FEM in Slope Stability Analysis

Finite Element Method in Slope
Stability Analysis
Introduction to FEM
Slope St a bilit y Course, 2012-I I
I nt roduct ion t o FEM FEM in Slope St a bilit y Ana lysis
Contents
Steps in the FE Method
FEM for Deformation Analysis
Discretization of a Continuum
Elements
Strains
Stresses
Constitutive Relations
Hookes Law
Formulation of Stiffness Matrix
Solution of Equations
Steps in the FE Method
1. Establishment of stiffness relations for each element.
Material properties and equilibrium conditions for each
element are used in this establishment.
2. Enforcement of compatibility. i.e. the elements are
connected.
3. Enforcement of equilibrium conditions for the whole
structure, in the present case for the nodal points.
4. By means of 2 and 3, the system of equations is constructed
for the whole structure. This step is called assembling.
5. In order to solve the system of equations for the whole
structure, the boundary conditions are enforced.
6. Solution of the system of equations.
General method to solve boundary value problems in
an approximate and discretized way.
Often (but not only) used for deformation and stress
analysis.
Division of geometry into finite element mesh.
geometry mesh
Pre-assumed interpolation of main quantities
(displacements) over elements, based on values in
points (nodes).
( )
2
5 4
2
3 2 1 0
, y a xy a x a y a x a a y x u + + + + + =
5 0
a a : determined by nodal values
interpolation function: element
x
y
x
u
y
u
Formation of (stiffness) matrix and (force) vector.
K
r
: Stiffness matrix
: Force vector
Global solution of main quantities in nodes.
K k
R r
D d
R D K =
2D modeling:
Plane Strain Axi-symmetry
2D cross section is divided into element:
Several element types are possible (triangles and quadrilaterals)
Local refinement around wall
Elements
Different types of 2D elements:
(a) triangular elements
(b) quadrangular elements
Elements
Example:
2
5 4
2
3 2 1 0
2
5 4
2
3 2 1 0
y b xy b x b y b x b b u
y a xy a x a y a x a a u
y
x
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
5 0
5 0
,
b b
a a
: are determined by nodal values

interpolation function:
x
y
x
u
y
u
element
Elements
Example:
interpolation function (other way of writing):
6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
y y y y y y y
x x x x x x x
u N u N u N u N u N u N u
u N u N u N u N u N u N u
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
or:
y y
x x
Nu u
Nu u
=
=
N : contains functions of x and y
Strains
Strains are the derivatives of displacements.
x
u
y
u
y
u
x
u
y
x
xy
y
yy
x
xx
+ = = = , ,
In finite elements they are determined from the
derivatives of the interpolation functions:
y x xy
y yy
x xx
y x
y b a x b a a b
y
y b x b b
x
y a x a a
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
+ = + + + + + =
= + + =
= + + =
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
2
2
4 5 3 4 2 1
5 4 2
4 3 1
Strains (Cont.)
Or:
(strains composed in a vector and matrix B contains derivatives
of N )
Bd =
Stresses
Cartesian stress tensor, usually composed in a vector:
( )
T
zx yz xy zz yy xx
=
Plane strain:
0 = =
zx yz

Constitutive Relations
Stresses are related to strains:
C =
In fact, the above relationship is used in incremental
form:
C A = A
C : is material stiffness matrix and determining material behavior
Hookes Law
For simple linear elastic behavior C is based on
Hookes law:
C=
E
(1 2)(1+)
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
2
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
2

(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Hookes Law
Basic parameters in Hookes law:
G =
E
2(1+)
K =
E
3(12)
E
oed
=
E(1)
(12)(1+)
Bulk modulus
E
: Youngs modulus
: Poissons ratio
Auxiliary parameters, related to basic parameters:
Shear modulus Oedometer modulus
Hookes Law
E =

1
2
=
1
axial compression
Meaning of parameters
in axial compression:
Hookes Law
E
oed
=

1
1
1D compression
in 1D compression:
Hookes Law
K =
p
v
in volumetric compression:
volumetric compression
Hookes Law
G =

xy
xy
xy

xy
in shearing:
note:
shearing
Hookes Law
Summary, Hookes law:
xx
yy
zz
xy
yz
zx
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
E
(12)(1+)
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
2
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
2

(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xx
yy
zz
xy
yz
zx
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formulation of Stiffness Matrix
}
= dV
T
CB B k
Formation of element stiffness matrix:
Formation of global stiffness matrix: Assembling of
element stiffness matrices in global matrix.
K k E
Integration is usually performed numerically: Gauss
integration.
Global matrix is often symmetric and has a band-form
(non-zeros values).
Global system of equations:
R D K =
R : is force vector and contains loadings as nodal forces
(i = step number)
R D K A = A
AD= K
1
AR
D= AD
i=1
n
Usually in incremental form:

Solution:
Strains:
AD Ad
A
i
= BAu
i
i
=
i1
+ CAd
From solution of displacement
Stresses:
References
Lectures notes in Course on Computational Geotechnics &
Dynamics, August 2003, Boulder, Colorado.
Lectures notes in Course on Computational Geotechnics, October
2007, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
Potts D.M. & Zdravkovi L.T. (1999), Finite element analysis in
geotechnical engineering: Theory, Thomas Telford, London.
Potts D.M. & Zdravkovi L.T. (2001), Finite element analysis in
geotechnical engineering: Application, Thomas Telford, London.

FEM in Slope Stability Analysis

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Finite Element Method in Slope

: are determined by nodal values

Usually in incremental form:

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