenth-century nationalism reconciles French easily two elements which appear as contradictions little bit jingoistic chauvinism and messianism humanitarian.

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Humanitarian against France is by increasing expressed around 1848 Quinet Henri Martin Michelet set as their destiny of France almost providential mission which is to free the oppressed nationalities and the triumph France Michelet wrote their cause is not glorious mother only ourselves, and that every nation must bring forth freedom France becomes the ship pilot in humanity.

Neither Jacobin nor humanitarianism nationalistic chauvinism does disappear from moral history of contemporary France the first is still likely to arouse strong echoes in crowds in Paris in 1870 and 1871. universalist The second is found some of his theses in both the

justification of colonial imperialism of Jules Ferry in expression of

humanitarian pacifism Jaures, however nationalism a substantially different nature which are developed envelope to France after the defeat of 1871 defeat that causes many social reaction including given importante to the nationalism. By the time of World War I nationalism was the dominant ideology. Essentially religious which could save and strengthens nation and its bond. When talk of resignation and oblivion seem to the early twentieth century a younger generation born after the tests the presence of 1870 a new German threat after 1905 will maintained hope of the

awaken unexpected their observed that in most minds that it is

return of lost provinces continues to reconcile with the old idea of France Private Law Champion of Democracy is around these themes is in 1914 will be national unity against. But from 1886 with the beginnings of the movement baker biologist is a third form of nationalism that we see develop in some sectors of opinion the French Republic ease Parliamentary Republic is accused to mention major requirements. Yet a close alliance was formed between the spring when principles of nationalism and those of the policy with traditionalist Maurras including building a powerful doctrinal devel boron which are brewed together and soon merged with assumptions positivism national anti Comtist

criticism liberal and anti-democratic ideological heritage of school Bona French. The conditions of its survival and duration of these are the key issues facing its performers. Since he organized into a system where it comes down to program is the basic concept of defense to protect that nationalism is linked French now to be con for protection be

external threats is is defined as a doctrine coherent and systematic Germanic idea and says an eternal antagonism between Germany condemned a French nationalism the late
15

nineteenth century in can not fail to involve the a number of factors. Republican party and who have rejected traditional adversaries to rallying of the regime of the world's most conservative the cause of the general and permanent principles of antiparlement Progress tarisme growing in a wide area view of the left themes of internationalism international peace and nationalism are in fact developed in part from a different and in opposition another. French nationalism appears as a major force in confused unclassifiable range of options which parliamentarians and ranges from extremely extreme left-right where it will eventually settle existence of a dense network affiliations of any system milestones and historical relay between the first generation

National early nineteenth century and the most representative immediately contemporary nationalism of French. Therefore probably indisputable importance is made the transmission.

20th Century Nationalism developed and evolved during 19th century but reaching its highest stage in the 20 th century.Industrialization and nationalism evolved and developed in symbiotic relationship, each reinforcing the other. Nationalism and industrialism require uniformity, standardization, and homogeneity ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic, and cultural. The homogenity fortered by both nationalism and industrialization and modernization poses a threat to minorities who as heterogenous members of the modern nation satate, are perceived as athreat. Genocide is a by-product of modern nationalism. The ideology of modern nationalism makes genociede possible.11 The entire ideological heritage of a legacy common themes of collective representations of images and reference. Nothing is more characteristic differences that regard that the military fervor is inseparable from all the expressions of nationalism French whatever the policy options which it claims to and whatever dates. The cult of its development idea in military talks patriot. French nationalism ais a design almost identical to national greatness design both epic and morality which are reconciledin the same fervor of the past glory and affirmation of French a privileged vocation providentially

given country there is this certain idea of France as the first mentioned first line of the War

11

Carl K. Savich, Nationalism and War. 16

Memoirs of General de Gaulle and forms found in almost similar both in Michelet than Peguy in Barres than Deroulede Petit Paris Lille writing of General de Gaulle The sentence after them some form of poor some form of bourgeois stagnation pressure is found and in the same terms in opposition resentatives National left under the constitutional monarchy and in representatives of national opposition to the right or ex extreme-right under the Third Republic is near by reaction as instinctive against this he seems to be an inertia-free magnitude against the party of French Economy comfortable and Expen Paul Deroulede national dance separates from polite

opportunistic policy with which he had been so closely Drumont work is a long indictment vehemence passionate against the liberal and bourgeois society good can have nationalism is to say, consciousness of the living continuity that is at the same time was revolutionary write turn just before the last war. Nationalismis a need for movement to which the regime set brings no satisfaction call a pothole collective research across a fiery new one. On national French throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century this nationalism is concerned, it is fever Since it is also dissatisfaction refusal revolt does not seem forbidden to say it romanticism Nationalism the company comfortable contemporary French Thus is does one logically leads the problem a possible sociology of nationalism which fran ais Problem the data itself must remain approximate

well find almost total absence of specific studies on the recruitment of a second earlier nationalist. Movements World War on their audience and their audience Staffing even remain singularly evaluate nationalism French. Particularly characteristic of

social background of nationalism french very important to have role that never stopped playing three members of the deeply engaged circles of the upper class high administration did not in general been favorable about the great interests to use a convenient formula which the wave does not escape us otherwise) that they did have accidentally very affirming their support other hand, it never found a broad-based nor in the world rural proletariat nor the phenomenon of small and middle-class urban phenomenon roughly schematized. Such nationalism may appear in the eyes of franch observed social observer. If these findings are elementary they seem permit or seek reconciliation with some history the birth and rise of nationalism outside Europe uch were developing the Barres term

consequences of the industrial revolution thus should perhaps retain its value

by which means the young hero of the national energy uprooted Uprooted they came out of social settings in which traditional inserting their fathers and where they were comfortable
17

they enter old man with bitter conviction be poorly served by the community they belong to and serve evil they suffer more or less clearly inappropriate feelings towards a social order in which they are foreigners and this is precisely expressed. Nationalism in 1937 should not be the conscience of the grandeur of the country but the consciousness of the humiliation children humiliated the formula serves as a test of Georges Bernanos. In the moral context of nationalism or French belong the national community never seems go without bitterness, without suffering even without anxiety Hence, no doubt the tone tended feverish vehemence tragic with which nationalism fran ais almost never ceased ex

override his calls Some words are anxious pride of General They summarize Gaulle a wonderfully emotional tone. Never, perhaps, bourgeois France since the beginning of the century. The last appears to have been completely at ease with itself she never seems to be completely secure itself to same periods of apparent stability over more

indisputable prosperity and in environments that are far from being economically the most disadvantaged is detected an disorder. The nationlaism was the main motive fostering the cold war. We could infer that both French and german Nationalism served the purpose of capitalism and industrialism by providing homogeneity in culture, language, training, class mobility. The French nationalism could be sum up as follows; As to what are the basic tradition of French nationalism, Maurras agrees in general with Baress and refers to regionalism, syndicalism, the french language, the catholic religion, hero-worship, heriitary hostility to German and hereditary fondness for overseas expansion.12

12

Norman Davies, Avrupa Tarihi, 1996, ev.B.man, E. Topugil, K. Emirolu, Kaya pp. 205

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Conclusions The early 20th cent., with the breakup of Austria-Hungary and of the Ottoman Empire, saw the establishment of many independent nations, especially through the peace treaties ending World War I. The Paris Peace Conference established the principle of national self-determination, upheld by the League of Nations and later by the United Nations. While self-determination is a nationalist principle, it also recognizes the basic equality of all nations, large or small, and therefore transcends a narrow nationalism that claims superiority for itself. It was exactly this latter type of nationalism, however, that arose in Nazi Germany, preaching the superiority of the so-called Aryan race and the need for the extermination of the Jews and the enslavement of Slavic peoples in their living space13 After the invasion of France and its subsequent defeat in 1940 Breton nationalists looked to the German conquerors for support. The separatist faction reemerged--from exile and prison--and a new organization Cortseil National Breton was formed to implement the program leading to eventual autonomy. The Parti National Breton was resurrected and the official party newspaper given a symbolic title L'heure bretonne. But their demands for complete autonomy and their violent anti-Vichy stand brought about several adverse reactions. The Vichy government pressured the German administration to take active measures against the Breton nationalists. Although no repressive action was taken, German support of extremist nationalist goals weakened and a shift was made instead to the more moderate demands of the regionalists.14 In 1945 Hitler's "Thousand-Year Wealth" collapsed in flames. The German people, despairing and without hope, stunned by the disaster, walked among the rustling ruins of the holo- caust and showed interest in nothing but the necessity of keeping

their bodies alive. It appeared that Germany had been dealt a death-blow and that generations would pass before there possibly could be any revival of national sentiment. As a means of de- priving her of national sovereignty, the victorious Powers divided Germany
13

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0859879.html
Brian Jenkins, Nationalism in France: Class and Nation Since 1789 (London, 1990).

14

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into Western and Eastern sections, one oriented towards the West under American, British, and French control, and the other towards the East under Russian hegemony. In order to make her more self-supporting and less dependent upon out-

side aid, the Americans adopted a policy favoring the economic reconstruction of Germany, while the Russians used their zone of Germany to help rebuild the Soviet Union. The West held control of the industrial heartland of Germany, while the East monopolized her agricultural areas. The Americans wanted a strong Germany as a buffer state against Russia, but, at the same time, were reluctant to pour money into the country only to see it drained off as reparations to the Soviet Union. The Russians sought to absorb East Germany into their own economy and hoped for a unified Germany under Communist control.15 It was an general idea of German to be keen on for adversary to the others and exalt the German itself."Christianity tells us to love our individual enemies, but does not remove the conception of enmity. Christ Himself said: 'I am not come to send peace on earth, but a sword.' His teaching can never be adduced as an argument against the universal law of struggle. There never was a religion which was more com- bative than Christianity. Combat, moral combat, is its very

essence. If we transfer the ideas of Christianity to the sphere of politics, we can claim to raise the power of the State -- power in the widest sense, not merely from the material aspect -- to the highest degree, with the object of the moral advancement of humanity, and under certain conditions the sacrifice may be made which a war demands. Thus, according to Christianity, we can- not disapprove of war in itself but must admit that it is justified morally and historically. Both type of nationalism is motivated and stimulated by the integral nationalism is the exlusive pursuit of national policies, the obsulute maintanace of national integrity, and the steady increase of national power for a nation declines when it loses military might. Before this concept there were humanitirian nationalism and liberal bnationalism which are mixed with dogma of Jacobinism and historical tendency of romantisim. 16

15

LOUIS L. SNYDER,German Nationalism: The Tragedy of a PeopleExtremism Contra Liberalism in Modern German History, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1808288 16 Norman Davies, Avrupa Tarihi, 1996, ev.B.man, E. Topugil, K. Emirolu, Kaya pp.165

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It should be said at the beginning that no brief is held here for the stereotypes that all Germans are born goose-stepping, that they are inherently

militaristic, and that they are irretrievably warlike. But the views are presented that a comparatively large section of German intellectual life was imbued with militaristic ideas, and that conditioning, training, and education (all environmental pres- sures) created a potentially receptive audience among the German masses first for conservative militarism and then for

extreme war-cultism. There is a difference between the two points of view, between being inherently warlike and being made receptive to warlike leadership. Normally, Germans are by nature neither more nor less warlike than Englishmen, Americans, or Peruvians. That they are less resistant to the environmental pressures of jingoism, chauvinism, and crackpotism of the lunatic fringe, especially in times of stress, has been demonstrated again and again within the last century and a half. This should be attributed not to any inborn or biological quality, but to the environmentalism of a peculiar socio-political and intellectual system geared to Prussianism with its accent on State-worship and disciplineobedience-duty. Once convinced that the nations German nationalism as an example of integral nationalism resulted domination of the al aspects of the nation while french sticks to the cultural feature of it. World war I was the consummation of liberal nationalism, has notoriosly been, in many places and many among persons, the powerful spark which has ignited the powder-train of integral nationalism. This statement ia true for both type of nationlalism of the French and German. The similiraty of the German and French nationalism were to reliance on brute force. 17 The GERMAN variant of nationalism seems to be more violent and malignant than the French in particularly towards Jews and tended to use brutal force, while French keep it in the intellectual magrin.

17

Norman Davies, Avrupa Tarihi, 1996, ev.B.man, E. Topugil, K. Emirolu, Kaya pp.223

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Sources : Peacock, L. HERBERT, a history of Modern Europe, 1982 Paul Grarded, Pour une introduction l'histoire du nationalisme franais

(http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsp_00352950_1958_num_8_3_392474) Brian Jenkins, Nationalism in France: Class and Nation Since 1789 (London, 1990). Lerner R., Meacham S., Burn E., Western Civilization, Newyork,1993 David H. Fortier, Chapter 3, Breton Nationalism and Modern France: The Permanent Revolution Eric G.E. Zuelow,The Nationalism Project, http://www.nationalismproject.org/ By Carl K. Savic, Nationalism: Origins and Historical Evolution George ORWELL, Notes on Nationalism (1945), http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/nationalism.html Thomas Risse, Nationalism and Collective Identities Europe Versus the Nation-State?, http://www.deutscheaussenpolitik.de/resources/seminars/gb/euracowa/document/jonesrhodes.pdf

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