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Sontion:
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WELLINGTON STREET.
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EDITED
BY
E.
S.
SHUCKBURGH,
M.A.
PRESS.
Rights reserved.]
CamfartBge
PRINTED BY
J.
AND
C. F.
CLAY,
PREFACE.
'T^HE
^
first
twenty-nine
chapters
of
this
Book
(the
An
edition
of the whole
the
first
Book
is
now
part.
The Vocabulary
will still
Beginners; others
given in
is
Help
is
all
that
seemed
difficult,
Grammar.
is
Primer
use.
not have
much
difficulty in
needed.
Cambridge.
I
October 1901.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction
ix
^xxxii
i
Text
Notes
47
Vocabulary
.......
4996
97
132
Plates
XV
xxvii
xxviii
INTRODUCTION.
The
writer of the
Commentaries
is
Though he always speaks of himself in the third person, the commander in the 9 years' war in Gaul and the This was historian of the campaigns are the same person.
the story.
He was
member
of a patrician family
said to
B.C.
belonging to the ancient and illustrious gr?is hilia, which was be descended from lulus son of Aeneas. Born in
loi
termined.
C. Marius, the leader of the popular party and opponent of Sulla, married his aunt, and he himself from the first attached himself to the popular party and married the
daughter of L. Cinna, who led the opposition to Sulla after the death of Marius. Sulla ordered him to divorce this wife, but he refused and in consequence barely escaped being put to
X
death.
INTRODUCTION.
He had
B.C. 78.
to
Rome
till
after Sulla's
death in
speedily
Rome and
in
made
as an orator
their
while accusing
provinces.
leading
men
of
extortion
As soon
-.
,
was elected
to
fices,
B.C.
first
promo-
magistracies.
He
served as
After this he
married
a connexion of Pompey, Pompeia, daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, and attached himself closely to Pompey, who was afterwards to be his great rival and enemy. He helped to
get the
ridates for
to B.C.
in
command first against the pirates and then against MithPompey, who was thus kept in the East from B.C. 67 While Pompey was away Caesar was steadily rising 62.
influence.
power and
In B.C. 65 he
so
much money on
care of which he held in the previous year, that he became deeply in debt. He was elected praetor for B.C. 62 and after
;
his
61
Here he first command. very disturbed state, and Caesar not only put down disorder
for
60).
it,
military
Spain (B.C. seems to have discovered his genius Southern Spain was generally in a
in
plundering
but also conquered the Lusitani, who were continually In this Spanish the Roman province or allies.
government he made a great deal of money (often it seems by very doubtful means) and when he returned to Rome in B.C. 60 to stand for the consulship he seems at any rate Besides holding to have been free from debt. throughout been ofthe Popu^ the offices above named he had lares. The forward in supporting all the measures which the triumvirate. popular party wished for, whether m regard to the
'^ '^
, ,
.
public land, or the punishment of those of the party of Sulla who were still alive and had been involved in the proscription and
INTRODUCTION.
carried out with boldness,
XI
The
It was a rule at Rome that a man who claimed a triumph (as Caesar did for his actions in Spain) must retain his impermiii until the Senate had decided whether he
have his triumph or not. If he entered the pomceriiim the space round the old walls of Rome) he thereby gave up this imperhc7n, and could no longer claim a triumph. There was also another rule, that when a man was a candidate for the consulship he must make a declaration in the city that he was so (called a professio) three weeks before the date of Now Caesar had come back so near the time when election. this declaration was required, that unless the Senate would
was
to
(that
is,
have
was sometimes done) he would His application to be excused the declaration was successfully opposed by his political enemies, headed by Cato (afterwards called Cato Uticensis from the place of his death), and therefore Caesar gave up the triumph, made his declaration, and was elected consul for n.C. 59 about July B.C. 60. But this made him more opposed than ever to the Aristocratic party: and finding Pompey also offended with the Senate, because the same party in it were making difficulties about confirming his arrangements in the East, and about giving his veterans grants of land, he made an agreement with him and the richest man in the state, M. Licinius Crassus, whereby the three were to combine to get the measures they wished for passed by the people and to secure for each other or their
it
(as
to
adherents certain
offices.
This
is
and though
it
was
exercised great
and its breaking up led to the civil war. Caesar was Consul then in B.C. 59. The aristocratic party had been able, as they thought, to hamper his caesar Conactions by giving him a colleague, M. Bibulus, who ^"^' ^'^' ^9belonged to their own party and was expected to oppose him in
xii
INTRODUCTION.
But Caesar was not a man to be so easily beaten. reduced his colleague to complete impotence, carried the measures he intended in the comitia, seldom summoning or consulting the Senate, and finally obtained for five years the province which he wished to have, by means of a law proposed
every way.
He
by a Tribune,
P. Vatinius.
Illyricum annexed.
He was
GaUia Cisalpina was now almost a part of Italy though still governed as a province. He wished to have also the province of Gallia Transalpina, where there was likely to be much more opportunity of active work and the Senate fearing that, if they refused him, he would cause another law to be passed, assigned this also to him for five years, on the motion of Pompey, along
:
it.
Let us see
Provfnces
Cisai^Vn*
what it was that Caesar was to govern. Gallia Cisalpina. This would now be called I. North Italy, consisting of all that lay between the Rubicon and the Alps, divided nearly in half by
first
From about
B.C.
i8i
this
country
had been treated as a 'province' or sometimes two provinces (Cispadana and Transpadana), but was yet not quite like other provinces. It contained a good many Roman colonies for one thing, and again after the Social War all the people of Cispadane Gaul had the full Roman franchise, those of the Transpadane district only having a partial citizenship called Latinitas. Thus it was much more like a part of Italy than a province, and the governor would have rather different things to do from the governor of one of the more distant provinces. There was an army of three legions, in winter-quarters at Aquileia, ready for but its position seems to show that he expected to use his use
:
it
in Illyricum rather
II.
than
in
Cisalpine Gaul.
that the law added Illyricum to Caesar's government. By Illyricum (2) Illyricum. i^ was meant a narrow strip of country on the t.ast It had been of the Adriatic including Istria and Dalmatia. under the control of Rome since B.C. 228, but had never been
To
Cisalpine Gaul
we have seen
fully
organised, sometimes
INTRODUCTION.
Xlll
Macedonia, at others under the governor of Galha Cisalpina, sometimes being left nominally free on payment of tribute. But it was often in rebellion itself, and besides was subject to attacks from neighbouring barbarians, and therefore Roman arms and magistrates were in the country at frequent intervals. As a matter of fact it was peaceful during Caesar's nine years' government, and he only visited it to hold the cunvcnlus
or assizes.
III.
Gallia Transalpina.
district of
At
this
time the
Roman
Eastern
still
retains the
name
ed on the East by the Alps, on the North by the Rhone from the lake of Geneva to Vienne, on the West by the Cevennes
the Mediterranean.
and the Upper Garonne, on the South by the Pyrenees and It was constituted a province in B.C. Il8 and was very important to the Romans both as securing the road to Spain and as barring the road against incursions of barbarians into Italy. It had however been in danger more than once from the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded it in B.C. 105, and from rebellions of the Allobroges, the most Northern tribe in it, in B.C. 65 and 61. When Caesar first undertook this province it seemed peaceful enough, but there were likely
be difficulties in non-Roman or Celtic Gallia with which he would have to deal and before he had actually started for his province this was made clear. What Caesar was to govern then included but a small portion of what was called Gallia. The rest, which included
to
;
is
now
from
Gaul,
called France
and
Belgium, was
regards
it
still
free
Roman
as
falling
into
three
divisions
South-West from the Pyrenees to the Garonne Celtic Gaul, the great central block of France from the Garonne to the Seine, with western Switzerland and Belgica from the Seine to the lower Rhine, thus including Northern France, Belgium and Southern Holland. The various tribes inhabiting these three divisions were probably all what is called Celtic, but
;
;
xiv
INTRODUCTION.
in the South-West (Aquitania) there was a mixture of Iberians from Spain, and, on the North, of Germans. Though the Romans had not conquered this greater Gaul they were already in communication with it, and had been asked to side with one or another tribe in things in the quarrels which frequently occurred between Gau'i^"'"^"
them.
Thus
the Aedui, of
whom we
hear so
much
become the
the
Sequani,
the
When
who were separated from them by the Saone. Romans declared a people their friends and allies
'
protect them if and it too often happened that in the end such people became their subjects. But up to this time since B.C. 100 there had been so much trouble at Rome that affairs in Gaul had been a good deal overlooked. The enemies of the Aedui the Sequani and Arverni combined to seek help against them from Germany Germans in bgyg^d the Rhine. In vain the Aedui sent to Rome for help. Ariovistus, with a large army of Germans, conquered the Aedui and forced them to give hostages to the Sequani. These latter however suffered from their champions even more than the Aedui for the Germans, whose numbers were constantly*being increased by fresh arrivals, attracted by the account of the beauty and fertility of the
they in a
to
attacked,
and
farther.
Ariovistus
even
negociated with
59)
during
Caesar's
consulship
(B.C.
found
recognised as king and ally. The Romans therefore had, it seems, determined to accept the actual state of affairs. The
application of Ariovistus was in itself an admission of their
virtual
should
appear to
would not
to
interfere. Caesar therefore had no particular reason suppose that he would be called upon to take active steps
Gallic Chief.
XVI
in the affairs of
INTRODUCTION.
Gaul or go beyond the Hmits of the province
B.C.
in
6i
(when there were rumours of a threatened move- tion'^of the^*' ment of the Helvetii) had granted to the governor governor of of the Transalpine province, whoever he might be, power to do whatever seemed for the good of the Republic. He would be justified therefore in leaving his province and
invading Celtic Gaul,
if
he thought
'
it
right,
without farther
But before he had started for Gaul news came to Rome which shewed him that he would have to act at i-^e Helveonce. The Helvetii lived in Western Switzerland *" in a somewhat narrow district between Basle and Geneva. That country, now a beautiful and fertile one, was then probably much covered with forest and marsh. The Helvetii had outgrown, or thought they had outgrown their territory, and had for some time been preparing to migrate en masse to a better country. Rumours of this had reached Rome three years before (B.C. 6i) and it was uncertain whether they meant In to go westward into Aquitania or eastward into Italy. either case they would most easily effect their purpose by
A
crossing the
through the
place in B.C.
their
chief,
This operation did not take 6i because they were delayed by the treason of But while Caesar was still outside Orgetorix.
province.
Roman
INTRODUCTION.
Rome
preparing to go to his province news
xvii
came
that the
The
Helvetii
had burnt
^
and
their train of
G.
I.
\>:
xviii
INTRODUCTION.
waggons, and had fixed on the 28th of March as the day on which the whole nation,'>men, women and children, were to set
out.
One
of
to defeat a
Roman army
in B.C. 107.
allowed to
promptitude
\^^ da"ger^
cross the
Rhone
would be
passing through the territories of the Allobroges, and if they reached the most disaffected tribe in the province
;
their destination
and
Western
defended. Even if, instead of the easier route along the left bank of the Rhone, they took the more difficult one from the right bank through the territory of the Sequani, they would be among a tribe hostile to Rome, in a country where the influence Lastly their of the German Ariovistus was paramount. abandoned territory would in all likelihood be occupied by fresh
Caesar was resolved to prevent the movement. He reached Geneva in a week from Rome in the spring of B.C. 58. There was only one legion (the loth) in the
all
On
accounts
then
province,
and Caesar
troops
at
once
it.
began
raising
large
bodies
the
of
auxiliary
within
He
also
broke
down
any ford lower down by constructing an earthen rampart and ditch along its left bank wherever a passage was practicable, down to the point where the Jura comes close to the river and makes farther advance along the right bank impossible for a
host of 300,000 people with their train of waggons.
the
Beyond
this
Rhone
effect
is
not fordable.
The
Helvetii
made some
into
attempts
failing
to force to
the
it,
the
North-West
But
it
the
territory
to
of the Sequani,
whose
hostility to
was a much more difficult route, and the vast host of warriors and their families necessarily advanced very slowly. Caesar had time, leaving Labienus in
allow the host free passage.
summon
INTRODUCTION.
XlX
fresh ones
the three legions from Aquileia (7th, 8th, 9th) and enrol two (nth and 12th), and yet catch up the Helvetii while
How he there cut to only partly across the Arar (SaSne). pieces the Tigurini, and following the rest as far as Bibracte
{AuUdi) again defeated them with great slaughter, so that less than half of the whole host survived to be sent back to their old territory, is told in the first twenty-nine chapters of this
book.
The
result
was
to
make
Caesar the most important person in Gaul, to whom all disputes between the various tribes would be JJi^^q^ui'^'"^"^ In fact a great question was certain to be referred. immediately brought before him and he was requested to sum-
mon
it.
Some
the Arverni
who had a special connexion vv'ith the them against the Aedui the Arverni and Sequani had invited the assistance of some Germans from across the Rhine. They came, to the number of 15,000, under the command of a chief named Ariovistus, and by their assistance the Aedui were defeated again and again and forced to
Romans.
To
assist
But the Germans had found the climate and fertility Gaul much more attractive than the colder and bleaker regions from which they had come, and had exacted from the Sequani a third of their territory in which to make a permanent settlement. The Roman government about this time had a good deal of trouble in the Province with the Allobroges, and though the governors of the province were commissioned to take any steps in Celtic Gaul which they thought for the good of the republic, it does not appear that any of them had
Sequani.
of central
'
'
found leisure to interfere with this settlement of Germans, which was gradually swollen to 150,000, as the various German tribes heard of the success of the first settlers, and kept crossing the Rhine in hopes of sharing in rich and pleasant lands. The Roman Senate seems to have acquiesced in the inevitable
:
and
in B.C.
59
it
b 2
XX
gave him the title of 'friend.' But the representations made by the assembled chiefs to Caesar put a new light on the
fresh
The Germans were always increasing in number by demands for lands were always They already had one-third of the Sequanian extending. and the territory, they were now demanding another third
matter.
whom
they accused of
overbearing tyranny and cruelty would gradually lay claim to supremacy in all Gaul, and that the natives would soon be expelled from their lands or be forced to serve as slaves where
they had been free owners.
Caesar reflected on the alarm caused to Italy fifty years before by the invading hordes of Cimbri and
negotiations
with
vistus.
Teutones and he came to the conclusion that Ano- similar danger might arise again, if the Germans a & &
;
were allowed
to
overrun Gaul.
He
therefore pro-
and importance. Ariovistus however well knew the object of the proposed interview and he knew also that there was a strong party at Rome who disliked Caesar and wished him to fail in Gaul. He was confident too in his own fighting strength, which had given him so many victories over the Gauls. He therefore not only refused the interview in haughty terms, but told a second embassy that Caesar was the aggressor and that he was ready to fight him. But Caesar anticipated him in seizing V^esontio {Besaiiqon), and after quelling a panic in his army, which was terrified at the prospect of advancing through a wild and unknown country to meet so formidable an enemy, he advanced within a few miles of the German camp. Ariovistus then consented to an interview. But it did not lead to peace. The king would not listen to Caesar's demands that he should refrain from attacking the Aedui, should restore their hostages, and if he could not send the Germans already in Gaul home, should Arioat least refrain from bringing any more over the Rhine. vistus claimed in reply a superior right in Gaul to that of the Romans. He asserted that Caesar was invading what were already his own possessions ; that unless Caesar withdrew from
;
INTRODUCTION.
them he would
be pleasing
the
fight
XXI
many men
Rome.
Finally the
person
German army, which might have been dangerous to Caesar's if he had not made careful provision to secure his safety. Two days afterwards Ariovistus, who seems to have wanted
This Caesar declined, but
sent
envoys
whom
Ariovistus
arrested
and kept
in
chains.
women'
forbidding a battle
who had
fortified
next
new moon.
made
it
After a desperate
fight the
tributary the
111.
In the
by swimming. In the course of the pursuit Caesar was much relieved by being able to rescue one of the imprisoned legates Gaius Valerius Procillus who was being dragged along by his
captors.
The
and
was
to clear
.
,.,,,.,
to cause the Suevi,
it,
homewards pursued by the Ubii who inflicted P*'^"' great loss upon them. The first year's campaign therefore in Gaul, though it had done nothing in actually subduing the
natives,
made
it
Romans would
interference of
the
and paved way to the conquests of the next six years. The victory over the Germans was the second act in the great struggle between the Roman Empire and the encroaching Teutonic tribes. The first act in the drama had been played in B.C. I02 loi, when Marius destroyed the Cimbri and Teutones. But the same
in the country,
danger was to recur again and again at intervals for the next four hundred years and more, and to end eventually in the
xxii
I.
Empire.
who
in
had
settled
.
not until it was Gaul had become a Roman Province. Then the necessity of keeping an open road to Spain had caused them gradually to extend their power beyond the Alps and about B.C. 121 the Province before described was formed. The rest of Gaul they found inhabited by a large number of tribes, some of whom were the parent stocks from which their old opponents in Cisalpine Gaul had come. They were not properly speaking barbarous, that is they had an ancient civilisation and were acquainted with agriculture, and other arts, and had a system of government, and a religion. They were excellent fighters, and not only supplied may states with cavalry, but the more energetic of them had been successful in pushing their way into Italy and Asia and establishing great settlements there. It seems therefore at first sight hard to understand how Caesar was able to conquer so large a country, at such a distance from his base of supplies, and with comparatively so small an army. The explanation seems to lie principally in the divisions among the Gauls themselves. Each tribe was independent, and though two strong tribes the Aedui and Sequani exercised a sort of supremacy over the rest, this in itself split up the country into two factions hostile to each other and willing to invite foreign aid (Roman or German) in order to crush the other. This weakened the country as a whole. They were also divided in blood and general habits. The people in the Souih-West (Aquitania), with a strong admixture of Spanish blood, seem to have been unwarlike and to have soon ceased to support the more northern tribes. They were easily subdued. The people of Normandy and Brittany were hardier and simpler, but they were in many cases a sea-going folk busied in fishing or commerce, but not well prepared to repel attacks on land. The inhabitants of Northern Gaul and Belgium (Be/gtca), closely allie-d with German
the time of
INTRODUCTION.
tribes,
XXIII
were much more warlike and determined, and gave Caesar the greatest trouble of all. The tribes in Central Gaul called in a special sense Celts had all the qualities which the Romans had learnt to expect from Gauls, They were But brilliant and gallant, and twice nearly defeated Caesar.
much stay or solidity in them. Their dislike of admitting foreign influence also had kept them back. Though good fighters they had neither the discipline nor the military
they had not
fortifications
Romans. Their weapons were inferior, their sometimes strong were seldom capable But of withstanding the engines employed by the Romans. above all it was the want of union that caused the ruin of the country. Combinations formed from time to time by energetic
science of the
though
while Caesar never wavered or changed and was diverted by no difficulty and discouraged by no reverse. Generous and courteous to all who He made submitted, he was unpitying to those that resisted. it clear to all that union with Rome brought advantages, but that, whether that were so or not, resistance would be ruthlessly
:
punished.
We
is
It
Roman Roman
(of
A.
Province.
un-
certain derivation)
When
the
the
The governor in the two first of these provinces and Sardinia) was one of the praetors, who after his election as praetor was assigned to it by drawing lots with the
office.
(Sicily
other praetors.
As
the
,
number
of provinces in,
m
in
Rome,
it
for
them
to stay
during their year of office and to go to a province the next year, when they were called propraetors {pro praefore, instead of a praetor'). In some provinces it was thought necessary
'
Rome
xxiv
to
I.
have men of higher rank as governors, and so the consuls went to one or other of them and were called proconsuls {pro consule). The Senate decided each year which provinces were to have proconsuls and which propraetors, and then the praetors drew lots for the praetorian provinces and the two consuls for the consular provinces. Both classes of governors were sometimes called proconsuls, whether they had been consuls or only praetors. The governor of the province commanded the legions stationed in it, the number of which was settled by Government the Senate. He had also the right of enrolling of a Proalso after their year of office
auxiliaries in the province if necessary, but by a law of Sulla's had no right to leave his province to attack an
independent nation outside without an order from the Senate. No doubt in cases where dangerous barbarians were on the
frontier
this
strictly
interpreted
and Caesar
had a clause
to
had been the case before in regard that seemed to him to be for the advantage of the republic' This would cover both the enrolment of additional legions and the offensive operations
(as apparently
non- Roman Gaul. Besides his military duties in his province the proconsul or propraetor acted as judge, presiding The law which he there administered at conveiitiis or assizes.
in
for
of a certain district with fixed geographical limits, but of a number of states, which had generally once had constitutions
and laws of
the
their
Roman
still
rule,
when
that
was the
case,
settled
the constitution
in
of
the
law existing
these states
should
death.
and retained
be held good, only the governor heard appeals in his own hands the decision as to sentences of
With
quaestor.
who man-
aged the finances of the province and of the army Every province paid tribute to the Roman in it.
INTRODUCTION.
treasury,
XXV
military
establishment
from which the expenses of the government and But would have to be deducted.
neither the kind of tribute nor the manner of collecting it was and in most there were certain 'free states' the same in all
;
{liberae civiiatcs)
which
pay
tribute,
to furnish troops
when
required.
The Roman army was not as yet one body, like our own, all under one Commander-in-chief or the Crown. It ^^^ Army, was in fact a number of armies, raised as required, and put under the command of the magistrate who enrolled them, and to whom they took the military oath ox sacramentum. Thus so many legions were under the command of the governor of Spain, so many under the command of the governor of Africa, or of Gaul, and so on. Such legions could be and were at times
transferred from one province to another,
to length of service, pay, share in booty,
or other
reward
at the
end of
all
amount
citizens.
uniform.
dress of the legionary soldiers were had the large oblong shield {scutum), coat of
and two
.
stout
Auxiliaries {auxAuxiliaries.
tnbuted by allied kings or states, and sometimes these men were rewarded by the gift of citizenship. Marius had done this, and Caesar having raised and trained a body of Gauls in a legion which he called alnudae, gave the citizenship afterwards to the whole. These auxiliaries were not under the officers
of the legion, but
provinces or con-
....
had pfaefecii
of their own,
and were
^
often
usually stationed on the wings {alae). But besides ., these each legion had a certain number of cavalry
, ,
Cavalry.
which
in Caesar's
nations.
These are
time was composed usually of Gauls or other distinct from the auxilia and were attached
xxvi
to
their
I.
certain light-armed
auxiliaries,
The
legions,
which
in Caesar's
the same,
who had
management of the discipline of the Two of them took over the work for two months in turn.
the general
They
were not attached to any definite division of the legion, and in actual battle commanded whatever part of it seemed good to the commander-in-chief; and the legion being divided into ten cohorts, thirty maniples, sixty ceniiinae, when a cohort for any reason was stationed at a distance from the main body of the legion it was usually commanded by a tribiimis. The other officers were 60 centurions (one for each centuria), and the same number of subalterns {optiones). The centurions were nominated by the mihtary tribunes acting for the commanderin-chief, the optiones
by the centurions. The ordinary army assigned to a consul or proconsul was composed of two legions, and when on service in a province or elsewhere he was generally
accompanied by two
involving a larger
was a more important service legati. These formed his staff and did whatever duty he asked of them. It was becoming the custom to put one at the head of each legion, and Caesar, who had ten legati, constantly did so. They were not however appointed as officers in the army with a view to command a When they did so it was in obedience to their chief. legion. It was not till a single Emperor was commander-in-chief of the whole army that a legntus was regularly put in command of each legion. The standard of a whole legion had the figure of an eagle at ^^ head of the staff, a custom begun by Marius Standard (about B.C. 104). But each cohort and each maniple had a standard {signum or vexillum) of different shape and description, which directed the movements of the men, and the loss of which was looked upon as the direst disgrace and
legati.
If
it
XXVll
A Roman
legionary soldier.
vexiUarius or Standard-bearer.
INTRODUCTION.
generally involved the severest military punishment.
XXIX
When
;
the
men
advance' or
szgna convertere,
or
'to
wheel
round'; signa
pitched a camp.
for
occupation
complete
but even
VIA
QUINTANA
IJ LZHJ
IZJJ
nannnDDaannn
QUAESTORJUM
nnDDDDnnnna
PORTA PRAETORIA
Stay
it it
ing
was arranged and constructed on the same plan. Supposmeant for two legions and auxiliaries (the normal consular
camp would be a
XXX
I.
equal portions, at the 700th foot from the front by a space or roadway 100 feet broad called 'principia. In the smaller of these
two parts were the general's quarters {praetorium\ the quarters of the quaestor {qiiaestorium\ a. forum or market-place, and the
tents of the general's
staff,
In the larger space were the tents of the soldiers, arranged in groups with spaces between each group called viae, besides one broad via (50 feet) exactly bisecting them, called via qinntana.
The whole was surrounded by an agger or earthwork thrown up by digging a trench ox fossa. The height of the agger differed according to circumstances, but was often as much as 30 feet, and on the top of it was a vallum made of stakes, where wood
broad was kept clear between the agger and the tents. There were four gates to the camp, the. porta praetoria on the end next the praetoriuin, the porta decumana in the centre of the
feet
INTRODUCTION.
opposite end, and at either end of
cipalis dextra
3,x\d
\.\\q
XXXI
The
:
plan of the
camps was so uniform that the soldiers knew exactly what part each had to work at and where to pitch his tent and when they arrived at the place selected by the advance party sent in front to choose the site, they at once fell to work and in a few hours
completed
it
and Belgium
to the
Empire.
Caesar's
has often been a subject for discussion whether he went to his province deliberately intending to do
this,
till
ments
'^^"^
in
work was done. Perhaps there is some truth in For some few years before his consulship there had been an uneasy feeling at Rome that mischief was and though the Senators had thought it brewing in Gaul prudent to make terms with the German Ariovistus, who was in Gaul with a large and increasing company of his fellow countrymen, they must have regarded his presence there with alarm, and have been conscious that they had failed their allies, the Aedui, and thereby lost the hold which they once possessed in Celtic Gaul. Caesar was anxious to do a brilliant service to the Empire, which should place him in an ecjual position to that of Pompey, or even in a higher one and Gaul may have seemed to him to offer him the best chance of doing so. Still it does not appear that at first he understood that Transalpine Gaul was to be the chief scene of his activity, or hewould not have placed his three legions in Aquileia, so far removed from the Transalpine Prothe whole
both statements.
vince.
war was
But however that may be, from the time of the Helvetian mind seems to have been made up. Roman supremacy to be secured throughout Gaul at all hazards. The Germans were to be driven across the Rhine, and even the Britanni, who traded with the Western Gauls and aided them in various ways, must submit to the overlordship. His enemies at Rome accused him of deliberately seeking excuses for his expeditions, and wanted to recall him, or even hand him over to some of the
his
XXXii
I.
injured tribes.
at
was too complete and his party and he carried out what, if he had not intended at first, he had soon resolved upon, the reduction of this new and splendid territory to com-
Rome
plete acquiescence in
Roman
and
lULI CAESARIS
COMMENTARIORUM
DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER PRIMUS.
Threefold divismi of
Celtae.
Gaul
and
who
border on the
the Province.^
Gallia est
omnis divisa
in partes tres,
quarum
"^
unam
omnes
legibus
inter
se
difFerunt.
Gallos ab Aquitanis
Garumna
flumen, a Belgis
Ma-
Horum omnium
absunt,
fortissimi
ad eos quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quilongissime
minimeque
ea,
mercatores saepe
commeant atque
10
buscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt,
B. G.
r.
quod
dunt,
cotidianis
proeliis
cum Germanis
conten-
cum
eorum
5
Eorum una
pars,
quam
Rhodano
finibus
continetur
;
Garumna
;
Belgarum
attingit
etiam
Helvetiis flumen
Rhenum
Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur pertinent spectant in ad inferiorcm partem fluminis Rheni
;
lo
Aquitania a Gaet
eam partem
;
pertinet
spectat
a
2.
15
better
and
Apud
Helvetios
Is
longe
nobilissimus fuit et
et
ditissimus Orgetorix.
M. Messala
civitati
M. Pupio
ut de
tionem nobilitatis
finibus suis
esse,
20
fecit
et
persuasit,
:
cum omnibus
copiis
exirent
perfacile
cum
virtute
omnibus praestarent,
Id hoc facilius eis
Helvetii
totius Galliae
imperio
potiri.
persuasit,
:
undique
loci
natura
continentur
quod una ex
25
Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhoparte flumine
I.
dano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et
minus
facile finitimis
qua ex
I.
C.
I-3.
3
afficie-
^magno dolore
pro Pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se finis habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum
bantur?
et
multitudine autem
hominum
CCXL,
in
latitudinem
CLXXX
patebant.
cliief
of the Segudiii, and Dumnorix of the Aedui, and aims at acquiring supreme rule over the Helvetii.
3.
et
auctoritate Orgetorigis
permoti
pertinerent,
iumentorum
ad proficiscendum et carrorum
>-
quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam
confirmare.
satis esse
10
Ad
duxerunt
in
tertium
annum profectionem
Is
15
,
lege confirmant.
sibi
Ad
In eo itinere
filio,
Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat; ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri ante habuerat
;
persuadet Castico,
Catamantaloedis
20
Divitiaci,
qui
eo tempore principatum
in
civitate
obtinebat ac
idem matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae
plebi acceptus erat,
maxime
ut
suam
in
25
^
DEATH OF ORGETORIX.
;
se
suis
copiis
suoque
Hac regna conciliaturum confirmat. V oratione adducti inter se fidem et iusiurandum dant,
exercitu
illis
^ 5
regno occupato, per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.
et,
power Orgetorix
is
brought
to
He
is
afterwards
dies.
4.
.^
Ea
res est
Moribus
igni
suis
coegerunt.
Damnatum poenam
Die
decern,
sequi oportebat, ut
cremaretur.
constituta
causae
dictionis
lo
Orgetorix ad
iudicium
omnem suam
undique
familiam, ad
hominum
15
coegit et omnes quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix
milia
clientes obaeratosque suos,
:
mortuus
est;
neque abest
mortem
consciverit.
The migration of
out,
the Helvetii
however
is
to
be carried
tribes.
20
Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, 5. quod constituerant, facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim,
I.
C.
T,-6.
ad
quadringentos,
reliqua
privata
aedificia
cum
domum
sibi
reditionis
^
5
mensum
iubent.
molita cibaria
quemque
et
domo
efferre
Persuadent Rauricis
Tu-
lingis et
eodem
cun:i
usi consilio
eis
proficis-
Rhenum
incoluerant et
10
agrum Noricum
transierant
Noreiamque oppugna-
rant, receptos
ad se socios
sibi adsciscunt.
T/ie
two possible
routes
and
the Rhotie,
Rhone
at Geneva
Jura and
march through
6.
the
Roman
province {^Provence).
Erant omnino
exire possent
:
itinera
domo
et difficile, inter
al- 15
impendebat,
:
perpauci
prohibere
possent
facilius
alterum
et
per
provinciam
multo
Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nonnullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Ex eo oppido pons Helvetiorum finibus Genava.
Helvetiorum
ad Helvetios pertinet.
suasuros,
quod nondum
bono
animo
in
populum
Romanum
28 March,
B.C.
58.
dicunt,
Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant.
V Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio
Is dies erat a. d.
consulibus.
O/i hearing this
Caesar
{tvho,
Gaul and
Illyricum,
was
still
ask leave
to
to
march
Caesar promises
answer on
7.
Caesari
cum
id
nuntiatum
esset, eos
per pro-
vinciam nostrara
proficisci
maturat ab urbe
itineribus
in
et
quam maximis
potest
et
ad Genavam perpotest
Gallia
militum
Genavam,
iubet rescindi.
Ubi de
eius adventu
Helvetii cer-
ad
cuius legationis
nobilissimos
Verucloetius
principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent, sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam
facere,
iter
haberent nullum
Caesar,
20
quod memoria tenebat, L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumquc eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat neque homines inimico animo data facultate per provinciam itineris
;
I.
6-8.
Tamen,
dum
rc:
quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis spondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum quid vellent, ad Id. April, rcverterentur.
si
Meamvhile he protects the line of the river hetiveen the lake and the Jura (19 miles) by building an earthzvork or wall, and puts garrisons in forts all along it.
8.
Interea
ea
legione,
quam secum
habebat,
militibusque,
qui
Lemanno, qui in tem luram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum decem novem murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo
facilius,
si
10
se
invito
transire
conarentur,
prohibere
posset.
Oti the
IT,
request
is
of April the Helvetian legates return and their They attempt to cross the Rhone. refused.
dies,
quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, negat se more et et legati ad eum reverterunt, exempio populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinUbi ea
ciam dare
ostendit.
et,
si
15
vim
Helvetii
ea spe deiecti
factis,
alii
navibus iunctis
vadis
Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi hoc conatu destiterunt.
ratibusque
compluribus
20
By
Aeduan Diitnnorix
they obtain
Seqtidni.
Sequanis
Sequanos via, qua ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legates
9.
Relinquebatur
invitis
una
per
propter angustias
ad Dumnorigem
5
Aeduum
mittunt, ut eo deprecatore
Sequanis impetrarent.
Dumnorix
gratia
et
lar-
gitione
apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus
novis rebus studebat et
quam
10
beneficio
suscipit
habere
et
ire
:
obstrictas
Itaque
inter
rem
sese
Helvetios
dent,
obsidesque
uti
perficit
;
Sequani,
ne itinere
Helvetios
pro-
hibeant
15
eant.
to
cross
the
and passing by
West Coast.
10.
make for
to
He
determines
prevent them.
in
animo,
Santofinibus
fieret,
Aeduorum
iter in
num
magno cum
Romani
inimicos, locis
patentibus
maximeque
I.
C.
9-II.
He
from
Italy.
They have
to
fight
Ob
eas causas
ei
munitioni,
;
quam
in
fecerat, T.
bienum legatum
itineribus
et trcs,
praefecit
ipse
Italiam
Lamagnis
contendit duasque ibi legiones conscribit quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit.
superioribus
occupatis
itinere
exercitum
prohibere
conantur.
Compluribus
ab Ocelo,
10
quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra pro;
vinciam trans
Rhodanum
who send
primi.
tlieir
way
ask
Caesar's help
against
11.
15
norum suas copias traduxerant et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Aedui,
cum
se suaque ab eis defendere non possent, legates ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium
Speech of the Aediian etivoys.
Ita se
esse,
20
ut
conspectu
in
exercitus
nostri
agri
vastari,
liberi
eorum
servitutem
abduci, oppida
lO
up the
request.
Caesar
determines to move.
necessarii
et
consanguinei Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim
hostium prohibere.
5
Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri Quibus rebus adductus solum nihil esse reliqui. Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis in Santonos Helvetii
pervenirent.
lo
The Helvetii are crossing the Arar up with t/iem when one-fourth
Tigurinus) were
12.
still
(Saone).
{the people
Caesar comes
of the pagus
river.
on the
left
bank of the
fines
Flumen
est Arar,
quod per
Aeduorum
non
et
SequaruDrum
in
Rhodanum
utram partem
fluat, iudicari
possit.
15
ibant. est
tres
certior factus
20
iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus magnam partem eorum concidit reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas
silvas abdiderunt.
Is
nam
25 est.
I.e. II-13.
II
Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset patrum nostrorum memoria, L. Cassium consulem interfecerat
et eius
sive consilio
Helvetiae
intulerat,
ultus
sium, interfecerant.
10
destroyed,
pursuit of the
13.
Hoc
atque
proelio facto
reliquas
in
copias Helveti-
pontem
Arare faciendum
Helvetii
id,
exercitum
aegerrime
traducit.
reipsi
15
cum
quod
ut
confecerant,
flumen
transirent, ilium
uno die
;
ad
fuit,
eum
mittunt
cuius
legationis
Divico princeps
fuerat.
dux Helvetiorum
settle
Si
in
eam partem
sin
ituros 20
atque
tuisset
ibi
futuros
atque
esse
bello
persequi
perseveraret,
reminisceretur
et
veteris
incommodi
12
populi
Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum
qui
ei,
possent, ne ob earn
5
flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferre non rem aut suae magno opere virtuti
aut
ipsos
despiceret.
didicisse,
tribueret
Se
ita
a patribus
maioribusque suis
committeret, ut
tate populi
lo
ut magis virtute
quam
Quare ne ex calami-
caperet aut
exercitus
nomen
Caesar's reply
viiist
give hostages,
and
iiidemnify the
Aedui and
Allobroges.
15
ita respondit Eo sibi minus quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorassent, memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito populi Romani accidissent qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difificile cavere sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, quare timeret, neque sine causa timendum putaret. Quod si veteris contume-
14.
His Caesar
dubitationis dari,
num
quod eo invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod AUobrogas
vexassent,
victoria
Quod
sua
tarn
diu se
quodque
admirarentur,
eodem
25 pertinere.
Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eoruin ulcisci velint, his secundiorcs
I.e. 13-15.
tamen, si obsides ab eis sibi dentur, quae polliceantur, facturos intellegat, et si Aeduis de iniuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum
ea
ita sint,
Cum
uti
ea,
eis
pacem
esse facturum.
They haughtily
feft/se.
Divico respondit
institutes
esse,
uti
rei
suerint
eius
Hoc
responso dato
Roman
15.
and
lose
some men.
Idem numerum
Aeduis
et
quas
in
partes
hostes
iter
faciant.
Qui
15
cupidius novissimum
agmen
cum
de nostris cadunt.
The Helvetii are encouraged and
engage the
their rear guard several times
Roman
Quo
proelio
sublati
Helvetii,
quod
quingentis
audacius subsistere
proelio proelio
nonnunquam
satis
et
novissimo agmine
Caesar suos a
continebat ac
rapinis,
hostem
14
hibere.
inter
Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum interesset.
Aedui put
off the
lo
Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, 16. quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. Nam propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea uti minus poArare Helvetii averterant, a terat, quod iter ab Diem ex die ducere quibus discedere nolebat. confoiri, comportari, adesse dicere. Aedui
:
chiefs of the Aedui and remonstrates with them on their dilatory behaviour.
15
Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris
die
summo
magi-
quem vergobretum
appellant Aedui,
potestatem,
cum neque
emi neque ex
levetur
25
sumi
posset,
tam necessario
eis
praesertim
cum magna ex
parte
precibus adductus
gravius,
bellum susceperit;
destitutus, queritur.
quod
sit
I.
C.
5- 1
8.
There
is
a strong party
among
the Aediti
who do
Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adducquod antea tacuerat, proponit Esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebeni plurimum valeat, qui
tus,
:
quam
ipsi
magistratus.
Hos
5
terrere,
improba oratione multitudinem defrumentum conferant, quod debeant praestare si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre, neque dubitare, quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem nostra consilia quaeque in
ne
castris
10
hos a se coerceri
co-
non
posse.
cum
periculo fecerit, et
15
potuerit, tacuisse.
On
enquiry
this
treacherous policy
He had
great wealth
18.
and
infiuence,
Caesar
hac
oratione
designari
Divitiaci
fratrem,
sentiebat,
Quaerit ex solo 20
quaerit
reperit
quae
in
conventu dixerat.
secreto
audacius.
Eadem
ab
l6
esse vera
:
lo
cupidum rerum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates Qargiter posse} atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus
:
homini ilHc nobilissimo ac potentissimo collocasse, ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in ahas civitates col15
affinitatem,
Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia eius delocasse. et
minuta,
20
Divitiacus
frater
in
antiquum
locum
sit restitutus.
Si quid accidat
Romanis,
de regno,
desperare.
summam
;
in
imperio populi
ea,
etiam de
quam
habeat,
gratia
25
Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quDd proeequestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque
Hum
(nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 19. Quibus
eius equitibus
I.
C.
l8, I9.
\^
cum ad
quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu
satis esse
causae arbitrabatur,
unwilling
to
Dum-
who had
unum
summum
in
10
summam
Divitiaci
in se
temperantiam cognoverat
nam, ne
eius
supplicio
animum
offenderet, verebatur.
He summons
Itaque prius,
quam quicquam
conaretur,
Divi15
tiacum ad se vocari iubet et cotidianis interpretibus remotis per C. Valerium Procillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium simul rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur
:
commonefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit, quae
separatim quisque de eo apud
se
dixerit.
20
Petit
de eo causa cognita
tubeat.
B. c.
I.
pardon him.
^
5
20. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret Scire se ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capcre, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua
:
Gallia, ille
minimum
;
propter adulescentiam
posset,
per se crevisset
Sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione volgi commoveri. Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua qua ex re futurum, uti totius voluntate factum Galliae animi a se averterentur.
uteretur.
;
Caesar
cotisents
but 7varns
Dumnorix and
places
him
under surveillance.
15
Haec cum
Grand faciat
i
;
apud
et
rei
publicae iniuriam et
fratrem
;
ostendit
proponit
adhibet quae in eo reprehendat, quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas queratur, monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes
; ;
suspiciones vitet
donare
25 agat,
quae
I.
C.
20-22.
I9
march of
21.
certior factus
montis
et qualis
in
Renunest facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum tiatum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legicircuitu
ascensus, qui
cognoscerent, misit.
onibus et
eis
summum
sit,
eodem
itinere,
quo
10
omnem
ante se
mittit.
P.
simus habebatur
et in exercitu L. Sullae et
postea in
M. Crassi
fuerat,
cum
e.Kploratoribus praemittitur.
is
A false alarm.
occupied by
already
enemy.
enemy as usual.
teneretur, ipse ab
et
Prima
hostium
15
Labieni
eum
ac-
dicit
montem,
quem
:
Labieno
occupari
20
voluerit,
a Gallicis armis Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium comid se
ab hostibus teneri
20
essent,
ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores
fieret,
Caesar cognovit
5
et
montem
Considium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die quo consuerat intervallo hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit.
castra movisse et
Caesar, leaving the
enemy s
fear,
{Autun)
he
23.
lo
is
to get provisions.
Postridie
eius
diei,
supercrat,
et
cum
exercitui
quod a
Bibracte, oppido
et copiosissimo,
Ea
Helvetii,
seu
se
equitum quod
existi-
Romanos
discedere
quod pridie superioribus locis occupatis proelium non commisissent, sive eo, quod
20 re
commu-
higher ground
and
fortifies
a camp.
their wagons.
Postquam
in
Caesar
T.
C.
22-25.
21
colle
instruxit
quattuor veteranorum
legiones, quas in
serat, et
sed
in
summo
legionum duas
Gallia citeriore
collocari
omnia auxilia
montem
hominibus compleri et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie
constiterant,
muniri
iussit.
Helvetii
in
impedimenta
lerunt
ipsi
The
battle.
a?id retire to a
hill.
outflaiiked by the
spectu remotis
spem fugae
misit.
15
Milites in
loco
missis
facile
Ea
disiecta gladiis
pugnam
scutis
erat
ictu
uno
impetum fecerunt. Gallis magno ad impedimento, quod pluribus eorum pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum
20
ferrum se
neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, multi ut diu iactato brachio praeoptarent scutum manu emitTandem vulneribus tere et nudo corpore pugnare. defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter Capto mille passuum, eo se recipere coeperunt.
inflexisset,
25
monte
et
Tulingi, qui
22
hominum
XV agmen hostium
claude-
Helvetii, qui in
5
montem
proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Romani conversa prima et secunda acies, signa bipartite intulerunt
et
:
to take refuge
i?i
of wagons, zuhich the Romans take after some hard fighting. About 130,000 of the Helvetii escape into
the
territory
of the Lingoties,
to
whom
Caesar
sefids
26.
10 est.
pugnatum
non
Diutius
cum
montem
receperunt,
ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo
Nam
15
potuit.
Ad multam
est,
pugnatum
cum
potiti
esset
Diu pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis
est.
captus
Ex
eo proelio circiter
hominum
milia
CXXX
25 fines
eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt: nuUam partem noctis itinere intermisso in
superfuerunt
Lingonum
die
quarto
pervenerunt,
cum
et
I.
C.
25-28.
23
sorum
nostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent qui si iuvissent, se
:
eodem
Ipse triduo
coepit.
But
camp
atid
make for
27.
Helvetii
de deditione ad
omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in
seque ad pedes proiecissent sup-
itinere convenissent
pacem petissent, atque eos in suum adventum exspectare Eo postquam Caesar pervenit,
10
obsides,
poscit.
Dum
intermissa circiter
hominum
15
ne armis
quod
in
suam fugam
prima nocte
finesque
e castris
Helvetiorum egressi ad
Rhenum
20
Germanorum contenderunt.
and
treated as enemies,
to
slaughtered.
The
rest are
left.
go back
to the
Quod
his,
ubi
Caesar
resciit,
quorum per
reducerent,
si
fines
sibi
uti
conquirerent
reliquos
et
:
reductos
in
hostium
armis, 25
numero
habuit
omnes
obsidibus,
24
perfugis
deditionem
accepit.
Helvetios,
quod omnibus frugibus amissis quo famem tolerarent, AUobrogibus imperavit, ut eis frumenti copiam facerent ipsos
iussit et,
domi
nihil erat,
iussit.
maxime
ratione
fecit,
quod
noluit
eum
locum,
unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agroium Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e
lo suis
finibus in
Helvetiorum
Galliae
provinciae
Allobrogibusque essent.
Boios
quibus
illi
in
parcm
iuris liberta-
tribes
who had
29.
litteris
Graecis confectae
in tabulis
et
ad
Caesarem
relatac,
quibus
nominatim
Quarum
25
capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII, Tulingorum milia XXXVI, Latobrigorum Xlill, Rauricorum XXili, Boiorum XXXII; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia XCII. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIIL Eorum, qui domum redierunt, censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus milium c et X.
I.
C.
28-
1.
2$
Gallic tribes on
to sanction
the
summoning of a
30.
legati,
Cacsarem gratulatum
convenerunt
Helvetiorum
terrae Galliae
bello repetisset,
populi Romani ab his poenas tamen earn rem non minus ex usu populi
quam
Romani
accidisse, prop-
terea
quod eo
domos
suas
simum
civitatcs
ac
fructuosissimum
totius
iudicassent,
reliquasque
sibi
stipendiarias
habercnt.
in
Petierunt, uti
concilium
Galliae
diem
certam
:
indicere
sese habere
15
quasdam
vellent.
res,
Ea
et
com-
muni
TJie
mandatum
before
csset, inter se
sanxerunt.
as
chiefs
lay
Caesar their
g?-iLX'ance
to
the
fresetice
of the
the Arve?'ni
German Ariovistus in Gaul, invited by and Sequani to assist them against the
Aedui.
31.
Eo
concilio dimisso
qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt petierunt- 20 que, uti sibi secreto de sua omniumque salute cum
eo
agere
liceret.
Ea
re
impetrata
sese
omnes
26
flentes
THE APPEAL OF
Caesari
DIVITIACUS.
:
ad pedes proiecerunt Non minus quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent, propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum in
se id contendere et laborare, ne ea,
5
Locutus
tenere
est
Galliae
harum
alterius
principatum
Aeduos,
alterius
Arvernos.
Hi cum tanto
lo
opere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque
Horum prime
:
cir-
15
posteaquam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures nunc esse in GalHa ad centum et XX mihum numerum. Cum his Aeduos eorumque cHentes semel atque iterum armis contransisse
:
XV Rhenum
tendisse
magnam
calamitatem
pulsos
accepisse,
omnem
tatum
nobilitatem,
amisisse.
omnem
senatum,
omnem
equi-
Ouibus
preeHis
calamitatibusque
20 fractes, qui et
Romani
hospitio
atque amicitia phirimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos
civitatis
et
iureiurando
civitatem
obstringere, sese
25
neque obsides repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos neque recusaturos, quo minus
perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio essent.
Unum
daret.
se esse
ex omni
civitate
Ob
earn
rem
se
ex
civitate
I.
c.
1.
2/
Romam
quod
retur.
ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, neque obsidibus teneSed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis
propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Gerfinibus
in
victis accidisse,
manorum,
eorum
consedisset
tertiamque
partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxilli ad eum venissent,
Futurum
:
esse 10
finibus pellerentur
neque transirent enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque banc consuetudinem victus cum ilia comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque
liberos
15
poscere et in eos
omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium non posse
:
20
Nisi
si
quid
in
Caesare
populoque
esse
Romano
sit auxilii,
omnibus
Gallis
idem
faciendum,
quod
Helvetii
fecerint,
ut
domo
25
emigrent, aliud
experiantur.
Haec
auctoritate sua
vel
30
28
multitudo
que
The
omnem
Seqiia7ii not
in
occupation
of part of their
32.
aderant,
5
Hac oratione ab Divitiaco habita omnes, qui magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere
nihil
lo
Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus earum rerum facere, quas ceteri faceEius rent, sed tristes capite demisso terram intueri. Nihil rei quae causa esset, miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. Sequani respondere, sed id eadem tristitia taciti permanere. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus Aeduus respondit: Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reh'quorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri neque auxilium implorare
coeperunt.
Sequanos
15
si
coram tamen
adesset,
horrerent,
propterea
quod
reliquis
fugae
facultas
daretur,
Sequanis
vero,
qui
the
Germans, and
it.
the duty
Rome
to
frustrate
verbis
est
sibi
earn
rem
curae futuram
magnam
se habere
spem
et beneficio
I.
C.
31-34.
29
suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis Hac oratione habita concilium dimisit. facturum. Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, quare
rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, quod Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepenumero a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque in dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intelquod in tanto imperio populi Romani legebat
sibi
earn
imprimis
turpissimum
Paulatim
sibi
et
rei
publicae
esse
arbitrabatur. 10
autem
transire et in Galliam
venire populo
sibi
homines
Cimbri
feros ac barbaros
temperatures
in
existi15
mabat, quin,
ante
sertim
exirent
occupavissent, ut
fecissent,
provinciam
atque inde
Italiam
contenderent, prae-
cum Sequanos
a provincia nostra
Rhodanus
20
divideret; quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur.
Caesar resolves
to pi'opose
an interview
ivith Ariovistus,
who
34.
anstvers haughtily.
ei,
Ouam
ob rem placuit
ut ad Ariovistum
velle 25
Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: Si quid Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum
30
fuisse;
si
EMBASSIES TO ARIOVISTUS.
quid
ille
se velit, ilium
ad se venire oportere.
tum
5
sine
magno commeatu atque molimento in unum Sibi autem mirum videri, sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari
Romano
negotii esset.
from oppressing
the
35.
iterum ad
lo
eum Caesar legates cum his mandatis mittit: Quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio afFectus, cum
in consulatu
esset,
banc
populoque
Romano
gratiam
referret,
neque de communi re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, primum, ne quam 15 haec esse, quae ob eo postularet multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret deinde obsides, quos haberet ab Aeduis, redderet Sequanisque permitteret, ut, quos illi haberent, voluntate eius reddere illis liceret neve 20 Aeduos iniuria lacesseret, neve his sociisque eorum bellum inferret. Si id ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram: si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset, uti, quicum25 que Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo reipublicae facere posset, Aeduos ceterosque amicos
ut in colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur
:
;
I.
c.
34-37.
iniurias
31
Romani
defenderet, se
Aeduorum
non
neglecturum. The
obstinate reply of Ariovistus,
*
Caesar
is
(he aggressor,
and he
36.
ut,
is
ready
to fight him.'
Ad
lus esse
belli,
qui vicissent,
quos
vicissent,
quemadmodum
vellent,
imperarent
item populum
Romanum
victis
ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse.) Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet, quemadmodum suo iure uteretur, non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo iure impediri. Aeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et
non ad
10
Magnam Caesarem
sibi
adventu vectigalia
sociis
deteriora faceret.
Aeduis se
eorum
15
bellum illaturum,
si
in
eo manerent,
quod convenisset, stipendiumque quotannis penderent; si id non fecissent, longe eis fraternum nomen populi
Romani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Aeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem secum
sine sua pernicie contendisse.
Cum
vellet,
congrede-
20
37.
re-
32
Aedui questum, quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur sese ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conarentur his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus
: ; ;
10 facile
resisti
posset.
Itaque re
frumentaria
quam
ad
celerrime
potuit
comparata
magnis
itineribus
Ariovistum contendit.
Ariovistus
is
about
to occupy
Vesontio {Besancon).
Caesar
ei,
15
Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere triduique viam a suis finibus
38.
profecisse.
Id ne accideret,
magno opere
sibi prae-
cavendum
20
Caesar
existimabat.
usui
muniebatur,
magnam
paene totum oppidum cingit; reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum mille sexcentorum, qua flumen
25 intermittit,
mons
continet
magna
altitudine,
ita,
ut
efficit
et
I.
C.
37-39.
33
cum oppido
coniungit.
Hue
ibi
praesidium coUocat.
panic in the
formidable
Roman
camp, owing
to
character
of
the
Germans.
Caesar
is
warned
39.
tariae
nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum, et mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepenumero sese cum his congresses ne vultum qui-
dem
10
non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturHie primum ortus est a tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in re militari usum habebant quorum alius alia causa illata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat,
baret.
:
15
nonnulli pudore
Hi neque vultum
tenere
fingere
abditi
20
poterant
tabernaculis
aut
suum
fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Volgo totis castris
testamenta obsignabantur.
paulatim
habebant,
praeerant,
B. G.
I.
etiam
milites
ei,
qui
Horum magnum
Qui
vocibus ac timore
in
castris
usum
minus
1
25
centurionesque
quique
se
equitatui
his
perturbabantur.
ex
34
rem
frumentariam, ut satis
5
commode
supportari posset,
timere dicebant.
cum
officers
that
he
will start
next
loth legion.
lo
Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato concilio 40. omniumque ordinum ad id concilium adhibitis cenprimum quod turionibus vehementer eos incusavit consilio ducerentur, sibi aut quam in partem aut quo
:
putarent.
Ariovistum
consule
;
cupidissime
populi
Romani amicitiam
appetisse
discessurum iudicaret
nitis
Sibi
suis
postulatis
atque
condicionum
eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si furore atque amentia
perspecta
20
impulsus bellum
intulisset,
.-'
aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent ^ Factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum Cimbris et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperator meritus videbatur factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, quos tamen aliquid usus ac Ex disciplina, quae a nobis accepissent, sublevarent.
;
25
I.
C.
39, 4O.
35
quo
iudicari posse,
quantum haberet
quod, quos
in se boni con-
stantia,
propterea
aliquamdiu
inermos
Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum saepenumero Helvetii congressi non solum in suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commosuperassent.
veret, hos,
si
Ariovistum,
10
castris se ac
\^
fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. / Gui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitosl locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros 1 exercitus capi posse. / Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio impera-
Haec sibi frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in agris frumenta matura de itinere ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. Quod non fore dicto audientes neque signa laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam defuisse, aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam suam innocentiam
toris
esse curae
20
25
perpetua
Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset, repraesentaturum et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum
vita,
felicitatem
30
2,6
intellegere
officium,
utrum
valeret.
apud
eos
si
pudor
atque
an timor
Quod
praeterea
nemo
sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam cohorHuic legioni Caesar et indulserat tem futuram.
effect,
and
the start is
made at
41.
versae sunt
princepsque decima
ei
gratias egit,
quod de
optimum indicium fecisset, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavdt. Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum
se
se
nee
umquam dubitasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum indicium sed imperatoris esse Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere existimavisse. exquisito per Divitiacum, quod ex aliis ei maximam
fidem habebat, ut milium ampHus quinquaginta cirexercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia,
ut dixerat, profectus
intermitteret,
Septimo die, cum iter non est. ab exploratoribus certior factus est,
passuum quattuor
I.
C.
4O-42.
37
should come
to it 7vlth only
any foot
soldiers.
id
per se
fieri
licere,
quoniam propius
accessisset,
seque
posse existimare.
Non
5
eum ad
sanitatem
cum
id,
negasset,
ultro
polliceretur,
Romani
in
eum
10
pertinacia
est ex eo die citroquejcum legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur uterque cum equitatu veniret: alia ratione sese non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque colloquium interposita causa tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit omnibus
Dies
colloquio
dictus
quintus.
Interim saepe^^ultro
15
ponere,
ut
praesidium
esset,
opus facto
irridicule
quam maxime confidebat, imquam amicissimum, si quid haberet. Quod cum fieret, non
militibus
esset,
20
quidam ex
se
in
plus,
quam
pollicitus
pollicitum
cohortis
practoriae
decimam
25
38
Planities erat
magna
et in
ab
Ariovisti
et
Eo, ut
erat
Legionem. Caesar,
pari
intervallo
quam
constituit.
Item
equites
Ariovisti
constiterunt.
et
praeter se
postulavit.
Caesar's speech.
lo
Ubi eo ventum
senatusque
in
est,
Caesar
initio
orationis sua
15
commcmoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod munera amplissime missa quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui docebat ilium, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi
beneficia
;
eum
quamque
20 honorifica in
quae senatusconsulta quotiens quamque omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam appetissent. Populi Romani banc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore
intercederent,
25
Romani
attulissent,
eripi
quis
pati
posset?
I.
C.
43, 44.
39
ne
aut
Aeduis
aut
;
eorum
obsides redderet
si
'
fight him,
and he knows
army him he
Rhenum
tum
sese
domum
datos
victis
;
propinquosque reliquisse
stipendium capere iure
sedes
habere
in
10
quod
victores
Non sese Gallis, sed imponere consuerint. omnes Galliae civitates Gallos sibi bellum intulisse ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas
:
15
ac superatas esse.
paratum esse decertare si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipend io recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio, non detrimento esse oportere,
idque se ea spe petisse.
Si per
20
populi Romani Quod multitudinem quam appetierit. Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi,
non
Galliae
impugnandae causa
facere
eius
rci
40
testimonium
in
REPLY OF ARIOVISTUS.
esse,
quod
nisi
intulerit,
sed defenderit.
populi
Se prius
NumRomani
quam
5
sibi vellet,
? )
Provinciam suam
illam
in
nostram.
nostros fines
Ut ipsi impetum
diceret,
15
Quod fratres Aeduos appellatos tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Aeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Aedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi Romani usos esse. Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese ilium non pro amico,
interpellaremus.)
non
20 sed
hoste
habiturum.
Quod
:
si
cum
ipsis
interfecerit,
Romani
id
se
ab
per eorum
25
atque amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. Quod Galliae sibi si discessisset et liberam possessionem
tradidisset,
et
magno
se ilium
praemio remuneraturum
quaecumque
et periculo
confecturum.
I.
C.
44-46.
Caesar's reply.
Reasons
why
demand of
45.
Ariovistus.
Multa ab Caesare
in earn
scntcntiam dicta
;
non posset neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati, uti optime merentes socios desereret, neque se iudicare, GalHam Bello potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provinciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari
oporteret, populi
Romani iustissimum
esse in Gallia
10
imperium
si
quam
Dum
est,
haec
in
colloquio
Ariovisti
geruntur,
Caesari
15
nuntiatum
equites
propius
tumulum
facit
seque
telum
in
hostes reicerent.
Nam
etsi sine
uUo periculo
legionis delectae
cum
tamen committendum non putabat, ut pulsis hostibus dici posset eos ab se per fidem in colloquio circumventos. Posteaquam in volgus militum elatum est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in nostros
25
42
res
colloquium ut dire-
misset,
multo maior
alacritas
studiumque pugnandi
Caesar
refuses,
lo
Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates se de his rebus, quae inter eos agi mittit uti coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non poterant,
47.
:
Velle
Legatum
e suis sese
magno cum
feris
est
15 filium,
C. Valeri Caburi humanitate adulescentem, cuius pater a Gaio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae
Gaium Valerium
Procillum,
summa
virtute et
20
iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non esset, ad eum mittcre et JNIarcum Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. His mandavit, ut, quae diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus
scientiam, qua multa
conspexisset,
25
exercitu
suo
praesente
conclamavit
I.
C.
46-49.
43
48.
et milibus pas-
suum sex
traduxit et milibus
passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit, eo consilio, uti frumento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur, Caesarem inter-
cluderet.
Ex
si
10
exercuerant.
Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni
:
15
cum
qui
Ad
eos se equites
si
recipiebant
hi, si
graviore
;
vulnere
si
equo deciderat,
cir-
cumsistebant
celeritas,
quo
longius
20
ut iubis
equorum
sublevati cursum
quarent.
Counter movement by Caesar.
Ariovistus
to give
Jmn
battle.
induce
camp.
49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum,
quo
in loco
centos ab
eis, castris
25
44
triplici
WHY
ARIOVISTUS HESITATES.
instructa ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum numero sedecim milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus
misit,
et
munitione
ante
con-
prohiberent.
stituerat,
Caesar,
ut
duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legiones
et
10 reliquit
in
An
indecisive
The
'
wise
women forbid
'
engagement
50.
till
the
New
Moon.
Proximo
Caesar e castris
paulumque a maioribus
pugnandi
aciem
instruxit, hostibus
Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est.
potestatem
fecit.
20 Solis
illatis et
acceptis
castra
reduxit.
Cum
ex
captivis quaereret
Caesar,
quam ob rem
Ariovistus
proelio
apud
25
matreseas
declararent,
nccne
I.
C.
49-52.
si
45
ante
battle.
quod
satis
esse
visum
est,
reliquit,
omnis
5
alarios in
constituit,
quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem ipse triplici instructa acie usque ad alariis uteretur Turn demum necessario castra hostium accessit. Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios,
;
10
Suebos, omnemque aciem suam redis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes
passis
15
manibus
flentes implorabant,
ne se
in
servitutem
Romanis
traderent.
A
et
desperate fight.
Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos 52. quaestorem praefecit, ut eos testes suae quisque ipse a dextro cornu, quod eam virtutis haberet partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat,
;
20
proelium
commisit.
Ita
nostri
acriter
in
hostes
hostes
25
coniciendi
gladiis
non
sua
daretur.
est.
Reiectis
pilis
comminus
ex congladiorum
pugnatum
At Germani
facta
celeriter
suetudine
phalange
impetus
46
exceperunt.
Cum
hostium acies a
esset,
in
fugam conversa
dextro
quod expeditior
bantur, tertiam
lo misit.
erat
quam
ei,
and
Ita
proelium
restitutum
atque
omnes
milia
passuum ex eo loco
lintribus
quinque pervenerunt.
tranare contenderunt
confisi
sibi
aut
inventis
salutem repererunt.
In his
fuit Ariovistus,
qui
20
omnes equitatu consecuti nostri interfecerunt. Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre missam utraeque in ea fuga perierunt. Duae filiae
:
harum, altera
Procillus,
25
Gaius Valerius
trinis
cum
custodibus in
fuga
catenis
persequentem
incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum
I,
C.
52-54.
4/
restitutum
videbat,
et
neque
eius
calamitate
de
tanta voluptate
gratulatione
quicquam
fortuna
deminuerat. Is se praesente de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in sortium beneficio se esse aliud tempus reservaretur incolumem. Item Marcus Metius repertus et ad eum
:
reductus
est.
The
from
crossing
the Rhine,
and
54.
Hoc
quos
proelio trans
Rhenum
nuntiato Suebi,
reverti coepe10
domum
runt
Ubii
perterritos insecuti
runt.
proximi
Caesar
in
una aestate duobus maximis belHs quam tempus anni postulahiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit
;
hibernis
ipse
in
citeriorem
15
profectus est
NOTES.
[I\ refers to sections in the Revised
Latin PiiinerJ]
Page
1.
1.
all
Gallia.
By
Gail]
Caesar means
to the
are on the
;
bank of the same river up to about the lake of Constance but from Province,' that is, South-eastern is to be deducted the Roman France, bounded on the West by the Garonne, on the East by the river Var, separating it from Italy, on the North by the river Rhone, as it flows westward from the lake of Geneva, on the West by the Cevennes and the river Tarn flowing into the Garonne, and on the South by the
this
omnis,
2, 3.
'
taken as a whole.'
Belgae...Aquitaiii...Celtae.
' '
The
Belgae, from
whom
the
Belgium has been derived, were partly German, and occupied the part of France north of the Seine and Marne, and that
part of the Netherlands that
is
modem name
the Aquitani,
who
have
left
their
name
in
'
or Iberian peoples, as
in the
western corner
of Central France.
different
4.
names.
'
institutis,
down by
6. 7.
fortissimi,
most warlike.'
'
propterea quod,
'
'
because.'
P. 4-25 n.
humanitate,
'
civilisation.'
humanity,'
it
make men
act
as
provlnciae.
duty of a
Roman
it
When
in
the
special
any country or
G.
I.
'
50
I.
In speaking of Gallic
the Province
means the part of South-eastern France (described in the note on 1. i) which had been gradually conquered and then organised as a single province in B.C. ii8. When Caesar came there as proconsul [B.C. 58] the rest of Gaul was still independent, though some of the tribes had made treaties of friendship with Rome, and when that was the case the
The
it
chief
is
some-
Massilia
immediate
territory
was nominally
free
and inde-
pendent.
8. minime... important, 'and it is least frequently to them than to any that merchants come bringing what tends to enervate men's spirits.' In this clause note first the emphatic position of minime, which does not merely qualify saepe, but influences the whole clause and secondly
;
et
or que
when
is
really
The coming
ail part of the same idea. commeant, 'go backwards and forwards.' The Belgae lived so far North that the pedlars who bought goods at Marseilles or Narbonne, where merchandise from the South and East was landed, did not often and as yet there was little commerce outside the Medireach them
wares are
9.
tin,
hides,
and such
like,
with Britain.
12.
13.
qua de causa,
'
for
which reason,'
lit.
Page
2.
2.
It
therefore
takes
the
indicative.
3.
them.'
4.
lit.
'one part of
'obtain.'
5.
dictum
est,
'
it
continetur,
'it is
bounded.'
'
ab Sequanis et Helvetiis, on the side of the Sequani and on the rear.' P. 286. verglt ad septentriones, it extends towards the North.' Every 7. country in a sense extends towards the North ; but Caesar means that
6.
'
'
NOTES.
in
5
e.g. the Province, this Celtic
spectant, 'face.'
Aquitania
if
to face
it
faces
much
i.e.
to
speak of Belgium as
11.
12.
facing North-east.'
the
earn
partem Oceani,
Bay
of Biscay.
15.
M. Messala...C0llsulibus, 'in the consulship of M. Messala The Romans dated all events by i.e. B.C. 61.
naming the two chief magistrates or consuls of the year, and sometimes by naming the year since the foundation of the city, which answers to B.C. 753. They did not begin the latter system however till just about
this
perfacile esse,
'
it
was very
easy.'
It is oratio
obliqiia
m persuasit.
P. 426.
19.
20.
21.
22.
by natural boundaries.'
taken to be from
Its
Rheno.
The
description
is
may be
extent
is
indefinite,
it.
roughly to mark
26.
provinciam nostram, see p. x, 1. 8. his rebus fiebat, ut...vagarentur, 'the result of these circum27. stances was that they did not wander so widely as they would have done.' 28. qua ex parte, 'in which respect,' 'a circumstance from which.'
Page
4, 5.
3.
in
breadth,'
5.
'from North
to
is
it
represents
what was
proper to their
P. 469.
8. 9.
carrorum, 'wagons,'
quam maximum,
12.
P. 379.
42
'
52
17.
18.
I.
4.
amicus appellatus, 'had been called /;-?VW of the Roman people. ' When a foreign prince was called a friend of the Romans by the Senate, though there was no formal alliance, yet the Romans considered themselves bound to defend him against the attacks of others, and in return expected him to maintain their interests. ut regnum...occuparet, 'that he should seize upon royal 19.
'
The
Gallic tribes
last
seem
to
king
had no hereditary
21. principatum.obtinebat, 'was holding the chief was recognised as chief,' but had not the title of king.
'
place.'
He
22.
acceptus, 'acceptable
to,'
'popular with.'
The
lit.
passive past
'into
'
or 'for
matrimony,'
24.
8.
P. 388.
conor
many
to hold.'
propterea quod...obtenturus esset, 'seeing that he was about Oblique subjunctive because the argument of Orgetorix, not
is
the writer's,
being expressed.
425, note.
'
propterea quod, P.
26.
it
non
that there
was certain
quin (qui
ne) follows
P. 422.
Page
1.
4.
were the most powerful.' suis...suo, instrumental abl., 'by means of his own forces and
pluriinmn...possent,
'
his
own
2.
army.'
illis,
secure
3.
mutual relation like dXX^Xoi/s in Greek, and this combination P. 285. of preposition and reflective pronoun has to serve instead.
to express
4.
5.
per,
'
by means
of.'
Though
other
the ablative.
ex vinculiB,
'in
'
NOTES.
53
horseback' ('from horses'). P. 286. causam dicere, 'to stand his or plead his cause.' trial,' lit. 'to speak oportebat ut...cremaretur, 'the regular penalty if he were 8.
'
'
condemned was
g.
to
be burnt in the
fire.'
The
'
ut clause
is in
apposition
P. 415.
cp.
causae dictionis,
familiam,
'
'
causam
'
dicere.
10.
'
'
clan.'
Familia
to
is
servants
but
it
came
ties
be used
like our
connected by domestic
'clan,' to apply to all
Here
to the
number
of 10,000 persons.'
12.
persons
hominum would include women and children. clientes, in Roman language clients meant originally those living at Rome without full rights who depended on the promembers
of the gentes, the Patricians.
tection of
Then
it
came
to
mean
are told very almost any person dependent on another in any way. early about the Gauls that their great men prided themselves on the
We
or clients, but
per
eos...eripiilt,
his
The number of his followers overawed by their means.' the judges and he went away without having to defend himself. the whole tribe,' i.e. the Ilelvetii as a nation. civitas, 14. neque abest...quiii...coiisciverit, 'nor is there wholly wanting 17.
trial
'
P. 419.
is
'to resolve
on death
for oneself,'
to
commit
is
suicide.'
own
territory.'
The
11 f
explanatory of
tlie
oppida...vicos,
'towns' (more or
less
fortified)
and 'open
Page
3.
'
5.
domum,
a going back.
5.
mensutn.
is
either fiienshtm or
54
I.
enough
for three
cibaria
is
uti or utei
is
an old form of
ut.
used either form according as the rhythm of the sentence pleased their
ear.
9.
Incoluerant,
'
had
settled.'
10.
Noricum...Noreiain.
district
and town
in
Germany,
modem
The
Boil
in
have been a
restless tribe,
seem to Northern
and
receptos...adsciacunt,
allies.'
'receive
them
i.e. if
and
adopt them as
11.
ad
to
go South,
13.
out.
angustum et dtfiBcile, 'over a narrow pass and difficult The road meant is that leading through the pas de V ^.cluse, where the Jura (Mt Creda now tunnelled) comes down to the right bank of the Rhone. The easier road may be taken by crossing to the left bank by the bridge at Geneva or by some ford between Fort de
ground.'
I'Ecluse
and Geneva.
Roman
to
Below
I'tcluse the
fordable,
'so that.'
sometimes
omitted.
18.
19.
P. 421 note.
propterea quod.
25.
submission.'
They had
at
rebelled in B.C. 61
Gnaeus Pontinus
Ain].
20.
2 r.
department of
vado,
'
by means of a
extremum oppidum,
issues
i.e.
22.
just
where
the
Rhone
24.
Roman
people.'
Subj. because
NOTES.
the thought of the Allobroges
it
55
But
is
is
videbatiir)
because
Romans.
P.
bono animo,
^.3426.
'well
affected,'
abl.
of quality
with epithet.
ut...paterentur,
'to
allow
them
(the
Helvetii)
to
go
territory.'
of the nearest verb paterentiir, but not to that of the main verb
;
which
is
a construction often
reflexive
employed by Caesar
to avoid ambiguity
when two
Page
I.
6.
diem dlcunt,
'
fix
a day.'
It is a regular phrase,
though mostly
used in regard to law-suits, when the prosecutor names a day for the
defendant to appear.
3.
a.
d. V.
'
on
to
the
fifth
of April,'
i.e.
'28th of March.'
is
In this phrase
abl.
attracted
from the
by
position.
P. app.
II.
p-
217
note,
on
p. 2,
1,
15.
(b.c. 59)
;
Caesari.
at
imperium,' as
it
was
called,
was ex-
But a man did not go was a great deal to do in levying troops and getting his outfit, and as a rule he did not set out till about May. Caesar had hy a special law been appointed proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, the province in Transalpine Gaul, and Illyricum for five years, instead of the usual one year.
consul, he
was pro
consiile
'
in place of a consul.'
[It will be as well here to remind the young reader of what Caesar was supposed to be going to govern. Italy at that time was bounded on the North by a line extending from the Rubicon,
flowing into the Adriatic, to the Macra flowing into the Tuscan Sea on the West. South of that line there could be no 'province' or proconsul.' The country north of it to the Alps was still a province and still governed by a proconsul, but it was much more like a part of Italy than an ordinary province. As far north as the Po the inhabitants of the chief towns had the full Roman citizenship, and those to the north of the Po had an imperfect citizenship, called Latinitas. Accordingly the proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina or Togata (as it was sometimes called) though he
'
56
I.
commanded the troops there did not have the same kind of duties to perform as in other provinces. It was not unnatural therefore to join to it Transalpine Gaul, i.e. the province occupying a large part of the south of France (as has been already described, see pp. 25, 26). In the rest of Gaul the proconsul of this province had no official position. But as his first duty was to protect his 'province' he would be sure to have dealings, friendly or hostile, with the tribes of Celtic Gaul, either bordering on the province or trading with it. This duty of protecting his province gave him an excuse for interfering in Celtic Gaul. And Caesar had been specially authorised to do whatever seemed to him in the interests Besides, some of the tribes of the republic in foreign Gaul. appealed for his help against the Germans, and he soon assumed and exercised a kind of protectorate over the whole, which was presently turned almost spontaneously into complete control, 'i his
was generally the way
in
which
established.
A provincial
governor was left to do what he thought necessary in the way of extending his province and then he came to the Senate which it nearly always did. But besides this to confimi his 'acts' the Senate joined to these two provinces of Caesar's (which were not expected to be very troublescnne), that of Illyricum, i.e. all the territory on the east coast of tlie Adriatic, which had long been nominally governed by Rome, but had been much neglected, and where some of the neighbouring warlike tribes were always giving trouble. As it turned out however, Caesar was very little in Illyricum and only sometimes during the winter in Cisalpine Gaul. His v.ars in Celtic Gaul took up almost all his time and care.]
;
ab urbe. Caesar was not in Rome, for a proconsul with Im6. perium might not enter the city, he starts from the outskirts of the city. quam maximis potest itineribus, 'travelling with the utmost 7.
possible speed.'
iter is
'
So
language
is
Caesar travelled as
each day.
The
construction
is
elliptical
contendit ilinerihtts
tarn
maximis qiiam potest contendere, 'as much the longest as he is able to travel.' But the construction, which when filled out is awkward, sounded
right to the ear because of the
p. 3,
8.
1.
common
9.
ulteriorem,
i.e.
Transalpine Gaul.
it
10.
to furnish.'
11.
[A Roman leglo at this time was a body of men answering somewhat to our brigade,' numbering from 3,000 to 5,000 men, all armed and dressed alike, and divided into ten companies or cohorts. Each cohort was divided into three jnanipuli, each ?nanipi(lus into two centuriae.
'
'
NOTES.
To
each legion
tliere
:
57
was a standard surmounted by the figure of an eagle (aqiiila) and each cohort and maniple had a separate standard [sigmtm, vexillunt) of its own. The men were all Roman citizens of free birth, though recruited from all parts of Italy or the
provinces. The cavalry (the nominal number to each legion being 300) were generally not Romans, but either Gauls or Spaniards or Numidians. Attached to the legion (though not forming part of it) were auxilia, auxiliary troops enrolled from non-citizens in the provinces, such as javelin-throwers {jaculatores), slingers [funditores), bowmen
(sagittaiii).
The whole body was under the command of the proconsul or propraetor, or some one deputed by him (legatus). The auxiliaries had separate officers of their own ; but the officers of the legion were (i) six trihmii, (2) sixty centuriones two to each maniple, or one to each ceitiuria, (3) 60 o/>liones, 'subalterns,' one named by each centurion. The arms of all the soldiers of the legion were alike. Each man wore a helmet {galea), an oblong shield {scutum), coats of mail or breastplates {loricae ox pectonilia), greaves {oci-eae). For weapons of offence they had only the short straight sword {gladius), and two stout javelins of a peculiar make {pila), which they threw before charging the enemy.
propraetor, was 12) who carried out his orders on whatever service they were required. There was quaestor, who managed all the business of pay, furnishing also the supplies, and the like. The legati, quaestor and trilnini formed the general's 'council,' to which also at times the chief centurions were
assisted
summoned.]
15.
leaders.
453.
an historical
17.
P. 411, note. propterea quod... haberent nullum, 'because (as they said) they
route.'
had no other
18. 19.
L.
P. 467.
eius voluntate,
Cassium...occisum.
Cimbri and Teutones were in Gaul on their way to Italy. The Helvetii had joined these barbarians, and one of their chief tribes, the Tigurini,
had defeated L. Cassius Longinus, one of the consuls where in the territory of the Allobroges.
some-
20. sub iugum missum, 'forced to march under the yoke.' This was symbolical of submission and always looked upon as the extreme
58
I.
Two spears were fixed up was laid on these, and the beaten army had to file underneath without arms or military accoutrements.
2 2.
spirit,' abl.
see p.
24.
data
facilitate,
'if
'leave
cp. oruniJi,
ewidi, secuiidi.
ace.
but
it
is
also, as here,
used as a
oneself.'
Page
r.
7.
interval.'
it
dum...convenirent,
to meet,'
2. 4.
'
took them
imperaverat, see
10.
'
ad
Id. April.
i.e.
ad
Litis Apriles,
on
the 13th.
P.
Append.
16.
For
timecp.
</
primam
6
the Rhone) to
a lacu...perducit, 'from the Leman lake (which flows into Mt Jura, which separates the territory of the Sequani from the Helvetii, he carries a sixteen feet wall and a ditch for 19 miles.' The wall and ditch were on the left bank of the Rhone, but were not continuous, for the mountains on the left bank (the Mt aux Vaches)
10.
make
where
it is
is
necessary (amounting in
all
to
between
stands.
i.e.
The
at a point opposite
French
10.
guarding the /J de
'
I'/tcluse
now
See
13.
perducit,
wherever
was
necessary.
The phrase
'
murum,
11.
disponit,
For
gt/o
with comparative in
final
more
et exemplo,
'in
cedent.'
17. 18.
vim
facere,
'
to off"er violence,'
'
ea spe deiecti,
hope.'
NOTES,
19.
59
and some of them by fords of the Rhone.' what point in the river this is, and now-a-days the Rhone is not fordable anywhere below the junction with the Arvre, (close to the Lake), but in those times it may have been so.
alii
vadis Rhodanl,
at
'
1,
si
their
way
perrumpere
possent.
22.
fortifying,
telis, 'projectiles.'
Page
'
8.
una, the one and only.' 1. The Helvetii had then to make their way per Sequanos via. through the pas de PJicluse into what is now the department of the
Ain.
2.
fort at
now guards
'
4.
cessor.'
237.
5.
viain or
to go.'
1.
1.
6.
7. 9.
i ;
p. 18,
1.
5.
23.
'bound
by his kindness.'
12.
uti, p. 5,
1.
7.
inter sese,
p. 4,
1.
3.
14.
'to provide
by giving hostages': P. 417, note. Santoniim fines. The .5'/'^^^ dwelt on the right bank of the 17. mouth of the Garonne (department of Charente Inferieure). The Tolosates (Toulouse) were on both banks of the upper Garonne, and were on the
extreme west of the
21.
1.
Roman
province.
it
should have,'
p. 4,
1.
20;
p.
r,
15.
Page
I.
9.
all
T. Labienus
in
ment
Gaul.
In B.C. 49,
6o
I.
Labienus
in
command
in Cisalpine
Gaul.
Yet he deserted his cause and joined Pompey. 2. legatum, his legate,' the technical word
'
for a
member
of a pro-
consul's
staff.
iegio p. 6.
1.
;
ri.
it was already called Italia was not Italy north of the
in Italiam, that
in
into Cisalpine
Gaul
it
common
magnis
4.
to the Macra.
7.
See
p. 6,
1.
5 note.
on
p. 6,
1.
in their winter quarters.' These three had been enrolled in the previous year for Caesar's use in his provinces, and by putting them into winter quarters at Aquileia it would seem that he had expected to require them chiefly fur Illyricum. Aquileia was a Roman colony, the capital of Venetia, near the head of the Adriatic, and was a great emporium of trade with
hiemabant, 'were
still
and
9th)
Illyricum.
5.
It is
not
known by what
pass
Mt
Genevre, though the pass over the lesser St Bernard would have
Tribes living in high Ceutrones et Graioceli et Catuiiges. They kept their independence till subdued
Ocelo.-.citerloris provlnciae, 'from
time of Augustus.
ab
Ocelum, the
It is
is
last
town
modem
Oulx
'
(in
in the Fenestrelles.
after leaving Ocelum. The would not have taken nearly so long if it had not
been
13.
i.e.
the province in
Transalpine (jaul.
19.
21
rogatum, 'to
23.
ask.'
P. 423, note
3.
ut...iion
is
debuerint.
Though
mittunt,
is
on which
used, as
this
clause depends,
more
nostri,
liberi
i.e.
Roman,
for siii to correspond with se in
is
1,
22.
eorum,
20; but we
26.
when
more regular;
p. 5,
1.
'
NOTES.
Page
2.
61
10.
certiorem faciunt,
'
inform.
3. 6.
non
The
off.
nlliil...reliqul,
'nothing
'till
partitive gen.
P. 259.
7, 1. i.
8. II.
<iuni...pervenirent,
The
direction.'
iunctis,
floating
bridge.
They had
as
is
shewn immediately.
certior factus est,
1.
15.
2.
18.
de tertia vigilia,
The
sense
vf de
is
and such defined time, so 'within' that The time from sunset to sunrise was divided
In the
summer
to
these
would be
o'clock.
20.
short.
The
3rd
two
The
crossing seems to
their goods.
night,
motion implied
in abdiderimt.
it.
The two known from Caesar are the pagiis and Ihefagus Tigurinus. The other two were not named.
Page
2.
11.
L.
1.
Cassium...interfecerat.
19.
p. 6,
1.
B.C.
107,
see p. 6,
3.
6.
20.
'first,'
is, it
'before others.'
The
adj. princeps is
used
adverbially, that
62
8.
I.
avum,
'
L. Piso.'
this
Calpurnius Piso
107)
was consul in
killed
B.C. 112,
and
five years
afterwards (B.C.
was on the
L. Cassius Longinus,
who
by the Tigurini
in the
'Cimbrian' war.
historical present, curat.
dependent on
See p. 13,
14.
P. 411, note.
to
P.
See
p. 4, 18.
20;
p. 8,
1.
21.
P. 415.
i.e.
in the
war
referred to in
1.
9, in
the Tigurini.
19.
egit,
'spoke,' 'argued';
it
agc7-e
cum
alupio
is
'to
do business
ment used
si
in the transaction.
is
pacem...This speech
is, it
is
oratio obliq^ta.
if it
was
delivered.
The main
si
verbs,
infinitive
with
The
clauses
have
contendamus)
Those
that
have imperfect
es),
consti-
Lastly, imperatives
m
of
iribtieret
(for
tie
com-
461. P. 459 Bin (for si-ne), 'if on the contrary,' 'but if.'
lost, as in
The
negative force
almost
the
Greek
ei
5^ htj,
'otherwise.'
Page
s.
12.
in
1.
4.
'Just because
you have
NOTES.
attacked one canton,
6^
crossed the stream
it
when
those
were unable
very
down
much
to the credit of
4.
suae
magno
is
an accusative
to be noticed.
The use of in7)i(o without The adverb magna opere stands in the
is,
'
to attribute
something
So
mtilltim
and
plurimum
tribu-
because
himself.'
se despiceret
would be ambiguous,
1.
i.e.
it
might mean
'
despise
P. 466; p. 19,
2.
se ita...didicisse...ut...mterentur,
their
'that they
had so
learnt from
ancestors
as
to carry
craft or
the sense
clear)
is
illogically constructed.
insidiis niterenhtr.
The
it
iiiagis virtute
quam
Or
had been omitted,... ?</ magis virtute quam dolo aut But Caesar, noting down heads of a speech briefly, mi.xes up two constructions. The whole iit clause depends on the ita after didicisse by itself we might have had contendere and niti.
clear
\{ coiite7idercnt
insidiis nitercntiir.
9.
10.
memoriam
proderet, 'hand
down
in history.'
11.
12.
13.
felt the more indignation had not been brought about by anything
that the
15.
Roman
P.
454 note
2.
(the
Roman
it
aliculus,
'
none,'
some
fact
wrong,
eo deceptum,
that
it
conimi8sum..,quare, it was not aware that it had done anything for which he had cause to fear.' 19. num... memoriam deponere posse, 'could he forget?' In oratio recta the question would be in the ist person, 'can I forget?'
'
Questions in the
first
'
64
P- 46310.
I.
eo invito,
'
For
26
;
reflexive
24.
pronoun
p. 9,
22.
had not been punished for the injuries done.' The words to be taken together are impune ferre, 'to So, to get off for doing a thing,' the carry a thing with impunity.' thing done being expressed by the accusative, cp. gentesque stibactas vix impune feres, and you will hardly get off with impunity for having conquered the nations.' illud hand inultum ferent, they shall not get
iniurias tulisse,
'
impune
'
'
'
off
that.'
eodem
same
'was
to the
same
purport.'
25.
consuesse
for coiisuevisse.
men may
feel all
Page
3. 4.
7.
13.
uti, p. 5,
1.
7.
'
de iniuriis,
'
struction in p. 12,
9.
5.
B.C. 107.
11.
castra... movent.
at
As
the
a regular
any place they stayed, even for a night, movere castra was march. equivalent to
'
camp
12.
equitatum.
The Roman
'
11.
had collected and possessed.' praemittit, qui vldeant, sends them in advance to
coactiun habebat,
'
see.'
The
historic
1.
12.
qui ex-
pressing purpose, P. 453. faciant, subj. of indirect question, P. 43. 15. cupidius, 'too eagerly.' alieno loco, 'in an uni6. P. 310.
'
in a position pertaining to
'
or
'
suiting
Notice that in
is
words.
The
ablative
is
the pobition
being unsuitable.'
19.
{tolla).
NOTES.
II.
65
rear-guard,' 'on their rear.'
'
their
Notice
exercitiis,
'
an army of trained
men
{exerceo)
acres,
'
an army
in battle array' ('on edge' cp. ac-cr, ac-tis, ac-uo); aginen, 'an
army
on the march
23.
'
'
{agcre).
'
continelDat,
in.'
in praesentia,
Page
I.
14.
ita...uti, 'in
such a
way
that.'
The
either
5 feet.
P- 313. "ote
I.
Note
was
Roman
'mile
'
is
is
A passus
But the
that
Roman
foot
5000
feet
Roman = 4850
,,
feet
,,
English.
,,
An
That
is,
English mile
A Roman
a
= =
5280 4850
,,
Roman
mile
is
430
feet
(145 yards
foot)
shorter than
an English mile.
quinis aut senis, abl. of comparison after ainplius, which sometimes
however
6.
is
P. 314,
interesset, impers.
there
was an
interval.'
among them, 'kept demanding,' the historic infinitive for the imperfect indicative, to express continuous and repeated action, or only for the
publico, 'as a state,' not certain private traders
flagitare,
sake of vividness, P.
372.
'
propter frigora,
can only be
in
was not so well cleared of forest then as now the seasons may have been more backwaid. ut ante dictum est, as I have said before,' p. 2, 1. 7. 7.
'
11.
'less'
propterea...quod, p.
3,
1.
25.
minus,
nori.
12.
ab Arare.
The
and traversing the higher ground towards Bibracte {Auiun), so that Caesar was obliged to get away from the corn barges coming up the river. diem ex die ducere, 'kept postponing from day to day.' 13. That is, they promised to bring the corn, but always put it off to
another day,
B. G.
I.
ducere...dicere.
See
1.
6.
66
14.
I,
that
it
was being
collected, that
15.
was being carted.' Caesar is fond of repeating the substantive diem... quo die.
5,
1.
12
p. 24,
1.
18.
The
soldiers received
was
it
was
copiam,
'
number.'
qui...praeerat,
'who was
lit.
'who was
at the
is
two old
parts,
verg,
effective
'
and
brelk,
'judgment.'
The
sc.
giving decisions or
dooms on disputed
points would
posset,
frunwntum,
'corn.'
The
'
first
may
be
though
crisis,
both in a way
may
at
such a
and
magna ex
26.
to
a great extent.'
'
P. 286.
'
quod
sit destitutus,
that he has
been
left
in the lurch.'
speaker are represented, not the reason given by the writer, though in
this case
Page
1.
15.
'
turn
16.
demum,
'then at length,'
then,
and not
this
'
till
then.'
'
esse...tacuisse.
Notice that in
reported speech
the
present and perfect tenses are used throughout, not the imperfect and pluperfect ; by this means the speech though in oratio obliqua is pre-
proponit,
'
makes avowal
'
of.'
'
4.
5.
privatim,
as private persons.'
P.
4177.
praestare,
impers.
'
it
is
better.'
fraestare
hold,'
'
maintain.'
'
NOTES.
Q.
(>1
neque dubitare,
P. 422
i.e.
'
and (they
p. 3,
1.
said) they
have no doubt.'
21.
quin...
sint erepturi.
II.
;
'
26.
nostra,
the
Roman'
plans, see p. 9,
'
1.
13
15.
quin etiam...fecerit,
risk
nay more,
in
fully
aware
at
what great
he has done
'
so.'
tacuisse, he had kept quiet about it,' the perfect infinitive for i6. what would have been the perfect indicative in oralio recta qttam diu
foteram tacui
19.
cum pericido
fecerim.
iactari,
to
be discussed.'
20.
quaerit...dixerat, 'asks
'
said at
Page
I.
16.
of
quality
summa
audacia... gratia,
ablatives
with
epithet.
P.
n\rerum novarum, 3.
278.
p.
8,
1.
9.
lit.
during which, P.
portoria,
for carriage,'
'
'import
'
and export
to the state.
duties.'
tribute
or
'
taxes
paid
The taxes company of men paid a fixed sum to the state, and recouped himself and made what profit he could by The man who did so was said to purchase collecting the taxes. {redimete) the taxes: the state was said to 'farm them out' {locare). The same thing was done at Rome in regard to several of the provinces. illo licente, when he bid.' The contracts for collecting the dues,
5.
redempta habere,
'
Some man
'
'
it
rem familiarem,
ad largiendum,
'
lit.
'property of his
establishment.'
7.
P. 375.
9.
I
alere, 'maintain.'
domi,
'
'
in his
own
country.'
this power.'
I,
for the
sake of supporting
potentia
opposed to
riges,'
'
in Biturigibus,
'
among name
the Bitu-
in the
between the Loire and the Garonne, who have the town of Bourges.
in that of
52
68
13.
'
I.
by
sister.
14.
nuptum,
'
in marriage,'
lit.
'
15.
a rare construction.
18.
19.
'
'if
Romans.'
should
21.
die.'
The phrase
si
he
imperio
populi
Romani,
'
'under the
rule
of
the
Roman
people.'
Abl. of circumstance,
so long as the
Roman
people are
supreme.'
24, 25.
defeat
paucis ante
P. 280. P.
how long
before,
aw/t? is adverbial.
of.'
Dative of purpose.
Page
2.
17.
'
quod,
'
Caesar are expressed by a series of clauses beginning with qtiod and the
subjunctive, because the reasons given are not his as the historian but
is
giving
(in this
case him-
P. 426, note 2.
dandos curasset,
1.
'
that he
had seen
to a
mutual interchange of
12.
'
equivalent to
is,
by Liscus, see
' '
c. 17.
animadverteret,
should punish.'
animadvertere,
to turn the
attention
frequently used to
mean
purpose of punishing.'
9.
quod...cognoverat, 'the
fact,
now speaks
in his
own
verebatur.
P. 417, note 4.
it
is
not
P. 431,
NOTES.
432.
69
Some
i.e.
later
writers,
some idea of
may
be more or
'
ordinary.'
Valerium Procillum. Though a Gaul this man's father, C. Valerius Cabarus, had been made a Roman citizen, and, as was usual, took the name and praenomen of the propraetor C. Valerius Flaccus [B.C. 83], who had procured him that privilege. cui...liabebat, 'in whom he had complete confidence in all 17.
respects.'
19.
12.
to
'
any offence
him
may
animi
is
objective genitive.
Page
1.
18.
ne quid...statueret, 'not
P. 417.
se.
9.
to pass
his brother.'
scire
The
translation
of this paragraph
it is
rendered
impossible to distinguish
reflexive
to turn
it
know
and no one
is
more grieved
little
at
that fact than myself; for whereas I used to enjoy great influence both
in
my own
state
and
owing
to
my means, and used these resources and this power not merely to lessen my popularity, but I might almost say to my ruin. However I am influenced both by natural affection for a brother, and by the sentiment of the common people. For if you,
his youth,
he became powerful by
now
with
approbation; the result of which will be that the affections of the whole of Gaul will be alienated from me.'
3.
5.
\i'\\!n.
my
for
an adverbial construction
i.e. in
possum see
6.
his
own
state.
7.
'
70
8.
I.
P. 379.
10.
quid...accidisset, p.
19.
a Caesare, 'by
Caesar,'
though
uti, 'it
si quid...accidisset
verb.
13.
futuriun
5,
1.
[esse),
would come
to pass that.'
see p.
7.
'
16. rogat...faciat, begs him to make an end.' Words of asking and desiring and others take the subjunctive in subordinate clauses with
or without tU.
17.
P. 257.
19.
i.e.
and
prayers.'
22.
'
'
monet,
24.
ut, P. 417.
in reliquum tempus,
Dumnorigi,
dat. of
of dat or addit.
Page
2.
19.
is
sub monte.
The mountain
supposed by some to be a
hill
called
Mt
Tauffrin.
castris.
ab ipsius
3.
5.
in circuitu,
'
by a winding path.'
4.
men
1.
18.
rank
After
staff
with the
his
praetor,
imferium (command) was sometimes extended without the office, he was then said to he pro consult, pro praetore, in the place of,' instead
'
'
of
'
consul or praetor.
praetor,
him
when
serving as a legatus.
cognoverant,
8.
is.'
The
genitive
is
partitive one,
j)lan
and
is
though this dis; must not be pressed too far. That was the origin of the idiom, but it came to be used mechanically. In another place (7, 77)
tinction
it
is
in
?
mei
consilii est?
'What
then
is
my
advice
NOTES.
9.
71
de quaxta
I.
vlgilia,
p. 10,
11.
18.
P. 262.
was considered.' 4. L. Sullae, probably in his campaign in Greece and Asia B.C. 87 Crassus fell in Parthia B.C. 53, but a in M. Crassi, sc. exercitu. considerable part of his army escaped, being led off by Cassius.
habebatur,
'
14. 15.
prima
14,
mille...qulngenti3,
1.
somewhat
1.
less
half, see p.
17.
18.
3.
ipsius,
i.e.
Caesar's, see
'at
full
2.
lit.
equo admisso,
head' or
gallop,'
been
said
given
its
'let go.'
20.
who
quern voluisti.
22.
subducit,
'
leads
23.
p. 8,
1.
ne...committeret, 'that
21, p. 4,
1.
'
cp.
20.
24.
ipsius,
Caesar's.'
Page 20.
3.
abstlnebat,
'
was
refraining from.'
multo denique
5.
die, 'not till late in the day.' castra movisse, 'had broken up their camp,' 'had marched
p. 13,
1.
away
6.
7.
' ;
11.
'
pro viso,
as though he
had seen
it.'
1.
consuerat, consueverat.
intervallo, p. 19,
15.
9.
morrow of
army was
15.
'when
it
was due
to
measure
out.'
Cp. p. 14,
1.
1.
a Bibracte (near
14.
13.
supply of corn.'
3
decurionls.
There were
decuriones
('captains')
to
each
when 300
Roman
72
I.
Now
troops and
ala)
was
was
in greater
was
18.
different in
number too;
or captain
retained.
a novissiino agmine,
id
'
on our
noticed
rear.'
it,'
animum
advertit,
'
Page
I.
21.
P. 423, 453.
qui Bustineret,
'
to resist,'
'
to check.'
ipse...triplicein
into
The
up.
drawn up by
As
each legion consisted of ten cohorts, there were forty cohorts to draw
The
first line
cohorts each.
Each cohort
feet between them, Between the cohorts there was a wider interval, almost equal to the face of the cohort, through which a beaten or wearied cohort might retire, or one of the lines behind advance and form a new first line. The cohorts in these lines were usually stationed in what was called the quiticunx or group of five, so that the rear line
in
line.
In this case the enemy were below them and the front rank began
the battle by hurling their /?7a
deep
upon them in a volley. The files of the must have had some arrangement
whereby those
down
and it was not till these had been discharged that the charge with swords took place. qua8...proxime conscripserat, 'which he had recently enrolled 4.
in Gallia Cisalpina,
7.
i.e.
'
p. 9,
1.
3.
3.
Helvetii...contulerunt.
in
The
Helvetii
made a
wagons,
liich
NOTES.
to.
73
close order.'
confertissima acie,
Like
forming square
II.
to resist cavalry.'
phalange.
tactics.
donian
It consisted in
massing
men
The
tight,
disadvantage of
it
was
the rest were so closely packed that they could not use their weapons.
In a small way a 'bully' at football will give some idea of the movements of such a body of men. sub priinam...successerunt, they advanced so as to be close under
'
suo,
sc. equo.
17.
The phalanx
'it
fell
into
was
for a great
to the
Gauls.'
ad pugnam,
pluribus...colligatis, the
men were
pilum sometimes pierced two overlapping shields ; in doing this the iron point got bent and could not be pulled out, and so tv/o men found themselves locked together and had no resource but to drop their
that a
shields.
22.
may
fall
on
'
tmilii.
1.
For
?//
such as adeo,
24.
25.
{tei-gii7)i
nudo, 'unprotected
by the
14.
pedem
is
referre,
'to
22,
1.
give ground,'
'to retire,'
not
'to
fly'
vertere), see p.
circiter
26.
viille is
adverbial.
1.
3.
In certain cases
mille
nuinvnun (Cic),
by the Helvetii. succedentibus nostiis, 'as our men were following them
up.'
Page 22.
I
'
.
'
rear.'
74
2-
I.
21,
1.
18.
marching forward,'
fighting order.
3.
while our
men were
i.e.
not in
latere aperto, 'on the right flank,' on the side not covered
by the sliield held in the left hand, round us,' 'outflanking us.'
5.
conversa sigiia...intulerunt,
directions.'
'
in
two
ferre signa
is
fixed in the
ground during a
halt.
The
3rd line, the ist and 2nd were already facing the enemy.
ut...resisteret, 'to check men 7. and dislodged,' but who were returning
9.
whom
to the fight.
two
directions.'
'
14.
aversum,
'
I.
25.
ad multam noctem, 'till late at night,' So nmlto die, p. 20, 1. 3. ad impedimenta, near
15.
'
the baggage.'
16.
pro vallo,
'
instead of an
Romans
43.
subiciebant, kept throwing from below.* eaque tota nocte, 'and through the whole of
'
that night.'
ablative
is
it is
not so
in fines Lingonum,
into
Lingones.'
The
modern Tonnerre on
Page 23,
3.
commanding
4.
viisit.
P. 417.
qui
si
iuvissent, 'and
is
the pluperfect
'if
de deditione, 'to
atque,
'
offer
an unconditional surrender.'
and when,' atque continues the construction with nun. Caesar sends word by the envoys to the Helvetii that they were to remain where they were till he came.
10.
NOTES.
13.
75
qui ad eos perfugissent, 'such as had deserted to them.' The it is obHque (representing what Caesar said)
it is
and because
14.
indefinite,
or
who
they were.
and
collected.'
24.
it
8.
dediticiorum, see
I.
8.
Roman law
into the
20.
Rhine.
23.
24.
purgati esse,
to
be held free of
'
guilt,' i.e.
of complicity with
the
movement
all,
'
of the Helvetii.
treated as enemies,' that
is,
he killed
them
'
or at least sold
them
as slaves,
1.
place,'
5.
Page 24.
3.
The
5,
Helvetii
I.
had burnt
all
the
2.
P. 452.
5.
quo famem tolerarent, 'wherewith to ward off starvation.' tolerare famem, 'to support hunger,' 'to hold up against it.' P. ut...copiani facerent, 'to offer them a supply of corn.'
ea mazime ratione,
finitimi Galliae.
'
4177.
above
all
others.'
10.
P. 218.
12.
Aedui
though
might
settle
Abl. absolute,
cssent.
quosque...receperunt, 'and
whom
as.'
same
'
as their own.'
parem...atque,
15.
'
equal
to,'
the
same
'
"^6
I.
Greek
letters,'
language.
The
quibus in tabulis,
1.
12; p. 14,
'
1.
15.
nominatim, not
but 'precisely,'
'
by name
named,
'fully.'
jratio
made
20.
up.'
the
in
sum
21. 22.
apposition to
capitum,
of persons,'
'
The
;
Tulingi,
Germanic the Raurici, a tribe living on the upper Rhine. ad milia XCn, to the number of 92 thousand.' 24. summa... fuenint, the total of them all amounted to.' Plural verb
'
'
3.
who
returned
home was
they were
a total of 110,000.'
26.
censu habito,
'
'
when
counted.'
27.
genitives.
Page 25.
2.
Helvetiorum...Romani, a subjective and an objective genitive, 4. both depending on the same word iniurtis, the wrongs done by the
'
Helvetii to the
5.
Roman
people.
of,'
'fortu-
nately
6.
terrae Galliae, 'the territory of Gaul,' upon which the Helvetii Note that though the English idiom conceals the
is
Galliae
'
dependent on
it
like
vox
libertatis,
7.
the
word
liberty.'
'
florentissimis rebus,
prosperity.'
for their
The
legates
mean
movement, being
their
home, which
yet
made
movement
more formidable.
NOTES.
9.
TJ
Gaul,
domlcillo, dat. 'for a
i.e.
imperio,
'supremacy' over
all
seltlement.'
12.
ex
magna
i.e.
copia,
'
of places.
tlie
English stipendiary,
14.
done
p. 30,
'
1.
19 n.
ex communl consensu,
'
as a body,'
unanimously.'
17.
nc.enuntiaret,
the assembly.
nisi
'that
no one should
'except
to
let
i.e. at
quibus.-.esset,
those
to
whom
they
should be
'
comma
Caesarem,
in
But
it
seems better
fuerant
11.
22.
is
cum
ea
eo agere,
'
Page 26.
I.
Caesari ad pedes,
not possessive,
sese
ad pedes
non minus,
his feet
7.
this
ad
pedes proiecerunt,
'
and protested
that, etc'
It
imply any internal government, but the direction of the foreign policy
11.
14.
of.'
to pass that.'
'
as mercenaries.'
adamassent, 'had
'
plures,
16.
still
more.'
which followed
'
more than
once.'
20.
omnem. .amisisse. This is no doubt an exaggeration. populi Romanl hospitio atque amicitia, 'owing to their
ties
yS
I.
be hospites
{irpo^evoi)
amt'ci of the
title
state
Therefore this title would enhance the influence of the Aedui among their neighbours, as being dangerous people to attack. .Some treaty with the Aedui had been made
as early as B.C. 121.
23.
an oath.'
25.
that they,'
i.e.
the tribesmen.
that they
would
not refuse to remain for ever under their rule and military command.'
recusare from
sense of
'
making
difficulties
'
is
followed hy qiiominus.
Page 27.
ad senatum venisse, had come to visit the Senate in I. Rome,' lit. 'had come to Rome to the Senate.' The defeat of the Aedui seems to have been in B.C. 60 (Cic. ad Att. i. 19) and Divitiacus on his visit to Rome was entertained by Cicero, who questioned him about the Druids (Cic. de Div. i 89). postulatum, see p. 25, 1. an.
'
:
Romam
3.
7.
peius...accidisse,
'
it
for.*
Harudum, nothing is known of the Harudes; they may be the 9. same as the Chaiydes mentioned by Augustus in his account of his reign on the monument at Ancyra. They are there classed with the Cimbri, who came from about Jutland. The Harudes at this time seem to have been settled near the Lake of Constance. quibus...pararentur, for whom land and a place of residence 10.
'
had
to
II.
be provided,'
P. 277.
lit.
'
'
paucis annls,
which.
14. 17.
hanc,
'
i.e.
in Gaul.
imperare ... po8cere...edere, frequentative infinitives, 'was carrying on the government,' was continually demanding,' was inflicting signal punishments and tortures.' nobilissimi cuiusque, 'of all the noblest men.' ^w^w^ with 18.
'
'
a superlative
is
by a
plural.
them)
all
kinds of torture.'
NOTES.
is
'
79
But exempla
edere,
to inflict
19.
itself.
i.e.
'
21. 21.
ad nutum, iracundum,
at his
'
command,
'
at his nod,'
instantly.'
hot-tempered.'
some support
is
found in Caesar
and the
Roman
is
people.'
nisi si
a pleonasm not
uncommon
is
such as Terence.
the
Here
si
it
combination
quid, which
comes
to
be regarded as a single
P. 222.
'
is
'
esse faciendum,
have to
will
have
to do.'
is
a consecutive subjunctive,
and
is
Cp. totum in eo
est,
ut tibi iviperes,
all
depends on
this,
self-
command,'
26
or,
27.
non dubitare,
'
a negatived verb of doubting see P. 422. recenti victoria, that is, by his recent victory over the Helvetii. 30.
Page 28.
1.
used in subordinate
to
the
past,
in
those
referring
the
future
the
Ariovisti
Iniuria,
subjective
genitive,
'
injury
inflicted
by
Ariovistus.'
5.
unos,
'
umis
'
is
no
singular,
9.
only,'
alone.'
respondere...permanere, historic
infinitives
P. 372.
'
omnino, 'at
hoc,
'
all.'
exprimere,
in this respect.'
'
horrerent,
shudder
at,'
'
fear.'
In this sense
it is
a transitive
verb.
8o
17.
p.
I.
'by the
courage.'
Sequani,'
dative
with perferendi.
See
27, 11.
23.
2311.
'
animoa,
'
curae, dative.
P. 225.
is
by the kindness which he had done to Ariovistus.' This explained by c. 35. Ariovistus had obtained recognition from the
beneflcio,
Page 29.
3.
secundum
ea, 'following
res,
'
cir-
cumstances.'
which.'
5.
multae
many
fratrea consanguineosque,
'
first
was a compHmentary title perhaps, but by the second there seems to be implied some notion of a special blood relationship between the two peoples, and this may have rested on some real tradition of a Celtic
strain in
Roman
is
blood.
One
of
Roma
Romney. See p. 26, 1. 20 n. aaepenumero, the alliance had lasted a long time (see p. 26, 6. 1. 20 n.), and these complimentary titles had been no doubt constantly
used.
9.
'
the
13.
paulatim... venire.
into Gaul, he
saw
be dangerous
'nor would
13
Roman
17.
people.'
siW... temperatures... quin...exirent,
neque
refrain
from issuing out and invading the Province.' 'By provinda he means the first Roman province in South-Eastern Gaul, called in more
Cimbri Teutonique.
or Jutland
who had
Aquae
after
The invaders from Northern Germany many years of struggle been destroyed by
Marius
at
North
18.
Italy in B.C.
the lake of
*
The Rhone as it first flows from Geneva eastward formed the northern boundary of the
Province.'
NOTES.
quibus rebus... putatoat, 'and these possibilities he thought 19. ought to be provided against with all possible speed.'
20.
24.
25. 27.
28.
medium
agere,
'
demand of him.' P. 423 note 3, 453. utriusque, 'about half-way between them both.'
'if
to discuss.'
he stood
in
need of anything
from Caesar.'
venturum
fuisse,
in oratio recta
it
would
have been vetiissem or 7icniam si quid mihi opus fuisset, venissem (i)
(2)
si
erit,
is
veniam
P. 443.
past or future.
Page 30,
I.
si
quid
ille
se velit,
'if
anything.'
3.
For si quid vult in oratio recta. quas Caesar possideret, 'of which Caesar was
'e.xertion.'
4.
molimento, 'trouble,'
6. in sua Gallia, 'in his part of Gaul,' in that part of Gaul in which he (Ariovistus) had established his supremacy, recognised by the
title
of king.
'
Roman
people
is
The message no doubt gives the substance and nearly the very words of what Caesar commissioned his legates to say. ID. suo populique Romani. The possessive pronoun is often thus in apposition to a genitive, 'the kindness of himself and of the Roman
9.
cum
his mandatis,
obliqiia,
'
put in oratio
but
people.'
II.
own
See
p. 28,
23
n.
13.
ut...gravaretur, 'as to
make
difficulties
conference.'
neque...dicendum
to think that
interest.'
sibi
et
cognoscendum putaret,
he need discuss and settle judicially a matter of mutual co^noscere and cognitio are technical words for an investigaCaesar uses the former here as though
82
I.
in
19.
1.
eius,
is,
'
p.
25,
14 n.
22. 23.
that
to the Sequani.
perpetuam, unbroken.' M. MessaIa...coiisulibus, B.C. 61. This ^\as done in consequence of the disaster to the Aedui and the rumour of the coming movement of the Helvetii ; about which Cicero writes to Atticus in March B.C. 60 {ad Alt. i. 19). It was this decree of the Senate that
authorised Caesar to leave the transalpine province assigned to
to
him and
the republic'
P. 456.
is
The
relative
is
cominodo
and seems
Page
I.
31,
'
Aeduorum
injuries
done
to the Aedui.'
3.
it
6.
ad alterius praescriptiim,
qui...faceret,
'
party.'
12.
in
having made.'
13.
15. 17.
Bibi, to Ariovistus.
iniuria,
'
nomen populi Romani abfutiiruin, that Roman people would not stand them in
'
good stead.' eis is dative and longe abesse is 'to be far from,' 'not be frateniuin...Komani means the name of 'brothers' at hand to help.' given by the Roman people; p. 29, 1. 5 n. quod...denuntiaret, 'as to Caesar's warning him.' 18. neminein...contendi88e, 'no one had ever fought with him 19.
without
20.
fatal results to himself."
congrederetur,
'let
p. 37,
1.
14.
inter annos ZIIII, 'for the last fourteen years,' inter in this
is
phrase
it
means a
little
more
than intra,
of.'
'
NOTES.
Gaul, but
for
it
83
who had been
llio
some years
21.
cannot be supposed that the bulk of those settled in Gaul had not lived in houses.
matter of valour,'
24. 25.
same time as
this
to Caesar, legates
Page 32.
quod...populareiitur, 2n. P. 386. 'because (as they alleged) the Harudes were devastating their territories.' The subjunctive with quod shews that it is not the reason It is therefore oblique. given by Caesar, but by the Aedui. pacem Ariovistl, peace with Ariovistvis,' peace accorded by 3.
I.
quaestum,
p.
25,
1.
'
'
Ariovistus.'
4.
subjective genitive.
Treveri
'
autem,
'
understand
questum,
'came
'
to
complain.'
pagos,
the inhabitants of a
hundred cantons,' or
5.
qui...conareiitnr,
the subjunctive
in
ne...mmus
difficult.'
lest resistance
should become
more
resisti
Lit.
impersonally also.
resistance should
I
.
'lest
be made.'
itineribus,
'
magnis
idque,
13.
P. 249.
was so strongly fortified by the nature of its position.' The imperfect muniebatur indicates the continuous nature of the defence, it was always protected by the natural
20.
oppidum,
and
it
'
The
river
Doubs
nearly surrounds the older part of Besan9on (the ville haute), which
is
on the
22.
site
Where
is tilled
i.e.
'with a
circular sweep.'
25.
ita, ut,
up.'
magna
altitudine,
26.
sides.'
ripae...coiitingant,
It is
'come
close to.'
here equivalent
to continguae sint.
17.
arcem
efflcit,
'
makes
it
into a citadel.'
62
84
I.
hue,
'
to this town.'
4.
ad Vesontionem.
is
often
Thus ad
Romam means
'
near Rome,'
Rome.'
ablatives
of quality,
'they spoke of
them
9.
immense
and practice
in arms.'
was a frequent custom for the friends of a him to his province in hopes of getting The most common was a fraefedura various official employments. The presence of these city men was often an or a tribwiattis. embarrassment to the governor. Thus Cicero sent a lawyer Trebatius Testa with a letter of introduction to Caesar, who in writing back
qtii...ainicitiae.
offered to give
a camp.
alius alia causa illata, 'one on one excuse and one on another.'
ao.
vultum
fingere,
'
assume a
is
'
fingere vultum
to
make up
23.
one's countenance,'
'
assume a certain
'throughout
expression.'
volgo,
'generally,'
'commonly.'
totis
castris,
the camp.'
24.
testamenta obsignabantur,
'
wills
up.'
making
wills without
lulius
Caesar
is
said to have
;
for soldiers
was not thoroughly established until afterwards. making a will while falling into order (? Wills were not sealed like modern procinctti) had become obsolete. They documents, as a kind of signature making them effective. were written on tablets, which were tied together and proved to be
in this respect
but
it
The
old ceremony of
praefectV
NOTES.
Page 34.
7. 4.
85
angustias,
'
difficulties.'
'
carting
ut satis commode... posset, that there might be a difficulty in it up,' that it might not be able to be brought up with sufficient
'
conveniency.'
6.
P. 417, note 4.
ferri, 'to
signa
march,'
lit.
The
when
l)y
the
army halted
'
that
audio
in the sense of
the
first
summoned
But
on
this occasion
quo
se
consilio, 'with
what
1.
design.'
consule,
'
in
his
(Caesar's)
consulship,'
that
is,
in
the
p. 30,
iin.
ab officio, 'from his loyalty.' cur...iudicaret, 'why should 15. anyone suppose that he was going so quickly to renounce his obligations?'
18.
pronoun and
genitive, see
20.
30,
1.
lo; p. 36,
15.
'
what
18.
21.
22.
Caesar's.
See on
p. 38,
'
1.
been
'
tested,'
factmn eius hostis periculum, the quality of this enemy had trial of this enemy had been made.' patrum...memoria,
'
within the
memory
He
1.
over the Teutoni and Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae (B.C. 102) and on the
Raudian
p. 29,
16 n.
1.
For nostrorum
7 n.
and nobis
Roman
')
cum...videbatur, 'at the time when, after the repulse of the 23. Cimbri and Teutoni by Gaius Marius, the army was thought to have
deserved no less glory than with
its
commander.'
it
The
cum temporal
is
regular, but
is
unusual to have
all
in a subit
But
when
moment
words used
more
vividly.
'
86
26.
I.
tumultu,
'
outbreak of the
B.C. 73
slaves.'
i.
The
there
rebellion of gladiators
Italy
war within
quos,
slaves,
servos,
the rising of
whom,
after
[tamen],
the
practice
Page 35.
2.
quos,
i.e.
the slaves
'
inermoB
3.
(or itiemies),
victores.
Roman
armies.
4.
6.
hos,
i.e.
plerumque superarint,
qui,
i.e.
have
in
come.'
7.
the
Helvetii
who had
unable.'
9.
'
such persons.'
Such persons, if they looked into the matter, could discover that, after the Gauls had been wearied out by the length of the campaign, Ariovistus, having for many months kept himself within his camp and behind marshes without offering battle, attacked them suddenly when they had given up all hope of battle and had dispersed, and conquered them more by skilful strategy than by valour.' II. neque sui potestatem fecisset, 'and had not given them a
chance of attacking him.'
T4.
hac,
which
is
and the
ne ipsum qviidem,
qui,..ccnferrent, 'those
who
disguised their
own cowardice
diffi-
under the pretence of anxiety about the supply of corn and the
culties of the
march
'
i.e.
who
'
attributed
what was
really cowardice to
facere arroganter,
cum,
'
since.
de
officio
imperatoris,
'
of their
commander doing
his duty.'
20. 21.
iamque,
25.
and by this time.' aut male...convictam, 'either that fortune had deserted him
'
in
NOTES.
some
defeat, or that
^7
home
to him.'
had intended
to
postpone to a more
distant day.'
30.
repraesentaturum,
de quarta vlgilia,
sunrise.
'
'
spot.'
31.
at the
commencement
Page 36.
1. pudor atque ofiacium, honour and \o^2\\.-^,^ ptidor is the feeling shame preventing a man from violating his duty. 2. valeret, would prevail,' was the stronger.' decima legione. The tenth legion was always a favourite with 3. Caesar, and did excellent work. It seems to have been the legion which Caesar found stationed in the province when he arrived.
'
of
'
'
4.
'
body-guard.'
The
9.
innata
est,
'was implanted
that
in them.'
of the rest.'
13.
primorum ordinum,
first
is,
first
ordo
of the
them
of the
in each legion.
first
to
mean
15.
but
campaign not as belonging to themselves commander.' suiitu is opposed to imperaloris, the possessive pronoun answering to a genitive; p. 34, 1. 18.
to the chief direction of the
to
the
18.
ex
all
the chiefs.'
19.
miles.'
milium... circultu, 'by making a detour of more than fifty ut...duceret explains exquisito itinere, 'have inquired the
route, namely,
20.
how
is
to lead, etc'
'
locis apertis,
preposition, as
common
through open country'; abl. of place without a with locus and similar words, especially when
march.'
23.
'
twenty-four
miles
that thty
88
I.
quod...licere,
the speech
is
The
tenses are
for
mittit
is
an
per
he was concerned.'
nearer.'
quoniain...accessisset,
since Caesar
6.
7.
had come
since,'
'
cum,
pro,
'
'
seeing that'
8.
considering.'
'let
14.
uterque...veiiiret,
1.
cavalry'; p. 31,
19.
20 n.
Roman
province.
He
Caesar had no mounted troops from various parts of his now mounted soldiers of the loth legion on the horses of
the Gauls.
22.
25.
non
4 n.
list
26.
knights.'
ad equum rescribere,
'
of
The
all
who
old
now
number had the eqttus publicus, and the having that even among the old number of equites seems to have nearly fallen into desuetude until The rather poor joke seems to be that it was revived by Augustus, instead of making the loth legion a cohors praetoria (which was an honour, but only a temporary one), he was as it were giving them 'public horses' and so permanently raising them all to the equestrian
ordo or rank.
Page 38,
I.
planities,
hill.
it
is
plain and
in Elsass.
5.
7.
was somewhere
quam
'
14.
services.'
16.
18.
Bua ac senatus, of himself and the Senate.' See p. 36, 1. 15 n. In oratio obliqua Caesar often uses ipsis, 'to the Romans.'
NOTES.
the oblique cases of ipse instead of the reflexive pronoun,
distinction
19.
is
89
when some
needed;
p. 34,
1.
21.
quotiens
quamque
that,'
honorifica,
'how
often
and
in
what compli-
mentary terms.'
20.
ut,
'how
'
depending on
docebat.
oninl tempore, as
we
should say,
23.
tit...velit,
to
it.
P.
415' '
24.
8Ui nihil,
no ad-
The sui
footing.'
auctiores,
'
improved,'
'
on a better
quod vero...attulisseiit, 'that which they had brought with them when they became friends of the Roman people.' in mandatis, 'among their instructions.' 27,
Page 39.
2.
obsides redderet,
sc.
postulavit,
'
restore.'
3.
at, 'yet at
least that
the Rhine.'
6.
10.
ab
ipsis,
sc.
Ga/h's.
ipsorum voluntate,
See
p.
'
with
the
free
25,
1.
14 n.
consuerint,
si...velint,
'
16.
'if the
The
more
to
1.
words
of the speaker.
tenses.
20.
From
p.
40,
1.
result.
P. 225.
22.
24.
those
who have
unconditionally surrendered.'
that he
is
quod...traducat, 'as to
tlie fact
Page 40.
2.
'
defenderlt,
defendere
belltivi,
to
ward
when
attacked.
90
Province.
5.
I.
quid
'
what was
From
tenses.
this point
down
to
is
Perhaps Caesar
lianc Galliam,
'
now
said
more
and
last parts
of the speech.
7.
Province,
nostram,
sc.
Romanam.
adjective,
Roman,
though pronouns of the first and second persons cannot in their simple meaning be used in oratio obliqtia; p. 34, 1. 22. ut...non oporteret,
'just as
9.
to him.'
in suo
iure,
'
in his protectorate,'
10.
11.
iinperituin...rermn,
'
'
uninformed
as to
what had taken place.' The objective genitive, P. 262. 12. bello Allobrogum proximo, in the last war with the Allobroges.' There had been a rising of the AUobroges (the most northern tribe of the Province) in B.C. 66 65 which had been put down by Calpurnius Piso. Another in B.C. 62 was put down by
'
C. Pomptinus.
14.
ipsos, 'the
16.
detere
se... habere,
'
with Ariovistus.'
in
keeping an army
in
(Ariovistus).'
...
nobilibus
principibusque
gTatum...facturum,
men
in
Rome.'
The
aristo-
Rome was
bitterly
opposed to Caesar.
The
praetor of
B.C. 58 Domitius Ahenobarbus had wished to prosecute him for illegal conduct during his consulship, and threatened that when he himself
became consul he would cause his recall and prosecution for malversation in Gaul. Caesar was already regarded as the head of the popular party he was connected with Marius, who married his aunt, and had defied Sulla in old times, and in his praetorship (B.C. 62) and consulship
;
(B.C.
59)
compertum habere,
eius morte,
Galliae, that
et
'
'
knew
for certain.'
by killing Caesar.'
is,
quod
si, 'if
however.'
that
NOTES.
91
wished waged Ariovistus would accomplish without any trouble or danger to him.'
Page 41.
quare depends on in earn seiiteiiticDn, to explain why.' ab Quinto FaMo Maximo. This was the war of B.C. 122 121 in consequence of which the Allobroges were joined to the Province. Q. Fabius Maximus defeated the Allobroges assisted by the Arvemi and Ruteni, near Avignon, with immense slaughter B.C. 121. antiquissimum quodque tempus, priority in point of time.' 9. 12. quain...voluisset, 'which though conquered in war the Senate had decitled should enjoy its own laws.' That is, it was not formally annexed to the Province, but had free internal administration so long as the laws did not conflict with conditions laid down by the conquerors. 16. ad nostros adequitare, were putting their horses at our men,' 'were riding up to attack our men.'
2.
'
6.
'
'
17.
legionis delectae,
'
to the
picked legion,'
of) faith.'
is
i.e.
the tenth.
To
say that a
man
it
is
is
was a
23.
posteaquam...elat'am
soldiers.'
est,
'when
it
became known
to the
common
Romanis interdixisset, 'had warned off the Romanis is dative, interdicere has two constructions interdicere aliquid aliati, 'to forbid something to some one,' and interdicere alicui aliqiia re, 'to debar some one from something,' as
Gallia
all
Gaul.'
in this passage.
Page 42.
I.
fact
had broken
off
the conference.'
4. 7,
how
long
after.
P. 280.
settle,'
1.
constitueret...initteret,
in oratio recta.
'let
him
'let
him
send.'
See p. 31,
20 n.
92
8.
I.
one of his
own
legates,'
i.e.
one of
his legaii or
'staff officers.'
to.
'
before.'
This construction
may be commean
the day
('
to
Cp. postridie,
9.
quin...coiiicerent,
P. 419.
men.'
14.
Proclllum, see
p.
17,
1.
18.
association
(sc.
now
multa
is
abl. agreeing
with qua
lingua) but in
19.
meaning
i.e.
is
adverbial.
peccandi,
of acting treacherously.
21.
vistus.'
24.
'
Page 43.
3.
1.
9,
day.'
4.
ultra eum,
'
to
mean
Caesar"s
5.
camp
supplies,' abla-
12.
15.
singuli
singulos,
'each
cavalryman
they
selecting
one infantry
the
actual
in
proeliis
versabantur,
'
took
part
in
engagements.'
17.
si
'if
any unusual
difficulty
occurred.'
concurrebant,
19.
si
quo,
if
in
any
direction.'
20. 21.
horses,'
equorum
manes of the
cursum,
'
26. locum delegit, selected a suitable place for a camp.' This was always done by an advanced guard, despatched on purpose. The main army was then led to the ground and fortified it. But on this
NOTES.
occasion Caesar only employed a third of his
93
army in fortifying the and ready for fighting.
camp, the
rest
marched
in order of battle
Page 44.
5.
6.
terrify
12.
expedita, 'in fighting trim,' without carrying any heavy burdens. quae copiae...perterrerent...proliibereiit, 'a force meant to our men and to prevent them from fortifying the camp.'
instituto suo,
*
in
14.
battle.'
hostibus
pugnandi potestatem
'
'offered
the
enemy
18. 23.
quae...oppugnaret,
proelio
to assault.'
non decertaret,
is
The
out,'
force of de in dccertarc
to fight
it
25.
prophetic methods.'
the
power of women, only that he does not Greek armies always had a mantis with them who examined the victims sacrificed before a battle and sometimes warned the General not to fight. The Romans did the same, but were apt to disregard the omens, and many disasters w-ere quoted by believers as the consequence. Tacitus [Germ. 10) describes the method of sortes by twigs marked with special signs and scattered on a white cloth. 26. utrum...ex usu esset, whether it was to their advantage.'
in the prophetic
Germans
it
confine
to
matrons {matresfamiliae).
'
Page 45.
I.
si...coiitendissent,
'if they
fought.'
The
}-ecta,
pluperfect subj. in
'
si
contendent.'
alarios,
'
in a battle
6.
quod minus... valebat, 'because he was somewhat weak number of legionary soldiers in comparison with the numbers
enemy.'
7.
of the
ad speciem,
turn
'to
make
larger force.
9.
demum,
'
'
then,
and not
'
till
then,'
'
then at
last.'
10.
generatim,
in tribes,'
according to their
tribes.'
94
14. 18.
I.
singulos
legates et quaestorem,
There was only one qtiaestor. command one legion, and a legatus was put at the
head of each of the others. But the et quaestorem is rather awkwardly expressed. Caesar continued hereafter to use his legati for this purpose,
and under the Empire the regular commander of the legion was a legatus. 20. a dextro comu, on the right wing.' It was all important to pierce the enemy's formation. Caesar therefore struck hardest at the
'
weakest point.
men on the signal being given charged the and the enemy rushed out to meet them with such promptness and velocity, that no opportunity was given for pouring in the volley of pila.' The regular proceeding on the part of the Roman legions was to throw their pila before coming to close quarters and fighting with the sword. But the Germans came on so fast that
22.
ita...daretur, 'our
spirit,
they only had time to draw their swords, and had to drop their pila
phalange facta,
This
is
'
'
having formed
nature of
square.'
or compact body of
men advancing
sixteen deep.
It is of the
the
to resist cavalry, or
technically an
Page 46.
I.
'
large
close order, the front rank protecting their bodies with their shields,
while the inner ranks held their shields above their heads, forming a
Roman
soldiers sprang,
their
men
below.
5.
owing
to
their large
7.
very severely.'
Caesar
Decimus Brutus, as being under He nowhere calls him a legatus. It is the Quaestorian age (i.e. 30). clear that his office was & praefectura, and he here commands the cavalry He returned Th.it pro efecti also commanded the auxilia. aspraefectus.
gives this epithet to him, as he does to
NOTES.
to
95
and accompanied
his
Rome
8.
ind
consulsliip)
with him in B.c 53 at Carrhae. quod expeditior erat, because it (the 3rd line) was less en-
and
fell
cumbered and
in the battle.
9.
easier to
move than
the
already engaged
P. 226.
II.
restitutum
est,
footing.'
13.
niilia...circiter
miles from
There
alter to
site
five,
which some
fifty.'
If
it is
of
wrong or the
'
tributary the
17.
18. 19.
111.
it,'
ea,
'
on
by means of
it.'
duae.
24.
25.
i6n.
'fell in
in ipsum Caesarem...incidit,
set at liberty.
Page 47.
I.
made any
drawback
3.
and congratulation by a
is se
drawn
to decide
for
whether he .should be
another time.'
The number
significance,
sortium beneficio,
10.
were taken up three times each. was thanks to the lots.' Rhenum, governed by the preposition p7-ope implied in proximi.
'
it
Cp.
3- 7 Crassiis
13.
maturius...postulabat, 'a
demanded.'
At
Germans
of
it
The end
will
96
14.
I.
Mbema
in Sequanos,
'
of the Sequani.'
to put
castra
ad Caesarem
came
is
to
In citeriorem Galliam,
'
into
into
North Italy. Caesar usually spent the winter at Ravenna or Lucca, from which he could watch political affairs at Rome, and where he was visited by his friends and partisans.
16.
ad conventus agendos,
directly before
him
to
be
judged.
97
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
abt.
98
I.
f.
youth, ado-
v. a. to
accuse.
acies,
-ei,
f.
edge, line
of
battle;
aciem
instriiSrg, to
draw
out in
turn
to,
to
turn towards;
to notice.
animum
aedificium,
Aediliis,
-i,
advertSrg,
-i,
to,
towards; with
a building. m. an Aediian.
n.
The
one's
direction
and
Aedui were a Gallic tribe living between the Loire and the Saone.
aegre, adv. with
culty.
difficulty, scarcely;
v.
a.
m. Lucius Aemilius,
f.
a cavalry officer.
aequitas,
-atis,
equity, fairness.
i
affections on.
aequo,
-ductum, 3
induce.
i
\.
a.,
to
addUco,
a. to
v.
make
aequtls,
equal.
-a,
lead up
adequito,
v. n.
aestas,
afficio,
-atis,
-fire,
summer.
-fectum, 3 v. a.
to ride up.
-feci,
d61or6
bring
to.
aggrieved; supplicid
itum, 2 v. a. to
aflfic6r6,
to
punish; bSnSficiS
f.
stwimon,
aditils, -us,
to invite.
afficSrfi, to benefft.
m. approach, right of
-ae,
f. AdmagcN.E. Gaul.
aflflnitas,
-atis,
relationship by
approach.
marriage.
a-gfer,
-gri,
m. a
-i,
field,
country,
in
territory.
sum, i dep. admire. admitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3 v. a. to let go, to admit ; admisso 6qu6, at full gallop. addridr, -iri, -ortus sum, 4 dep. v.
-atus
V. a. to
aggrSdidr,
V.
a.
-gressiis
sum, 3 dep.
to
wonder
at, to
and
n.
to
go towards,
approach,
to attack.
agm6n,
-inis,
n.
an army on
[agere,
the
to
march,
rear
columji
Tuove]; nbvissiinuin
agmen,
the
a. to attack, to assail.
adscisco, -ere,
a.
of an army; claud6r6 agmfin, to bring up the rear. S.go, -er6, egi, actum, 3 v. a. to
drive,
to
adsum,
he at
-esse,
-fill,
irreg. v. n. to
do;
ag6r6
f.
cum,
to
hand,
to be present.
adtilescens, -ntis,
m. a young man.
aiacritas,
-atis,
spirit, alacrity.
VOCAEUT.ARY.
3J&rn, -orum, m.
pi.
99
men on
the
ampliis,
to
S,n,
some one
else,
another's ; ^lieniis
or,
of two alternatives;
intern
particle, is it?
-cipitis, adj. double, facing two ways, doubtful ; anceps proelium, a double battle. angustiae, -arum, f. pi. narrow-
anceps,
any ;
aliquid, some-
what 34
Siliiis,
26.
ness,
difficult
country,
narrow
another, other;
passage.
alitis
alitis, the
one
. .
the titer;
angusttis,
-a,
causa illata, some on one pretext and some on another. Alldbrftges, -um, m. pi. the Alloalliis alia
in
angusto
difficulty.
animadverto,
-versum,
3 V. a. to notice;
anlmadverterfi
in, to punish.
Roman
province
animtis,
rit,
and ahum,
Alps.
be
in
one's
mind,
to
be
in-
3 V. a. to 7iotirish, to support.
tended.
Alpes, -ium,
altSr,
-era,
;
f.
pi. the
anntls,
-i,
m. a year.
for
of two
altitUdo,
alt&s,
a year.
ants, aAw. formerly, earlier; antS
the other.
-inis,
f.
height, depth.
quam,
els
-a,
altissimtis,
very deep,
the
very
lofty.
pi.
AmbarrI, -orum, m.
barri,
Amthe
in-
Gallic
tribe
on
Saone.
ap6rlo,
-ae,
f.
-Ire,
-turn,
4 v.
a.
to
amentia,
recklessness,
open
fatuation.
protected flank,
f.
on the right
i
amlcitia, -ae,
anilciSs,
-I,
friendship.
m. a friend.
appello, -are,
-avi,
-atum,
v.
a.
^mlctls,
appgto,
Aprilis,
-ere, -ivi
or
-il,
-Itum, 3 v.
devoted.
a. to seek for, to
try to get.
amitto,
V.
a.
-ere,
to lose.
-misi,
-missum,
Kal.
love.
amor,
most
-oris,
m.
apM,
among,
of.
in the presence
at the house
100
I.
Aquileia, -ae,
in Vcnelia,
Aquileia, a town
audSo,
dep.
dare.
-ere,
V. a.
and
-ivi
n. to be bold, to
audio,
f.
-ire,
or
-ii,
-itum,
4
a.
Aquitania,
S-
-ae,
Aqiiitaine, the
V.
a. to hear.
W.
district of
-a,
Gaul.
augSo,
-ere, auxi,
Aquitaniis,
to increase, to
make
auctum, 2 v. to grow.
autem,
Arar,
m.
the river
Arar
auxilium,
,
n.
help,
aid;
pi.
(the Saone).
auxilia, auxiliaries.
f.
arbftrium,
arbltror,
a.
-i,
n. tvill.
S,varitia, -ae,
i
avarice.
-ari,
-atus
sum,
dep. v.
and
n. to think., to
-ivi,
deem.
a.
arcesso, -ere,
-itum, 3 v.
enemy turned
seen
to s!t9?i>non, to invite.
away, an enemy
rear.
from
the
Ariovistiis,
-i,
m. Ariovistns, a
Gaul,
German
avUs,
-i,
m. a grandfather.
-a,
arma, -Drum,
arms.
barbariis,
-um,
z.^].
barbarous,
the Belgae,
uncivilized.
arrogantla,
-ae,
f.
a?-rogance, pre-
Belgae, -arum, m.
pi.
sumption.
Arvernl, -orum, m.
pi. the
Gaul (Belgium),
bellicosiis, -a,
vennes (mod. Auvergne). arx, arcis, f. a citadel. ascendo, -ere, -ndl, -nsum, 3
to ascetid, to climb.
v. a. to
go
v. a.
to
war,
-i,
to fight.
bellum,
n.
war.
-i,
b6n6ficluin,
n.
a kindness, a
capital
ascensus,
at, conj
-iis,
m.
an
ascent,
favottr.
cli?nbing up.
.
Bibractg,
of
the
-is,
n. Bibracte,
Aedui,
-i,
mod.
Autun
[Augustodunum].
bldfium,
years.
n.
-i,
same
attingo, -ere,
a. to
-tigi,
-tactum, 3 v.
authority,
biennium,
touch upon,
-atis,
to reach.
f.
auctoritas,
influence.
auctils,
m.
pi.
pi.
the Bitu-
Boil,
-orum,
m.
the
Boii, a
ot
tribe of Gauls,
some
whom
lived in Transalpine
in Cisalpine Gaul,
and some
more
boldly.
bonitas,
-atis,
t.
goodness.
VOCABULARY.
bfinum,
-1,
lOI
-us,
n. good,
advantage.
bfino
casiia,
m.
a falling out, a
-is,
adj. good;
chance.
ammo
Catamantaloedes,
quani.
m.
Cata-
bracMum,
n.
an arm,
catena, -ae,
C.
for
Gaiiis,
see
Caburiis and
Cattlriges,
Procillils.
C, see
centum.
-i,
S. E. Gaul.
Caburiis,
causa, -ae,
n.
f.
cause,
to
cado,
-ere,
casum, 3
v.
causam
cause,
dlc6r6,
to fall.
Caesar,
-aris,
m.
in
Gains
B.C.
59.
Iitlius
Consul
first
He
to
to be on trial; causa, with gen. for the sake of. cav6o, -ere, cavJ, cautum, 2 v. a. and n. to be on one's guard, to
was
in
be cautious about.
B.C. 49.
calamitas,
disaster.
octo.
capture,
to
occupy,
to feel;
nomgn
-I,
caperfi ex, to
siviftness.
derive a
captlvtis,
capiit,
name from.
m. a captive. n. a head; capita,
-I,
7no':t
-Ttis,
persons.
carriis,
Celtae, -arum,
m.
pi.
the
Celts,
m. or carrum,
'
n.
the
inhabitants
of
central
Gaul.
cens6o, -ere,
censiis,
-ui, 2 v.
a.
and
n. to
Cassiantis,
of Cassiiis;
vote, to decree.
-us,
bellum Cassianum, the war in Gaul waged by L. Cassias Longinus in B.C. 107. Cassiiis, -i, m. Cassius, a Roman name, L. Cassiiis Longinus,
consul B.C. 107. castellum, -I, n. a fortress, a fort.
Casticiis,
-I,
m. a numbering, a
num.
adj.
census.
centum,
dred.
centvlrio,
indecl.
a hun-
m.
Casticus,
one of
[the
for
the Sequani.
castra, -5rum, n. pi. a
sing,
camp
used
to
castrtun,
-1,
n.
fortress"];
pitch
-onis, m. a centurion, one of 60 officers in a legion. certiis, -a, -um, adj.yf.r^^, certain; certiorem fac6rS, to injorm ; certidr fidrl, to be informed; certisslmiis, most certain. [cetfiriis], -um [nom. sing, -a, m. not used and the sin;
to strike
the
the other.
I02
I.
Ceutrones, -um, m. pi. the Ceuh'oiies, a tribe in Savoy. cibariiis, -a, -um, adj. of food, belonging to food; cibaria, n. pi. provisions ; cibaria molita,
to
cliens, -ntis,
m. and
f.
a dependent,
client.
CLXXX,
cddmo,
a. to
see
-ere,
centum octoginta.
-emi,
ground
corn, flour.
-I,
-emptum,
3 v.
Cimb^rius,
m.
Cimheriiis,
buy up.
-isse, coeptiis
German
chief.
pi.
coepi,
the Cimbri,
sum, defect.
begin [only
CimbrI, -orum, m.
semi-dep.
v.
a.
to
c6erc6o, -ere,
-iii,
-itum, 1 v. a.
surround.
-I,
to constrain, to
keep in check,
to
circinus,
passes.
m.
pair
of
com[ace]
confine.
v.
a.
think over.
-novi,
to
round about,
circMt^s,
-us,
about.
cognosce,
V. a.
-ere,
-nittim,
m. a going about, a
to
know,
ascertain;
circuit, a detour.
causa
prep,
cognita,
after
an
in-
circum,
adv.
and
[ace]
vestigation.
round, about.
circumdo,
v.
a.
-are,
-dedl,
-datum,
a.
to
to
put round.
cohors,
-rtis,
f.
make
to
part of a legion.
c61iort6r,
-ari,
wind.
circumsisto,
to
-ere,
-stitl,
sum,
dap.
v. a.
3 v. n.
V. a. to exhort,
to
encourage.
i
stand round.
-ire, -veni,
circumvenio,
-ventum,
by
V. a.
to
surround,
to take
collis,
-is,
m. a
hill.
i
treachery.
citSrior, -lus, gen. -ioris, adj.[comp.
v.
a. to
place together,
n.
to
station,
of
citSr,
-tra,
-tram]
nearer,
give in marriage.
colloquium,
collSquor,
V.
-i,
-i,
a conversation,
province of Gaul on the Italian side of the Alps. cltra, adv. and prep, [ace] on
this side,
a conference.
-locutus sum, 3 dep.
n.
to
speak
with,
to
hold
within.
conference.
way ;
ultro
citroque,
wards.
civitas,
-at IS,
combQro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, 3 v. a. to burn up, to consume. comm^atils, -us, m. provisions,
commissariat.
properly citizenstate,
a town,
v.
commgmoro,
V.
Ti.
-are,
-avi, to
-atum,
to
remind of,
-are,
-avi,
mention.
comm6o,
-atum [cum,
VOCABULARY.
mSare],
i
103
carry
to
v.
n. ^o
^o backivards
to
a.
to
one place,
to
andforwards.
commxntls, adv. hand
close quarters.
colled.
hand, at
conatum,
conatiis,
-1,
n.
an
attempt,
thing attempted.
-us,
committo,
V. a. to
m. an
-cessi,
effort,
an
attempt.
committ6r6 proelium,
battle ;
to
to
join
tit,
concedo,
V.
a.
-ere,
-cessum, 3
a.
comtiiit,
to
do any
to
to allo7V,
to
grant.
-cisum, 3 v.
concldo, -Sre,
to
-cidi,
cut to pieces,
to kill.
i
commdde,
commddiun,
adv.
advantageously,
v. a.
conveniently.
-I,
bring together,
n.
to
win
over, to
n.
advantage.
conciliate.
comm6dtls, -a, -um, adj. convenient, advantageous ; commddissimiis, most convenient. commongfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 3 V. a. to remind, to admonish.
concilium,
-i,
meeting,
a
to
summon an
conclamo,
n. to
assembly.
-avi,
-are,
-atum,
v.
exclaim, to shout.
-ciicurrT,
comm6v6o,
commtlnio,
-ere,
-movi, -mOtum,
concurro, -ere,
3
V.
-cursum,
to
2 V. a. to agitate, to
-ire,
move
or
-li,
deeply.
n.
to
run
together,
-IvI
-Itum,
rush
concursils,
gether,
m. a rushing
a charge.
-atum,
i
to-
rally,
f.
commtini
consilio, as a
condicio, -onis,
a condition, terms.
v. a.
condono,
to
-are, -avi,
to
grant,
give up as a favour
commtlto,
-are, -avi,
-atum, -atum,
v. a.
to, to pardon for the sake of. condQco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 v. a. to bring together i 13 ; /'^ hire.
to change, to
exchange.
i
confercio,
v. a.
to
V. a. to
tils,
-ire,
-fersi,
-fertum, 4
comparo,
to
-are, -avI,
-a,
compare.
confertissimtls,
-ire,
comperio,
4
V. a. to
-perl,
-pertum,
to
ftid
out, to ascertain;
confSro,
-ferre,
-tiili,
collatum,
compertum habere,
sured.
be
as-
irreg. v. a. to
collect, to
complectSr, -i, -plexus sum, 3 dep. V. a. to embrace, to include. complSo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2 v. a.
tofill.
to
attribute to 35
35 30;
oneself
se
complQres,
several,
-a,
gen.
-ium,
adj.
7tot
a few.
-avi,
comporto,
-are,
-atum,
v.
written in Greek
letters.
104
I.
behold.
confirmo, -are,
to
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
to
conspicSr,
-ari, -atus
sum,
dep.
strengthen,
to
establish,
assert.
constantia,
-I,
-ae,
f.
firmness, per-
congrSdiftr,
V. n.
-gressus
sum,
severance.
to meet.
constitGo, -ere,
agree jtpon;
to set
-ul,
-utum, 3 v. a.
constitiierg,
aciem
consuesco,
-suevi,
-suetum,
cus-
3 V. n. to be accusto/ned.
coniftrati5, -onis,
f.
a conspiracy,
i
consuetude,
tom.
-iins,
f.
habit,
a sworn league.
c6n6r,
to
-arl, -atus
sum,
dep. v.
a.
consM,
the
attempt, to try.
-ere,
conquiro,
-quisivl, quisitum,
consangniiigus,
-a,
-urn, adj.
re-
-ulis, m. a Consul, one of two chief magistrates at Rome elected yearly. Used in ablative with names or pronouns to show the year, as M. Messala 6t M. Fison5 consMi-
btis, in the
consulship of Messala
to
resolve;
mortem
sib!
and Piso.
COnsiUatils,
-iis,
coiiscisc6r6, to
conscitls,
-a,
of.
commit
suicide.
m. consulship.
-sultum, 3
v. n.
consillo, -ere,
to consult.
-iii,
aware
consensus,
-us,
-i,
m. agreement.
consultum, -T, n. decisiott, decree. consQmo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum, 3 V. a. to use up, to consume, to
destroy.
cons6qu6r,
V.
contendo,
-ere, -tendl,
-tentum, 3
m. Publius Conofficer.
oneself, to
hasten,
to be to
urgent
Roman
down,
-T,
march
contentio, -onis,
contest, contro-
consilium,
consisto,
n.
counsel, plan,
policy, deliberation.
-ere,
-stiti,
contlnent6r,
3
v.
adv.
continually,
n.
to
ivitkout stopping.
contineo, -ere,
to
-ui,
-tentum,
2 v. a. to
bound,
to
hold together,
-tigl,
hold
consoldr,
V.
-ari,
-atiis
sum,
dep.
a. to console.
-tactum, 3 v.
and
n. to touch
upon, to reach,
spectQ, in view.
to
happen.
VOCABULARY.
contlntHis,
-S,
loq
-avi,
-um,
adj.
con-
cr6o, -are,
create;
-atum,
v. a. to
to elect,
tinuous, unbroken.
of magistrates,
prtp.
to appoint.
a.
to
draw
f.
together,
to
m.
torture.
f.
collect.
crQdelitas,
insult, outrage.
-atis,
cruelty.
contilnieliS., -ae,
convSnio,
V.
a.
-ird,
and
n. to
culture.
together
with.
ciipide,
v6nit,
agreed.
adv.
eagerly,
greedily;
conventils, -us,
gether,
m. a coming
assize.
-verti,
to-
a meeting,
-re,
converto,
V. a. to
-versum, 3
eagerness, desire.
change, to turn.
-vici,
convinco, -ere,
-victum, 3
v.
desirous of
cilpio,
-ere,
a. to convict, to
prove. -atum,
i
or
-Ti,
-Itum,
convSco, -are,
copia,
-ae,
-avi,
a.
v.
a.
to
desire,
to
to call together, to
f.
summon.
ciipr6 Helvetils, to
to the Hclvetii.
ctlr,
abundance, supply; copiae, forces, wealth; copiam fac6r6, to furnish a supply 24 5. copiosus, -a, -um, adj. abundant,
well
supplied;
copiosisslmtls,
adv. why.
f.
cllra, -ae,
care, anxiety;
to be
(dat.) ess6,
a horn,
a iving of an army.
corptis, -oris, n. body.
CXXX,
adj.
see
centum
cotldianils,
-a,
-um,
15.
daily,
d.
ordinary 17
cdtldie
= diem.
-are,
-avi,
(quotldie),
adv.
daily,
damno,
to
-atum,
v.
a.
every day.
Crasstls,
-1,
condemn.
;
m.
55,
M.
with
Licinius
defl-
Crassus,
B.C.
consul
Pompey
70
and
joined with
in the Tri-
qua de
of,
umvirate B.C. 60 ; fell in war with the Parthians B.C. 53. His son Publi-iis 46 7. cr6mo, -are, -avI, -atum, i v. a. to
burn,
to
after,
de tertia
2
v.
-itum,
to do.
a.
consume.
owe,
bound
io6
decSdo, -er,
I.
-cessum, 3
adj.
v.
demitto,
a.
-ere, -misi,
to
n. to depart.
to
let fall,
dficem,
indecl.
num.
ten;
dScem novem,
demissd, with hanging head. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, i a. to point out, to show.
at
length;
turn
a.
till then.
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v.
dgcimiis,
decipio,
V.
a.
-a,
-^re,
-ceptuni,
deni, -ae,
deniqufi,
-a,
num.
to deceive.
i
adv.
in fine,
at
last;
v. n.
multo deniqu6 die, late in the day and only then, not till late.
denuntio,
-are,
-avi,
to
dficQiio, -onis,
m. a commander of
officer.
-atum,
v.
cavalry, cavalry
dediticiiis,
-a,
a. to tvarn,
speak strongly.
-ditum, 3
v.
deperdo,
-ere, -didi,
dered, given
up [dedo].
f.
a. to lose.
;
a surrender
in
depono,
-ere, -posui,
-positum, 3
to receive
V. a. to
dep6piil6r,
v. V. a. to
-atus
sum,
dep.
-ere, -duxi,
-ductum, 3
i
lead away.
v. a.
-are, -avi,
-atum, see 10
-oris,
3.
depr6cat6r,
m. a mediator,
one
wear
a. to
an
intercessor,
off.
-iii,
who
begs
defendo,
V.
S.liO[Ud,
-fendl,
-fensum, 3
another
desert.
to
desfiro, -ere,
-rtum, 3 v. a.
to
thing.
defessHs,
-a,
-um,
adj.
wearied
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
to indicate.
-stiti,
[defetiscor].
-stitum, 3 V. n.
stand
off,
to desist.
down; spe
deiecti, dis-
despero,
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v. n.
appointed.
to despair.
deindS, adv.
then.
desplcio, -ere,
3 V.
a.
-spexi,
-spectum,
to despise, to look
down
v. n.
upon.
destlttio, -ere, -ui, -utum, 3 v. a.
to
abandon,
to desert.
destringo,
deligo, -are,
to tie
swords.
demlniio, -ere,
to
-utum, 3
v. a.
desum,
-esse,
-fiii,
irreg.
v.
n. to
diminish,
to lessen.
fail, to be
wanting.
VOCABULARY.
destipSr, adv.
107
-ere,
from
comp.
above.
adj. zuorse.
dispergo,
3 V.
-spersT,
-spersum,
detSrior,
deterrfio,
-lis,
a. to disperse.
-ere,
-teirul,
-terntum,
dispono,
-ere, -posiiT,
-positum, 3
detraho,
a. to
variotts places.
remove.
long;
/<?/-
longer; ditltissime,
carry doivn.
-tra,
length, long
dextr,
perly
continuance.
dextra, -ae,
the right
hand
[prowitli
dlQtumiis,
timied,
-a,
manus
f.
understood
lasting;
more
dives,
lasting.
-itis,
dicio, -onis,
I'ule,
jurisdiction.
3 v. a.
adj.
rich;
ditior,
dico,
-ere,
dixT,
dictum,
and
dictio,
n.
to say,
to speak, to tell
m. Divico, a
-visi,
chief-
diem
-oms,
f.
a saying; causae
-visum, 3
v. a.
dictio, pleading
dictum,
dISs,
pi.
-ei,
-i,
n.
a cause, a word;
trial.
dicto
Divitiaciis,
-1,
m. Divitiacns, a
i
audiens, obedient.
v. a. to
give; in
matrimonium
-lii,
dar6, to
put offfrom day to day ; autS diem, the day before; in diem cert,am, by a fixed day.
to
give in niai-riage.
d6c6o, -ere,
to teach, to
doctum,
2 v.
a.
point out.
-lil,
diff6ro,
-ferre,
distiili,
dilatum,
to scatter,
ddlSo, -ere,
-itum, 2 v. n. to
irreg. v. a. to differ;
to
remove;
to
postpone.
dig^nitas, -atis,
f. f.
dipiity, rani:.
diligence, care.
v.
dlligentia, -ae,
ing place.
ddmils,
loc. at
dismiss.
v.
or -us, f. home; d6ml, home ; dSmum, [to] koine dSmo, from home.
-i
dono,
to
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
v.
a.
give, to present.
DQbis,
instruction, dis-
the
river Dubis,
diibitatio,
a. to
-onis,
f.
doubt,
hesi-
learn.
tation.
-ere,
-iecl,
-iectum, 3 v.
to scatter.
dilbito,
to
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
to
hurl apart,
doubt, to hesitate;
non
dtibi-
io8
tare quin being so.
dtibiils, -a,
I.
not to doubt
its
make.
-gressiis
egrSdior,
-T,
sum, 3 dep.
dtLceutl,
-ae,
num.
adj.
two
V. n. to
march
-a,
out.
hundred.
dtlco,
to
egrSgiiis,
-ere,
duxi, ductum, 3 v. a.
able, excellent.
lead ; in
matrimonium dHto
emigro,
to
-are, -avi,
one''s
Cr6, to
to
many;
think 3 13;
quit
home,
migrate.
v.
emitto,
a.
-ere, -mIsT,
-missum, 3
v.
to let go,
to discharge.
a.
Smo,
to
-gre,
emi, emptum, 3
buy.
of nam],
enuntio, -are,
to
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
num.
adj. tiuo.
make known,
ii,
to report.
dtiddecim,
twelve.
indecl.
num.
hard;
f.
adj.
itum, 4 v. n. to go.
the
Sodem,
adv.
to
same place
to
harder.
Sodem
m. and
leader,
pertinerS,
tend in the
dux,
diicis,
same
SquSs,
direction.
-itis,
guide.
m.
a horseman, a
of cavalry.
ex,
prep,
oict
of,
front; ilna
Squester,
Squiis,
ex parts, on one side; altera ex parts, on the other side; qua ex parts, on which side; ex conspectil, ozit of sight; ex itinSrS, on the march; ex vinctills dic6r, to plead in chains qua ex parts, in which respect; ex commtlnl consensu, by com-
Squitatils, -us,
-I,
mon
cojisent.
edQco,
to
-ere, -duxi,
-ductum, 3
r
v. a.
lead out.
v. a.
exemplum,
exSo,
to
-i,
n. precedent,
ex-
ample, specimen.
-ire, -ivi
effeminate;
or
-ii,
-itum, 4 v. n.
go out,
to
go forth.
-ul,
broken spirits.
efifSro, -ferre, extiili,
exercSo, -ere,
exercise.
-itum, 2 v. a. to
V.
a.
to
to
carry
out,
carry
exercitatio, -onis,
ins.
f.
exercise, train-
away,
make known,
to exalt.
VOCABULARY.
exetcitatlis, -a, -um, partic. adj.
f3,cilS,
109
adv. easily; f3,cUlii3, more
facillime, most easily.
adj.
exercised ;
viost
exercitatissimtis,
easily ;
facilis,
thoroughly exercised.
-iis,
-e,
easy;
facilior,
exercitiis,
m. an army
f.
[ex-
-lus,
easier.
erceo, to train].
facintis, -oris, n.
a crime.
existimatlo, -onTs,
timate.
opinion, es-
make,
-are, -avl,
to
existimo,
-atum,
deem.
v. a.
and
a. to
n. to think, to
-ire, -ivi
expgdio,
or
-li,
-itum, 4 v.
factum,
-i,
n. action, deed.
f.
disenciunber, to clear.
-a,
facultas,
ttinity,
-atis,
po-ver,
oppor-
expSditiis,
it6r expSditilis,
an
easier route.
granted them
facilitates, pi.
to
march 6 12;
expSrior,
means, resources.
fames,
-is, f.
test.
exploratdr,
noitre.
m. a
scout,
familia, -ae,
familiaris,
f.
-e,
exprimo,
-ere,
-pressl,
-pressum,
familiaris,
3 V. a. to extract.
expugno,
to take
-are, -avi,
-atum,
i v. a.
fatum,
n. fate.
favl,
by storm.
fav6o, -ere,
fautum, 2
v. n. to
favour.
fellcitas, -atis,
f.
good luck.
exsequOr,
V.
a. to
to
bear, to
bring, to carry,
to
enforce.
v. a.
wait for,
to expect.
of, out-
ferrg auxilium, to endure; bring aid. ferrum, -i, n. iron. f6rtis, -a, -um, adj. 7vi!d, savage.
fides,
-ei, f.
faith, fidelity
; f
idem
;
extremiis,
extfiriis,
-a,
fidem dare,
filia, -ae,
f.
to
promise.
[pi. filiae,
treme.
extlro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum,
to
a daughter
son.
filiarum, filiabus].
flliiis, -!,
burn
tip.
m. a
to
to
Q,
Fabius
as
feign,
make
up;
fingerS
vultum,
finis,
-is,
ance, to keep
no
I.
n. corn.
-um, corn.
fiiga, -ae,
ftlglo,
1. flight.
bours.
flo, fieri, factus
to fly.
sum,
semi-dep.
become, to be done.
firmtis, -a,
filrSr, -oris,
finnissimtis, strongest.
Flacctis,
-i,
cus, propraetor of
flagn^to, -are, -avi,
Gablnius,
-i,
m. Aulus Gabinitis,
v. a. to
demand,
flfio,
to
consul B.C. 58. Gaiiis, -!, m., see Caburiis, Flacctis. Maritis and Procilltis.
Gallia, -ae,
f.
-ere, flevi,
Gaul.
The name
Italy
weep.
flettis, -lis,
included
northern
from
m.
zveeping.
ing;
flnmgn,
flow.
florentissimtls,
most
and beyond the Alps all France and the Netherlands up to the
Rhine, with partsof Switzerland.
Galliciis,
-a,
flourishing.
-inis, n.
st9-eam,
river.
fltio, -ere,
fluxi,
fluxum, 3
v. n. to
the Gauls.
Galliis,
-i,
m. a
sum.
river
bravest.
fortitQdo,
-inis,
f.
courage, bravery.
f. fortune ; pi. fortQuae, -arum, resources, means. fossa, -ae, f. a ditch. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, 3 v. a.
fortOna, -ae,
Lemannus.
gSndratim, adv. in
Germaniis,
-i,
races.
m. a German.
to break, to discourage.
fratemiis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
of
after
defeat.
-1,
brother, fraternal.
frlgiis, -oris, n. cold.
gladiiis,
fructilostis, -a,
v.
profuable ;
7)iost
glory in.
profitable.
fructiis, -us,
m. fruit, produce.
-a,
Graiocell,
Graioceli,
-orum,
m.
pi.
the
frOmentariiis,
tribe
living
near
Mt
Cenis.
-e,
grandis,
adj. large.
VOCABULARY.
grratia,
-ae,
f.
gnitiliide,
;
favpur;
this,
this
man
here,
this
just
popularity, influence
rSferrfi,
lo
gratiam
much.
v. n. to
shew
gratitude;
magna
^ptid
plebem gratia, of
bdmd,
-inis,
m. and
f.
a man, a
gratias
agfirfi,
human
being (including
women
thank.
f.
gratWatio.-onis,
a. to
cotigratulatioti.
:i(]i].
honourable;
sum,
dep. v.
congratulate.
gratiis, -a,
it..
gravis,
severe; graviSr,
hour.
-ere, -ul, 2 v. a.
and
i
n. to
stattiSrfit,
not
to
take
any
severe
tnost
measure ;
severe.
grayissimiis,
sum,
guest,
dep.
v.
to exhort, to advise.
-itis,
hosp6s,
m. a
a guest-
to take to
heart;
friend.
hospitium,
hostis,
litlc,
-is,
-i,
n. hospitality.
m. an enemy.
-atis,
f.
adv. hither.
Ii11nianit3/S,
humanity,
to
make
diflicuhics,
to
be
re-
civilization, refinement.
luctant.
ibi,
adv. there.
hatago,
V.
a.
-ere, to
habiii,
habitum,
sider ; in niimgro
hostium ha-
IdQs, -uum,
f.
15th of
orationem
liaberfi, to
deliver a speech.
or
-i], vci.fire.
i
ignSro,
to
-are, -avi,
to be
-atum,
v. a.
not
the Hel-
know,
ignorant
of.
v.
pardon.
-ud, gen. illius, pron. that
he,
. .
Helvetitis,
hlbemtls,
ill6, -a,
one,
latter.
illlc,
that;
hlc...lll6,
the
MbemS,
quarters.
(sc.
the former.
adj. immortal.
huius, pron.
immortalis,
112
I.
impgdimentum,
impedimenta,
imp^dio,
a. to
n.
a hi7idrance;
pi.
baggage.
tium annum,
the ftiture.
the
third year
dltum
a. to
itr,
a difficult rotde.
v.
incendo,
-ere,
-cendl, -censum, 3
burn.
n.
to
v.
fall
v. a. to
imp6rium,
acy.
n.
move
n.
strongly.
a.
and
impero,
-atum,
to
v. a.
to inhabit, to dwell.
and
n.
to
command,
to
be
in
to
incolumis,
tage,
-e,
adj. safe.
-i,
command ;
make
impose upon,
incommddum,
a
incredlbilis,
n.
a disadvanimmense,
i
7'equisitions
upon;
proto
misfortzitte.
-e,
adj.
surpassing.
incflso, -arc, -avi, -atum,
v. a. to
furnish a number of soldiers. impitro, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to obtain, to prevail tipon.
imp6tils,
attack.
-us,
blame, to reproach.
indfi,
m.
charge,
an
then,
from
-1,
that time.
n. information.
a.
indicium,
-are, -avi,
imploro,
to
-atum,
v. a.
proclaim.
induce, to lead on.
importo,
to
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v.
a.
import.
indulg6o, -ere, -dulsl, -dultum, 1 V. a. to indulge, to favour. inermiis, a, -um (inermis, -e), adj.
unarmed.
inf6ro, -ferre,
a.
-tuli,
illatum,irreg. v.
to
seen;
to inflict
upon,
bring
to, to
cany
to
pectedly, suddenly.
attack, to charge;
bellum inferr6,
impugno,
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v. a.
to itivade, to attack.
to attack.
infgriis, -a,
impfln5, adv. with impunity ; impGnfi ferr6, to get off scot free
for 12 24.
impttnitas,
-atis,
f.
impunity, free-
a.
to
bend down.
-fluxum, 3 v. n.
on,
upon,among;
to flow into.
VOCABULARY.
ingens,
-ntis, adj. vast,
huge.
intellfego,
a. to
Intfir,
-fire, -lexl,
-lectuni, 3 v.
throw upon,
to
cause
to.
inTmlcQs,
hostile.
unfriendly,
inimlciis,
-T,
m. an enemy. a beginning.
f.
Initium,
iniflria,
-i,
n.
-ae,
injustice,
injury
initlrla, -wrongfully.
iniussG,
tive,
orders.
No
is
-i,
iussus
innascdr,
V. n.
used.
to be
innocentia, -ae,
lessness.
innocence^ bhvne-
-fectum,
to kill.
m6pia,-ae,
f.
of stipplics.
infiplnans, -ntis, adj. unsuspecting,
and
n. to leave a space, to
tinaware.
insciens, -ntis,
adj.
interrupt.
unknowing,
intemScio,
-onis,
f.
massacre,
in ignorance.
general slaughter.
interpello, -are, -avi, -atum,
a. to interfere
i
ins6qu6r,
-i,
v.
V. a. to follow tip, to
pursue.
with.
to inter-
insidiae, -arum,
f.
pi.
an ambush,
a stratagem.
InsiguS,
insignls,
-is,
put between,
m. and
f.
n.
a decoration.
pose.
-e, adj.
marked, signal.
4
v. n. to leap
interprgs,
ator,
-etis,
a medi-
insUIo,
-ire, -silui,
an
interpreter.
-esse, -fui,
irreg. v. n.
upon.
ins61entSr, adv. insolently, insultingly.
instittio, -gre, -ui,
to
set
Intersum,
to be between, to be
engaged
in.
intervallum,
up, to
-i,
n.
distance,
in-
terval:
(valli)
lit.
of a rampart,
-tuitus
instrttct, to educate.
institdtum,
tice,
-i,
n.
a habit, a prac-statum,
v.
sum,
2 dep.
an
institiction.
-stiti,
gaze on,
Insto, -are,
to be
n.
v.
invlcttis, -a,
invincible.
114
1.
v. a. to
iungo.
ere, iunxi,
iunctum, 3
v. a.
to join, to unite.
-a,
invltils,
IQra, -ae,
ips5,
itlro,
-atum,
v. n. to
swear.
ills,
iuris,
n. justice, right
legal
passionate.
irrldiciile, adv. unwittily.
Is,
position,
rights; iQs
belli,
the
ea,
id,
;
iiirandi, n.
an
that
66,
that fact ;
that; 66
Italia, -ae,
L justice, fairness.
tit,
end that.
iustiis, -a,
simiis,
most just.
i
Italy.
v. a.
to
itaqu6, adv.
and
so, therefore.
so,
help, to aid.
f.
pi.
a route,
day of the
it6r fac6r6, a march; to march ; ex itm6r6, on the march; magiils itinSribiis, with
month.
L.
for
LGciils,
see
Aemiliiis,
forced 77iarches;
maxima ltin6ra,
Cassitls, Piso
and Sulla.
Labieniis,
-I,
labdr, -oris,
i
m.
labour.
i
to
v. n. to
in
trouble,
to
be
anxious
last,
even.
about, to be in difficulties.
lacesso, -ere,
a. to
-ivi or -ii, -itum, 3 v. harass, to provoke, to attack.
f.
command.
judgment, opinion,
-atum,
i
lacrimS., -ae,
laciis,
-lis,
a tear.
itldicium,
trial.
-I,
n.
v. a. to
v.
to
give liberally,
to
supply
itlgxim,
a yoke, a mountain iilgum mitt6r6, to send under the yoke, to force a conquered army to march under
-i,
n.
lavishly.
ridge;
siib
Iargit6r, adv.
lavishly, liberally;
to
largiter possfi,
have ample
lavishly,
power.
largltio, -onis,
f.
a giving
liberality, bribery.
-i,
iOmentum,
n.
a beast of burden,
late, adv.
pack-horse.
latitfldo, -inis,
breadth, width.
VOCABULARY.
Latobrlgl, -orum, m. pi. the Latabrigi, a tribe of
latiis,
-a,
Lingones, -um, m.
pi.
theLingones,
Germans.
side,
flank,
i.e.
the right.
i.
Vosges Mountains. ae, f. a tongue, language. lintfir, -tris, f. a skiff, a boat. Lisctis, -i, m. Liscus, one of the Aedui and brother of Divitilingua,
-
laus, laudis,
praise.
f.
acus.
littfira,
an embassy. legatiiB, -i, m. one sent or commissioned by another, (i) an ambassador, (2) a lieutenant or
legatio, -onis,
legate
-ae,
f.
letter
(of
the
alphabet);
ing,
ISctis,
pi.
Iitt6rae, a writ-
ail epistle.
-i,
of a
Roman
Imperator.
Caesar had 12 legati under him Gaul, an unusually large number, who formed his staff. ISg^o, -onis, f. a hgion, a body of
in
an
longe, adv. far, far off; longiiis abessS, to be farther aivay; lonlonginquiis,
lasting.
men
and
varying in number at
divided
into
differ-
adj.
long,
10
cohorts
to select\
longitQdo,
f.
length.
;
[from legere,
to the legion.
to pick,
longidr,
16qu6r,
-i,
Lemanniis,
-i,
m.
f.
sc.
lacfis,
the
a.
and
n. to speak, to say.
f.
f.
Le/iian.
Itln^, -ae,
moon.
gentleness, gentle
lux,
Ijicis,
light ;
prima
l(lc6,
at
current.
daybreak.
Moselle.
lex, legis,
Iitoent6r,
f.
adv.
a law. with
pleasure,
Mesand PIso. magis, adv. more; maxime, most. magistrattis, -us, m. (j) a magisfor Marciis, see Crasstls,
M.
sala, Metlils
willingly.
llbgr, -^ra, -erum, z<i].free.
llb^ralitas, -atis,
f.
liberality.
tracy, (2) a magistrate. magnltildo, -inis, f. greatness, size. magntls, -a, -um, adj. great;
more
magno
est;
6p6r6, greatly
maior,
freely.
libgrl,
-orum, m.
f.
children.
llbertas, -atis,
liberty,
freedom.
1
sum,
dep.
v.
make a
-liit,
bid, to bid, as at
an
is
magnis itinferibiis, byforced marches; maximis itlngribiis, by very long forced marches. maiores, -um, m. and f. pi. ancestors,
auction.
licSt, -ere,
see magniis.
ill,
2 impers. v. it
laivful.
mal6, adv.
badly,
unsuccess-
allowed,
it is
82
ii6
malgficium,
I.
n.
harm,
a
mischief.
mens,
mandatum,
n.
message,
a
to
trader.
i
mando,
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v.
a.
to entrust, to
commit,
to instruct.
mansum,
2 v.
merces, -edis, f. hire, pay. m6r6o, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2 v. a. and m6r66r, -eri, meritiis sum, 2 dep.
V.
a.
to deserve;
m6rerl de,
to
mantis,
troop.
-us,
f.
a hand, a band, a
pi.
mgrldies,
the
-ei,
-i,
m. midday.
n.
desert,
mSiitum,
Messaia,
metior,
V.
a.
service;
tribe.
in.
f.
Gains Marius.
a
m.
M.
Valerius
Mes
matarS,, -ae,
weapon used by
the Gauls, a pike. mat6r, -tris, f. a mother; s6r6r ex matrg, a half sister. materfamillae, matrisfamiliae, f. a tnatron.
to
-1,
measure,
Metitis,
m. Marcus Melius, a
soldiery.
mll&s,
matrimonium,
matriviony.
-i,
n.
marriage,
mllitails,
adj.
of
s.
soldiers,
of
Matrdna,
-ae,
milie, indecl.
num.
and
adj.
mature, adv.
tlliiiis, earlier;
mamatunime, very
i
matOro, and n.
v.
a.
minime, adv.
minimtis,
least,
-a,
least.
make
haste.
-um,
superl.
adj.
matilrus,
smallest;
minimum,
adv.
ture, ripe.
maxime,
maximiis,
adv.
the
least, very little. mindr, -oris, comp. adj. smaller; mintis, adv.
less,
less;
less;
-um,
superl.
adj.
nihilo
miniis,
tione
the
less
mintis valerg, to be
ftil ;
pozver-
Maximiis,
-i,
m. see Fabiils.
mintio, -ere,
-utum, 3 v.
a. to
diminish,
to lessen.
mirdr,
a. to
-ari,
-atQs
sum,
to
up the hill. mSmdria, z.z,i. memory ; mSmdria tgnerfi, to remember ; mSmdriam prod6r6, to hand down a record
wonder
-a,
at,
i dep. admire.
v.
mirtis,
-um,
adj.
wonderjal,
miserable;
astonishing.
miser,
-a,
-um,
adj.
m6m6riam
deponerg,
to forget.
VOCABULARY.
mIsSrdr, -an,
a. to
-atiis
117
-i,
sum,
dep.
v.
nancisc6r,
a. to
nactiis
sum,
3 dep. v.
pity, to bemoan.
obtain.
-ae,
Nasu^,
natflrS,,
m. Nasua, a German.
f. f.
discharge, to shoot.
natio, -onis,
-ae,
tribe, nation.
mdcld,
rnddtis,
adv.
only,
lately;
non
nature, character;
m.
-I,
manner; mirum
n. effort, trouble.
in rnddum, wonderfully.
navicilla, -ae,
f.
boat.
m51imentum,
m61o,
-ere,
navis,
-is,
f.
a ship.
that not ; with im-
-iii,
-itum,
v. a.
to
ne, conj.
lest,
grind.
quidem.
mdnSo,
mons,
-ere,
-itum, 2 v. a. to
tieither.
important.
m6r6r,
a. to
loiter.
-arl,
-atus
v.
sum,
dep.
v.
nficessariiis,
-i,
m. a kinstnan.
f.
hinder ;
n. to delay, to
necessitQdo,
-inis,
connexion.
v. a. to kill.
motum,
nSgo,
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v. a. to
7iu?Hber,
the
multitude.
many;
late
multo
night;
day ; ad
at
nggotium, -i, n. business. Nemetes, -um, m. pi. the A'emetes, a German tribe. nemd, -inis, m. and f. no one. n6qu6, see nSc. nervtis, -i, m. a sineiv ; in pi.
strength, vigour 18
7.
multam noctem,
pltls,
tnore
plflrimtls,
to
nev6 (neu),
not.
and
have
nex, necis,
nihil, nil or
f.
death.
-i,
or
-ii,
-itum, 4 v.
nihilum,
n.
nothing;
ni-
a. to fortify, to protect.
niMlo
same ;
less.
mUniis,
mtlrtis,
-eris, n.
-i,
gift.
nlt6r,
-I,
nisiis to
m. a wall,
dep. V. n.
oneself;
to
3 struggle, to exert
depend on.
adj.
tioble,
nam
nobllis,
-e,
famous,
nobility.
ii8
I.
by night.
-a,
nocturnils,
nQtum
to
to be
done ac-
and
stio
cording
some one^s
will.
tinwillmg, not
to 7vish.
nomgn,
-inis, n.
name, repute ;
ndmiiig, on his
own
accomtt.
exactly.
dbaeratiis,
-a,
debt, debtor.
num.
adj.
way
adv. not yet.
-a,
of,
to
-i,
expose
to.
nondum,
some.
obllviscSr,
nonnuUtis,
obsScro, -are,
to
-atum,
v. a.
nonnunquam,
never).
beseech, to entreat.
i
v. a.
Noreia,
-ae,
Noreia, capital of
to observe, to respect.
obsSs,
-idis,
m. and
f.
a hostage.
i
obsigno,
to seal
v. a.
up.
to
bind,
to
put uttder
a.
nSvem,
nOviis,
indecl.
num.
adj. nitie.
obligation.
-um, adj. new; res -a, novae, revolution; nSvissiniuni agmgn, the rear; n6vissimi,
the last, those on the rear.
obtino, -ere,
to
-ul,
-tentum, 1 v.
to
hold
against,
retain,
to
fnaintain, to occupy.
occasils,
-lis,
m.
nox, noctls,
to
f.
night.
the West.
3 v.
a.
nuptum,
woman
(lit.
to veil oneself).
nQdtis,
-um,
adj'.
naked, bare,
to kill.
unprotected by the shield 21 24. nulltis, -a, -um, gen. -liis, adj.
710,
v. a.
none.
occultiis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
hidden;
v. a.
num,
adv.
of interrogation
sugit
in occulto, secretly.
occtlpo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to seize, to take
i
gesting negative
not, is it?
answer,
is
prior possession
-cursum, 3
v.
niimriis,
-I,
m. a number.
of,
to occupy.
numquam,
adv. never.
occurro,
n. to
a.
-ere, -curri,
nunc, adv. now. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. to a}inoujice, to make kno'wn
nuntitis,
-i,
go
to meet, to confront.
-i,
OcSantls,
OcSlmn,
-i,
n.
town of
m. a messenger.
VOCABULARY.
0Ct5, indecl.
119
num.
adj. eight.
octodgcim,
eighteen.
indecl.
num.
rise;
sol
orlens,
omamentum,
tinction.
-I,
n.
honour, disv. a.
m. an
osus,
eye.
6dl,
-isse,
defect,
v.
only
and
3
pray.
-tentum,
to
ofFendo,
V. a. to
-ere,
-fensnm,
to
V. a. to
point out,
show.
knock against,
f.
hurt,
P. for Ptlljlitis, see Considiiis
to offend.
and
ofFensio, -oms,
offence.
Crassiis.
ofificium,
n. duty, loyalty.
pabiilum,
beasts.
-I,
n. fodder,
food far
i
paco, -are,
-avi,
-atum,
v. a. to
2 impers. v. //
pacify, to subdue.
m.
-um,
adj.
con-
palQs, -udTs,
pando,
to
-ere,
opprimo,
-ere,
-press!,
-pressum,
v. a.
ivith outstretched
3 V. a. to crttsh, to oppi-ess.
oppugno,
-are, -avi,
-atum,
to.
par, paris, adj. equal, alike; par... atqu, the same as.
paratiis,
-a, -um, part, of paro, prepared ; parati6r, better t)repared,; pa.ratissliniis, most fully
to attack, to
lay siege
[ops] 6pls,
obsolete];
f.
is
6pes,
-um,
-wealth,
resources, power.
prepared.
par6o,
-erg,
-lii,
2 v. n.
to appear,
to obey.
paro, -are,
prepare.
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
to
opSrTs, n.
pars,
-rtis,
f.
a part, direction;
little.
greatly.
magna ex
f.
oratio, -onis,
speech, address.
ordo,
-inis,
m.
order, rajik
half
m. a
step,
a pace (as a
of a maniple, which
was com:
manded by a
OrgStdrix,
orlor,
-Tgis,
centurion
also
millS passQs,
yards
called a centuria.
Roman
m. Orgetorix, a
patSo,
to
the
3rd
country.
120
patr,
-tris,
I.
pSrItiis, -a,
ful in (with
pemianfio,
by
2 V. n. to
-er,
-mansi, -mansum,
-misi, -missum, 3
little
remain.
-ere,
permitto,
little;
paulum, adv. a
little.
paulo, by a
v.
a. to allow.
pax, pacTs,
I.
peace.
i
pernicies,
-el,
f.
destruction, ruin.
perpauciis,
perpettlo,
pSdSs,
peitis,
-Ttis,
rw. foot-soldier.
comp. adv.
;
worse,
more
ever.
perpfitiiiis,
unfortunately
to
see milS.
unbroken.
drive away,
-ere,
to strike, to defeat.
pendo,
perrumpo, V. a. and
pers6qu6r,
-ere, -rupi,
n. to burst
-i,
V. a. to pursue.
means
of,
owing
to;
se, so
p6r far as
to persist.
percontatio, -onis,
perdClco, -ere,
a.
persuadSo,
2 V. a.
to
-ere,
-suasi,
-suasum,
to
lead through,
-ire,
to cotnplete.
persuade.
-ui,
p6r6o,
-ivi
or
-ii,
-itum, 4
easy.
v.
perterrSo, -ere,
pertinacicl, -ae,
-itum, 2 v. a.
n. to perish.
perfacilis,
obstinacy.
2
v.
pertinSo,
-ere,
-ui,
n.
to
carry through,
spread abroad.
with
make,
to secure.
66dem
same
-are,
pertinerS, to tend
in the
direction.
-avi,
to
perturtoo,
a.
-atum,
v.
perfringo, -ere,
v. a. to
-fregi,
-fractum, 3
to disturb,
-ire,
alarm.
-ventum, 4
break through.
f.
pervfinio,
v.
-veni,
perfGgS,, -ae,
perftigio,
v.
11.
a deserter.
-fugi,
n. to arrive.
-ere,
-fCigitum,
pes,
pedis,
m. a foot ;
to escape.
-a,
rfiferrfi, to retire.
pSdem As a measure
1 1
p6rlcul6stis,
ous.
an linglish
-I,
foot, or
64 inches.
pgrlctilum,
n.
p6to, -ere,
a.
pSrlcMum,
to test.
or
VOCABULARY.
phS^lanx,
-angis,
f.
121
a plialanx,
pnum,
feet
-i,
n.
a javelin ; the
Roman
foiu-
possessio, -onTs,
f.
possession, occu-
pation of a country.
possIdSo, -ere, -sedl, -sessum, 2
v.
a. to /10 Id, to possess.
charge.
PIso, -onTs, Fiso,
B.C.
Z. Calpiirnius
112, killed
consul
107,
(2)
B.C.
L.
B.C.
Calpurnins
58,
(3)
Piso,
consul
M.
a. to
possum, posse, potui, irreg. v. to be able J pliirimum poss6, have very great power.
post,
n.
to
B.C.
6t.
after;
-itum, 2 v.
placet,
adv. afterwards.
please;
pianities,
impers.
it
is
resolved, it pleases.
-ei,
f.
post6aquam,
ground,
a
postertls,
-a,
conj. after,
when,
later;
flat
plain.
plebs, plebis,
f.
subsequent;
the
conwion people,
generally, for
plQs, plurTs, in
postremiis,
the populace.
postquam,
postrldie,
conj.
when,
after,
It
is
plerumquS,
adv.
a subst.
n.
;
more ;
in pi.
subst.
and
adj.
pltlres, plura,
forgotten
eiils
we
diel,
plGrimum, adv.
poend., -ae,
f.
most.
day.
ptenishment, penalty.
-itiis
posttilatum,
to ask, to
-!.
n.
demand.
i
pollic66r, -eri,
V.
a.
sum,
dep.
v. a.
to
promise.
to
demand.
poiverful; p6ten-
pono,
-Sre, posui,
to place,
lay
pfitens,
tidr,
-xi'C\'=,,-x^].
pdnSrg, to pitch a
cus-
tSdes p6n6r6, to set guards. pons, -ntis, m. a bridge. pdptUatlo, -onis, f. a plunderittg,
p6tentia,
influence.
-ae,
f.
power,
great
a devastation.
pdptildr, -ari,
a. to
-atiis
sum,
dep. v.
pdtestas,
official
-atis,
f.
poiver, authority,
sili
plunder,
-i,
to devastate.
power ;
to
pStestatem
p6piilfis,
m. a people ; pSptUtis
the
fac6r6,
give an opportunity
potltus sum, 4 dep. v.
to
Romaniis,
(official
Roman
of
people
of beiiig attacked.
potior,
a.
-iri,
designation
State).
-avi,
the
Roman
to obtain,
gain possession
porto, -are,
-atum,
v. a. to
of
p6tiiis, adv. rather.
carry, to bring.
8^
122
I.
head
afford,
of, to
excel ;
;
(2)
v. a.
take precautions.
-ere,
a.
to
furnish
-fiii,
impers.
praecedo,
V.
-cessi,
to
-cessum, 3
before,
to
praestat, -are,
it is better.
n.
and
go
praesum,
of.
-esse,
irreg. v. n.
precede, to excel.
to be in front, to be at the
head
a. to instruct.
-ivi
or
-11,
-itum,
m. an
also officer
staff.
of on a proofficer
consuFs
a. to
put at
the
head
of,
to
put
in
command
of; praefectiis. in
command.
praemitto,
V. a. to
a Roman magistrate next in dignity to the consul, who did the judicial business at
Rome
vinces,
before.
praemium,
praeopto,
a. to
-i,
n.
reward.
-avI,
-are,
-atum,
to
v.
wish rather,
-ere
to
prefer, to
commander ;
-ere, pressi,
cfihors prae-
choose in preference.
toria.,
a commander' s body-gua7d
praepono,
3 V.
a.
-posui,
-positum,
pr6mo, prendo
pressum, 3
v.
a. to press.
down
the law, to
(prghendo), -ere, -ndi, -nsum, 3 v. a. to lay hold of. prtium, -i, n. a price.
[prex, precis] pr6c,
f.
praescriptum,
tion.
-i,
n. order, condi-
a prayer.
praesens,
(sc.
adj.
(pari,
of
general use
praesum)/;-i-t7// ; in praesentia
mon occurrence is
-um, prayers.
pridie, adv. the
eiiis diel,
temporal yi;-
the present, at
prae-
primo, adv.
instance.
in the first
at first;
soon
as
sertim cum,
that though.
primum,
adv.
first,
quam
-i,
primum,
-a,
as
praesidium,
praesto,
n.
a guard,
-statum
to
a
or
possible.
garrison, protection.
-are,
I
primiis,
-um,
-cTpis,
;
a.dj.
first [prae].
-stiti,
princeps,
adj.
foremost,
-stitum, (i)
V. n.
stand at
first 615, 11 6
subst.
m. a chief.
VOCABULARY.
princlp3,t1is, -us,
123
-1,
m. the foremost
former, of
prOficiscSr,
profectus sum,
to set off.
dep.
v.
n.
to start,
profugio,
v.
-ere, -fiigi,
-fugitum, 3
old times.
piltis,
n. to fly, to escape.
-i,
adv. before;
prius quam,
in
pr6gr6di6r,
dep.
V.
-gressus
sum,
before.
n.
to
advance.
-lii,
pr61iib6o, -ere,
-Ttum, 2 v. a.
prevent.
prolcio, -ere,
to
-iecl,
-iectum, 3 v. a.
proportion
instead
toZ2;
of;
fication
pro vallo, instead of a fortipro viso, as having ; been seen ; pro sc61r6, in a manner suitable to the crime
throw forward, to cast away. pr6m6v6o, -ere, -movi, -motum, 2 v. a. to move forwai-d, to push forward. pr6p6, adv. near ; prdpitis, nearer;
prep, [ace.]
7iear, close to.
pro sMs
his
I)6n6flcil8, considering
kindnesses;
pro
hostium
ntimfiro, in vinv of the nutnber of the enemy. pr5bo, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to
repulse, to repel.
-a,
prdpinquiis,
close
-um,
adj.
near,
to;
related to;
siias
as subst.
approve, to prove.
pr6pinquas
v.
nuptum colld-
procedo,
Procilltis,
-ere, -cessi,
n. to proceed, to
-i,
-cessum, 3 advance.
in marriage.
m. Gains Valerius Procillus, a Gaul, whose father C. Valerius Caburus on his manumission had taken the Roman names of his patron
propono,
v. a. to
put forward,
of.
to
put
in
the
way
of.
propulso,
to repel.
-arS, -avi,
-atum,
i v. a.
prddSo,
prodo,
-ire,
-ivi
or
-ii,
-itum, 4
V. n. to
go forward.
forward,
to siirvey,
to give forth, to
hand on ;
to
ni6-
to look after, to
provide for.
mdrlam
prodHco,
v. a. to
pr6d6r6,
hatid
down
3
provincia, -ae,
the record.
-ere,
sphere
-duxi, -ductum,
to
of
bring out,
-i,
produce.
out,
p-rovince,
proelium,
start.
n.
a
f.
battle.
profectio, -onis,
a setting
proficio, -ere,
-feci,
-fectum, 3 v.
a country subject to In Transalpine Gaul, the Province was the southeastern district (mod. Provence) first made a province in B.C.
Ivome.
a. to accomplish, to
make way.
120-118, 1
8.
124
I.
prozlme, adv. next, ?nost recently, superl. of pr6p6. proximtis, -a, -um, adj. next, nearest, last, superl. adj. formed from propg, prdpior ; followed by accusative 47 lo.
pQblice, adv. publicly, at the public
expense, in behalf of the state.
pQblicils,
-a,
;
quickly as possible ;
quam
dinl-
quamobrem,
quantiis,
account,
-a,
adv. wherefore.
-um, adj.
how
great.
why.
-um,
adj. public,
of
the people
fourteen.
commonwealth. pfldSr, -oris, m. shame. pil6r, -eri, m. a boy, a child. pugna, -ae, f. a battle. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. n.
business, the
word, and.
adv. as, in
quemadmddum,
manner.
to
what
qur6r,
-i,
fight;
PQpiiis,
impers.
pugnatum
est,
and
qui,
a. to
the battle
-I,
was fought.
-atum,
i
m. see PIso.
v. a. to
as an adj. in-
purgo,
-are, -avi,
cleatise, to clear
the character, of
v. a.
portion
to excuse.
to
in p?-oportion
as
these
things
think, to suppose.
had
not
befallen
them from
Pyrenaetis,
-a,
-um, z.dL].Pyrenean;
Pyrenael,
7iees.
so.
any demerit of the Roman people. quicumqug, quaecumqu6, quodcumque, rel. pron. whosoever,
whatsoever.
quid, adv.
def.
whyl
in-
quadringentl, -ae, -a, num. adj. four hundred. quaero, -ere, quaesl\i, quaesitum,
3 v. a. to seek, to enquire, to ask.
word
quaestdr,
-oris,
m. a quaestor, a
of what
conj.
sort.
Roman
qualis,
magistrate.
-e, adj.
between them. quln (qui abl. ne), conj. how not? quin Stiam, nay ?nore: after negative words of hindrance and
doubt, but that,
(i)
how,
non
dtlbitarg
than;
quam
diQ, so long
as.
With
superlatives,
quam
quln supplicium sQmat, to have no doubt of punishing ; nSquS abest suspicio quln, 7ior is there wanting a suspicion that.
quind6cim,indecl. num. ^dyfifteen.
quam
c61enime, as
VOCABULARY
quingentl, hundred.
qulnl, -ae,
-ae, -a,
125
-5rum,
num.
adj. five
RauricI,
m.
pi.
the
distrib.
num.
adj.
Rhine,
rficens, -ntis,
rficipio,
a.
2^d!\.
five each, five at a time ; used for cardinal number with nouns
fresh, new.
-ere, -cepi,
-ceptum, 3
to
v.
to receive, to recover,
take
quintiis,
-atum,
v.
a.
quis,
pron.
reda, -ae,
to
f.
a car.
-didi,
who?
indef. pron.
any;
sl quid,
reddo, -ere,
r6d6o,
n.
-ditum, 3
v. a.
give back.
-ire, -ivi
or
-ii,
-itum, 4
v.
to return.
a.
ciiiusquam,
sentences, any, any 07te 34 1 5. quisquS, quaeque, quidque, gen. cuiusque, indef. pron. each, each
ofie.
up 16
a.
5.
rgdintSgro, -are,
to
-avi,
-atum,
v.
renew.
f.
rSditio, -onis,
a returning.
bring back.
-ferre,
r6f6ro,
retuli
(or
rett-),
qu6d
si,
but
if.
quomin&s,
that not.
to
report;
p6dem
to ?>iake
f.
r6ferr6,
to
retire;
conj. since.
gratiam
rSferrS, to
shew
qudniam,
a return.
region, district.
regnum,
po7ver.
-i,
n.
a kingdom, royal
how
f.
often.
root,
foot
of a
to
throw
aside, to
throw back.
moiintain.
r61inquo, -ere,
f.
-liquT, -lictum, 3 v.
raping,
ratio,
-ae,
plunder.
f.
a. to
leave,
to
leave behind, to
-onis,
reckojiing,
plan,
aba)! don.
rfiliquiis,
-a,
strategy,
calculation,
account
-um,
adj.
left,
re-
t/iaining.
rgmanfio,
2
-ere,
to
-mansi, -mansum,
take
into account ;
otlie>~ivise.
f.
alia
rS,-
V.
n.
remain.
-i,
tlonS,
ratis,
-is,
r6minisc6r,
dep.
v.
a.
to
a mjt.
remember.
126
I.
rgmitto, -Sre,
V.
a.
-missum, 3
to remit.
to
send back,
remove, to
put on
the
list, to
enrol
v.
37 26.
rservo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to reserve.
i
put out of
sum,
i
the
a.
way.
rfimtlneror,
V. a.
-ari, -atiis
dep.
to repay.
rSnuntio, -are,
to
-avl,
-atum,
to
v. a.
announce.
repp-),
answer.
-i,
rfipello,
(or
responsum,
respublica,
Republic.
n.
an answer.
f.
reipublicae,
the
rSpentin^s,
r6p6rio,
-a,
-utum, 3
v. a.
-ire,
repp-),
out, to
to replace.
-ui,
repertum, 4
discover.
v. a. to
find
r6tin6o, -ere,
to
-tentum, 2 v.
a. to
a.
hold back.
tear
r6p6to, -ere,
-ivi
or
-ii,
-itum, 3 v.
a. to seek, to exact, to
demand back.
-atum,
i
away.
rfiverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3 v.
n. to return ; also r6vert6r,
-i,
ripraesento,
V.
a.
-are,
-avl,
to
to realize,
do at once.
r6pr6hendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, 3 V. a. to drag back, to seize hold of, to find fault with. r^pudio, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a.
to reject.
-versus return.
sum, 3 dep.
v.
n.
to
Rheniis,
rlpa, -ae,
-i,
RhSdaniis,
-atum,
to
i v. n.
f.
-i,
rgpugno,
to
-are, -avi,
fight
rei,
f.
against,
resist,
to
rogo, -are,
-avi,
v.
a. to
oppose.
res,
thing,
business,
Eoma,
-ae,
f.
Rome.
affair ;
to
quam 6b
rem, on which
Romantis,
r6ta, -ae,
-a,
f.
cucount, wherefore;
rem
gSrerfi,
carty on a campaign;
res
RutenI, -orum, m.
a Gallic tribe.
Ruteni,
res
warfare;
res
saepg, adv. often; saepifts, oftener,
frilinentaria,
supply of corn;
-scidi,
ndvae
rescindo,
3 V. a.
res,
revolution.
-ere,
-scissum,
to
cut
to
away ; pontem
break
dozvn
again and again; saeplssime, very often. saepgnGmfiro, adv. many times.
salCls, -litis,
f.
rescindSrfi,
bridge.
health, safety.
sancio,
v.
a.
-ire,
sanxi,
sanctum,
solemnly,
4
to
to
affirm
ascertain, to lear7i.
ordain.
VOCABULARY.
sanitas,
health.
-atis,
f.
127
sound
inind,
-I,
-orum], m. pi.
num.
adj. six
tween the Loire and the Garonne. sarcina, -ae, f. a pack, a bundle.
satis,
sententia, -ae,
sentio,
f.
opinion.
adv.
enough,
sufficiently
-ire, sensi,
sensum, 4
v. a.
satis
grandis, fiiirly
great.
satisfacio, -erS, -feci, -factum,
V. n. to to t?iake
more
3
often
pi.
Septentriones,
do enozigh for,
to satisfy,
amends
-onis,
to.
f.
northward 2
satisfactio,
viends.
apology,
a-
SCSlGs,
ness.
-eris,
n.
critne,
wicked-
sepultflra, -ae,
burial.
Sequana,
f.
-ae,
m.
scientia, -ae,
scio, -ire,
V. a. to
kno^cvledge.
scQtum,
se,
siii,
-1,
know. n. a
shield.
sibi, reflex,
pron. himself,
herself, themselves.
less.
SequanI, -orum, m. pi. the Sequani, a tribe on the Rhone near Macon. Sequaniis, -a, -um, adj. Sequanian. squ6r, -i, secutiis sum, 3 dep. V. a. to folloxu, to accompany.
servilis, -e, adj. servile,
servittls, -utis,
f.
of slaves.
accord-
slavery.
servils,
-i,
ra.
slave.
properous ;
s6d, conj. but.
-um, res
adj.
second;
sScimdiores,
greater success.
sex, indecl.
num.
-a,
adj. six.
num.
adj.
six
-um,
adj. seditious,
hundred.
sl, conj. if,
factious.
whether.
sic,
adv.
so.
German
tribe.
pi.
sictit,
adv.jttst as.
-i,
Segusiavl, -orum, m.
siavi, a tribe living
the Segu-
signum,
signa
near Lyons.
n. a signal; a standard; convert6r6, to tvheel round ; inferrS signa, to charge; signa ferrS, to advance.
f.
silva, -ae,
a forest, a wood.
128
I.
-iitum, 3 v. a. to
simMatlo,
ing;
-onis,
f.
pretence, feign-
upon,
liable
simiilatlo
frQinen-
adopt a measure.
-a,
stlpendlariiis,
to impost,
-um, adj.
simulo,
feign.
-are, -avi,
-atum,
i v. a. to
2 v. n. to be eager
stUdium,
silb,
-i,
n. zeal, eagerness.
one at a time,
close
up
to
before; silb
montS, at
the foot
of
3
sinistra, -ae,
f.
a 77iountain.
subdilco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. a.
to lead
-ire,
s6c6r,
sOclils,
-eri,
-i,
sol, soils,
up from below.
or
-ii,
siib6o,
V.
-ivi
-itum,
4
to
solum, adv. 07ily. s61um, -i, n. the ground, the soil. soltis, -a, -um, gen. -ius, adj. alone. s6r6r, -oris, f. a sister ; sdrdr ex matr, a uterine sister, a halfsister.
throw from
belo70
22 19.
i
subl6vo, -are,
assist.
-avi,
-atum,
v. a.
sors,
-rtis,
a
n.
lot,
fortune told by
lots,
prophecy.
-i,
subministro,
V. a.
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
spatium,
spScies,
a space of distance
to supply.
subni6v6o,
V. a. to
-ere,
-movi, -motum, 2
dislodge.
specto, -are,
drive
-i,
off, to
to
subsldium,
n. assistance.
-stiti,
subsisto, -ere,
i
3 v. n. to halt.
spgcMor,
to spy.
-ari,
sum,
v.
n.
subsum,
to be
-esse,
no
perf.,irreg. v. n.
near at hand.
-ere, -traxi, -tractum,
spero, -are,
to hope,
-avi,
-atum,
v.
a.
SUbtrabO,
V. a. to
to expect.
f.
withdraw.
-ere,
spes,
-ei,
hope, expectation ; In
to hope.
subveho,
V.
a.
-vexi,
-vectum, 3
-cessum,
to
spem
spiritiis,
venire,
-iis,
to
carry up.
-cessi,
m. breath,
spirit;
succedo, -ere,
V. n. to
of.
pi. spiritiis,
pride, presutnption.
come up,
3 take the
place
pi. the
noun
(see
3),
ot
is
a
-a,
large
German
tribe,
which
used in poetry].
statim, adv. at once.
VOCABULARY.
Sulld,, -ae,
129
-um,
reflex,
m. Z. Cornelius Sulla,
stitls,
-a,
poss. pron.
orvn.
his
sum,
the
suinmS,, -ae,
the
sum, the
total,
tabernaciiliun,
-I,
n.
tent.
tabiUa,
-ae,
f.
tablet,
a document.
of.
tacfio, -ere,
-lii,
taciturn, 2 v. n. to
-um, adj.
silent.
sGmo,
-ere,
a. to take,
muck.
nevertheless, but.
tamSn,
conj._j'i5'/,
pllcium,
exact punishnient.
siimptils, -us,
m.
expense.
v. a.
tandem, adv. at length; in emphatic questions, quid tandem, 7vhat in the world?
tant6pr6, adv.
tanttls,
-a,
overcome.
so greatly.
Bupersum,
siipfiriis,
-um,
is
adj.
so
great;
to survive, to
-a,
remain.
-um,
adj.
-lus,
higher,
above; sftp6rl6r,
gen. -oris,
of such value. tectum, -1, n. a roof. telum, -I, n. a weapon, a missile. t6m6rari&s, -a, -um, adj. ras/i,
headstrong.
tanti est,
supp6to,
3
V.
-ere, -ivi
b-:
or
-il,
-petitum,
to
n. to
on hand,
be
supplied.
t6m6r6, adv. rashly, causelessly. tempSrantia, -ae, f. self-control, prudence. tempgro, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a.
to
supplicium,
supplicio
-i,
n.
punishment;
be punished.
aflfici, to
tempto,
tempils,
time.
-are, -avi,
-atum,
v. a.
-avi,
-atum,
i v. a.
to try, to attetnpt.
-oris, n.
time;
tam
nfices-
susplcio, -onis,
f.
suspicion.
tSnSo, -ere,
hold,
at,
-iii,
tentum, 2
v. a.
to
to possess;
mfimoria
t6-
to
look
askance
to
nerfi, to
remember.
n. a back ; run away.
1.
suspect.
8usplc6r,
-atus
sum,
dep.
terg^m,
-1,
tergS, ver-
v. a. to suspect.
t6r6, to
BUStin6o, -ere,
a.
-ui,
-tentum, 2 v.
to
terrS,, -ae,
to
hold up,
ettdure,
to
terrentls,
-a,
resist;
impfitum sustmer6,
to
tertitis, -a,
stand a charge.
testamentum,
n.
a will.
I30
testlmSmum,
testis,
ness.
-is,
I.
n. evidence.
transfigo, -ere,
wit-
-fixi,
-fixum, 3
v.
m.
and
[or -es,
f.
a. to pierce, to transfix.
Teuton! -orum
pi.
-um], m.
v.
the
Teutons., a tribe of
N.
num.
adj. three
Germany.
Tigtirini, -orum,
ritii,
m. pi. the Tigua canton of the Helvetii {Ziirick). Tigurlntis, -a, -um,
-ere,
-iil,
adj. thir-
tres,
tria,
adj.
three.
tim6o,
2 v. a.
and
n. to
fear, to be a/raid.
timidiis,
-a,
(mod.
-um,
adj. fearful,
Treves).
timid.
Triboces, -um, m.
pi.
the Triboces,
timor,
Titus,
-5ris,
-i,
a
v. a.
German
-i,
tribe,
tribiinils,
to
m. a tribune;
six in
tribli-
endure, to bear ;
famem tolerare,
There were
a legion,
a. to
tridtium,
-!,
n.
do
away with ;
triginta, indecl.
num.
adj. thirty.
triplex,
an army in
f.
three lines.
gloomy.
the Tulingi,
the
tristitia, -ae,
sadness, gloom.
pi.
TQlingi, -orum, m.
whole,
-um, gen.
all.
a Gallic tribe,
turn, adv. then.
ttimultiis,
the whole,
v. a.
>
-lis,
m. outbreak,
hill.
dis-
turbance.
ttlmilliis,
-i,
tradQco [trans-], -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 V. a. to lead across. tragtila, -ae, f. a javelin, used by
the Gauls.
m. a
turpis,
-e,
z.di].
disgraceful; turpis-
simils,
most disgraceful.
a.
iibi,
Ubii,
-orum, m.
tribe.
pi.
the Ubii, a
v. a. to
German
ulciscOr,
swim
across.
-i,
to avenge.
-ivi
or
-ii,
-itum,
uUus,
any,
-a,
-um, gen.
one,
ulliiis,
4 V. pass
a.
cross, to
go
across, to
any
a single (with
ffver.
negatives).
VOCABULARY.
ult6ri6r,
-us,
131
pi. the
gen.
-5ns,
adj.
Vangiones, -um, m.
ones, a
Vangiv. a. to
ultimils,
German
tribe,
i
vaticinatio, -onis,
f.
prophecy.
umquam,
Qiia,
adv. ever.
together
vectlgal,
-alls,
n.
an
impost,
adv.
with, at
the
tribute.
same time with. undS, adv. whence, from which. undlquS, adv. on every side, from
all quarters.
Qntls, -a,
adj.
V61i6meiit6r,
lently.
adv.
strongly,
vio-
vSho,
-ere, vexT,
vectum, 3
v. a. to
cany.
iinTiis,
-um, gen.
num.
one; in
urbis,
f.
urbs,
though.
still,
vfinio,
to
ex the advantage
veni,
Verbiggniis,
-i,
m. Verbigenus, a
of
iit,
veritiis
sum, 2 dep.
v.
utrum, gen. utrius, adj. which of two, whether of two. ftterquS, utraque, utrumque, adj.
both.
titl
and
n. to be afi'aid, to fear.
vergobretiis,
tit.
-i,
m. dispenser of
title
for
judgments, a
sum, 3 dep.
v. a. to
of a Gallic
tltor,
-I,
iisus
magistrate.
vero, adv.
trjily,
whereas.
i
sides.
v. a.
to
to
be
en-
uxdr,
-oris,
f.
a wife.
-atum,
v. n. to
Verucloetiiis,
-I,
m.
Verucloetius,
a Helvetian noble.
veriis, -a,
v.
vadum,
vag6r,
n. to
n.
-arl,
vagatiis
Vesontio,
m.
Vesontio,
town
of
the
Sequani,
mod.
tSISo, -ere,
to avail.
-ui, 2 v. n. to be
strong,
vaigritts,
-I,
m.
see
Caburfls,
m.
veteran,
his
Flacctis
and
Procilliis.
full
time
service
-a,
[prob.
adj.
v6t6raniis,
-um].
132
I.
v6co, -are,
a. to
call, to
-avi,
-atum,
to
v. a. to
vexo, -are,
VI, see sex.
viS., -ae, f.
-avi,
-atum,
v.
summon,
name.
Vocon-
harass, to annoy.
Vocontil, -orum, m.
tii,
pi. the
victdr,
-oris,
the Durance,
adj. victorious.
n. the
common
people,
Victoria, -ae,
vlcttls, -us,
vlctis,
-i,
victory.
the
be
crowd; in volgtis
voliii,' irreg.
efferri, to
spread abroad.
v. a.
v61o, velle,
Xi.
and
to be willing, to
-atis,
f.
wish.
vdluntas,
tuill.
as though seen.
vigQia, -ae,
f.
a watch.
v61uptas,
vox, vocis,
to a. to
-atis,
f.
f.
vlgintl, indecl.
num.
adj. twenty.
voice, speech.
-avi,
vulnSro, -are,
-atum,
v. a.
wound.
-lis,
vulntis, -eris, n. a
vulttis,
conquer.
vinciiluin (vinclum),
-i,
n.
a chain
pression efface;
to keep
vultum
fing6r6,
ex
vinciills, in chaitis.
f.
up appearances,
virttls, -utis,
valour, virtue.
1.
X, see dScem.
force, violence ;
p6r
to
viin, dy iain
force, forcibly ;
offer
vim
fac6r6, to
violence,
do by force;
vita, -ae,
f.
life.
i
XX,
v. a. to
see -N^gintl.
avoid.
German
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