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GAI lULI CAESARIS


DE BELLO GALLiCO
LIBER
I

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J.

CLAY and SONS,

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C amibrid^e, XhareTsity Press

GAI lULI CAESARIS


DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER
I

EDITED

WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY FOR BEGINNERS

BY

E.

S.

SHUCKBURGH,

M.A.

LATE FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY


1901
\^All

PRESS.

Rights reserved.]

CamfartBge

PRINTED BY

J.

AND

C. F.

CLAY,

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE.
'T^HE
^
first

twenty-nine

chapters

of

this

Book

(the

Helvetian War) were published in 1896.

An

edition

of the whole
the
first

Book

is

now

presented on the same lines as


is

part.

The Vocabulary
will still

designed for the use of

Beginners; others
given in
is

use their Dictionary.

Help

is

all

that

seemed

difficult,

and the young student


For that purpose

constantly referred to his

Grammar.
is

the Revised Latin


in

Primer

taken as being most widely


will

use.

Those who use other Granilnars

not have

much

difficulty in

applying to them for the simple rules

needed.

Cambridge.
I

October 1901.

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Introduction

ix

^xxxii
i

Text
Notes

47

Vocabulary

.......

4996
97

132

Plates

A Gallic Chief A Roman legionary soldier A vexillarius or Stantlard-bearer

XV
xxvii
xxviii

INTRODUCTION.
The
writer of the

Commentaries

is

himself the chief hero of

Though he always speaks of himself in the third person, the commander in the 9 years' war in Gaul and the This was historian of the campaigns are the same person.
the story.

Gaius lulius Caesar.

He was

member

of a patrician family

said to
B.C.

belonging to the ancient and illustrious gr?is hilia, which was be descended from lulus son of Aeneas. Born in
loi

he very early shewed that he was brave and de-

termined.

C. Marius, the leader of the popular party and opponent of Sulla, married his aunt, and he himself from the first attached himself to the popular party and married the

daughter of L. Cinna, who led the opposition to Sulla after the death of Marius. Sulla ordered him to divorce this wife, but he refused and in consequence barely escaped being put to

X
death.

INTRODUCTION.

He had
B.C. 78.

to

remain away from

Rome

till

after Sulla's

death in
speedily

After that event he returned to


skill

Rome and
in

made

himself conspicuous by his


several

as an orator
their

while accusing
provinces.

leading

men

of

extortion

As soon
-.
,

as he reached the legal age he

was elected

to

the quaestorship (B.C. 68) which gave a seat in the

fices,

B.C.

Senate and was the


tion to the higher

first

step in the scale of

promo-

magistracies.

He

served as

quaestor under the governor of further Spain.

After this he

married

a connexion of Pompey, Pompeia, daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, and attached himself closely to Pompey, who was afterwards to be his great rival and enemy. He helped to
get the
ridates for
to B.C.
in

command first against the pirates and then against MithPompey, who was thus kept in the East from B.C. 67 While Pompey was away Caesar was steadily rising 62.
influence.

power and

In B.C. 65 he

so

much money on

the shows and

was Aedile and spent games of which the Aedile

had the charge, as

well as on the repair of the vt'a Appia, the

care of which he held in the previous year, that he became deeply in debt. He was elected praetor for B.C. 62 and after
;

his

year of office went as propraetor to farther

61

Here he first command. very disturbed state, and Caesar not only put down disorder
for

60).
it,

military

Spain (B.C. seems to have discovered his genius Southern Spain was generally in a

in

plundering

but also conquered the Lusitani, who were continually In this Spanish the Roman province or allies.

government he made a great deal of money (often it seems by very doubtful means) and when he returned to Rome in B.C. 60 to stand for the consulship he seems at any rate Besides holding to have been free from debt. throughout been ofthe Popu^ the offices above named he had lares. The forward in supporting all the measures which the triumvirate. popular party wished for, whether m regard to the
'^ '^
, ,
.

public land, or the punishment of those of the party of Sulla who were still alive and had been involved in the proscription and

death of innocent citizens during Sulla's supremacy. This pohcy

INTRODUCTION.
carried out with boldness,

XI

combined with the military reputation

gained in Spain, placed Caesar clearly at the head of the


popular party.

The

Senatorial or aristocratic party did their

It was a rule at Rome that a man who claimed a triumph (as Caesar did for his actions in Spain) must retain his impermiii until the Senate had decided whether he

best to thwart him.

have his triumph or not. If he entered the pomceriiim the space round the old walls of Rome) he thereby gave up this imperhc7n, and could no longer claim a triumph. There was also another rule, that when a man was a candidate for the consulship he must make a declaration in the city that he was so (called a professio) three weeks before the date of Now Caesar had come back so near the time when election. this declaration was required, that unless the Senate would

was

to

(that

is,

excuse him from making

have

was sometimes done) he would His application to be excused the declaration was successfully opposed by his political enemies, headed by Cato (afterwards called Cato Uticensis from the place of his death), and therefore Caesar gave up the triumph, made his declaration, and was elected consul for n.C. 59 about July B.C. 60. But this made him more opposed than ever to the Aristocratic party: and finding Pompey also offended with the Senate, because the same party in it were making difficulties about confirming his arrangements in the East, and about giving his veterans grants of land, he made an agreement with him and the richest man in the state, M. Licinius Crassus, whereby the three were to combine to get the measures they wished for passed by the people and to secure for each other or their
it

(as

to

give up either his triumph or his consulship.

adherents certain

offices.

This

is

called the Fi7-st Triumvirate,

and though

it

was

not, like the

Decemvirate or the Second


it

Triumvirate, a legally established commission,


influence in politics,

exercised great

and its breaking up led to the civil war. Caesar was Consul then in B.C. 59. The aristocratic party had been able, as they thought, to hamper his caesar Conactions by giving him a colleague, M. Bibulus, who ^"^' ^'^' ^9belonged to their own party and was expected to oppose him in

xii

INTRODUCTION.

But Caesar was not a man to be so easily beaten. reduced his colleague to complete impotence, carried the measures he intended in the comitia, seldom summoning or consulting the Senate, and finally obtained for five years the province which he wished to have, by means of a law proposed
every way.

He

by a Tribune,

P. Vatinius.

This was Gallia Cisalpina with


not however satisfied with
this, for

Illyricum annexed.

He was

GaUia Cisalpina was now almost a part of Italy though still governed as a province. He wished to have also the province of Gallia Transalpina, where there was likely to be much more opportunity of active work and the Senate fearing that, if they refused him, he would cause another law to be passed, assigned this also to him for five years, on the motion of Pompey, along
:

with a separate army required to protect

it.

Let us see

Provfnces
Cisai^Vn*

what it was that Caesar was to govern. Gallia Cisalpina. This would now be called I. North Italy, consisting of all that lay between the Rubicon and the Alps, divided nearly in half by
first

the river Po.

From about

B.C.

i8i

this

country

had been treated as a 'province' or sometimes two provinces (Cispadana and Transpadana), but was yet not quite like other provinces. It contained a good many Roman colonies for one thing, and again after the Social War all the people of Cispadane Gaul had the full Roman franchise, those of the Transpadane district only having a partial citizenship called Latinitas. Thus it was much more like a part of Italy than a province, and the governor would have rather different things to do from the governor of one of the more distant provinces. There was an army of three legions, in winter-quarters at Aquileia, ready for but its position seems to show that he expected to use his use
:

it

in Illyricum rather
II.

than

in

Cisalpine Gaul.

that the law added Illyricum to Caesar's government. By Illyricum (2) Illyricum. i^ was meant a narrow strip of country on the t.ast It had been of the Adriatic including Istria and Dalmatia. under the control of Rome since B.C. 228, but had never been

To

Cisalpine Gaul

we have seen

fully

organised, sometimes

being put under the governor of

INTRODUCTION.

Xlll

Macedonia, at others under the governor of Galha Cisalpina, sometimes being left nominally free on payment of tribute. But it was often in rebellion itself, and besides was subject to attacks from neighbouring barbarians, and therefore Roman arms and magistrates were in the country at frequent intervals. As a matter of fact it was peaceful during Caesar's nine years' government, and he only visited it to hold the cunvcnlus
or assizes.
III.

Gallia Transalpina.
district of

At

this

time the

Roman

province across the Alps was confined to the South-

Eastern
still

retains the

name

France, which in consequence Transalpina of Provence. It was bound-

ed on the East by the Alps, on the North by the Rhone from the lake of Geneva to Vienne, on the West by the Cevennes
the Mediterranean.

and the Upper Garonne, on the South by the Pyrenees and It was constituted a province in B.C. Il8 and was very important to the Romans both as securing the road to Spain and as barring the road against incursions of barbarians into Italy. It had however been in danger more than once from the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded it in B.C. 105, and from rebellions of the Allobroges, the most Northern tribe in it, in B.C. 65 and 61. When Caesar first undertook this province it seemed peaceful enough, but there were likely
be difficulties in non-Roman or Celtic Gallia with which he would have to deal and before he had actually started for his province this was made clear. What Caesar was to govern then included but a small portion of what was called Gallia. The rest, which included
to
;

the great part of what

is

now
from

Gaul,

called France

and

Belgium, was
regards
it

still

free

Roman

as

falling

into

three

divisions

Caesar government. Aquitania in the


:

South-West from the Pyrenees to the Garonne Celtic Gaul, the great central block of France from the Garonne to the Seine, with western Switzerland and Belgica from the Seine to the lower Rhine, thus including Northern France, Belgium and Southern Holland. The various tribes inhabiting these three divisions were probably all what is called Celtic, but
;
;

xiv

INTRODUCTION.

in the South-West (Aquitania) there was a mixture of Iberians from Spain, and, on the North, of Germans. Though the Romans had not conquered this greater Gaul they were already in communication with it, and had been asked to side with one or another tribe in things in the quarrels which frequently occurred between Gau'i^"'"^"

them.

Thus

the Aedui, of

whom we

hear so

much

in these chapters, living

between the Loire and the Saone, had


as early as B.C. 121)
in

some years before (perhaps friends and allies' of Rome


'

become the

order to secure protection from

the

Sequani,
the

When

who were separated from them by the Saone. Romans declared a people their friends and allies
'

protect them if and it too often happened that in the end such people became their subjects. But up to this time since B.C. 100 there had been so much trouble at Rome that affairs in Gaul had been a good deal overlooked. The enemies of the Aedui the Sequani and Arverni combined to seek help against them from Germany Germans in bgyg^d the Rhine. In vain the Aedui sent to Rome for help. Ariovistus, with a large army of Germans, conquered the Aedui and forced them to give hostages to the Sequani. These latter however suffered from their champions even more than the Aedui for the Germans, whose numbers were constantly*being increased by fresh arrivals, attracted by the account of the beauty and fertility of the

they in a

manner pledged themselves

to

attacked,

country, occupied a considerable part of the territory of the

Sequani, and seemed likely to extend their influence farther

and

farther.

Ariovistus

even

negociated with
59)

during

Caesar's

consulship

(B.C.

found

Rome, and means to get

recognised as king and ally. The Romans therefore had, it seems, determined to accept the actual state of affairs. The
application of Ariovistus was in itself an admission of their
virtual

supremacy, and until his actions

should

appear to

threaten the peace of Gaul or the safety of the province they

would not
to

interfere. Caesar therefore had no particular reason suppose that he would be called upon to take active steps

Gallic Chief.

XVI
in the affairs of

INTRODUCTION.
Gaul or go beyond the Hmits of the province
B.C.

in

arms, though a vote of the Senate in

6i

(when there were rumours of a threatened move- tion'^of the^*' ment of the Helvetii) had granted to the governor governor of of the Transalpine province, whoever he might be, power to do whatever seemed for the good of the Republic. He would be justified therefore in leaving his province and
invading Celtic Gaul,
if

he thought
'

it

right,

without farther

orders from the Senate.

But before he had started for Gaul news came to Rome which shewed him that he would have to act at i-^e Helveonce. The Helvetii lived in Western Switzerland *" in a somewhat narrow district between Basle and Geneva. That country, now a beautiful and fertile one, was then probably much covered with forest and marsh. The Helvetii had outgrown, or thought they had outgrown their territory, and had for some time been preparing to migrate en masse to a better country. Rumours of this had reached Rome three years before (B.C. 6i) and it was uncertain whether they meant In to go westward into Aquitania or eastward into Italy. either case they would most easily effect their purpose by

A
crossing the

carrus or Gallic waggon.


at

Rhone by the bridge

Geneva and marching

through the
place in B.C.
their
chief,

This operation did not take 6i because they were delayed by the treason of But while Caesar was still outside Orgetorix.
province.

Roman

INTRODUCTION.
Rome
preparing to go to his province news

xvii

came

that the

migration was actually beginning.

The

Helvetii

had burnt
^

their villages, prepared their supplies of corn


u.

and

their train of

G.

I.

\>:

xviii

INTRODUCTION.

waggons, and had fixed on the 28th of March as the day on which the whole nation,'>men, women and children, were to set
out.

The Romans had some


their Cantons, the Tigurini,

cause to fear the Helvetii.

One

of

had helped the Cimbri


If

to defeat a

Roman army

in B.C. 107.

allowed to

promptitude
\^^ da"ger^

cross the

Rhone

into the province they

would be

passing through the territories of the Allobroges, and if they reached the most disaffected tribe in the province
;

their destination

and

settled in Aquitania they

Western

frontier of the province,

would be on the which was practically un-

defended. Even if, instead of the easier route along the left bank of the Rhone, they took the more difficult one from the right bank through the territory of the Sequani, they would be among a tribe hostile to Rome, in a country where the influence Lastly their of the German Ariovistus was paramount. abandoned territory would in all likelihood be occupied by fresh

German immigrations, dangerous

as neighbours of the Province.

Caesar was resolved to prevent the movement. He reached Geneva in a week from Rome in the spring of B.C. 58. There was only one legion (the loth) in the
all

On

accounts

then

province,

and Caesar
troops

at

once
it.

began

raising

large

bodies
the

of

auxiliary

within

He

also

broke

down

bridge over the Rhone, and prevented the Helvetii crossing

any ford lower down by constructing an earthen rampart and ditch along its left bank wherever a passage was practicable, down to the point where the Jura comes close to the river and makes farther advance along the right bank impossible for a
host of 300,000 people with their train of waggons.
the

Beyond

this

Rhone
effect

is

not fordable.

The

Helvetii

made some
into

attempts
failing

to force to

the
it,

passage of the river above L'Ecluse, but


turned
to

the

North-West
But
it

the

territory
to

of the Sequani,

whose

hostility to

Rome prompted them

was a much more difficult route, and the vast host of warriors and their families necessarily advanced very slowly. Caesar had time, leaving Labienus in
allow the host free passage.

charge of the earthwork, to hurry into Cisalpine Gaul,

summon

INTRODUCTION.

XlX

fresh ones

the three legions from Aquileia (7th, 8th, 9th) and enrol two (nth and 12th), and yet catch up the Helvetii while

How he there cut to only partly across the Arar (SaSne). pieces the Tigurini, and following the rest as far as Bibracte
{AuUdi) again defeated them with great slaughter, so that less than half of the whole host survived to be sent back to their old territory, is told in the first twenty-nine chapters of this
book.

The

result

of the victory over the Helvetii

was

to

make

Caesar the most important person in Gaul, to whom all disputes between the various tribes would be JJi^^q^ui'^'"^"^ In fact a great question was certain to be referred. immediately brought before him and he was requested to sum-

mon

a meeting of chiefs to consider


said

it.

Some

years before this

time as we have already


quarrel with the Aedui,

the Arverni

and Sequani had a

who had a special connexion vv'ith the them against the Aedui the Arverni and Sequani had invited the assistance of some Germans from across the Rhine. They came, to the number of 15,000, under the command of a chief named Ariovistus, and by their assistance the Aedui were defeated again and again and forced to
Romans.

To

assist

give hostages for their submission to the superior authority of the

But the Germans had found the climate and fertility Gaul much more attractive than the colder and bleaker regions from which they had come, and had exacted from the Sequani a third of their territory in which to make a permanent settlement. The Roman government about this time had a good deal of trouble in the Province with the Allobroges, and though the governors of the province were commissioned to take any steps in Celtic Gaul which they thought for the good of the republic, it does not appear that any of them had
Sequani.
of central
'
'

found leisure to interfere with this settlement of Germans, which was gradually swollen to 150,000, as the various German tribes heard of the success of the first settlers, and kept crossing the Rhine in hopes of sharing in rich and pleasant lands. The Roman Senate seems to have acquiesced in the inevitable
:

and

in B.C.

59

it

foimally recognised Ariovistus as king and

b 2

XX

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLIC UM, L

gave him the title of 'friend.' But the representations made by the assembled chiefs to Caesar put a new light on the
fresh

The Germans were always increasing in number by demands for lands were always They already had one-third of the Sequanian extending. and the territory, they were now demanding another third
matter.

migrations, and their

Gallic chiefs believed that Ariovistus

whom

they accused of

overbearing tyranny and cruelty would gradually lay claim to supremacy in all Gaul, and that the natives would soon be expelled from their lands or be forced to serve as slaves where
they had been free owners.

Caesar reflected on the alarm caused to Italy fifty years before by the invading hordes of Cimbri and
negotiations

with
vistus.

Teutones and he came to the conclusion that Ano- similar danger might arise again, if the Germans a & &
;

were allowed

to

overrun Gaul.

He

therefore pro-

posed an interview with Ariovistus to discuss matters of weight

and importance. Ariovistus however well knew the object of the proposed interview and he knew also that there was a strong party at Rome who disliked Caesar and wished him to fail in Gaul. He was confident too in his own fighting strength, which had given him so many victories over the Gauls. He therefore not only refused the interview in haughty terms, but told a second embassy that Caesar was the aggressor and that he was ready to fight him. But Caesar anticipated him in seizing V^esontio {Besaiiqon), and after quelling a panic in his army, which was terrified at the prospect of advancing through a wild and unknown country to meet so formidable an enemy, he advanced within a few miles of the German camp. Ariovistus then consented to an interview. But it did not lead to peace. The king would not listen to Caesar's demands that he should refrain from attacking the Aedui, should restore their hostages, and if he could not send the Germans already in Gaul home, should Arioat least refrain from bringing any more over the Rhine. vistus claimed in reply a superior right in Gaul to that of the Romans. He asserted that Caesar was invading what were already his own possessions ; that unless Caesar withdrew from
;

INTRODUCTION.
them he would
be pleasing
the
fight

XXI

him, and knew that in doing so he would


of high position in

many men

Rome.

Finally the

conference was broken off by signs of treachery on the part of

person

German army, which might have been dangerous to Caesar's if he had not made careful provision to secure his safety. Two days afterwards Ariovistus, who seems to have wanted
This Caesar declined, but

delay, pi'oposed another interview.

sent

envoys

whom

Ariovistus

arrested

and kept

in

chains.

Then followed various skirmishes between


two armies.
Caesar,

the cavalry of the

Ariovistus was held back by the 'wise


till

women'

forbidding a battle

who had

fortified

But at length a camp on both sides of the Germans,


the

next

new moon.

made

it

impossible for them to refuse battle.

After a desperate

fight the

Germans were defeated with immense slaughter and


its

retreated to the Rhine or perhaps to


five

tributary the

111.

In the

miles that intervened they were pursued and slaughtered

by Caesar's cavalry, and only a few (among

whom was Ariovistus


means of boats or

himself) succeeded in crossing the river by

by swimming. In the course of the pursuit Caesar was much relieved by being able to rescue one of the imprisoned legates Gaius Valerius Procillus who was being dragged along by his

captors.

The
and

result of the victory

was

to clear
.

Gaul of the Germans


the
to
.

other side ot the river and preparing to cross


retreat

,.,,,.,
to cause the Suevi,

who were gathering on

it,

Results of the first cam-

homewards pursued by the Ubii who inflicted P*'^"' great loss upon them. The first year's campaign therefore in Gaul, though it had done nothing in actually subduing the
natives,

made

it

clear that the

Romans would

not tolerate the

interference of

the

and paved way to the conquests of the next six years. The victory over the Germans was the second act in the great struggle between the Roman Empire and the encroaching Teutonic tribes. The first act in the drama had been played in B.C. I02 loi, when Marius destroyed the Cimbri and Teutones. But the same
in the country,

any external nations

danger was to recur again and again at intervals for the next four hundred years and more, and to end eventually in the

xxii

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


its

I.

subjugation of Italy and


rest of the

long separation practically from the


contests with the Gauls
,

Empire.

The Romans had had many


^ The Gauls
r^^
,

who

in

had

settled
.

south of the Alps from almost the ^


,

not until it was Gaul had become a Roman Province. Then the necessity of keeping an open road to Spain had caused them gradually to extend their power beyond the Alps and about B.C. 121 the Province before described was formed. The rest of Gaul they found inhabited by a large number of tribes, some of whom were the parent stocks from which their old opponents in Cisalpine Gaul had come. They were not properly speaking barbarous, that is they had an ancient civilisation and were acquainted with agriculture, and other arts, and had a system of government, and a religion. They were excellent fighters, and not only supplied may states with cavalry, but the more energetic of them had been successful in pushing their way into Italy and Asia and establishing great settlements there. It seems therefore at first sight hard to understand how Caesar was able to conquer so large a country, at such a distance from his base of supplies, and with comparatively so small an army. The explanation seems to lie principally in the divisions among the Gauls themselves. Each tribe was independent, and though two strong tribes the Aedui and Sequani exercised a sort of supremacy over the rest, this in itself split up the country into two factions hostile to each other and willing to invite foreign aid (Roman or German) in order to crush the other. This weakened the country as a whole. They were also divided in blood and general habits. The people in the Souih-West (Aquitania), with a strong admixture of Spanish blood, seem to have been unwarlike and to have soon ceased to support the more northern tribes. They were easily subdued. The people of Normandy and Brittany were hardier and simpler, but they were in many cases a sea-going folk busied in fishing or commerce, but not well prepared to repel attacks on land. The inhabitants of Northern Gaul and Belgium (Be/gtca), closely allie-d with German
the time of

beginning of their history and


B.C. 191 that Cisalpine

INTRODUCTION.
tribes,

XXIII

were much more warlike and determined, and gave Caesar the greatest trouble of all. The tribes in Central Gaul called in a special sense Celts had all the qualities which the Romans had learnt to expect from Gauls, They were But brilliant and gallant, and twice nearly defeated Caesar.

much stay or solidity in them. Their dislike of admitting foreign influence also had kept them back. Though good fighters they had neither the discipline nor the military
they had not
fortifications

Romans. Their weapons were inferior, their sometimes strong were seldom capable But of withstanding the engines employed by the Romans. above all it was the want of union that caused the ruin of the country. Combinations formed from time to time by energetic
science of the

though

chiefs dissolved at the first touch of failure

while Caesar never wavered or changed and was diverted by no difficulty and discouraged by no reverse. Generous and courteous to all who He made submitted, he was unpitying to those that resisted. it clear to all that union with Rome brought advantages, but that, whether that were so or not, resistance would be ruthlessly
:

punished.

We
is

necessary to understand what

have spoken often of Caesar's province or provinces. is meant by a


provmce.
magistrate.
.^,

It

Roman Roman

The word provincia


was applied
to

(of

A.

Province.

un-

certain derivation)

any sphere of duty of a


counas the
to

When

the

Romans began governing


them

tries outside Italy the

word was naturally applied

sphere of duty of some magistrate sent out to administer them, and


so gradually was used of the countries themselves as well as of

the

The governor in the two first of these provinces and Sardinia) was one of the praetors, who after his election as praetor was assigned to it by drawing lots with the
office.

(Sicily

other praetors.

As

the
,

number

of provinces in,

creased, as well as the legal business of the praetors

m
in

Rome,

it

became the custom

for

them

_ ^j^^ praetor or proconsul.

to stay

during their year of office and to go to a province the next year, when they were called propraetors {pro praefore, instead of a praetor'). In some provinces it was thought necessary
'

Rome

xxiv
to

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

have men of higher rank as governors, and so the consuls went to one or other of them and were called proconsuls {pro consule). The Senate decided each year which provinces were to have proconsuls and which propraetors, and then the praetors drew lots for the praetorian provinces and the two consuls for the consular provinces. Both classes of governors were sometimes called proconsuls, whether they had been consuls or only praetors. The governor of the province commanded the legions stationed in it, the number of which was settled by Government the Senate. He had also the right of enrolling of a Proalso after their year of office
auxiliaries in the province if necessary, but by a law of Sulla's had no right to leave his province to attack an

independent nation outside without an order from the Senate. No doubt in cases where dangerous barbarians were on the
frontier
this

law was not

strictly

interpreted

and Caesar

himself had an even greater freedom in this respect than usual;


for the decree of the

Senate assigning Gallia Transalpina to him


'

had a clause
to

had been the case before in regard that seemed to him to be for the advantage of the republic' This would cover both the enrolment of additional legions and the offensive operations
(as apparently

Gaul) allowing him to do anything

non- Roman Gaul. Besides his military duties in his province the proconsul or propraetor acted as judge, presiding The law which he there administered at conveiitiis or assizes.
in

differed in different provinces

for

a province consisted not only

of a certain district with fixed geographical limits, but of a number of states, which had generally once had constitutions

and laws of
the

their

Roman
still

own and as a commissioners who


;

rule,

when

that

was the

case,

settled

the constitution
in

of

the province arranged that

the

law existing

these states

should
death.

and retained

be held good, only the governor heard appeals in his own hands the decision as to sentences of

With
quaestor.

the proconsul there was always a quaestor

who man-

aged the finances of the province and of the army Every province paid tribute to the Roman in it.

INTRODUCTION.
treasury,

XXV

military

establishment

from which the expenses of the government and But would have to be deducted.

neither the kind of tribute nor the manner of collecting it was and in most there were certain 'free states' the same in all
;

{liberae civiiatcs)

which

for various reasons did not

pay

tribute,

though they had

to furnish troops

when

required.

The Roman army was not as yet one body, like our own, all under one Commander-in-chief or the Crown. It ^^^ Army, was in fact a number of armies, raised as required, and put under the command of the magistrate who enrolled them, and to whom they took the military oath ox sacramentum. Thus so many legions were under the command of the governor of Spain, so many under the command of the governor of Africa, or of Gaul, and so on. Such legions could be and were at times
transferred from one province to another,
to length of service, pay, share in booty,

and the same rule as and claim for pension


independent of the

or other

reward

at the

end of
all

their service applied to all alike.


full citizens,

Since the time of JMarius

amount
citizens.

of their property, could serve in the army, but only

The arms and


All

uniform.

dress of the legionary soldiers were had the large oblong shield {scutum), coat of

mail {lorica), helmet or bronze cap {galea), greaves {ocreae), a


short straight sword for cut or thrust {gladius)
javelins ox pila to be
ilia)

and two
.

stout

thrown before charging.


in the
.

Auxiliaries {auxAuxiliaries.

tnbuted by allied kings or states, and sometimes these men were rewarded by the gift of citizenship. Marius had done this, and Caesar having raised and trained a body of Gauls in a legion which he called alnudae, gave the citizenship afterwards to the whole. These auxiliaries were not under the officers
of the legion, but

were however ........raised

provinces or con-

....

had pfaefecii

of their own,

and were
^

often

called alafti, whether cavalry or infantry, because they were

usually stationed on the wings {alae). But besides ., these each legion had a certain number of cavalry
, ,

Cavalry.

which

in Caesar's

nations.

These are

time was composed usually of Gauls or other distinct from the auxilia and were attached

xxvi
to
their

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


respective legions, as also were

I.

certain light-armed

auxiliaries,

such as iaculatores (javelin throwers), futiditores

(slingers), sagittarii (archers).

The

legions,

which

in Caesar's

infantry besides the cavalry,


the legion.
iliaries

time consisted of about 5,000 the number of aux-

serving with the legion being usually about

the same,

were thus officered

Six tribuni militum


legion.

who had

management of the discipline of the Two of them took over the work for two months in turn.
the general

They

were not attached to any definite division of the legion, and in actual battle commanded whatever part of it seemed good to the commander-in-chief; and the legion being divided into ten cohorts, thirty maniples, sixty ceniiinae, when a cohort for any reason was stationed at a distance from the main body of the legion it was usually commanded by a tribiimis. The other officers were 60 centurions (one for each centuria), and the same number of subalterns {optiones). The centurions were nominated by the mihtary tribunes acting for the commanderin-chief, the optiones

by the centurions. The ordinary army assigned to a consul or proconsul was composed of two legions, and when on service in a province or elsewhere he was generally

accompanied by two
involving a larger

was a more important service legati. These formed his staff and did whatever duty he asked of them. It was becoming the custom to put one at the head of each legion, and Caesar, who had ten legati, constantly did so. They were not however appointed as officers in the army with a view to command a When they did so it was in obedience to their chief. legion. It was not till a single Emperor was commander-in-chief of the whole army that a legntus was regularly put in command of each legion. The standard of a whole legion had the figure of an eagle at ^^ head of the staff, a custom begun by Marius Standard (about B.C. 104). But each cohort and each maniple had a standard {signum or vexillum) of different shape and description, which directed the movements of the men, and the loss of which was looked upon as the direst disgrace and
legati.

If

it

army he had more

XXVll

A Roman

legionary soldier.

vexiUarius or Standard-bearer.

INTRODUCTION.
generally involved the severest military punishment.

XXIX

When
;

the

men

halted these standards were stuck in the ground

order for advance was given the

when the signiferi or vexillarii took them


;

up and led the way.


inferre, 'to

So we have such phrases as signa ferre or


'to charge'

advance' or

szgna convertere,
or

'to

wheel

round'; signa

co7iferre, 'to engage.'

pitched a camp.

The Roman army on a campaign Of course if meant


its
;

on the march invariably


prolonged
The Camp.

for

occupation

construction was more elaborate and


if it

complete

but even

was intended only


PORTA DECUMANA

for a single night's

VIA

QUINTANA

IJ LZHJ

IZJJ

nannnDDaannn
QUAESTORJUM

nnDDDDnnnna

PORTA PRAETORIA

Stay

it it

ing

was arranged and constructed on the same plan. Supposmeant for two legions and auxiliaries (the normal consular

army), the shape of the

camp would be a

square, each side

XXX

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

of which should be 2017 feet.

This was divided into two un-

equal portions, at the 700th foot from the front by a space or roadway 100 feet broad called 'principia. In the smaller of these

two parts were the general's quarters {praetorium\ the quarters of the quaestor {qiiaestorium\ a. forum or market-place, and the
tents of the general's
staff,

praetorian guard, and volunteers.

In the larger space were the tents of the soldiers, arranged in groups with spaces between each group called viae, besides one broad via (50 feet) exactly bisecting them, called via qinntana.

The whole was surrounded by an agger or earthwork thrown up by digging a trench ox fossa. The height of the agger differed according to circumstances, but was often as much as 30 feet, and on the top of it was a vallum made of stakes, where wood

Agger and Vallum.


could be got (the soldiers often carried two apiece for the purpose), with boughs on them which could be interlaced. A space 200

broad was kept clear between the agger and the tents. There were four gates to the camp, the. porta praetoria on the end next the praetoriuin, the porta decumana in the centre of the
feet

INTRODUCTION.
opposite end, and at either end of
cipalis dextra
3,x\d
\.\\q

XXXI

principia Xh^ porta prin-

poria pri?tcipalis sinistra.

The
:

plan of the

camps was so uniform that the soldiers knew exactly what part each had to work at and where to pitch his tent and when they arrived at the place selected by the advance party sent in front to choose the site, they at once fell to work and in a few hours
completed
it

sufficiently for defence.

Caesar's nine years' government in Gaul resulted in adding


the whole of France
It

and Belgium

to the

Empire.

Caesar's

has often been a subject for discussion whether he went to his province deliberately intending to do
this,
till

ments
'^^"^

in

or whether he was really led on from one step to another

work was done. Perhaps there is some truth in For some few years before his consulship there had been an uneasy feeling at Rome that mischief was and though the Senators had thought it brewing in Gaul prudent to make terms with the German Ariovistus, who was in Gaul with a large and increasing company of his fellow countrymen, they must have regarded his presence there with alarm, and have been conscious that they had failed their allies, the Aedui, and thereby lost the hold which they once possessed in Celtic Gaul. Caesar was anxious to do a brilliant service to the Empire, which should place him in an ecjual position to that of Pompey, or even in a higher one and Gaul may have seemed to him to offer him the best chance of doing so. Still it does not appear that at first he understood that Transalpine Gaul was to be the chief scene of his activity, or hewould not have placed his three legions in Aquileia, so far removed from the Transalpine Prothe whole

both statements.

vince.

war was

But however that may be, from the time of the Helvetian mind seems to have been made up. Roman supremacy to be secured throughout Gaul at all hazards. The Germans were to be driven across the Rhine, and even the Britanni, who traded with the Western Gauls and aided them in various ways, must submit to the overlordship. His enemies at Rome accused him of deliberately seeking excuses for his expeditions, and wanted to recall him, or even hand him over to some of the
his

XXXii

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


But
his success

I.

injured tribes.
at

was too complete and his party and he carried out what, if he had not intended at first, he had soon resolved upon, the reduction of this new and splendid territory to com-

Rome

too strong to allow of that being done

plete acquiescence in

Roman
and

against the vigorous


the Rhine,

restless northern tribes

supremacy, so as to form a barrier from beyond


seeking the pleasanter lands of
itself.

who were always

France, and might soon be a danger to Italy

lULI CAESARIS

COMMENTARIORUM

DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER PRIMUS.
Threefold divismi of
Celtae.

Gaul

between the Belgae, Aquitani


those
'

and

The most warlike are

who

border on the

Germatii and are farthest frot7i


1.

the Province.^

Gallia est

omnis divisa

in partes tres,

quarum
"^

unam
omnes

incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, liertiam qui

ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.) Hi


lingua,
institutis,

legibus

inter

se

difFerunt.

Gallos ab Aquitanis

Garumna

flumen, a Belgis

Ma-

trona et Sequana dividit.


provinciae

Horum omnium
absunt,

fortissimi

sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate

ad eos quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quilongissime

minimeque
ea,

mercatores saepe

commeant atque

10

buscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt,
B. G.
r.

THE HELVETII DECIDE TO MOVE.


fere

quod
dunt,

cotidianis

proeliis

cum Germanis

conten-

cum

aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in

eorum
5

finibus helium gerunt.


est,

Eorum una

pars,

quam

Gallos obtinere dictum

initium capit a flumine

Rhodano
finibus

continetur
;

Garumna
;

Belgarum

attingit

etiam

Helvetiis flumen

Rhenum

Oceano, ab Sequanis et vergit ad septentriones.


flumine,
;

Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur pertinent spectant in ad inferiorcm partem fluminis Rheni
;

lo

septentrionem et orientem solem.


Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam,
inter

Aquitania a Gaet

rumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes


occasum
solis et septentriones.

eam partem
;

pertinet

spectat

Orgetorix, a chief of the Helvetii, persuades them to seek

a
2.
15

better

and

larger territory B.C. 6i.

Apud

Helvetios
Is

longe

nobilissimus fuit et
et

ditissimus Orgetorix.

M. Messala
civitati

M. Pupio
ut de

Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniura-

tionem nobilitatis
finibus suis
esse,
20

fecit

et

persuasit,
:

cum omnibus

copiis

exirent

perfacile

cum

virtute

omnibus praestarent,
Id hoc facilius eis
Helvetii

totius Galliae

imperio

potiri.

persuasit,
:

undique

loci

natura

continentur

quod una ex

25

Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhoparte flumine

I.

dano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et

minus

facile finitimis

bellum inferre possent

qua ex

CAESARIS RELLUM f.ALLICUM,


parte homines bellandi cupidi

I.

C.

I-3.

3
afficie-

^magno dolore

pro Pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se finis habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum
bantur?
et

multitudine autem

hominum

CCXL,

in

latitudinem

CLXXX

patebant.

Preparations for the migration are made during tivo years.


Orgetorix secures
i/ie

support of Casticus, son of the

cliief

of the Segudiii, and Dumnorix of the Aedui, and aims at acquiring supreme rule over the Helvetii.
3.

His rebus adducti


comparare,

et

auctoritate Orgetorigis

permoti

constituerunt ea, quae

pertinerent,

iumentorum

ad proficiscendum et carrorum

>-

quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam
confirmare.
satis esse

10

Ad

eas res conficiendas biennium sibi


:

duxerunt

in

tertium

annum profectionem
Is
15
,

lege confirmant.
sibi

Ad

eas res Orgetorix deligitur.

legationem ad civitates suscepit

In eo itinere
filio,

Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat; ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri ante habuerat
;

persuadet Castico,

Catamantaloedis

20

Divitiaci,

qui

eo tempore principatum

in

civitate

obtinebat ac

conaretur, persuadet, eique filiam

idem matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae
plebi acceptus erat,

maxime

ut

suam

in

25
^

DEATH OF ORGETORIX.
;

plurimum Helvetii possent


^

se

suis

copiis

suoque

Hac regna conciliaturum confirmat. V oratione adducti inter se fidem et iusiurandum dant,
exercitu
illis

^ 5

regno occupato, per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.
et,

Suspected of aiming at kingly


trial.

power Orgetorix

is

brought

to

He

is

rescued by a popular gathering, but soon

afterwards

dies.

4.
.^

Ea

res est

Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata.


J

Moribus
igni

suis

Orgetorigem ex vinculis(causam dicere

coegerunt.

Damnatum poenam
Die
decern,

sequi oportebat, ut

cremaretur.

constituta

causae

dictionis

lo

Orgetorix ad

iudicium

omnem suam
undique

familiam, ad

hominum

15

coegit et omnes quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix
milia
clientes obaeratosque suos,
:

mortuus

est;

neque abest

supicio, ut Helvetii arbi-

trantur, quin ipse sibi

mortem

consciverit.

The migration of
out,

the Helvetii

however

is

to

be carried

along with some neighbouring

tribes.

20

Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, 5. quod constituerant, facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


vicos

I.

C.

T,-6.

ad

quadringentos,

reliqua

privata

aedificia

incendunt, frumentum omne, praeterquam quod se-

cum

portaturi erant, comburunt, ut

domum
sibi

reditionis

spe SLiblata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda


essent, trium

^
5

mensum
iubent.

molita cibaria

quemque
et

domo

efferre

Persuadent Rauricis

Tu-

lingis et

Latobrigis finitimis, uti

eodem
cun:i

usi consilio
eis

oppidis suis vicisque exustis una


cantur, Boiosque, qui trans
in

proficis-

Rhenum

incoluerant et
10

agrum Noricum

transierant

Noreiamque oppugna-

rant, receptos

ad se socios

sibi adsciscunt.

T/ie

two possible

routes

for the Helvetii,

(i) between the

and

the Rhotie,

(2) to cross the

Rhone

at Geneva

Jura and

march through
6.

the

Roman

province {^Provence).

Erant omnino
exire possent
:

itinera

duo, quibus itineribus


"

domo

et difficile, inter

unum per Sequanos, angustum montem luram et flumen Rhodanum,


mons autem
nostram,
ut
facile

vix qua singuli carri ducerentur;


tissimus

al- 15

impendebat,
:

perpauci

prohibere

possent
facilius

alterum
et

per

provinciam

multo

atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines


20

Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nonnullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Ex eo oppido pons Helvetiorum finibus Genava.
Helvetiorum
ad Helvetios pertinet.
suasuros,

Allobrogibus sese vel per-

quod nondum

bono

animo

in

populum

Romanum

viderentur, existimabant, vcl vi coacturos, 25

ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur.

CAESAR GUARDS THE RHONE.


The day fixed
is

28 March,

B.C.

58.

dicunt,

Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant.
V Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio

Is dies erat a. d.

consulibus.
O/i hearing this

Caesar

{tvho,

Gaul and

Illyricum,

was

still

though appointed proconsul of at Rome) hurries to Gaul.


to

The Helvetii send ambassadors


through the Province.
the 13 April.
5

ask leave
to

to

march

Caesar promises

answer on

7.

Caesari

cum

id

nuntiatum

esset, eos

per pro-

vinciam nostrara
proficisci

iter facere conari,

maturat ab urbe
itineribus
in

et

quam maximis

potest
et

Galliam ulteriorem contendit


venit.
10

ad Genavam perpotest
Gallia

militum

Provinciae toti quam maximum numerum imperat (erat omnino in

ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad

Genavam,

iubet rescindi.

Ubi de

eius adventu

Helvetii cer-

tiores facti sunt, legates


civitatis,
15

ad

cuius legationis

eum mittunt Nammeius et

nobilissimos

Verucloetius

principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent, sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam
facere,

propterea quod aliud

iter

haberent nullum
Caesar,

rogare, ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat.

20

quod memoria tenebat, L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumquc eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat neque homines inimico animo data facultate per provinciam itineris
;

faciundi tempcraturos ab iniuria et maleficio existi-

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


mabat.
milites,

I.

6-8.

Tamen,

ut spatium intercedere posset,

dum
rc:

quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis spondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum quid vellent, ad Id. April, rcverterentur.

si

Meamvhile he protects the line of the river hetiveen the lake and the Jura (19 miles) by building an earthzvork or wall, and puts garrisons in forts all along it.
8.

Interea

ea

legione,

quam secum

habebat,

militibusque,

qui

Lemanno, qui in tem luram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum decem novem murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo
facilius,
si

ex provincia convenerant, a lacu flumen Rhodanum influit, ad mon-

10

se

invito

transire

conarentur,

prohibere

posset.

Oti the

IT,

request

is

of April the Helvetian legates return and their They attempt to cross the Rhone. refused.
dies,

quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, negat se more et et legati ad eum reverterunt, exempio populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinUbi ea
ciam dare
ostendit.
et,
si

15

vim

facere conentur, prohibiturum

Helvetii

ea spe deiecti
factis,
alii

navibus iunctis
vadis

Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi hoc conatu destiterunt.
ratibusque

compluribus

20

CAESAR BRINGS LEGIONS FROM ITALY.


the intervention of the

By

Aeduan Diitnnorix

they obtain

leave to go through the territory of the

Seqtidni.

Sequanis

Sequanos via, qua ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legates
9.

Relinquebatur
invitis

una

per

propter angustias

ad Dumnorigem
5

Aeduum

mittunt, ut eo deprecatore

Sequanis impetrarent.

Dumnorix

gratia

et

lar-

gitione

apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus
novis rebus studebat et

quam

plurimas civitates suo


volebat.

10

beneficio
suscipit

habere
et
ire
:

obstrictas

Itaque
inter

rem
sese

a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos


patiantur,

Helvetios
dent,

obsidesque

uti

perficit
;

Sequani,

ne itinere

Helvetios

pro-

hibeant
15

Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria trans-

eant.

Caesar learns that they mean


territory of the

to

cross

the Jtira into

the

Sequani and Aedui, and turning South


Toulouse, to

and passing by
West Coast.
10.

make for
to

the Santones on the

He

determines

prevent them.
in

Caesari renuntiatur, Helvetiis esse

animo,
Santofinibus
fieret,

per agrum Sequanorum et

Aeduorum

iter in

num

fines facere, qui

non longe a Tolosatium


Id
si

absunt, quae civitas est in provincia.


20 intellegebat

magno cum

periculo provinciae futurum,

ut homines bellicosos, populi

Romani

inimicos, locis

patentibus

maximeque

frumentariis finitimos haberet.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

9-II.

He

brings the legions

from

Italy.

They have

to

fight

as they cross the Alps.

Ob

eas causas

ei

munitioni,
;

quam
in

fecerat, T.

bienum legatum
itineribus
et trcs,

praefecit

ipse

Italiam

Lamagnis

contendit duasque ibi legiones conscribit quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit.

Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis

superioribus

occupatis

itinere

exercitum

prohibere

conantur.

Compluribus

his proeHis pulsis

ab Ocelo,
10

quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra pro;

vinciam trans

Rhodanum
who send

primi.
tlieir

The Helvetii meanwhile had made


of the Aedui,
their raids.
to

way

info the territory

ask

Caesar's help

against

11.

Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequa-

15

norum suas copias traduxerant et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Aedui,

cum

se suaque ab eis defendere non possent, legates ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium
Speech of the Aediian etivoys.

Ita se
esse,

omni tempore de populo Romano meritos


paene
in

20

ut

conspectu
in

exercitus

nostri

agri

vastari,

liberi

eorum

servitutem

abduci, oppida

expugnari non debuerint.

lO

DESTRUCTION OF THE TIGURINI.


Envoys of other
tribes back

up the

request.

Caesar

determines to move.

Eodem tempore Aedui Ambarri,

necessarii

et

consanguinei Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim

hostium prohibere.
5

Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri Quibus rebus adductus solum nihil esse reliqui. Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis in Santonos Helvetii
pervenirent.

lo

The Helvetii are crossing the Arar up with t/iem when one-fourth
Tigurinus) were
12.
still

(Saone).
{the people

Caesar comes
of the pagus
river.

on the

left

bank of the
fines

Flumen

est Arar,

quod per

Aeduorum
non

et

SequaruDrum

in

Rhodanum

influit, incredibili leni-

tate, ita ut oculis, in

utram partem

fluat, iudicari

possit.
15

Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis trans-

ibant. est
tres

Ubi per exploratores Caesar

certior factus

20

iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus magnam partem eorum concidit reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas
silvas abdiderunt.
Is

pagus appellabatur Tigurinus

nam
25 est.

omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLIGUM,


The previous
offences

I.e. II-13.

II

of the Tigiirini agai/isi Rome.

Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset patrum nostrorum memoria, L. Cassium consulem interfecerat
et eius

exercitum sub iugum miserat.

Ita sive casu


civitatis
5

sive consilio

deorum inmortalium, quae pars

Helvetiae
intulerat,

calamitatem populo Romano Qua in re ea princeps poenas persolvit.


insignem

Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias


est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio, quo Cas-

ultus

sium, interfecerant.

10

The Tigurini having been


in

destroyed,

Caesar crosses the Arar


rest.

pursuit of the

13.

Hoc
atque

proelio facto

reliquas
in

copias Helveti-

oruni ut consequi posset, curat


ita

pontem

Arare faciendum
Helvetii
id,

exercitum
aegerrime

traducit.

reipsi
15

pentino eius adventu commoti,


diebus
viginti

cum

quod
ut

confecerant,

flumen

transirent, ilium

uno die
;

fecisse intellegerent, legatos

ad
fuit,

eum

mittunt

cuius

legationis

Divico princeps
fuerat.

qui bello Cassiano

dux Helvetiorum

Speech of the Helvetian legate: he promises that they will

settle

wherever Caesar orders, but

ivill fight if he attacks t/iem.

Is ita cum Caesare egit manus cum Helvetiis faceret,


:

Si
in

pacem populus Ro-

eam partem
sin

ituros 20

atque
tuisset

ibi

futuros

Helvetios, ubi eos Caesar constivoluisset


;

atque

esse

bello

persequi

perseveraret,

reminisceretur

et

veteris

incommodi

12

ULTIMATUM TO THE TIGURINI.

populi

Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum
qui

ei,

possent, ne ob earn
5

flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferre non rem aut suae magno opere virtuti
aut
ipsos
despiceret.
didicisse,

tribueret

Se

ita

a patribus

maioribusque suis
committeret, ut
tate populi
lo

ut magis virtute

quam

dolo contenderent aut insidiis niterentur.


is

locus, ubi constitissent,

Quare ne ex calami-

caperet aut

Romani et internecione memoriam proderet.


The Helvetii

exercitus

nomen

Caesar's reply

viiist

give hostages,

and

iiidemnify the

Aedui and

Allobroges.

15

ita respondit Eo sibi minus quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorassent, memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito populi Romani accidissent qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difificile cavere sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, quare timeret, neque sine causa timendum putaret. Quod si veteris contume-

14.

His Caesar

dubitationis dari,

liae oblivisci vellet,


20

num

etiam recentium iniuriarum,

quod eo invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod AUobrogas
vexassent,
victoria

memoriam deponere posse?


gloriarentur,
tulisse

Quod

sua
tarn

diu se

tam insolenter impune iniurias

quodque

admirarentur,

eodem

25 pertinere.

Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eoruin ulcisci velint, his secundiorcs

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLTCUM,


interdum res
et

I.e. 13-15.

diuturniorem impunitatem coneedere.

tamen, si obsides ab eis sibi dentur, quae polliceantur, facturos intellegat, et si Aeduis de iniuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum
ea
ita sint,

Cum

uti

ea,

eis

pacem

esse facturum.

They haughtily

feft/se.

Divico respondit
institutes
esse,
uti
rei

Ita Helvetios a maioribus suis

suerint

eius

obsides accipere, non dare, conpopulum Romanum esse testem.


discessit.
10

Hoc

responso dato

Roman
15.

cavalry skirmish with the enemy

and

lose

some men.

Postero die castra ex eo loco movent.

Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad quattuor milium, quem ex omni provincia


facit

Idem numerum
Aeduis

et

atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit, qui


videant,

quas

in

partes

hostes

iter

faciant.

Qui

15

cupidius novissimum

agmen

insecuti alieno loco

cum

equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; et pauci

de nostris cadunt.
The Helvetii are encouraged and
engage the
their rear guard several times

Roman

troops which are folloiving them during

about fifteen days.

Quo

proelio

sublati

Helvetii,

quod

quingentis

equitibus tantam niultitudinem equitum propulerant, 20

audacius subsistere
proelio proelio

nonnunquam
satis

et

novissimo agmine

nostros lacessere coeperunt.

Caesar suos a

continebat ac
rapinis,

hostem

habebat in praesentia pabulationibus populationibusque pro-

14
hibere.
inter

TREACHERY OF THE AEDUI.

Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum interesset.

Caesar's supplies rim short, a?id the

Aedui put

off the

pro77iised convoys of corn.


5

lo

Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, 16. quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. Nam propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea uti minus poArare Helvetii averterant, a terat, quod iter ab Diem ex die ducere quibus discedere nolebat. confoiri, comportari, adesse dicere. Aedui
:

Caesar summofis the

chiefs of the Aedui and remonstrates with them on their dilatory behaviour.

15

Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris
die

habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco, qui


stratui praeerat,
20

summo

magi-

quem vergobretum

appellant Aedui,

qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet

potestatem,

graviter eos accusat, quod,


agris

cum neque

emi neque ex
levetur
25

sumi

posset,

tam necessario
eis

tempore, tam propinquis hostibus ab


;

praesertim

cum magna ex

parte

precibus adductus
gravius,

bellum susceperit;
destitutus, queritur.

non subeorum multo etiam

quod

sit

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Speech of Liscus, chief of the Aedni.

I.

C.

5- 1

8.

There

is

a strong party

among

the Aediti

who do

not wish to assist the Mo/nans,


subjects.

for fear of becoming their


17.

Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adducquod antea tacuerat, proponit Esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebeni plurimum valeat, qui
tus,
:

privatim plus possint


seditiosa atque

quam

ipsi

magistratus.

Hos
5

terrere,

improba oratione multitudinem defrumentum conferant, quod debeant praestare si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre, neque dubitare, quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem nostra consilia quaeque in
ne
castris

10

gerantur hostibus enuntiari

hos a se coerceri
co-

non

posse.

Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem

actus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id

cum

periculo fecerit, et

ob earn causam, quam diu

15

potuerit, tacuisse.

On

enquiry

Caesar finds that the chief instigator of


is

this

treacherous policy

JDumtiorix, brother of Divitiacus.

He had

bought the contracts for collecting taxes, secured

great wealth
18.

and

infiuence,

and hated Caesar and Rome.


Lisci

Caesar

hac

oratione
designari

Divitiaci

fratrem,

sentiebat,

Dumnorigem, sed, quod

pluribus praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter

concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet.


ea,

Quaerit ex solo 20
quaerit
reperit

quae

in

conventu dixerat.
secreto

Dicit liberius atque


aliis
;

audacius.

Eadem

ab

l6
esse vera
:

THE CASE OF DUMNORIX.


Ipsum
esse

Dumnorigem, summa audacia,


propter
liberalitatem
gratia,

magna apud plebem

lo

cupidum rerum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates Qargiter posse} atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus
:

homini ilHc nobilissimo ac potentissimo collocasse, ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in ahas civitates col15

affinitatem,

Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia eius delocasse. et

minuta,
20

Divitiacus

frater

in

antiquum

locum

gratiae atque honoris

sit restitutus.

Si quid accidat

Romanis,
de regno,
desperare.

summam
;

in

obtinendi venire sed

imperio populi
ea,

spem per Helvetios regni Romani non modo

etiam de

quam

habeat,

gratia

Caesar gets other evidence of the treachery of Dumnorix.

25

Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quDd proeequestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque

Hum

(nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 19. Quibus
eius equitibus

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


rebus cognitis,
accederent,

I.

C.

l8, I9.

\^

cum ad

has suspiciones certissimae res

quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu

Aeduorum accusaretur, quare in eum aut ipse


animadvertere iuberet.
Caesar
is

satis esse

causae arbitrabatur,

animadverteret, aut civitatem

unwilling

to

take extreme measures against

Dum-

norix /or the sake of his brother Divitiacus,


been loyal.

who had

His omnibus rebus


tiaci fratris

unum

summum

in

repugnabat, quod Divipopulum Romanum studium,

10

summam
Divitiaci

in se

voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam,


:

temperantiam cognoverat

nam, ne

eius

supplicio

animum

offenderet, verebatur.

He summons
Itaque prius,

Divitiacus to his presence.

quam quicquam

conaretur,

Divi15

tiacum ad se vocari iubet et cotidianis interpretibus remotis per C. Valerium Procillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium simul rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur
:

commonefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit, quae
separatim quisque de eo apud
se
dixerit.

20

Petit

atque hortatur, ut sine eius ofiensione animi vel ipse

de eo causa cognita
tubeat.
B. c.
I.

statuat, vel civitatem statuere

THE CAMPAIGN RENEWED.


tj'eason,

Divitiacus admits his brother's


to

but entreats Caesar

pardon him.

^
5

20. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret Scire se ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capcre, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua
:

Gallia, ille

minimum
;

propter adulescentiam

posset,

per se crevisset

quibus opibus ac nervis non solum

ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam


lo

Sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione volgi commoveri. Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua qua ex re futurum, uti totius voluntate factum Galliae animi a se averterentur.
uteretur.
;

Caesar

cotisents

but 7varns

Dumnorix and

places

him

under surveillance.
15

Haec cum
Grand faciat
i
;

pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret,


;

Caesar eius dextram prendit


tanti eius
uti

consolatus rogat, finem


se gratiam esse ostendit,

apud

et

rei

publicae iniuriam et

voluntati ac precibus condonet.


20 vocat,

suum dolorem eius Dumnorigem ad se

fratrem
;

ostendit

proponit

adhibet quae in eo reprehendat, quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas queratur, monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes
; ;

suspiciones vitet

praeterita se Divitiaco fratri conut,

donare
25 agat,

Dumnorigi custodes ponit, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit.


dicit.

quae

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Caesar sends Labienus
the
to

I.

C.

20-22.

I9

occupy a hill so as to intercept


the Helvetii.

march of

21.

Eodeni die ab exploratoribus

certior factus

hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius


castris octo, qualis esset natura

montis

et qualis

in

Renunest facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum tiatum Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legicircuitu

ascensus, qui

cognoscerent, misit.

onibus et

eis

ducibus, qui iter cognoverant,


;

summum
sit,

iugum montis ascendere iubet


ostendit.

quid sui consilii

Ipse de quarta vigilia


Considius, qui

eodem

itinere,

quo
10

hostes ierant, ad eos contendit equitatumque

omnem

ante se

mittit.

P.

rei militaris peritis-

simus habebatur

et in exercitu L. Sullae et

postea in

M. Crassi

fuerat,

cum

e.Kploratoribus praemittitur.
is

A false alarm.
occupied by

Considius announces that the hill


the

already

enemy.

Caesar hoivever folloivs the

enemy as usual.

teneretur, ipse ab
et

a Labieno non longius mille quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex


22.
luce,

Prima

cum summus mons


castris

hostium

15

captivis comperit, aut ipsius

adventus aut cognitus esset, Considius equo admisso ad


currit,

Labieni

eum

ac-

dicit

montem,

quem
:

Labieno

occupari
20

voluerit,

a Gallicis armis Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium comid se

ab hostibus teneri

atque insignibus cognovisse.

mitteret, nisi ipsius copiae prope

hostium castra visae

20
essent,

DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII.

ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores
fieret,

Caesar cognovit
5

et

montem

a suis teneri et Helvetios

Considium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die quo consuerat intervallo hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit.
castra movisse et
Caesar, leaving the

enemy s

fear,

marches torvards Bibrade

{Autun)
he
23.
lo
is

to get provisions.

The Helvetii thinking that

retreating harass his rear.

Postridie

eius

diei,

supercrat,
et

cum

exercitui

quod omnino biduum frumentum metiri oporteret,

quod a

Bibracte, oppido

Aeduorum longe maximo


existimavit
contendit.

et copiosissimo,

non amplius milibus passuum XVIII


ire

aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum


iter
15

ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte

Ea

res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis

Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur.


timore perterritos
marent,
eo
magis,

Helvetii,

seu
se

equitum quod
existi-

Romanos

discedere

quod pridie superioribus locis occupatis proelium non commisissent, sive eo, quod
20 re

frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent,

commu-

tato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a novissimo

agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt.


Caesar withdraws
to

higher ground

and

fortifies

a camp.

The Helvetii follow and make a laager with


24.

their wagons.

Postquam
in

Caesar

id animum advertit, copias suas proximum collem subducit equitatumque,

CAESARIS BEIJ.UM GALLICUM,

T.

C.

22-25.

21

qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit.


in

Ipse interim iugo

colle

medio triplicem aciem


;

instruxit

quattuor veteranorum
legiones, quas in
serat, et

sed

in

summo

legionum duas

Gallia citeriore
collocari

proxime conscripac totum

omnia auxilia

montem

hominibus compleri et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie
constiterant,

muniri

iussit.

Helvetii
in

suis earns secuti

impedimenta

cum omnibus unum locum contu10

lerunt

ipsi

confertissima acie reiecto nostro equitatu

phalange facta sub primam nostram aciem successerunt.

The

battle.

The Helvciii arc repulsed


Ti/lins^i.

a?id retire to a

hill.

The Romans follow and are almost


Boil a?id
25.

outflaiiked by the

spectu remotis

Caesar primum suo, deindc omnium ex conequis, ut aequato omnium periculo


tolleret,

spem fugae
misit.

cohortatus suos proelium comsuperiore


pilis

15

Milites in

loco

missis

facile

hostium phalangem perfregerunt.


destrictis in eos

Ea

disiecta gladiis

pugnam
scutis

erat
ictu

uno

impetum fecerunt. Gallis magno ad impedimento, quod pluribus eorum pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum

20

ferrum se

neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, multi ut diu iactato brachio praeoptarent scutum manu emitTandem vulneribus tere et nudo corpore pugnare. defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter Capto mille passuum, eo se recipere coeperunt.
inflexisset,

25

monte

et succedentibus nostris Boii

et

Tulingi, qui

22

THE SUBMISSION OF THE HELVETII.


milibus circiter

hominum

XV agmen hostium

claude-

bant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros


latere aperto aggressi circumvenire, et id conspicati

Helvetii, qui in
5

montem

sese receperant, rursus instare

proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Romani conversa prima et secunda acies, signa bipartite intulerunt
et
:

ut victis ac submotis resisteret, tertia, ut venientes


sustineret.

The Helvetii howevei- are at length driven


their laager

to take refuge

i?i

of wagons, zuhich the Romans take after some hard fighting. About 130,000 of the Helvetii escape into
the
territory

of the Lingoties,

to

whom

Caesar

sefids

orders not to help them.

26.
10 est.

Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter

pugnatum
non

Diutius

cum

sustinere nostrorum impetus

possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in


alteri

montem

receperunt,

ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo

Nam

15

potuit.

Ad multam
est,

noctem etiam ad impedimenta

pugnatum

propterea quod pro vallo carros obie-

cerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela


coniciebant, et nonnulli inter carros rotasque mataras

ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant.


20

cum
potiti

esset

Diu pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis
est.

captus

Ex

eo proelio circiter

hominum

milia

CXXX
25 fines

eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt: nuUam partem noctis itinere intermisso in
superfuerunt

Lingonum

die

quarto

pervenerunt,

cum

et

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

25-28.

23

propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occi-

sorum

nostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent qui si iuvissent, se
:

eodem

quo Helvetios, habiturum. intermisso cum omnibus copiis eos sequi


loco,

Ipse triduo
coepit.

The Helvetii surrender.


the

But

six thousand secretly leave


the Rhine.

camp

atid

make for

27.

Helvetii

de deditione ad

omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in
seque ad pedes proiecissent sup-

itinere convenissent

pliciterque locuti flentes

eo loco, quo turn essent,


iussisset, paruerunt.

pacem petissent, atque eos in suum adventum exspectare Eo postquam Caesar pervenit,

10

obsides,
poscit.

arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, po-

Dum

ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte

intermissa circiter

hominum

milia VI eius pagi, qui


perterriti,

15

Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore

ne armis

traditis supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti,

quod

in

tanta multitudine dediticiorum

suam fugam

aut occultari aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent,

prima nocte
finesque

e castris

Helvetiorum egressi ad

Rhenum

20

Germanorum contenderunt.
and
treated as enemies,
to

Caesar sends in pursuit of the six thousand, who are brought


back
i.e.

slaughtered.

The

rest are
left.

spared but forced


28.
ierant,

go back

to the

homes they had

Quod
his,

ubi

Caesar

resciit,

quorum per
reducerent,
si

fines
sibi

uti

conquirerent
reliquos

et
:

purgati esse vellent, imperavit

reductos

in

hostium
armis, 25

numero

habuit

omnes

obsidibus,

24
perfugis

APPEAL OF THE GAULS TO CAESAR.


traditis
in

deditionem

accepit.

Helvetios,

Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, reverti

quod omnibus frugibus amissis quo famem tolerarent, AUobrogibus imperavit, ut eis frumenti copiam facerent ipsos
iussit et,

domi

nihil erat,

oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere


Id ea

iussit.

maxime

ratione

fecit,

quod

noluit

eum

locum,

unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agroium Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e
lo suis

finibus in

Helvetiorum

fines transirent et finitimi

Galliae

provinciae

Allobrogibusque essent.

Boios

petentibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti,


ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit
;

quibus

illi

agros dederunt quosque postea


15

in

parcm

iuris liberta-

tisque condicionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt.

Out of 368,000 Helvetii and neighbouriug


started on the expedition,

tribes

who had

110,000 returned home.

29.
litteris

In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt

Graecis confectae
in tabulis

et

ad

Caesarem

relatac,

quibus

nominatim

ratio confecta erat, qui


ferre possent,

numerus domo exisset eorum, qui arma


20 et

item separatim pueri, senes mulieresque,


erat

Quarum

25

capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII, Tulingorum milia XXXVI, Latobrigorum Xlill, Rauricorum XXili, Boiorum XXXII; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia XCII. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIIL Eorum, qui domum redierunt, censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus milium c et X.

omnium rerum summa

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Caesar
receives

I.

C.

28-

1.

2$

the congratulations of the

Gallic tribes on
to sanction

his victory over the Helvetii.

They ask him

the

summoning of a

council of all Gaul.

30.
legati,

Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae


principes civitatum, ad
:

Cacsarem gratulatum

convenerunt

Intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus


iniuriis

Helvetiorum
terrae Galliae

bello repetisset,

populi Romani ab his poenas tamen earn rem non minus ex usu populi

quam

Romani

accidisse, prop-

terea

quod eo

consilio florentissimis rebus

domos

suas

Helvetii reliquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent

imperioque potirentur locumque domicilio ex magna


copia deligerent, quern ex omni Gallia opportunis10

simum
civitatcs

ac

fructuosissimum
totius

iudicassent,

reliquasque
sibi

stipendiarias

habercnt.
in

Petierunt, uti

concilium

Galliae

diem

certam
:

indicere

idque Caesaris voluntate facere licerct

sese habere
15

quasdam
vellent.

res,

quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere


re

Ea

permissa diem concilio constituerunt

et

iureiurando, ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus


consilio

com-

muni
TJie

mandatum
before

csset, inter se

sanxerunt.
as

chiefs

lay

Caesar their

g?-iLX'ance

to

the

fresetice

of the

the Arve?'ni

German Ariovistus in Gaul, invited by and Sequani to assist them against the

Aedui.
31.

Eo

concilio dimisso

idem principes civitatum,

qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt petierunt- 20 que, uti sibi secreto de sua omniumque salute cum

eo

agere

liceret.

Ea

re

impetrata

sese

omnes

26
flentes

THE APPEAL OF
Caesari

DIVITIACUS.
:

ad pedes proiecerunt Non minus quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent, propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum in
se id contendere et laborare, ne ea,
5

cruciatum se ventures viderent.


Speech of Divitiaciis.

Locutus
tenere

est

pro his Divitiacus Aeduus

Galliae

totius factiones esse duas:

harum

alterius

principatum

Aeduos,

alterius

Arvernos.

Hi cum tanto

lo

opere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque

Germani mercede arcesserentur.


citer milia

Horum prime
:

cir-

15

posteaquam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures nunc esse in GalHa ad centum et XX mihum numerum. Cum his Aeduos eorumque cHentes semel atque iterum armis contransisse
:

XV Rhenum

tendisse

magnam

calamitatem

pulsos

accepisse,

omnem
tatum

nobilitatem,
amisisse.

omnem

senatum,

omnem

equi-

Ouibus

preeHis

calamitatibusque

20 fractes, qui et

sua virtute et populi

Romani

hospitio

atque amicitia phirimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos
civitatis

et

iureiurando

civitatem

obstringere, sese

25

neque obsides repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos neque recusaturos, quo minus
perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio essent.

Unum
daret.

se esse

ex omni

civitate

Aeduorum, qui adprofugisse


et

duci non potuerit ut iuraret aut liberos suos obsides

Ob

earn

rem

se

ex

civitate

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

c.

1.

2/

Romam
quod
retur.

solus neque iureiurando

ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, neque obsidibus teneSed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis
propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Gerfinibus
in

victis accidisse,

manorum,

eorum

consedisset

tertiamque

partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxilli ad eum venissent,

quibus locus ac sedes pararentur.

Futurum
:

esse 10

omnes ex Galliae atque omnes Germani Rhenum


paucis annis, uti

finibus pellerentur

neque transirent enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque banc consuetudinem victus cum ilia comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque
liberos

15

poscere et in eos

omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium non posse
:

20

eius imperia diutius sustinere.

Nisi

si

quid

in

Caesare

populoque
esse

Romano

sit auxilii,

omnibus

Gallis

idem

faciendum,

quod

Helvetii

fecerint,

ut

domo
25

emigrent, aliud
experiantur.

domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortunamque, quaecumque accidat,


dubitare, quin de
sint,
si enuiitiata Ariovisto sint, non omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum gravissimum supplicium sumat, Caesarem vel

Haec

auctoritate sua
vel

atque exercitus vel recenti victoria


posse, ne maior

30

nomine populi Romani deterrere

28

ENCROACHMENTS OF THE GERMANS.


Germanorum Rhenum
traducatur, Galliam-

multitudo

que
The

omnem

ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere.


joining the others in making the appeal,

Seqiia7ii not

Divitiacus explains that they do not venture to do so


because Ariovistus
territory.
is

in

occupation

of part of their

32.

aderant,
5

Hac oratione ab Divitiaco habita omnes, qui magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere
nihil

lo

Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus earum rerum facere, quas ceteri faceEius rent, sed tristes capite demisso terram intueri. Nihil rei quae causa esset, miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. Sequani respondere, sed id eadem tristitia taciti permanere. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus Aeduus respondit: Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reh'quorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri neque auxilium implorare
coeperunt.

Sequanos

15

auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut

si

coram tamen

adesset,

horrerent,

propterea

quod

reliquis

fugae

facultas

daretur,

Sequanis

vero,

qui

intra fines suos Ariovistum rccepissent,

pida omnia in potestate eius essent,


20 essent perferendi.

quorum opomnes cruciatus

The encroaching policy of


of
33.

the

Germans, and
it.

the duty

Rome

to

frustrate

His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos


confirmavit poUicitusque
:

verbis

est

sibi

earn

rem

curae futuram

magnam

se habere

spem

et beneficio

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

31-34.

29

suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis Hac oratione habita concilium dimisit. facturum. Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, quare

rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, quod Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepenumero a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque in dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intelquod in tanto imperio populi Romani legebat
sibi

earn

imprimis

turpissimum
Paulatim

sibi

et

rei

publicae

esse

arbitrabatur. 10

autem

transire et in Galliam

venire populo
sibi

Rhenum magnam eorum multitudinem Romano periculosum videbat, neque


Germanos
consuescere

homines
Cimbri

feros ac barbaros

temperatures
in

existi15

mabat, quin,
ante
sertim
exirent

cum omnem Galliam


Teutonique
in

occupavissent, ut

fecissent,

provinciam

atque inde

Italiam

contenderent, prae-

cum Sequanos

a provincia nostra

Rhodanus
20

divideret; quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur.

Caesar resolves

to pi'opose

an interview

ivith Ariovistus,

who
34.

anstvers haughtily.
ei,

Ouam

ob rem placuit

ut ad Ariovistum

legates mitteret, qui ab eo postularent, uti aliquem

locum medium utriusque colloquio deligeret


sese de re publica et
agere.
ipsi

velle 25

summis utriusque rebus cum eo

Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: Si quid Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum

30
fuisse;
si

EMBASSIES TO ARIOVISTUS.
quid
ille

se velit, ilium

ad se venire oportere.

Praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae


venire audere, quas Caesar possideret, neque exerci-

tum
5

sine

locum contrahere posse.


quid
in

magno commeatu atque molimento in unum Sibi autem mirum videri, sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari

aut omnino populo

Romano

negotii esset.

second embassy to Ariovistus demanding that he should

bring no more Germatis across the Rhine and should


rcfraiti

from oppressing

the

Aedui and Sequani.


relatis

35.

His responsis ad Caesarem

iterum ad

lo

eum Caesar legates cum his mandatis mittit: Quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio afFectus, cum
in consulatu
esset,

suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus


sibi

banc

populoque

Romano

gratiam

referret,

neque de communi re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, primum, ne quam 15 haec esse, quae ob eo postularet multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret deinde obsides, quos haberet ab Aeduis, redderet Sequanisque permitteret, ut, quos illi haberent, voluntate eius reddere illis liceret neve 20 Aeduos iniuria lacesseret, neve his sociisque eorum bellum inferret. Si id ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram: si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset, uti, quicum25 que Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo reipublicae facere posset, Aeduos ceterosque amicos
ut in colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur
:
;

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


populi

I.

c.

34-37.
iniurias

31

Romani

defenderet, se

Aeduorum

non

neglecturum. The
obstinate reply of Ariovistus,
*

Caesar

is

(he aggressor,

and he
36.
ut,

is

ready

to fight him.'

Ad

haec Ariovistus respondit


eis,
:[

lus esse

belli,

qui vicissent,

quos

vicissent,

quemadmodum

vellent,

imperarent

item populum

Romanum

victis

ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse.) Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet, quemadmodum suo iure uteretur, non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo iure impediri. Aeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et

non ad

alterius praescriptum, sed

10

armis congressi ac superati essent, stipendiaries esse


factos.

Magnam Caesarem
sibi

iniuriam facere, qui suo

adventu vectigalia
sociis

deteriora faceret.

Aeduis se

obsides redditurum non esse, neque eis neque


iniuria

eorum
15

bellum illaturum,

si

in

eo manerent,

quod convenisset, stipendiumque quotannis penderent; si id non fecissent, longe eis fraternum nomen populi

Romani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Aeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem secum
sine sua pernicie contendisse.

Cum

vellet,

congrede-

20

retur: intellecturum, quid invicti


tissimi
in

Germani, exercitaarmis, qui inter annos Xllll tectum non

subissent, virtute possent.

Caesar hears of fresh migrations of Germans across


the Rhi7ie.

37.

Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata

re-

ferebantur, et legati ab Aeduis et a Treveris veniebant: 25

32

CAESAR OCCUPIES VESONTIO.

Aedui questum, quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur sese ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conarentur his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus
: ; ;

10 facile

resisti

posset.

Itaque re

frumentaria

quam
ad

celerrime

potuit

comparata

magnis

itineribus

Ariovistum contendit.

Ariovistus

is

about

to occupy

Vesontio {Besancon).

Caesar

gets there first,

and puts a garrison

into the toivn.

ei,

15

Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere triduique viam a suis finibus
38.

profecisse.

Id ne accideret,

magno opere

sibi prae-

cavendum
20

Caesar

existimabat.
usui

rerum, quae ad bellum


ut

Namque omnium erant, summa erat in


loci sic

eo oppido facultas, idque natura

muniebatur,

magnam

ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem,

propterea quod flumen Dubis ut circino circumductum

paene totum oppidum cingit; reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum mille sexcentorum, qua flumen
25 intermittit,

mons

continet

magna

altitudine,

ita,

ut

radices montis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis continuant.

Hunc murus circumdatus arcem

efficit

et

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

37-39.

33

Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque itineribus contendit occupatoque oppido

cum oppido

coniungit.

Hue

ibi

praesidium coUocat.

panic in the
formidable

Roman

camp, owing

to

the reports of the

character

of

the

Germans.

Caesar

is

warned
39.

that the soldiers will refuse to march.

tariae

Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumencommeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione

nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum, et mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepenumero sese cum his congresses ne vultum qui-

dem

tantus subito timor

atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), omnem exercitum occupavit, ut

10

non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturHie primum ortus est a tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in re militari usum habebant quorum alius alia causa illata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat,
baret.
:

15

ut eius voluntate discedere liceret

nonnulli pudore

adducti, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant.

Hi neque vultum
tenere

fingere
abditi

neque interdum lacrimas


in

20

poterant

tabernaculis

aut

suum

fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Volgo totis castris
testamenta obsignabantur.
paulatim
habebant,
praeerant,
B. G.
I.

etiam
milites

ei,

qui

Horum magnum
Qui

vocibus ac timore
in

castris

usum
minus
1

25

centurionesque

quique
se

equitatui
his

perturbabantur.

ex

34

CAESARS SPEECH TO THE OFFICERS.

timidos existiniari volebant, non se hostem vereri,


sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum, quae
intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut

rem

frumentariam, ut satis
5

commode

supportari posset,

timere dicebant.

Nonnulli etiam Caesari nuntiarant,


iussisset,

cum

castra moveri ac signa ferri

dicto audientes milites neque propter


laturos.

non fore timorem signa

Caesar refutes the pj-esimiption of the


declares

officers

that

he

will start

next

and men and morning with the

loth legion.

lo

Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato concilio 40. omniumque ordinum ad id concilium adhibitis cenprimum quod turionibus vehementer eos incusavit consilio ducerentur, sibi aut quam in partem aut quo
:

quaerendum aut cogitandum


se
15

putarent.

Ariovistum

consule
;

cupidissime

populi

Romani amicitiam

appetisse

cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio


}

discessurum iudicaret
nitis

Sibi

quidem persuaderi, cogaequitate

suis

postulatis

atque

condicionum

eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si furore atque amentia
perspecta
20

impulsus bellum

intulisset,

quid tandem vererentur

.-'

aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent ^ Factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum Cimbris et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperator meritus videbatur factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, quos tamen aliquid usus ac Ex disciplina, quae a nobis accepissent, sublevarent.
;

25

CAESARIS BELLUM GATXICUM,

I.

C.

39, 4O.

35

quo

iudicari posse,

quantum haberet
quod, quos

in se boni con-

stantia,

propterea

aliquamdiu

inermos

sine causa timuissent, hos postea armatos ac victores

Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum saepenumero Helvetii congressi non solum in suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commosuperassent.
veret, hos,
si

quaererent, reperire posse diuturnitate

belli defatigatis Gallis

Ariovistum,

cum multos menses

10

castris se ac

paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem

\^

fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. / Gui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitosl locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros 1 exercitus capi posse. / Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio impera-

Haec sibi frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in agris frumenta matura de itinere ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. Quod non fore dicto audientes neque signa laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam defuisse, aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam suam innocentiam
toris

desperare aut praescribere viderentur.


:

esse curae

20

25

perpetua

Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset, repraesentaturum et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum
vita,

felicitatem

30

2,6

MARCH AGAINST THE GERMANS BEGUN.


posset,

intellegere
officium,

utrum
valeret.

apud

eos
si

pudor

atque

an timor

Quod

praeterea

nemo

sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam cohorHuic legioni Caesar et indulserat tem futuram.

praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime.

Caesar's speech has the desired

effect,

and

the start is

made at
41.

the time fixed.

versae sunt

Hac oratione habita,.mirum in modum conomnium mentes, summaque alacritas et


est,

cupiditas belli gerendi innata


10 legio

princepsque decima

per tribunos militum

ei

gratias egit,

quod de

optimum indicium fecisset, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavdt. Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum
se

centurionibus egerunt, uti Caesari satisfacerent


15

se

nee

umquam dubitasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum indicium sed imperatoris esse Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere existimavisse. exquisito per Divitiacum, quod ex aliis ei maximam
fidem habebat, ut milium ampHus quinquaginta cirexercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia,
ut dixerat, profectus
intermitteret,

20 cuitu locis apertis

Septimo die, cum iter non est. ab exploratoribus certior factus est,

Ariovisti copias a nostris milibus


et viginti abesse.

passuum quattuor

CAESARIS BELLtJM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

4O-42.

37

Ariovistus consents to an interview, but demands that Caesar

should come

to it 7vlth only

any foot

soldiers.

an escort of cavalry, without Caesar consents, but mounts the men

of the 10th legion as his guard.


42. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit quod antea de colloquio postulasset,
:

id

per se

fieri

licere,

quoniam propius

accessisset,

seque

id sine periculo facere

posse existimare.

Non
5

respuit condicionem Caesar ianique


reverti arbitrabatur,

eum ad

sanitatem

cum

id,

negasset,

ultro

polliceretur,

quod antea petenti demagnamque in spem

veniebat, pro suis tantis populique

Romani

in

eum
10

beneficiis cognitis suis postulatis fore, uti


desisteret.

pertinacia

est ex eo die citroquejcum legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur uterque cum equitatu veniret: alia ratione sese non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque colloquium interposita causa tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit omnibus

Dies

colloquio

dictus

quintus.

Interim saepe^^ultro

15

equis Gallis equitibus detractis eo legionarios milites


legionis decimae, cui

ponere,

ut

praesidium
esset,

opus facto
irridicule

quam maxime confidebat, imquam amicissimum, si quid haberet. Quod cum fieret, non
militibus
esset,

20

quidam ex
se
in

plus,

quam

pollicitus

decimae legionis dixit Caesarem ei facere


loco

pollicitum

cohortis

practoriae

decimam

25

legionem habiturum, ad equum rescribere.

38

CONFERENCE WITH ARIOVISTUS.


The place of
43.
interview.

Planities erat

magna

et in

ea tumulus terfere spatio

renus satis grandis.


castris

Hie locus aequo


Caesaris
aberat.

ab

Ariovisti

et

Eo, ut

erat

dictum, ad colloquium venerunt.


5

Legionem. Caesar,
pari
intervallo

quam

equis vexerat, passibus ducentis ab eo tumulo

constituit.

Item

equites

Ariovisti

constiterunt.
et

Ariovistus, ex equis ut colloquerentur

praeter se

denos ut ad colloquium adducerent,

postulavit.
Caesar's speech.
lo

Ubi eo ventum
senatusque
in

est,

Caesar

initio

orationis sua

15

commcmoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod munera amplissime missa quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui docebat ilium, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi
beneficia
;

eum

iustam haberet beneficio ac liberalitate sua ac senatus


ea praemia consecutum.

quamque

iustae causae necessitudinis ipsis

Docebat etiam, quam veteres cum Aeduis

20 honorifica in

quae senatusconsulta quotiens quamque omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam appetissent. Populi Romani banc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore
intercederent,

eos facta essent, ut

25

auctiores velit esse

quod vero ad amicitiam populi


id
eis

Romani

attulissent,

eripi

quis

pati

posset?

Postulavit deinde eadem, quae legatis in mandatis

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


dederat,
inferret;

I.

C.

43, 44.

39

ne

aut

Aeduis

aut
;

eorum

obsides redderet

si

manorum domum remittere amplius Rhenum transire pateretur.

sociis bellum nullam partem Gerposset, at ne quos

The reply of Ariovisius,


he
7vill

'

Unless Caesar withdraws his


that if he kills

fight him,

and he knows

army him he

will please a poiver/iil party at Rome.'' 44.

Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca re-

spondit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: Transisse

Rhenum
tum

sese

a Gallis; non sine

non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessimagna spe magnisque praemiis


:

domum
datos
victis
;

propinquosque reliquisse
stipendium capere iure

sedes

habere

in
10

Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate


belli,

quod

victores

Non sese Gallis, sed imponere consuerint. omnes Galliae civitates Gallos sibi bellum intulisse ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas
:

15

ac superatas esse.

Si iterum experiri velint, se iterum


;

paratum esse decertare si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipend io recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio, non detrimento esse oportere,
idque se ea spe petisse.
Si per

20

stipendium remittatur et minus libenter sese recusaturum


amicitiam,

populum Romanum dediticii subtrahantur, non


^^}1
25

populi Romani Quod multitudinem quam appetierit. Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi,

non

Galliae

impugnandae causa

facere

eius

rci

40
testimonium
in

REPLY OF ARIOVISTUS.
esse,

quod

nisi

rogatus non venerit, et

quod bellum non


Galliam venisse

intulerit,

sed defenderit.
populi

Se prius

quam populum Romanum.


(Quid

NumRomani

quam
5

ante hoc tempus exercitum

Galliae provinciae finibus egressum.

sibi vellet,

cur in suas possessiones veniret

? )

Provinciam suam

hanc esse Galliam, sicut concedi non oporteret, si


faceret, sic
lo

illam
in

nostram.

nostros fines

Ut ipsi impetum

item nos esse iniquos,(qui in suo iure se


se

diceret,

15

Quod fratres Aeduos appellatos tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Aeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Aedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi Romani usos esse. Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese ilium non pro amico,
interpellaremus.)

non

20 sed

hoste

habiturum.

Quod
:

si

cum
ipsis

interfecerit,

multis sese nobilibus principibusque populi

Romani

gratum esse facturum


nuntios

id

se

ab

per eorum

compertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam

25

atque amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. Quod Galliae sibi si discessisset et liberam possessionem
tradidisset,
et

magno

se ilium

praemio remuneraturum

quaecumque

bella geri vellet, sine ullo eius labore

et periculo

confecturum.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

C.

44-46.

Caesar's reply.

Reasons

why

he cannot comply zvith the

demand of
45.

Ariovistus.

Multa ab Caesare

in earn

scntcntiam dicta
;

sunt, quare negotio desistere

non posset neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati, uti optime merentes socios desereret, neque se iudicare, GalHam Bello potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provinciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari
oporteret, populi

Romani iustissimum

esse in Gallia

10

imperium

si

indicium senatus observari oporteret,

liberam debere esse Galliam,


legibus uti voluisset.

quam

bello victam suis

Treachery on the part of the cavalry of Ariovistus.


46.

Dum
est,

haec

in

colloquio
Ariovisti

geruntur,

Caesari
15

nuntiatum

equites

propius

tumulum
facit

accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in


nostros conicere.

Caesar loquendi finem

seque

ad suos recepit suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino

telum

in

hostes reicerent.

Nam

etsi sine

uUo periculo

legionis delectae

cum

equitatu proelium fore videbat, 20

tamen committendum non putabat, ut pulsis hostibus dici posset eos ab se per fidem in colloquio circumventos. Posteaquam in volgus militum elatum est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in nostros

25

42

PEACE ENVOYS ARRESTED.


eaque
est.

eius equites fecissent,

res

colloquium ut dire-

misset,

multo maior

alacritas

studiumque pugnandi

maius exercitui iniectum

Ariovistiis proposes another intervieiu.

Caesar

refuses,

but sends envoys.

lo

Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates se de his rebus, quae inter eos agi mittit uti coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non poterant,
47.
:

Velle

quin in nostros tela conicerent.

Legatum

e suis sese

magno cum
feris

eum missurum et hominibus obiecturum existimabat. Commodissimum visum


periculo ad

est

15 filium,

C. Valeri Caburi humanitate adulescentem, cuius pater a Gaio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae

Gaium Valerium

Procillum,

summa

virtute et

20

iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non esset, ad eum mittcre et JNIarcum Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. His mandavit, ut, quae diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus
scientiam, qua multa

conspexisset,
25

exercitu

suo

praesente

conclamavit

quid ad se venirent? an speculandi causa? Conantis


dicere prohibuit et in catenas coniccit.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUiM,

I.

C.

46-49.

43

Ariovisttis advances to within six miles of Caesuras camp.

48.

Eodeni die castra promovit


a
Caesaris castris

et milibus pas-

suum sex

sub monte consedit.

Postridie eius diei praeter castra Caesaris suas copias

traduxit et milibus

passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit, eo consilio, uti frumento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur, Caesarem inter-

cluderet.

Ex
si

eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar


vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei

pro castris suas copias produxit et aciem instructam


habuit, ut,

potestas non deesset.

Ariovistus his omnibus diebus

10

exercitum castris continuit, equestri proelio cotidie


contendit.

exercuerant.

Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni
:

copia singuli singulos suae salutis causa delegerant

15

cum
qui

his in proeliis versabantur.


:

Ad

eos se equites
si

recipiebant

hi, si

quid erat durius, concurrebant,


accepto
erat

graviore
;

vulnere
si

equo deciderat,

cir-

cumsistebant
celeritas,

quo

longius

celerius recipiendum, tanta erat

prodeundum aut horum exercitatione


adae-

20

ut iubis

equorum

sublevati cursum

quarent.
Counter movement by Caesar.
Ariovistus
to give

Jmn

battle.

He tries in vain to He fortifies a secotid

induce

camp.

49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum,

quo

in loco

centos ab

eis, castris

Germani consederant, circiter passus sexidoneum locum delcgit acieque

25

44
triplici

WHY

ARIOVISTUS HESITATES.

instructa ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum numero sedecim milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus
misit,

quae copiae nostros perterrerent


Nihilo
secius

et

munitione
ante
con-

prohiberent.
stituerat,

Caesar,

ut

duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legiones
et

10 reliquit

partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas

in

castra maiora reduxit.

An

indecisive

engagement with part of the forces of Ariovistus.

The

'

wise

women forbid
'

Ariovistus to fight a general

engagement
50.

till

the

New

Moon.

Proximo

die instituto suo

Caesar e castris

utrisque copias suas eduxit


castris progressus
15

paulumque a maioribus
pugnandi

aciem

instruxit, hostibus

Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est.
potestatem
fecit.

20 Solis

occasu suas copias Ariovistus multis et


vulneribus
in

illatis et

acceptis

castra

reduxit.

Cum

ex

captivis quaereret

Caesar,

quam ob rem

Ariovistus

proelio

non decertaret, banc reperiebat causam, quod


ut

apud
25

Germanos ea consuetude esset, familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus


utrum proelium committi ex usu
esset,

matreseas

declararent,

nccne

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


ita

I.

C.

49-52.
si

45
ante

non esse fas Germanos superare, novani lunam proelio contendissent.


dicere
:

Ariovistus forced to give


51.
castris,

battle.

Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidium utrisque

quod

satis

esse

visum

est,

reliquit,

omnis
5

alarios in
constituit,

conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus

quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem ipse triplici instructa acie usque ad alariis uteretur Turn demum necessario castra hostium accessit. Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios,
;

10

Suebos, omnemque aciem suam redis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes
passis

15

manibus

flentes implorabant,

ne se

in

servitutem

Romanis

traderent.

A
et

desperate fight.

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos 52. quaestorem praefecit, ut eos testes suae quisque ipse a dextro cornu, quod eam virtutis haberet partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat,
;

20

proelium

commisit.

Ita

nostri

acriter

in

hostes

signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente


celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium
pila in

hostes
25

coniciendi
gladiis

non
sua

daretur.
est.

Reiectis

pilis

comminus
ex congladiorum

pugnatum

At Germani
facta

celeriter

suetudine

phalange

impetus

46

DEFEAT AND FLIGHT OF THE GERMANS.


Reperti sunt complures nostri milites,
revel-

exceperunt.

qui in phalangas insilirent et scuta manibus


lerent et desuper vulnerarent.
sinistro
5

Cum

hostium acies a
esset,

cornu pulsa atque


cornu

in

fugam conversa

vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset


a

dextro

Publius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat,

quod expeditior
bantur, tertiam
lo misit.

erat

quam

ei,

qui inter aciem versa-

aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio

Utter defeat of the Germans,


53.

and

their flight to the Rhine.


est,

Ita

proelium

restitutum

atque

omnes

hostes terga verterunt neque prius fugere destiterunt,

quam ad flumen Rhenum


circiter
15

milia

passuum ex eo loco
lintribus

quinque pervenerunt.
tranare contenderunt

Ibi perpauci aut viribus

confisi
sibi

aut

inventis

salutem repererunt.

In his

fuit Ariovistus,

qui

naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit


reliquos

20

omnes equitatu consecuti nostri interfecerunt. Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre missam utraeque in ea fuga perierunt. Duae filiae
:

harum, altera
Procillus,
25

occisa, altera capta est,

Gaius Valerius
trinis

cum

custodibus in

fuga

catenis

vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostes equitatu

persequentem

incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum

familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e manibus hostium

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


sibi

I,

C.

52-54.

4/

restitutum

videbat,
et

neque

eius

calamitate

de

tanta voluptate

gratulatione

quicquam

fortuna

deminuerat. Is se praesente de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in sortium beneficio se esse aliud tempus reservaretur incolumem. Item Marcus Metius repertus et ad eum
:

reductus

est.

The

result of the battle deters the Suebi

from

crossing

the Rhine,

and

the campaigJi is closed early.

54.

Hoc
quos

proelio trans

Rhenum

nuntiato Suebi,
reverti coepe10

qui ad ripas Rheni venerant,

domum

runt

Ubii

perterritos insecuti
runt.

Rhenum incolunt, magnum ex his numerum occidequi

proximi

Caesar
in

confectis maturius paulo,


bat,

una aestate duobus maximis belHs quam tempus anni postulahiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit
;

hibernis

Labienum praeposuit GaUiam ad conventus agendos

ipse

in

citeriorem

15

profectus est

NOTES.
[I\ refers to sections in the Revised

Latin PiiinerJ]

Page
1.

1.
all

Gallia.

By

Gail]

Caesar means

France and Belgium up

to the

Rhine, with the parts of


left

Germany and Switzerland which


'

are on the
;

bank of the same river up to about the lake of Constance but from Province,' that is, South-eastern is to be deducted the Roman France, bounded on the West by the Garonne, on the East by the river Var, separating it from Italy, on the North by the river Rhone, as it flows westward from the lake of Geneva, on the West by the Cevennes and the river Tarn flowing into the Garonne, and on the South by the
this

Pyrenees and the Gulf of Lyons.

omnis,
2, 3.

'

taken as a whole.'

Belgae...Aquitaiii...Celtae.
' '

The

Belgae, from

whom

the

Belgium has been derived, were partly German, and occupied the part of France north of the Seine and Marne, and that
part of the Netherlands that
is

modem name

south of the Rhine

the Aquitani,

who

have

left

their

name

in

'

Aquitaine,' were connected with ancient Spanish

or Iberian peoples, as
in the

was natural from the easy passage of the Pyrenees


;

western corner

the Celtae, Galatae, or Galli are the inhabitants

of Central France.
different
4.

All three were divided into numerous tribes with

names.
'

institutis,

established customs,' as opposed to

leges, rules laid

down by
6. 7.

a government, whether in writing or not.


'

fortissimi,

most warlike.'
'

propterea quod,
'

for this reason that,'

'

because.'

P. 4-25 n.

humanitate,
'

civilisation.'

humanitas means something more than

humanity,'

it

includes everything that tended to

make men

act

as

reasonable and enlightened men.


8.

provlnciae.

Originally the v/oxA provincia meant any sphere of


magistrate.

duty of a

Roman
it

When
in

the

Romans began conquering


sense
to

was applied countries which were under the


other nations
B.

special

any country or

rule of a single proconsul or propraetor,

G.

I.

'

50

CAESARIS BELLUiM GALLICUM,


to certain conditions

I.

and were subject

imposed by the Romans when


affairs
*

they took possession.

In speaking of Gallic

the Province

means the part of South-eastern France (described in the note on 1. i) which had been gradually conquered and then organised as a single province in B.C. ii8. When Caesar came there as proconsul [B.C. 58] the rest of Gaul was still independent, though some of the tribes had made treaties of friendship with Rome, and when that was the case the

Romans always claimed


times called Gallia
(Marseilles) with
its

a certain right of interference.

The
it

chief

towns of 'the Province' were Narbo (Narbonne), whence


Narbonensis, and Tolosa (Toulouse).

is

some-

Massilia

immediate

territory

was nominally

free

and inde-

pendent.
8. minime... important, 'and it is least frequently to them than to any that merchants come bringing what tends to enervate men's spirits.' In this clause note first the emphatic position of minime, which does not merely qualify saepe, but influences the whole clause and secondly
;

the use of a/que instead of part of the


first.

et

or que

when

the second clause

is

really

The coming

of the merchants and the bringing of the

ail part of the same idea. commeant, 'go backwards and forwards.' The Belgae lived so far North that the pedlars who bought goods at Marseilles or Narbonne, where merchandise from the South and East was landed, did not often and as yet there was little commerce outside the Medireach them

wares are
9.

terranean in the North Sea, except perhaps for

tin,

hides,

and such

like,

with Britain.
12.
13.

qua de causa,

'

for

which reason,'

lit.

^/rom which cause.'

virtute, abl. of respect, P. 235.

Page
2.

2.
It

cum, temporal 'on occasions when.'

therefore

takes

the

indicative.
3.

them.'
4.

eorum una pars, 'one The people are put for


Gallos obtinere,
'

part of their country,'

lit.

'one part of

the country in which they live.

that the Gauls hold':

do not translate obtinere


i, 1. 5.

'obtain.'
5.

dictum

est,

'

it

has been said by me,' see p.

continetur,

'it is

bounded.'
'

ab Sequanis et Helvetiis, on the side of the Sequani and on the rear.' P. 286. verglt ad septentriones, it extends towards the North.' Every 7. country in a sense extends towards the North ; but Caesar means that
6.

Helvetii,' like a tergo,

'

'

NOTES.
in

5
e.g. the Province, this Celtic

comparison with otlier parts of Gaul, Gaul is more northern.


9, 12.

spectant, 'face.'

Aquitania
if

North-west as compared with Provence


the sea, but
to
it

may perhaps be said we regard its coast as

to face
it

faces

does not add


'

much
i.e.

to

any clearness of geographical idea

speak of Belgium as
11.
12.

facing North-east.'
the

earn

partem Oceani,

Bay

of Biscay.

pertinet... ad, 'extends to.'

15.

and M. Pupius Piso'

M. Messala...C0llsulibus, 'in the consulship of M. Messala The Romans dated all events by i.e. B.C. 61.

naming the two chief magistrates or consuls of the year, and sometimes by naming the year since the foundation of the city, which answers to B.C. 753. They did not begin the latter system however till just about
this

time or soon afterwards.


18.

perfacile esse,

'

(he argued) that

it

was very

easy.'

It is oratio

obliqiia

depending on some word of saying implied


cuin...praestarent, 'since they excelled.'

m persuasit.
P. 426.

19.
20.

hoc. ..quod, 'because,' 'for the reason that.'


loci natura...continentur, 'are shut in

21.
22.

by natural boundaries.'
taken to be from
Its

Rheno.

The

description

is

not very definite; but the country

of the Helvetii which Caesar here indicates

may be

Basle to Geneva, including Vaud, Neuchatel, and part of Berne.


eastern

extent

is

indefinite,
it.

perhaps the river Aar might be taken

roughly to mark
26.

provinciam nostram, see p. x, 1. 8. his rebus fiebat, ut...vagarentur, 'the result of these circum27. stances was that they did not wander so widely as they would have done.' 28. qua ex parte, 'in which respect,' 'a circumstance from which.'

Page
4, 5.

3.

in longitudinem...in latitudinem, adverbial, 'lengthwise...


i.e.

in

breadth,'
5.

'from North

to

South. ..from East to West.'


it

patebant, indicative because

is

Caesar's statement, not part

of the thought of the Helvetii.


7.

quae... pertinerent, subj. in virtual oblique clause;


'

it

represents

the thought of the Helvetii,


start.'

what was

(as they thought)

proper to their

P. 469.

8. 9.

carrorum, 'wagons,'

cp. Engl, 'car,' 'cart.'

quam maximum,

'as great as possible.'

12.

ad eas res conflciendas, the gerundive of purpose.

P. 379.

42

'

52
17.
18.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


obtinuerat, 'had held,' see p.
2,
1.

I.

4.

amicus appellatus, 'had been called /;-?VW of the Roman people. ' When a foreign prince was called a friend of the Romans by the Senate, though there was no formal alliance, yet the Romans considered themselves bound to defend him against the attacks of others, and in return expected him to maintain their interests. ut regnum...occuparet, 'that he should seize upon royal 19.
'

power,' dependent on the historic present persiiadet.

The

Gallic tribes
last

seem

to

have elected their chiefs or kings, and the son of the


right.

king

had no hereditary

21. principatum.obtinebat, 'was holding the chief was recognised as chief,' but had not the title of king.
'

place.'

He

22.

acceptus, 'acceptable

to,'

'popular with.'

The
lit.

passive past

participle has an adjectival sense, like invictus, 'invincible.'


23.

in matrimoniuin dat, 'gives her as his wife,'


p. 8,
1.

'into

'

or 'for

matrimony,'
24.

8.

perfacile factu, 'very easy of accomplishment.'

P. 388.

conata, 'attempts,' 'things attempted.'


has a passive past participle, as have
25.

The deponent verb


deponents.
P. 126.

conor

many

to hold.'

propterea quod...obtenturus esset, 'seeing that he was about Oblique subjunctive because the argument of Orgetorix, not
is

the writer's,

being expressed.
425, note.
'

propterea quod, P.
26.
it

non

esse dubium, quin,


that.'

that there

was certain

quin (qui

ne) follows

was no doubt that,' that words of doubt with negative.


'

P. 422.

Page
1.

4.

were the most powerful.' suis...suo, instrumental abl., 'by means of his own forces and
pluriinmn...possent,
'

his

own
2.

army.'
illis,

dat. of advantage, 'for them,'

he declares that he 'will


Latin has no pronoun

secure
3.

them royal power.'


inter se, 'to each other,' 'mutually.'

mutual relation like dXX^Xoi/s in Greek, and this combination P. 285. of preposition and reflective pronoun has to serve instead.
to express
4.
5.

per,

'

by means

of.'

Galliae...potiri, 'to get possession of all Gaul.'

Though

other

writers use potior with genitive, Caesar elsewhere uses


P. 2537.

the ablative.

ex vinculiB,

'in

bonds,' cp. ex cquii pu^nare, 'to fight on

'

NOTES.

53

horseback' ('from horses'). P. 286. causam dicere, 'to stand his or plead his cause.' trial,' lit. 'to speak oportebat ut...cremaretur, 'the regular penalty if he were 8.
'

'

condemned was
g.

to

be burnt in the

fire.'

The
'

ut clause

is in

apposition

to the subject {poetiam) of the infinitive.

P. 415.
cp.

causae dictionis,
familiam,
'

'

for the trial,

causam
'

dicere.

10.
'

'

clan.'

Familia
to

is

properly a group of faimili,


family
'

servants

but

it

came
ties

be used

like our

for all those

connected by domestic
'clan,' to apply to all

seems like the Scotch who are descended or claim to be descended


of any sort.
it

Here

however remotely from a common ancestor.


ad...milia decern,
11.
'

to the

number

of 10,000 persons.'

12.

persons

hominum would include women and children. clientes, in Roman language clients meant originally those living at Rome without full rights who depended on the promembers
of the gentes, the Patricians.

tection of

Then

it

came

to

mean

are told very almost any person dependent on another in any way. early about the Gauls that their great men prided themselves on the

We

number of such dependents


'to listen.'
13.

or clients, but

the nature of the connexion was.

we do not know exactly what The word is derived from k\(ihv,

per

eos...eripiilt,

'he escaped from the necessity of standing

his

The number of his followers overawed by their means.' the judges and he went away without having to defend himself. the whole tribe,' i.e. the Ilelvetii as a nation. civitas, 14. neque abest...quiii...coiisciverit, 'nor is there wholly wanting 17.
trial
'

a suspicion of his having committed suicide.'


18.

P. 419.
is

consciverit [conscisco), 'resolve upon,' 'decree,' 'adjudge,'

used with reflexive pronoun almost exclusively


sibi 7)iortem,
20.

in this phrase, consciscere


'

'to resolve

on death

for oneself,'

to

commit
is

suicide.'

ut...exeant, 'namely, to quit their

own

territory.'

The

11 f

clause here stands in apposition to facere, and

explanatory of

tlie

whole preceding sentence.


22.
villages.'

oppida...vicos,

'towns' (more or

less

fortified)

and 'open

Page
3.
'

5.

domum,

the locative dependent on the verbal sense of reditionis,

a going back.
5.

mensutn.

mensum. The The latter is

genitive plural of mensis

is

either fiienshtm or

the form generally in Caesar and earlier Latin.

54

CAESARIS BELTAIM GALLICUM,


'

I.

tiium mensum, gen. of measure, of number or time,


months.'
P. 256.

enough

for three

molita cibaria, 'ground bread-stuff.'


substantive.
7.

cibaria

is

n. pi. adj. used as

uti or utei

is

an old form of

ut.

Later writers seem to have

used either form according as the rhythm of the sentence pleased their
ear.
9.

Incoluerant,

'

had

settled.'

10.

Noricum...Noreiain.

district

and town

in

Germany,

modem

Carinthia and N^eittnarkt (part of N.E. Bavaria).

The

Boil
in

have been a

restless tribe,

one portion of them was settled


this division of
it

seem to Northern

Italy (Gallia Cisalpina),

and

Gaul on the Upper Loire, and thence Germany.


11.

them had been in Central seems had migrated into


into their territory
'

receptos...adsciacunt,
allies.'

'receive

them
i.e. if

and

adopt them as
11.

ad

se, 'to their country,'

into their homes.'

itinera duo, 'only two routes,'


for there

they wished (as they did)

to

go South,
13.

were other ways

out.

angustum et dtfiBcile, 'over a narrow pass and difficult The road meant is that leading through the pas de V ^.cluse, where the Jura (Mt Creda now tunnelled) comes down to the right bank of the Rhone. The easier road may be taken by crossing to the left bank by the bridge at Geneva or by some ford between Fort de
ground.'
I'Ecluse

and Geneva.

But that would bring them into the

Roman
to

province, which Caesar was resolved to prevent.

Below

I'tcluse the

Rhone was nowhere


16.

fordable,

and therefore Caesar did not require


for so
is

take his wall any farther.


ut,

'so that.'

The demonstrative word


See
p. 3,
1.

sometimes

omitted.
18.
19.

P. 421 note.

propterea quod.

25.

qui nuper pacati erant, 'who had recently been reduced to

submission.'

They had
at

rebelled in B.C. 61

and had been conquered by


in the

Gnaeus Pontinus
Ain].
20.
2 r.

Salonium [perhaps Sallonay,

department of

vado,

'

by means of a

ford,' instrumental abl.


'

extremum oppidum,
issues

the last town,'

i.e.

the farthest north.


is, i.e.

22.

pons, about where one of the modern bridges

just

where

the

Rhone
24.

from the lake.

quod...viderentur, 'because they seemed (as they argued) to

be not yet well disposed towards the

Roman

people.'

Subj. because

NOTES.
the thought of the Allobroges
it

55
But

is

indicated, not that of the writer.


[iit

is

a condensed expression for quod non essent

videbatiir)

because

the Allobroges were not, they thought, yet reconciled to the

Romans.
P.

bono animo,
^.3426.

'well

affected,'

abl.

of quality

with epithet.

ut...paterentur,

'to

allow

them

(the

Helvetii)

to

go

through their (the Allobroges')


existimabant

territory.'

suoa refers to the subject

of the nearest verb paterentiir, but not to that of the main verb
;

eoa takes the place of the reflexive to the main verb,

which

is

a construction often
reflexive

employed by Caesar

to avoid ambiguity

when two

pronouns are required.

Page
I.

6.

diem dlcunt,

'

fix

a day.'

It is a regular phrase,

though mostly

used in regard to law-suits, when the prosecutor names a day for the
defendant to appear.
3.

a.

d. V.

Kal. Apr., ante diem quhittivi Kalendas Apriles,


ist

'

on
to

the

fifth

day before the


its

of April,'

i.e.

'28th of March.'
is

In this phrase
abl.

ante governs Kalendas, dietn qnintum


ace.

attracted

from the

by

position.

P. app.

II.

p-

217

note,

L. Pisone...consullbus, B.C. 58, see


5.

on

p. 2,

1,

15.
(b.c. 59)
;

Caesari.

Caesar had been consul the year before


^

at

the end of his consulship, his

imperium,' as

it

was

called,

was ex-

tended in order that he might govern a province with the authority of

But a man did not go was a great deal to do in levying troops and getting his outfit, and as a rule he did not set out till about May. Caesar had hy a special law been appointed proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, the province in Transalpine Gaul, and Illyricum for five years, instead of the usual one year.
consul, he

was pro

consiile

'

in place of a consul.'

to his province at once, there

[It will be as well here to remind the young reader of what Caesar was supposed to be going to govern. Italy at that time was bounded on the North by a line extending from the Rubicon,

flowing into the Adriatic, to the Macra flowing into the Tuscan Sea on the West. South of that line there could be no 'province' or proconsul.' The country north of it to the Alps was still a province and still governed by a proconsul, but it was much more like a part of Italy than an ordinary province. As far north as the Po the inhabitants of the chief towns had the full Roman citizenship, and those to the north of the Po had an imperfect citizenship, called Latinitas. Accordingly the proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina or Togata (as it was sometimes called) though he
'


56

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

commanded the troops there did not have the same kind of duties to perform as in other provinces. It was not unnatural therefore to join to it Transalpine Gaul, i.e. the province occupying a large part of the south of France (as has been already described, see pp. 25, 26). In the rest of Gaul the proconsul of this province had no official position. But as his first duty was to protect his 'province' he would be sure to have dealings, friendly or hostile, with the tribes of Celtic Gaul, either bordering on the province or trading with it. This duty of protecting his province gave him an excuse for interfering in Celtic Gaul. And Caesar had been specially authorised to do whatever seemed to him in the interests Besides, some of the tribes of the republic in foreign Gaul. appealed for his help against the Germans, and he soon assumed and exercised a kind of protectorate over the whole, which was presently turned almost spontaneously into complete control, 'i his
was generally the way
in

which

Roman dominion was

established.

A provincial

governor was left to do what he thought necessary in the way of extending his province and then he came to the Senate which it nearly always did. But besides this to confimi his 'acts' the Senate joined to these two provinces of Caesar's (which were not expected to be very troublescnne), that of Illyricum, i.e. all the territory on the east coast of tlie Adriatic, which had long been nominally governed by Rome, but had been much neglected, and where some of the neighbouring warlike tribes were always giving trouble. As it turned out however, Caesar was very little in Illyricum and only sometimes during the winter in Cisalpine Gaul. His v.ars in Celtic Gaul took up almost all his time and care.]
;

ab urbe. Caesar was not in Rome, for a proconsul with Im6. perium might not enter the city, he starts from the outskirts of the city. quam maximis potest itineribus, 'travelling with the utmost 7.
possible speed.'
iter is
'

the day's 'journey.'


'

So

7?tagnutn itcrm military


far as possible

language

is

a 'great' or forced march.

Caesar travelled as

each day.

The

construction

is

elliptical

contendit ilinerihtts

tarn

maximis qiiam potest contendere, 'as much the longest as he is able to travel.' But the construction, which when filled out is awkward, sounded
right to the ear because of the
p. 3,
8.
1.

common

use of qitam with superlatives,

9.

ulteriorem,

i.e.

Transalpine Gaul.
it

10.

imperat, 'imposes upon,' 'orders


legio tma.

to furnish.'

11.

This was the loth legion.

[A Roman leglo at this time was a body of men answering somewhat to our brigade,' numbering from 3,000 to 5,000 men, all armed and dressed alike, and divided into ten companies or cohorts. Each cohort was divided into three jnanipuli, each ?nanipi(lus into two centuriae.
'

'

NOTES.
To
each legion
tliere
:

57

was a standard surmounted by the figure of an eagle (aqiiila) and each cohort and maniple had a separate standard [sigmtm, vexillunt) of its own. The men were all Roman citizens of free birth, though recruited from all parts of Italy or the
provinces. The cavalry (the nominal number to each legion being 300) were generally not Romans, but either Gauls or Spaniards or Numidians. Attached to the legion (though not forming part of it) were auxilia, auxiliary troops enrolled from non-citizens in the provinces, such as javelin-throwers {jaculatores), slingers [funditores), bowmen
(sagittaiii).

The whole body was under the command of the proconsul or propraetor, or some one deputed by him (legatus). The auxiliaries had separate officers of their own ; but the officers of the legion were (i) six trihmii, (2) sixty centuriones two to each maniple, or one to each ceitiuria, (3) 60 o/>liones, 'subalterns,' one named by each centurion. The arms of all the soldiers of the legion were alike. Each man wore a helmet {galea), an oblong shield {scutum), coats of mail or breastplates {loricae ox pectonilia), greaves {oci-eae). For weapons of offence they had only the short straight sword {gladius), and two stout javelins of a peculiar make {pila), which they threw before charging the enemy.

propraetor, was 12) who carried out his orders on whatever service they were required. There was quaestor, who managed all the business of pay, furnishing also the supplies, and the like. The legati, quaestor and trilnini formed the general's 'council,' to which also at times the chief centurions were
assisted

The commander-in-chief, whether proconsul or by a certain number of legati (Caesar had

summoned.]
15.

principem locum obtinetoant, 'held the chief rank,' 'were


for

leaders.

qui dicerent, 'to say'


P. 423, note 3
;

qui with subjunct. expressing purpose see


is

453.

Notice that the imperfect

used though the


is

clause depends on the present niittunt, because rnittunt


]iresent.

an historical

17.

P. 411, note. propterea quod... haberent nullum, 'because (as they said) they
route.'

had no other
18. 19.
L.

subordinate clause in oratio obliqua.


'

P. 467.

eius voluntate,

with his consent.'

Cassium...occisum.

This occurred in B.C. 107, when the

Cimbri and Teutones were in Gaul on their way to Italy. The Helvetii had joined these barbarians, and one of their chief tribes, the Tigurini,

had defeated L. Cassius Longinus, one of the consuls where in the territory of the Allobroges.

for B.C. 107,

some-

20. sub iugum missum, 'forced to march under the yoke.' This was symbolical of submission and always looked upon as the extreme

58

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

disgrace that could be inflicted on an army.


in the ground, a third

Two spears were fixed up was laid on these, and the beaten army had to file underneath without arms or military accoutrements.
2 2.

inimico animo, 'of a hostile


5,
1.

spirit,' abl.

of quality with epithet,


lit.

see p.

24.

data

facilitate,

'if

they were allowed,'

'leave

having been given.'


23.

faciundi, another form of the gerund faciendi

cp. oruniJi,

ewidi, secuiidi.

temperaturos ab, 'would abstain from'; temperare governs


or dat. in active sense, P. 217;

ace.

but

it

is

also, as here,

used as a

middle verb 'to refrain

oneself.'

Page
r.

7.

spatium, of time, 'an


'till

interval.'
it

dum...convenirent,
to meet,'
2. 4.
'

they met,' 'during the time that

took them

in the interval of their meeting.'


p. 6,
1.

imperaverat, see

10.
'

ad

Id. April.

i.e.

ad

Litis Apriles,

on

(or by) the Ides of April,'


aa'vvith ace. of

the 13th.

P.

Append.

II. pp. 215

16.

For

timecp.

</

primam
6

lucem, 'at daybreak.'

the Rhone) to

a lacu...perducit, 'from the Leman lake (which flows into Mt Jura, which separates the territory of the Sequani from the Helvetii, he carries a sixteen feet wall and a ditch for 19 miles.' The wall and ditch were on the left bank of the Rhone, but were not continuous, for the mountains on the left bank (the Mt aux Vaches)
10.

make
where

the side of the river so precipitous that


it

it is

only at certain points


3

is

necessary (amounting in

all

to

between
stands.
i.e.

The

line of wall, ditch


fortress

and towers ended

at a point opposite

and 4 miles). which the


p. 5,
it
1.

French
10.

guarding the /J de
'

I'/tcluse

now

See

13.

perducit,

he carries the whole way,'

wherever

was

necessary.

The phrase
'

for building a line of wall or forts is ducere

murum,
11.

the per- indicates the completion of the whole distance.

disponit,

he stations at different points.'

quo... posset, 'to enable him.'


clause, see P. 453.
15.

For

gt/o

with comparative in

final

more

et exemplo,

'in

accordance with the custom and preto force their way.'


lit.

cedent.'
17. 18.

vim

facere,

'

to off"er violence,'

'

ea spe deiecti,

'foiled in that hope,'

'displaced from that

hope.'

NOTES,
19.

59

Caesar does not say

and some of them by fords of the Rhone.' what point in the river this is, and now-a-days the Rhone is not fordable anywhere below the junction with the Arvre, (close to the Lake), but in those times it may have been so.
alii

vadis Rhodanl,
at

'

1,

si

perrumpere possent, conati, 'having


over.'
It is

tried if they could force


si

their

way

shortened for conati perrumpere,

perrumpere

possent.
22.

operis munitione, 'by the embankment'; viunitio, the act of


is

fortifying,

used for the actual fortification.

telis, 'projectiles.'

Page
'

8.

una, the one and only.' 1. The Helvetii had then to make their way per Sequanos via. through the pas de PJicluse into what is now the department of the
Ain.
2.

fort at

the upper end of the pass

now guards
'

the French frontier.

4.

propter angustias, see p. 5, 1. 13. 60 deprecatore, on his intercession,'


'

with him for an interP.

cessor.'

For noun instead of


impetrarent,
sc.

participle in ablative absolute see

237.
5.

viain or

veniam eundi, 'leave


p. 4, p. 3,

to go.'
1.
1.

6.
7. 9.

plurimum poterat, 'was very influential,' In matrimonium duxerat, 'had married,'

i ;

p. 18,

1.

5.

23.

novis rebus studebat, 'was eager for a revolution.'


hiin,'
lit.

suo beneficio...obstrictas, 'under an obligation to

'bound

by his kindness.'
12.

uti, p. 5,

1.

7.

inter sese,

p. 4,

1.

3.

14.

ne...ut, after an expression of 'precaution' or 'taking care'


,

implied in obsides dare, equivalent to obsidibus datis cavere

'to provide

by giving hostages': P. 417, note. Santoniim fines. The .5'/'^^^ dwelt on the right bank of the 17. mouth of the Garonne (department of Charente Inferieure). The Tolosates (Toulouse) were on both banks of the upper Garonne, and were on the
extreme west of the
21.
1.

Roman

province.
it

ut...liaberet, 'namely, that

should have,'

p. 4,

1.

20;

p.

r,

15.

Page
I.

9.
all

T. Labienus
in

was with Caesar

through his ten years' governreturning to Italy to

ment

Gaul.

In B.C. 49,

when Caesar was

6o

CAESARTS BELLUM GALLICUM,


left

I.

contend with Pompey, he

Labienus

in

command

in Cisalpine

Gaul.

Yet he deserted his cause and joined Pompey. 2. legatum, his legate,' the technical word
'

for a

member

of a pro-

consul's

staff.

See note on the


is,

iegio p. 6.

1.
;

ri.
it was already called Italia was not Italy north of the

in Italiam, that
in

into Cisalpine

Gaul
it

common
magnis
4.

language, though officially

boundary running from the Rubicon


itineribus, see

to the Macra.
7.

See

p. 6,

1.

5 note.

on

p. 6,

1.

in their winter quarters.' These three had been enrolled in the previous year for Caesar's use in his provinces, and by putting them into winter quarters at Aquileia it would seem that he had expected to require them chiefly fur Illyricum. Aquileia was a Roman colony, the capital of Venetia, near the head of the Adriatic, and was a great emporium of trade with

hiemabant, 'were

still

legions (7th, 8th

and

9th)

Illyricum.
5.

qua proxiinum...per Alpes.

It is

not

known by what

pass

Caesar marched these legions.

Probably he went by Turin and over

Mt

Genevre, though the pass over the lesser St Bernard would have
Tribes living in high Ceutrones et Graioceli et Catuiiges. They kept their independence till subdued
Ocelo.-.citerloris provlnciae, 'from

brought him out nearer to Geneva.


7.

valleys of the Graian Alps.


in the
9.

time of Augustus.

ab

Ocelum, the
It is
is

last

town

in the hither province,' i.e. in Gallia Cisalpina.

not quite certain


the valley of the

whether Ocelum was where the


Doria Riparia) or Uxeau
II.

modem

Oulx
'

(in

in the Fenestrelles.

die septimo, 'on the seventh day

crossing of the pass

after leaving Ocelum. The would not have taken nearly so long if it had not

been

for the fighting with the native tribes.

13.

extra provinciam, 'outside the province,'

i.e.

the province in

Transalpine (jaul.
19.

21

rogatum, 'to
23.

ask.'

P. 423, note

3.

ut...iion
is

debuerint.

Though

mittunt,
is

on which
used, as

this

clause depends,

an historical present, the perfect


P. 422, note
2.

more

exact, in consecutive clauses.


21.

nostri,
liberi

i.e.

Roman,
for siii to correspond with se in
is
1,

22.

eorum,

20; but we
26.

have before seen that Caesar


oratio obliqiia,

often inclined to use the cases of is in

when

the reflexive would be

more regular;

p. 5,

1.

'

NOTES.
Page
2.

61

10.

certiorem faciunt,

'

inform.

3. 6.

non

facile... probibere, 'that

they are with difficulty repelling.'

agri solum, 'their bare land,' 'the surface of their land.'


else,

The
off.

crops and everything


7.

they mean, had been destroyed or carried


left,'

nlliil...reliqul,

'nothing
'till

partitive gen.

P. 259.
7, 1. i.

8. II.

<iuni...pervenirent,

they arrived,' see on p.

Arar, 'the Saone.'

The

Helvetii seem to have crossed some-

where near Matisco {A/acon). in utram partem, 'in which 13.


14.

direction.'

iunctis,

'lashed together,' so as to form a raft or

floating

bridge.

transibant, were in the act of crossing.'


'

They had

not all got across,

as

is

shewn immediately.
certior factus est,
1.

15.

2.

18.

de tertia vigilia,

'in the course

of the third watch.'

The

sense

vf de

is

'starting from' such


die.

time; cp. de node, de

and such defined time, so 'within' that The time from sunset to sunrise was divided
In the

into four equal portions or watches {vigiliae).

summer
to

these

would be
o'clock.
20.

short.

The

3rd

would be from about midnight

two

impeditos, 'encumbered,' 'hampered.'


all

The

crossing seems to
their goods.

have been going on


21.
22.

night,

and the Tiguri were carrying

concidit, strengthened form oi caedo, 'he cut to pieces.'

in proximas silvas abdiderunt, 'they hid themselves in the

"nearest forest,' ace. because of the


23.

motion implied

in abdiderimt.

pagus...Tigurinus (the place put

for the people), 'the inhaljit-

ants of the canton of the Tigurini.'


24.

civitas, 'nation,' as Caesar often uses

it.

in quattuor pagos. Verbigenus

The two known from Caesar are the pagiis and Ihefagus Tigurinus. The other two were not named.

Page
2.

11.

L.
1.

Cassium...interfecerat.
19.
p. 6,
1.

In the Cimbrian war

B.C.

107,

see p. 6,
3.
6.

sub iugum, see


princeps,

20.

'first,'
is, it

'before others.'

The

adj. princeps is

used

adverbially, that

qualifies the verb, P. 30S.


full penalty,'

poenas persolvit, 'paid

'was thoroughly punished.'

62
8.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


eius soceri L. Pisonis

I.

avum,

'

the grandfather of his father-in-law

L. Piso.'

Caesar had married in

this

Calpurnia, d. of L. Calpurnius Piso, whose grandfather

year (B.C. 59) as his third wife also a L.

Calpurnius Piso
107)

was consul in
killed

B.C. 112,

and

five years

afterwards (B.C.

was on the

alaff (/egaO/s) of the consul,

L. Cassius Longinus,

who

was defeated and


12.

by the Tigurini

in the

'Cimbrian' war.
historical present, curat.

ut.. .posset, imperf. subj.


1.

dependent on

See p. 13,

14.

P. 411, note.
to

facieudum curat, 'causes


38415.

be made,' 'sees to the making.'

P.

ut flumen transirent, 'namely, the crossing of the stream.'


1.

See

p. 4, 18.

20;

p. 8,

1.

21.

P. 415.

bello Cassiano, 'in the war in which Cassius

i.e.

in the

war

referred to in

1.

9, in

was commander,' which L. Cassius was defeated by

the Tigurini.
19.
egit,

'spoke,' 'argued';
it

agc7-e

cum

alupio

is

'to

do business

with someone' in any way, but

generally refers to the speech or argu-

ment used
si

in the transaction.
is

pacem...This speech

reported in the third person, that

is, it

is

oratio obliq^ta.

Notice the change of tenses from the same speech


in the first person as
it

if it

had been given

was

delivered.

The main
si

verbs,

which would have been ibunt...erunt...dedicinius, become


accusative ituros (esse) futuros (esse), didichse.

infinitive

with

The

clauses

have

imperfect subjunctive instead of present subjunctive or future indicative


:

faceret (for faciet), perseveraret {ior persa'erabit); contcnderent (for


:

contendamus)

subordinate clauses which would have had future perfect

indicatives have pluperfect subjunctives, constit/iisset (for constitueris),


voluisset (for volueris).

Those

that

would have had present subjunctive


In relative or

have imperfect

caperet (for capiat), proderet (for prodat).

causal clauses what would have been perfect or pluperfect indicatives

become pluperfect subjunctives

adortus esset (for adortus

es),

consti-

tissent (for constitistis), transissent (for transierant).

Lastly, imperatives

are expressed by imperfect subjunctives: refnittisceretur (iox remittiscere),

m
of

iribtieret

(for

noli tribture), despiceret (for noli despicere),

tie

com-

mitteret (for noli committere).


22.
lie is

461. P. 459 Bin (for si-ne), 'if on the contrary,' 'but if.'
lost, as in

The

negative force

almost

the

Greek

ei

5^ htj,

'otherwise.'

Page
s.

12.
in
1.

quod, answers to ob cam rem

4.

'Just because

you have

NOTES.
attacked one canton,

6^
crossed the stream
it

when

those

who had aheady


on

were unable
very

to help their friends, don't

that account put


us.'

down

much

to the credit of

your valour, or think lightly of

4.

suae

magno
is

opere virtuti tribuere.

an accusative

to be noticed.

The use of in7)i(o without The adverb magna opere stands in the
is,

place of the usual accusative, that


greatly,' instead of
'to attribute
this

Caesar uses an idiom


great.'
ei

'

to attribute

something

So

mtilltim

and

pliirimum are used with


ipsos,

verb adverbially, cp.

plurimum

tribu-

aimis a quo plurii/iutn diligitnur.


5.

used for a reflexive pronoun, referring to the speaker,

because
himself.'

se despiceret

would be ambiguous,
1.

i.e.

it

might mean

'

despise

P. 466; p. 19,

2.

se ita...didicisse...ut...mterentur,
their

'that they

had so

learnt from

ancestors

as

to carry

on their warfare by valour rather than But the sentence (though

craft or

by dependence upon ambuscades.'


is

the sense

clear)

is

illogically constructed.
insidiis niterenhtr.

The
it

last clause requires et

iiiagis virtute

quam

Or

might have been quite

had been omitted,... ?</ magis virtute quam dolo aut But Caesar, noting down heads of a speech briefly, mi.xes up two constructions. The whole iit clause depends on the ita after didicisse by itself we might have had contendere and niti.
clear
\{ coiite7idercnt

insidiis nitercntiir.

9.

internecione, 'annihilation,' properly 'mutual slaughter.'

10.

memoriam

proderet, 'hand

down

a tradition,' 'be remembered

in history.'

11.
12.

60... quod, P. 425.

dubitationis, P. 259, partitive genitive.

13.

eo gravius...quo minus, that he

in proportion as the occurrence

felt the more indignation had not been brought about by anything

that the
15.

Roman

people had done.


if it

P.

454 note

2.

qui si...cavere, 'for

(the

Roman
it

people) had been condifficult

scious of having inflicted


to take precautions,
definite
16.
that.'

aliculus,

some wrong, some


'
'

would not have been


as opposed to
'

'

none,'

some
fact

wrong,

fuiase in oratio obliqua for Juisset in oratio recta.


sc. esse,

eo deceptum,

that

it

had been misled by the very

conimi8sum..,quare, it was not aware that it had done anything for which he had cause to fear.' 19. num... memoriam deponere posse, 'could he forget?' In oratio recta the question would be in the ist person, 'can I forget?'
'

Questions in the

first

or third person are expressed in oratio obliqua by

'

64
P- 46310.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


trie

I.

the infinitive, not subjunctive, as questions in

second person are.


eo in place of a
1.

eo invito,

'

against his (Caesar's) will.'


1.

For
26
;

reflexive
24.

pronoun

to avoid ambiguity, see p. 5,

p. 9,

22.

had not been punished for the injuries done.' The words to be taken together are impune ferre, 'to So, to get off for doing a thing,' the carry a thing with impunity.' thing done being expressed by the accusative, cp. gentesque stibactas vix impune feres, and you will hardly get off with impunity for having conquered the nations.' illud hand inultum ferent, they shall not get
iniurias tulisse,
'

impune

'

'

'

off

with impunity for doing


thing,'

that.'

eodem

pertinere, 'pointed to the

same

'was

to the

same

purport.'

25.

consuesse

for coiisuevisse.

quo...doleant, 'in order that


P- 45327.

men may

feel all

the greater pain.'

pro scelere eorum,

'in proportion to their crime.'

Page
3. 4.
7.

13.

uti, p. 5,

1.

7.
'

de iniuriis,

in regard to the injuries,'

'

for the injuries.'

ita.. .institutes... uti. ..consuerint [consueverittl).


1.

See the con-

struction in p. 12,
9.

5.

eius...testem, referring again to their victory over Cassius in

B.C. 107.
11.

castra... movent.
at

As

the

Romans always made

a regular

any place they stayed, even for a night, movere castra was march. equivalent to
'

camp

12.

equitatum.

The Roman
'

cavalry was at this time always levied


legio, p. 6,
1.

from the provinces, see note on the


14.

11.

had collected and possessed.' praemittit, qui vldeant, sends them in advance to
coactiun habebat,
'

see.'

The

historic

present with present

subjunctive, cp. p. 11,

1.

12.

qui ex-

pressing purpose, P. 453. faciant, subj. of indirect question, P. 43. 15. cupidius, 'too eagerly.' alieno loco, 'in an uni6. P. 310.

favourable position,' properly


another.'

'

in a position pertaining to

'

or

'

suiting

Notice that in

is

omitted, as often with locus and similar


'

words.

The

ablative

is

rather descriptive than locative,

the pobition

being unsuitable.'
19.

BUblati, 'uplifted,' 'elated'

{tolla).

NOTES.
II.

65
rear-guard,' 'on their rear.'
'

novisslmo agmine, 'with


:

their

Notice

exercitiis,

'

an army of trained

men

{exerceo)

acres,

'

an army

in battle array' ('on edge' cp. ac-cr, ac-tis, ac-uo); aginen, 'an

army

on the march
23.
'

'

{agcre).
'

continelDat,

kept them back,' 'held them

in.'

in praesentia,

for the present.'

Probably ablative singular feminine, not neut. plural.

Page
I.

14.

ita...uti, 'in

such a

way

that.'

dies, ace. of time during which, P. 278.


3.

quinis aut senis milibus passuum, 'five or six miles.'

The
either
5 feet.

distributive numerals used with substantives of plural form, e.g. milia.

P- 313. "ote

I.

Note
was

that the expression for a

Roman

'mile

'

is
is

mille passutim or tnille passus, 'a thousand paces.'

A passus

But the
that

Roman

foot

slightly shorter than the English foot ('Q/), so

5000

feet

Roman = 4850
,,

feet
,,

English.

,,

An
That
is,

English mile

A Roman
a

= =

5280 4850

,,

Roman

mile

is

430

feet

(145 yards

foot)

shorter than

an English mile.
quinis aut senis, abl. of comparison after ainplius, which sometimes

however
6.

is

constructed without ablative or qtiatn.


'

P. 314,

interesset, impers.

there

was an

interval.'

among them, 'kept demanding,' the historic infinitive for the imperfect indicative, to express continuous and repeated action, or only for the
publico, 'as a state,' not certain private traders
flagitare,

sake of vividness, P.

372.
'

propter frigora,
can only be
in

on account of the coldness of the climate.'


;

comparison with Italy

This though perhaps as the country

was not so well cleared of forest then as now the seasons may have been more backwaid. ut ante dictum est, as I have said before,' p. 2, 1. 7. 7.
'

11.
'less'

uti, 'to avail himself of.'

propterea...quod, p.

3,

1.

25.

minus,
nori.

than he would otherwise have done, and so almost equal to

12.

ab Arare.

The

Helvetii were quitting the valley of the Saone

and traversing the higher ground towards Bibracte {Auiun), so that Caesar was obliged to get away from the corn barges coming up the river. diem ex die ducere, 'kept postponing from day to day.' 13. That is, they promised to bring the corn, but always put it off to
another day,
B. G.
I.

ducere...dicere.

See

1.

6.


66
14.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


conferri, comportari, true present infinitives,
it
'

I,

that

it

was being

collected, that
15.

was being carted.' Caesar is fond of repeating the substantive diem... quo die.
5,
1.

with the relative, see p.


but to the former

12

p. 24,

1.

18.

The

soldiers received

a fixed allowance of corn, Ijolh auxiliaries and legionary soldiers,


it

was

in addition to their pay, to the latter

it

was

deducted from the pay.


17.
18.

copiam,

'

number.'

qui...praeerat,

'who was

their chief magistrate,'

lit.

'who was

at the

head of the chief magistracy.' vergobretujn, 'judge.' This Celtic word


Irish

is

found on coins, and


'

two old

words supply the two

parts,

verg,

effective

'

and

brelk,

'judgment.'

The
sc.

giving decisions or

dooms on disputed

points would

naturally be the office of the chief magistrate.


22.

posset,

frunwntum,

'corn.'

tarn necessario...tam propinquis hostibus.

The
'

first

may

be

called an ablative of time, the second of attendant circumstances,

though
crisis,

both in a way

may

be classed under the second head,

at

such a

with the enemy so near at hand.'


pressing,
24.
'

necessario of anything close

and

at a time of such pressure.'

praesertim cum, 'and that though.'


parte,
'

magna ex
26.

to

a great extent.'
'

P. 286.
'

quod

sit destitutus,

of having been deceived,'

that he has

been

left

in the lurch.'

Subj. because the thought and words of the

speaker are represented, not the reason given by the writer, though in
this case

both writer and speaker are the same.

Page
1.

15.
'

turn
16.

demum,

'then at length,'

then,

and not
this
'

till

then.'
'

esse...tacuisse.

Notice that in

reported speech

the

present and perfect tenses are used throughout, not the imperfect and pluperfect ; by this means the speech though in oratio obliqua is pre-

sented more vividly, and nearer to the actual words used.


2.

proponit,

'

makes avowal
'

of.'
'

4.
5.

privatim,

in their private capacity,'


.

as private persons.'

deterrere, ne. .conferant, frighten the people from contributing.'


'

P.

4177.

praestare,

impers.

'

(they urge) that

it

is

better.'

fraestare

depends on some word of urging or persuading implied in detemre.


iam, 'any longer.'
obtinere,
'

hold,'

'

maintain.'

'

NOTES.
Q.

(>1

neque dubitare,
P. 422
i.e.

'

and (they
p. 3,
1.

said) they

have no doubt.'
21.

quin...

sint erepturi.
II.

;
'

26.

nostra,

the

Roman'

plans, see p. 9,
'

1.

13

15.

quin etiam...fecerit,
risk

nay more,

in

having under compulis

sion informed Caesar of a matter of great urgency, he

fully

aware

at

what great

he has done
'

so.'

tacuisse, he had kept quiet about it,' the perfect infinitive for i6. what would have been the perfect indicative in oralio recta qttam diu

foteram tacui
19.

but intellego qiianto


'

cum pericido

fecerim.

iactari,

to

be discussed.'

20.

quaerit...dixerat, 'asks
'

him questions about what he

said at

the meeting,' not the subjunctive.

asks him what he said,' for that would have required

Page
I.

16.
of
quality

summa

audacia... gratia,

ablatives

with

epithet.

P.

n\rerum novarum, 3.
278.

p.

8,

1.

9.
lit.

complures annos, ace. of time


'payments
'

during which, P.

portoria,

for carriage,'
'

'import
'

and export
to the state.

duties.'

vectigalia [leho, vectus)

tribute

or

'

taxes

paid

The taxes company of men paid a fixed sum to the state, and recouped himself and made what profit he could by The man who did so was said to purchase collecting the taxes. {redimete) the taxes: the state was said to 'farm them out' {locare). The same thing was done at Rome in regard to several of the provinces. illo licente, when he bid.' The contracts for collecting the dues,
5.

redempta habere,

'

he has purchased and retained.'


or

and dues were farmed.

Some man

'

'

it

seems then, were put up


6.

to auction for the highest bidder.

rem familiarem,
ad largiendum,
'

'his private property,'

lit.

'property of his

establishment.'
7.

for distributing largesse.'

P. 375.

9.
I

alere, 'maintain.'

domi,
'

'

in his

own

country.'
this power.'

I,

buius potentiae causa,


is

for the

sake of supporting

potentia

generally used of excessive or unconstitutional power, as


attctoritas or potestas.

opposed to
riges,'
'

in Biturigibus,

'

among name

the Bitu-

in the

country of the Bituriges,' a people living in Western Gaul


left their

between the Loire and the Garonne, who have the town of Bourges.

in that of

matrein...collocasse, 'had given his mother in marriage,'

52

68
13.
'

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


sororem ex matre,
'his sister

I.

by

his mother's side,' 'his half-

sister.

14.

nuptum,

'

in marriage,'

lit.

'

to marry,' supine oi nubo.

15.

cupere, with dative, 'to be desirous of someone's welfare,' on


It is

the analogy of consulere alicui.


16.

a rare construction.

18.
19.

on his own account.' in antiquum locum, into his old position.'


suo nomine,
si

'

quid accidat Romanis,

'if

any disaster should befall the


'if

Romans.'
should
21.
die.'

The phrase

si

quid accidat applied to a person meant

he

imperio

populi

Romani,
'

'under the

rule

of

the

Roman

people.'

Abl. of circumstance,

so long as the

Roman

people are

supreme.'
24, 25.

quod proelium...esset factum,

'in regard to the cavalry


before.'

defeat

which had been sustained a few days

paucis ante
P. 280. P.

diebus, ablative of time


27. 226.

how long

before,

aw/t? is adverbial.
of.'

auxilio, 'as an aid,' 'to the aid

Dative of purpose.

Page
2.

17.
'

quod,

'

the apparent fact that

the various reasons influencing

Caesar are expressed by a series of clauses beginning with qtiod and the
subjunctive, because the reasons given are not his as the historian but

of the person whose thoughts the historian


self).
3.

is

giving

(in this

case him-

P. 426, note 2.

dandos curasset,
1.

'

that he

had seen

to a

mutual interchange of

hostages,' cp. p. 11,


4.

12.
'

injussu suo et civitatis,

without orders from himself (Caesar)


is

or the state (of the Sequani).'


the genitive.
5.
7.

Tlie possessive pronoun

equivalent to

ipsis, i.e. the

Sequani. a maglstratu, that


'

is,

by Liscus, see
' '

c. 17.

animadverteret,

should punish.'

animadvertere,

to turn the

attention

to,' 'to notice,' is

frequently used to

mean

to notice for the

purpose of punishing.'
9.

quod...cognoverat, 'the

fact,

namely, that he was well ac-

quainted with.' Caesar


the indicative.
12.
14.

now speaks

in his

own

person, and uses therefore

ne... offender et,

verebatur.

P. 417, note 4.
it

conaretur, the subjunctive after priusquam because

is

not

merely a question of time but of waiting to form a judgment.

P. 431,

NOTES.
432.

69

Some
i.e.

later

writers,

however, always use the subjunctive with


deliberation or hesitation

these adverbs, because a certain mental condition seems always attached


to them,
less

some idea of

may

be more or

remotely joined to them.


15.
16.

cotidianis, 'in everyday use,'


C.

'

ordinary.'

Valerium Procillum. Though a Gaul this man's father, C. Valerius Cabarus, had been made a Roman citizen, and, as was usual, took the name and praenomen of the propraetor C. Valerius Flaccus [B.C. 83], who had procured him that privilege. cui...liabebat, 'in whom he had complete confidence in all 17.
respects.'
19.

ipso, sc. Diviliacus.

12.
to

sine eiusofifensione...vel ipse,


(Divitiacus) he (Caesar)

'

that without giving

any offence

him

may

either pass sentence himself, after

hearing the case, or order the state to pass one.'

animi

is

objective genitive.

Page
1.

18.

ne quid...statueret, 'not
P. 417.
se.
9.

to pass

any very severe sentence on


is

his brother.'

scire

The

translation

of this paragraph
it is

rendered

rather difficult by the fact that in English


clearly

impossible to distinguish

between the personal and

reflexive

se...ipse...suam refer to Divitiacus, ille to Dumnorix.

pronoun of the third person. Perhaps it


:

would best show the sense


'

to turn

it

into oratio recta

know

these allegations to be true,

and no one

is

more grieved
little

at

that fact than myself; for whereas I used to enjoy great influence both
in

my own

state

and

in the rest of Gaul,

and he had very

owing

to

my means, and used these resources and this power not merely to lessen my popularity, but I might almost say to my ruin. However I am influenced both by natural affection for a brother, and by the sentiment of the common people. For if you,
his youth,

he became powerful by

Caesar, inflict any severity


friendship which
I

upon him while

hold the place in your


it

now

hold, no one will believe that

was not done

with

approbation; the result of which will be that the affections of the whole of Gaul will be alienated from me.'
3.
5.
\i'\\!n.

my

nee quenquam, P. 323. plurimum... minimum. ..posset,


p. 8,
1.

for

an adverbial construction
i.e. in

possum see

6.

domi, 'at home,'

his

own

state.

7.

nervis, 'sinews' (veOpa), and so any strength; cp. 'sinews of war.'

'

70
8.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


ad minuendam,
si

I.

P. 379.

zt^ = sed etiam


16,
1.

10.

quid...accidisset, p.

19.

a Caesare, 'by

Caesar,'

abl. of agent with ab, as

though
uti, 'it

si quid...accidisset

had been a passive For uti

verb.
13.

futuriun
5,
1.

[esse),

would come

to pass that.'

see p.

7.
'

16. rogat...faciat, begs him to make an end.' Words of asking and desiring and others take the subjunctive in subordinate clauses with

or without tU.
17.

tanti, 'of such high value,' 'so weighty.'

P. 257.

19.

condonet, 'gives up to'


proponit,

i.e.

'pardons for the sake of his wish


explains to him.'
'

and

prayers.'
22.
'

puts before him,'

'

monet,
24.

ut, P. 417.

in reliquum tempus,

for the future.'

Dumnorigi,

dat. of

person affected; ponit has almost the sense

of dat or addit.

Page
2.

19.
is

sub monte.

The mountain

supposed by some to be a

hill

called

Mt

Tauffrin.
castris.

ab ipsius
3.

'from his (Caesar's) camp.'


1.

For ipsms instead

of reflexive see p. 12,

5.

in circuitu,

'

by a winding path.'

4.

qui cognoscerent, misit, 'he sent some

men

to find out,' relative

expressing purpose, P. 453. de tertia vigilia, see p. 10, 5.


6.

1.

18.

legatum pro praetore,


of
praetor.'

rank

After

who was a member of his a man had been consul or


'

staff

with the
his

praetor,

imferium (command) was sometimes extended without the office, he was then said to he pro consult, pro praetore, in the place of,' instead
'
'

of

'

consul or praetor.

Sometimes though a man had not been


the honorary rank
'

praetor,

the Senate gave


7.

him

when

serving as a legatus.

cognoverant,

8.

quid sul consilii

had reconnoitred.' sit, what his design


'

is.'

The

genitive

is

partitive one,
j)lan

and

is

used idiomatically for a nominative because such a

though this dis; must not be pressed too far. That was the origin of the idiom, but it came to be used mechanically. In another place (7, 77)
tinction
it

could only be really a part of a whole policy

is

in
?

oralio recta, quid ergo

mei

consilii est?

'What

then

is

my

advice

NOTES.
9.

71

de quaxta
I.

vlgilia,

'in the 4th watch,' just before sunrise, see

p. 10,
11.

18.

rei...peritissmius, 'of the greatest experience in campaigns,'


affairs.'

'exceedingly skilled in military


12.

P. 262.

was considered.' 4. L. Sullae, probably in his campaign in Greece and Asia B.C. 87 Crassus fell in Parthia B.C. 53, but a in M. Crassi, sc. exercitu. considerable part of his army escaped, being led off by Cassius.
habebatur,
'

14. 15.

prima
14,

luce, 'at day-break,' ablative of time.

mille...qulngenti3,
1.

somewhat
1.

less

than an English mile and a

half, see p.
17.
18.

3.

ipsius,

i.e.

Caesar's, see
'at
full

2.
lit.

equo admisso,
head' or

gallop,'

'his horse having

been
said

given

its

'let go.'

20.

voluerit, oblique, as being part of Considius's report,

who

quern voluisti.
22.

subducit,

'

leads

up from the lower ground.'


is

23.
p. 8,
1.

ne...committeret, 'that
21, p. 4,
1.
'

to say, not to join battle';

cp.

20.

24.

ipsius,

Caesar's.'

Page 20.
3.

abstlnebat,

'

was

refraining from.'

multo denique
5.

die, 'not till late in the day.' castra movisse, 'had broken up their camp,' 'had marched
p. 13,
1.

away
6.
7.

' ;

11.
'

pro viso,

as though he

had seen

it.'
1.

consuerat, consueverat.

intervallo, p. 19,

15.

9.

postridie eius diei, 'on the

morrow of

that day,' 'next day.'

postridie, properly a substantive, can


9.

quod omiiino...oporteret, 'because


Lit.

be followed by genitive. there were only two days

before the time at which the distribution of the corn to the


due.'
11. 12.

army was
15.

'when

it

was due

to

measure

out.'

Cp. p. 14,
1.

1.

a Bibracte (near

Autiiit), has only genitive, see

14.

copiosissimo, 'most richly furnished with supplies.'


rei fnunentariae, dat. of advantage, zSiox prospiciendum, 'that
for the

13.

he must take measures


15,

supply of corn.'
3

decurionls.

There were

decuriones

('captains')

to

each

tiirma or decuria ('squadron') of cavalry.

In the old times

when 300

Roman

cavalry were attached to each legion, the decuria or tunna

72

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLTCUM,

I.

consisted of thirty men.

Now

that the cavalry consisted of foreign

troops and
ala)

was
was

in greater

numbers, no doubt the turma (now called


but the old term for the officer

was
18.

different in

number too;

or captain

retained.

superioribus locis occupatis, 'though they had seized the high

ground on the previous day.'


21. 23.

a novissiino agmine,
id

'

on our
noticed

rear.'
it,'

animum

advertit,

'

the two words are treated as

a transitive veib governing an accusative case.

Page
I.

21.
P. 423, 453.

qui Bustineret,

'

to resist,'

'

to check.'

ipse...triplicein

aciem instruxit, 'Caesar himself meanwhile got


of battle consisting of the four legions
of

into

order a triple line


legions were

veterans half-way up the slope.'

The
up.

drawn up by

cohorts, the cohorts by maniples.

As

each legion consisted of ten cohorts, there were forty cohorts to draw

The

first line

consisted of sixteen, the second and third of twelve

cohorts each.

Each cohort

consisted of three maniples, standing in line

feet between them, Between the cohorts there was a wider interval, almost equal to the face of the cohort, through which a beaten or wearied cohort might retire, or one of the lines behind advance and form a new first line. The cohorts in these lines were usually stationed in what was called the quiticunx or group of five, so that the rear line

with each other, but with an interval of about four

in

which the centurions stood.

covered the intervals of the front

line.

In this case the enemy were below them and the front rank began
the battle by hurling their /?7a

maniples which were ten

deep

upon them in a volley. The files of the must have had some arrangement

whereby those

in the front knelt or bent


;

down

to allow those behind to

hurl their pila over their heads

and it was not till these had been discharged that the charge with swords took place. qua8...proxime conscripserat, 'which he had recently enrolled 4.
in Gallia Cisalpina,
7.
i.e.
'

p. 9,

1.

3.

in Buperiore acie, 'in the line-of-battle on the higher ground,'


1.

the two legions on the ridge,


8.

3.

Helvetii...contulerunt.
in

The

Helvetii

made a

laager with their

wagons,

liich

they placed their baggage for security.

NOTES.
to.

73
close order.'

confertissima acie,

'by taking up very

Like

forming square
II.

to resist cavalry.'

phalange.
tactics.

The //ia/ajr was

a term borrowed from the Mace-

donian

It consisted in

massing

men

together i6 deep, or more,

trusting to the weight thus secured to break the enemy's line.

The
tight,

disadvantage of

it

was

that only those

on the outside could really

the rest were so closely packed that they could not use their weapons.

In a small way a 'bully' at football will give some idea of the movements of such a body of men. sub priinam...successerunt, they advanced so as to be close under
'

our front rank.'


14.
16.

suo,

sc. equo.

in loco superiore, 'being on higher ground.'


perfregerunt, 'shattered,' 'dislocated.'

17.

The phalanx
'it

fell

into

disorder and was then useless.


18.

GaUis...iinpedimento, predicative dative,


'it
'

was

for a great

hindrance to the Gauls,'


P. 225 note,
19.

was a great hindrance

to the

Gauls.'

ad pugnam,

with a view to fighting,' 'in fighting.'

pluribus...colligatis, the

men were

so closely packed together

pilum sometimes pierced two overlapping shields ; in doing this the iron point got bent and could not be pulled out, and so tv/o men found themselves locked together and had no resource but to drop their
that a
shields.
22.

multi ut...praeoptarent, 'so that in many cases they preferred


drop from the hand.'
ut
is

to let the shield

put second in the clause

that the emphasis

may

fall

on
'

tmilii.
1.

For

?//

without any demonstrative

such as adeo,
24.
25.
{tei-gii7)i

ita, etc. see p. 5,

16; P. 421 note.


shield.

nudo, 'unprotected

by the
14.

pedem
is

referre,

'to
22,
1.

give ground,'

'to retire,'

not

'to

fly'

vertere), see p.

circiter
26.
viille is

adverbial.
1.

mille passuum, 'a mile,' see p. 14,


mille hominiitn
i.e.

3.

In certain cases

used as an indeclinable substantive, so mille mililum (Nep.),


(Cic), mille equilum (Caes.).

mille

nuinvnun (Cic),

capto, 'having been occupied,'


27.

by the Helvetii. succedentibus nostiis, 'as our men were following them

up.'

Page 22.
I
'
.

agmen. .claudebant, were closing the enemy's column of march,'


.

'

were bringing up the enemy's

rear.'

74
2-

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


praesidio, see p.
'

I.

21,

1.

18.

ex itinere, 'as the Romans were


in order of march,'

marching forward,'
fighting order.
3.

while our

men were

i.e.

not in

latere aperto, 'on the right flank,' on the side not covered

by the sliield held in the left hand, round us,' 'outflanking us.'
5.

circumvenire, 'began getting


they faced about and so charged

conversa sigiia...intulerunt,
directions.'

'

in

two

ferre signa

is

'to advance,' the standards being

fixed in the

ground during a

halt.

The

conversa can only refer to the

3rd line, the ist and 2nd were already facing the enemy.
ut...resisteret, 'to check men 7. and dislodged,' but who were returning
9.

whom

they had already beaten

to the fight.

ancipiti, 'double,' 'in

two

directions.'
'

14.

aversum,

'

with his back turned,'

in flight,' see p. 21,

I.

25.

ad multam noctem, 'till late at night,' So nmlto die, p. 20, 1. 3. ad impedimenta, near
15.
'

'far into the night.'

the baggage.'

16.

pro vallo,

'

instead of an

earthwork,' such as the

Romans

always threw up round a camp.


19.

43.

subiciebant, kept throwing from below.* eaque tota nocte, 'and through the whole of
'

that night.'

ablative

is

used rather than the accusative because


is

it is

not so

The much the

duration of time that

thought of as the limits of a period, 'from


continenter ierunt, 'marched
P. 278.

one end of the night to the other.'


without a
24.
halt.'

nullam partem, 'during no


'

part of the night.'

in fines Lingonum,

into

the territory of the

Lingones.'

The

Helvetii retreated northward across a spur of the Vosges towards the

modern Tonnerre on

the river Yonne.

Page 23,
3.

ne.,.iuvarent, 'ordering them not to assist them,' the notion of


is

commanding
4.

implied in litUras nuntiosque


if

viisit.

P. 417.

qui

si

iuvissent, 'and
is

he found that they had helped them';

the pluperfect
'if

used for what would in the future be a past occurrence,

they had helped them (when he came).'


8.

de deditione, 'to
atque,
'

offer

an unconditional surrender.'

and when,' atque continues the construction with nun. Caesar sends word by the envoys to the Helvetii that they were to remain where they were till he came.
10.

NOTES.
13.

75

subjunctive both because

qui ad eos perfugissent, 'such as had deserted to them.' The it is obHque (representing what Caesar said)
it is

and because
14.

indefinite,

'whatever deserters there were/ he does not


for

know how many


16.
1

or

who

they were.

conquiruntur et conferuntur, 'are searched


Verbigenus, see on p.
10,
1.

and

collected.'

24.
it

8.

quod...existiinarent, oblique because


saliitis indticti.

represents the thoughts

of the fugitives implied in ipc


dediticii in

dediticiorum, see

I.

8.

Roman law

language were prisoners surrendered entirely


rights.

into the
20.

hands of the conquerors, without any

ad Rhenum, ^towards the Rhine,' they did not reach the


sibi,
'

Rhine.
23.

in his (Caesar's) eyes.'


'

24.

purgati esse,

to

be held free of
'

guilt,' i.e.

of complicity with

the

movement
all,
'

of the Helvetii.
treated as enemies,' that
is,

in hostium nuiuero habuit,

he killed

them
'

or at least sold

them

as slaves,
1.

nuinero in this phrase means

place,'

category,' cp. loco in

5.

Page 24.
3.

omnibus frugibus amissis.

The
5,

Helvetii
I.

had burnt

all

the

corn they could not carry with them, p.


4.

2.

P. 452.
5.

quo famem tolerarent, 'wherewith to ward off starvation.' tolerare famem, 'to support hunger,' 'to hold up against it.' P. ut...copiani facerent, 'to offer them a supply of corn.'
ea mazime ratione,
finitimi Galliae.
'

4177.

for the following consideration

above

all

others.'
10.

P. 218.

12.

petentibus Aeduis...ut...collocarent, 'on the petition of the


that they
it

Aedui
though

might

settle

the Boii in their territory.'


after concessit.

Abl. absolute,

might also be the dative


is

quod...cogniti erant, this


request, not that

the reason Caesar assigns to their


it

which the Aedui gave, or

would have been

cssent.

egregia virtute, abl. of quality with adj. 'of remarkable valour.'


P. 234.
14.

quosque...receperunt, 'and

whom
as.'

they admitted to a position

of legal rights and liberty the

same
'

as their own.'

parem...atque,
15.

'

equal

to,'

the

same

erant, with this must be supplied conditionetn qua.

'

"^6

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


17.

I.

Utteris Graecls, 'in

Greek

letters,'

language.

The

use of the Greek alphabet

but not in the Greek was very widely spread, and

the Helvetii very likely had none of their own.


18.

quibus in tabulis,
1.

for the repetition of the antecedent in the

relative clause, cp. p. 5,

12; p. 14,
'

1.

15.

nominatim, not
but 'precisely,'

'

by name

as though every individual were

named,

'fully.'

jratio

confecta erat, 'an account had been

made
20.

up.'

quanun...Biunnia erat, 'of which categories (or 'divisions')


total was.'

the
in

sum
21. 22.

apposition to

The items summa.


'

are then given separately, tnilia being

capitum,

of persons,'

'

of souls,' gen. after milia.

The
;

Tulingi,

Latobrigi (sometimes written Latovici), were

Germanic the Raurici, a tribe living on the upper Rhine. ad milia XCn, to the number of 92 thousand.' 24. summa... fuenint, the total of them all amounted to.' Plural verb
'
'

with collective noun, P. 199.


25.

3.

eorum... milium, 'the total of those

who

returned

home was
they were

a total of 110,000.'
26.

censu habito,

'

a census having been taken,'

'

when

counted.'
27.

numerus has two

genitives.

Page 25.
2.

gpratulatum, 'to congratulate him.'


P. 386.

Supine expressing purpose

after verb of motion.

Helvetiorum...Romani, a subjective and an objective genitive, 4. both depending on the same word iniurtis, the wrongs done by the
'

Helvetii to the
5.

Roman

people.

repetisset, sc. Caesar,


for.'

ex usu, 'to the advantage

of,'

'fortu-

nately
6.

had been intruders.


fact,

terrae Galliae, 'the territory of Gaul,' upon which the Helvetii Note that though the English idiom conceals the
is

Galliae
'

in apposition to terrae, not

dependent on

it

like

vox

libertatis,
7.

the

word

liberty.'
'

florentissimis rebus,

when they were


to

in a state of the greatest

prosperity.'
for their

The

legates

mean

imply that the Helvetii had no excuse

movement, being
their

in a state of great prosperity at


all tlie

home, which

yet

made

movement

more formidable.

NOTES.
9.

TJ
Gaul,
domlcillo, dat. 'for a
i.e.

imperio,

'supremacy' over

all

seltlement.'
12.

ex

magna
i.e.

copia,

'

from a large choice,'

of places.
tlie

stipendiarlas, 'subject to tribute,' the opposite meaning to


receiving a stipend.

English stipendiary,
14.

Caesaris voluntate, 'with Caesar's free consent,' an ablative


is

of circumstance in which a thing


15.

done

p. 30,
'

1.

19 n.

ex communl consensu,

'

as a body,'

unanimously.'

17.

inreiurando... inter se sanxerunt, 'they bound themselves by

the interchange of a solemn natli.'

nc.enuntiaret,
the assembly.
nisi

'that

no one should
'except
to

let

out what was settled,'

i.e. at

quibus.-.esset,

those

to

whom

they

should be

authorised to do so by the whole body.'


20.

qui ante fuerant,


after

'

who had been

with him before,' some print

comma

Caesarem,

in

which case ad=apud.


elliptical.

But

it

seems better

on the whole to join ad Caesarem with reverUi-tmt, though qui anle

fuerant
11.
22.

is

very peculiar and

cum
ea

eo agere,

'

to discuss with him.'

re, i.e. the private interview.

Page 26.
I.

Caesari ad pedes,

'at Caesar's feet,' the dative is

not possessive,
sese

but indicates the object or person affected by the action


proieceriint.

ad pedes

non minus,
his feet
7.

this

sentence in oratio obliqtta depends on some verb of

saying understood from

ad

pedes proiecerunt,

'

they threw themselves at

and protested

that, etc'
It

princlpatum, 'supremacy,' 'hegemony.'


inferior tribes-

does not seem to

imply any internal government, but the direction of the foreign policy

and war-making of the


10.

11.
14.
of.'

factum esse uti, 'it had come mercede, by means of pay,'


'

to pass that.'

'

as mercenaries.'

adamassent, 'had
'

fallen in love with,'

'had become enamoured

plures,
16.

still

more.'

clientes, 'their dependants,' the inferior tribes

which followed

their lead in war.

semel atque iterum,


18.
.

'

more than

once.'

20.

omnem. .amisisse. This is no doubt an exaggeration. populi Romanl hospitio atque amicitia, 'owing to their

ties

yS

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


and
the

I.

of hospitality and friendship with the


to

be hospites

{irpo^evoi)

amt'ci of the
title

Roman people,' by being admitted Roman people. When the

Romans gave any


guarantee
it

state

of amici, they were understood to

Therefore this title would enhance the influence of the Aedui among their neighbours, as being dangerous people to attack. .Some treaty with the Aedui had been made
as early as B.C. 121.
23.

from attack from without.

iTireiurando civitatem obstringere, 'to bind their tribe by


sese,
'

an oath.'
25.

that they,'

i.e.

the tribesmen.
that they

neque recusaturos quo minus... essent, 'and


its

would

not refuse to remain for ever under their rule and military command.'
recusare from

sense of

'

making

difficulties

'

is

followed hy qiiominus.

illorum refers to the Germans.

Page 27.
ad senatum venisse, had come to visit the Senate in I. Rome,' lit. 'had come to Rome to the Senate.' The defeat of the Aedui seems to have been in B.C. 60 (Cic. ad Att. i. 19) and Divitiacus on his visit to Rome was entertained by Cicero, who questioned him about the Druids (Cic. de Div. i 89). postulatum, see p. 25, 1. an.
'
:

Romam

3.
7.

peius...accidisse,

'

it

had turned out more unfortunately


'

for.*

de altera parte tertia,

from another third.'

Harudum, nothing is known of the Harudes; they may be the 9. same as the Chaiydes mentioned by Augustus in his account of his reign on the monument at Ancyra. They are there classed with the Cimbri, who came from about Jutland. The Harudes at this time seem to have been settled near the Lake of Constance. quibus...pararentur, for whom land and a place of residence 10.
'

had

to
II.

be provided,'
P. 277.

lit.
'

'

were being provided.'


Abl. of time within

paucis annls,

within the next few years.'

which.
14. 17.

hanc,

'

that prevailing here,'

i.e.

in Gaul.

imperare ... po8cere...edere, frequentative infinitives, 'was carrying on the government,' was continually demanding,' was inflicting signal punishments and tortures.' nobilissimi cuiusque, 'of all the noblest men.' ^w^w^ with 18.
'

'

a superlative

is

best translated in English

by a

plural.

In eos...edere, 'was inflicting upon their persons


in regard to

them)

all

kinds of torture.'

(lit. was producing omnia exempla cruciatusque

NOTES.
is
'

79
But exempla
edere,

a kind of hendiadys for omnia exempla cruciatus.

to inflict
19.

exemplary punishment,' might stand by


'

itself.
i.e.
'

21. 21.

ad nutum, iracundum,

at his
'

command,

'

at his nod,'

instantly.'

hot-tempered.'

nisi si quid...auxilii, 'unless

some support

is

found in Caesar

and the

Roman
is

people.'

nisi si

a pleonasm not

uncommon
is

especially in the earlier writers,

such as Terence.
the

Here
si

it

perhaps suggested by the frequency of

combination

quid, which

comes

to

be regarded as a single
P. 222.
'

word = 'some.' 23. omnibus Gallis


24.

is
'

dative with gerundive.

esse faciendum,

have to

do,' put vividly for the future

will

have

to do.'
is

ut...emigTent, 'namely emigrate,' this

a consecutive subjunctive,

and

is

used to explain a previous clause or word.


'

Cp. totum in eo

est,

ut tibi iviperes,

all

depends on

this,

namely, that you practise

self-

command,'
26

or,

'namely, your self-command.'


ut, in the

27.

petant...experiantur depend upon

struction as emigrent, continuing the explanation of


to do. 27.

same conwhat they will have


For quin
after

non dubitare,

'

he (Divitiacus) had no doubt.'

a negatived verb of doubting see P. 422. recenti victoria, that is, by his recent victory over the Helvetii. 30.

Page 28.
1.

traducatur, throughout this speech in oratio obliqtta (reported


is

speech) the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive


clauses
referring
to

used in subordinate
to

the

past,

in

those

referring

the

future

the

present or imperfect subjunctive.


2.

Ariovisti

Iniuria,

subjective

genitive,

'

injury

inflicted

by

Ariovistus.'
5.

unos,

'

alone,' the plural of

umis
'

is

used with nouns that have


'

no

singular,
9.

and with the sense of

only,'

alone.'

respondere...permanere, historic

infinitives

used for vividness

in place of imperfect indicative.

P. 372.
'

11. 12. 16.

omnino, 'at
hoc,
'

all.'

exprimere,

extract from them.'

in this respect.'
'

horrerent,

shudder

at,'

'

fear.'

In this sense

it is

a transitive

verb.

8o
17.
p.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Sequanla,
1.

I.

'by the
courage.'

Sequani,'

dative

with perferendi.

See

27, 11.
23.

2311.
'

animoa,
'

curae, dative.

P. 225.

is

by the kindness which he had done to Ariovistus.' This explained by c. 35. Ariovistus had obtained recognition from the
beneflcio,

Senate during Caesar's consulship B.C. 59.

Page 29.
3.

secundum

ea, 'following
res,
'

on these events,' 'besides these


considerations.'

cir-

cumstances.'
which.'
5.

multae

many

quare, 'why,' 'for

fratrea consanguineosque,

'

brothers and kinsmen,' the

first

was a compHmentary title perhaps, but by the second there seems to be implied some notion of a special blood relationship between the two peoples, and this may have rested on some real tradition of a Celtic
strain in

Roman
is

blood.

One

of the conjectures as to the derivation

of

Roma

the Celtic rouma, 'a river.'

Cp. our own Romsey and

Romney. See p. 26, 1. 20 n. aaepenumero, the alliance had lasted a long time (see p. 26, 6. 1. 20 n.), and these complimentary titles had been no doubt constantly
used.
9.

in tanto imperio populi Romani,


people.'

'

considering the greatness of

the

Empire of the Roman


II

13.

paulatim... venire.

This whole clause forms the subject


'

of the infinitive esse understood after videbat.

That the Germans


to

should become gradually habituated to crossing the Rhine, and that a


vast multitude of
to the

them should come

into Gaul, he

saw

be dangerous
'nor would

13

Roman
17.

people.'
siW... temperatures... quin...exirent,

neque

refrain

from issuing out and invading the Province.' 'By provinda he means the first Roman province in South-Eastern Gaul, called in more

modern times Provence.


16.

Cimbri Teutonique.

or Jutland

who had
Aquae

after

The invaders from Northern Germany many years of struggle been destroyed by

Marius

at

Sextiae in B.C. 102 and on the Raudian plains in


loi.

North
18.

Italy in B.C.

Rliodanus, 'i?^ the Rhone.'

the lake of
*

The Rhone as it first flows from Geneva eastward formed the northern boundary of the

Province.'

NOTES.

quibus rebus... putatoat, 'and these possibilities he thought 19. ought to be provided against with all possible speed.'
20.
24.
25. 27.
28.

spiritus...arrogaiitiani, 'lofty ideas... presumption.'


qui... postularent, 'to

medium
agere,
'

demand of him.' P. 423 note 3, 453. utriusque, 'about half-way between them both.'
'if

to discuss.'

opus, in apposition to quid,

he stood

in

need of anything

from Caesar.'

venturum

fuisse,

'he would have come,'


:

in oratio recta

it

would

have been vetiissem or 7icniam si quid mihi opus fuisset, venissem (i)
(2)
si

quid mihi opus

erit,
is

veniam
P. 443.

according as the contingency

past or future.

Page 30,
I.

si

quid

ille

se velit,

'if

Caesar wants him at all' or 'for


in occupation.'

anything.'
3.

For si quid vult in oratio recta. quas Caesar possideret, 'of which Caesar was
'e.xertion.'

4.

molimento, 'trouble,'

6. in sua Gallia, 'in his part of Gaul,' in that part of Gaul in which he (Ariovistus) had established his supremacy, recognised by the

Senate in acknowledging his

title

of king.

aut Caesari... Romano,


at
all.'

'

either Caesar or, in fact, the

Roman

people

is

The message no doubt gives the substance and nearly the very words of what Caesar commissioned his legates to say. ID. suo populique Romani. The possessive pronoun is often thus in apposition to a genitive, 'the kindness of himself and of the Roman
9.

cum

his mandatis,
obliqiia,

'

with the following message.'


it

put in oratio

but

people.'
II.

in consulatu suo, 'in his (Caesar's)


1.

own

consulship,' B.C. 59.

See

p. 28,

23

n.

13.

ut...gravaretur, 'as to

make

difficulties

conference.'

consecutive subjunctive explanatory of

when invited to a banc gratiam,


'and as not

'such a return,' used ironically.

neque...dicendum
to think that
interest.'

sibi

et

cognoscendum putaret,

he need discuss and settle judicially a matter of mutual co^noscere and cognitio are technical words for an investigaCaesar uses the former here as though

tion of a case by a magistrate.


B. G.
I.

82

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

he had been offering an arbitration or judicial decision of the points


dispute between himself and Ariovistus.
i6.

in

amplius, 'any more.'


voluntate
illis,

19.
1.

eius,
is,
'

'with his consent and approval';

p.

25,

14 n.
22. 23.

that

to the Sequani.

perpetuam, unbroken.' M. MessaIa...coiisulibus, B.C. 61. This ^\as done in consequence of the disaster to the Aedui and the rumour of the coming movement of the Helvetii ; about which Cicero writes to Atticus in March B.C. 60 {ad Alt. i. 19). It was this decree of the Senate that
authorised Caesar to leave the transalpine province assigned to
to

him and

do anything he thought necessary


25.

in the rest of Gaul.

quod... posset, 'so far as he could do so with advantage to

the republic'
P. 456.
is

The

relative
is

cominodo

and subjunctive here limit a statement. an ablative of accompanying circumstances, it


tuo,
etc.

more frequent with personal pronouns meo,

and seems

always used without preposition.

Page
I.

31,
'

Aeduorum

Inlurias, obj. gen.


'

injuries

done

to the Aedui.'

3.

ius esse belli,

it

was the law of war.'


'

6.

ad alterius praescriptiim,
qui...faceret,
'

according to the dictates of a third

party.'
12.

in

having made.'

13.
15. 17.

Bibi, to Ariovistus.

iniuria,

'

withrmt just cause,' 'wrongfully.'

longe eis fratemum

the titular brotherhood of the

nomen populi Romani abfutiiruin, that Roman people would not stand them in
'

good stead.' eis is dative and longe abesse is 'to be far from,' 'not be frateniuin...Komani means the name of 'brothers' at hand to help.' given by the Roman people; p. 29, 1. 5 n. quod...denuntiaret, 'as to Caesar's warning him.' 18. neminein...contendi88e, 'no one had ever fought with him 19.
without
20.
fatal results to himself."

congrederetur,

'let

Caesar meet him,' the imperfect subjunctive


;

in oratio obliqua for the imperative


22.

p. 37,

1.

14.

inter annos ZIIII, 'for the last fourteen years,' inter in this
is

phrase

nearly equivalent to intra, 'within'; but


'

it

means a

little

more

than intra,

within and in the course

of.'

The Germans had no doubt


lately arrived in

been long wandering, and many of them had only

'

NOTES.
Gaul, but
for
it

83
who had been
llio

some years
21.

cannot be supposed that the bulk of those settled in Gaul had not lived in houses.

quid...virtute possent, 'what


or,

they were capable of in

matter of valour,'
24. 25.

'by their valour.'


'at the

eodem tempore... et...veniebant,

same time as

this

message was being brought back


Treveri were arriving.'

to Caesar, legates

from the Aedui and

Page 32.
quod...populareiitur, 2n. P. 386. 'because (as they alleged) the Harudes were devastating their territories.' The subjunctive with quod shews that it is not the reason It is therefore oblique. given by Caesar, but by the Aedui. pacem Ariovistl, peace with Ariovistvis,' peace accorded by 3.
I.

quaestum,

p.

25,

1.

'

'

Ariovistus.'
4.

subjective genitive.

Treveri
'

autem,
'

understand

questum,

'came
'

to

complain.'

pagos,

cantons,' the place put for the people,


settlements.'

the inhabitants of a

hundred cantons,' or
5.

qui...conareiitnr,

'who were endeavouring,'


obliqiia,
'

the subjunctive

in

a subordinate clause of oratio


8.

ne...mmus
difficult.'

facile resisti posset,


is

lest resistance

should become

more

resisti
Lit.

impersonal and therefore posset can be used


it

impersonally also.
resistance should
I
.

'lest

should be less easily possible that

be made.'
itineribus,
'

magnis
idque,

13.

tridui, attributive genitive, *a


i.e.

by forced marches. march of three days.'


'

P. 249.

was so strongly fortified by the nature of its position.' The imperfect muniebatur indicates the continuous nature of the defence, it was always protected by the natural
20.

oppidum,

and

it

'

features of the ground.'

The

river

Doubs

in a sort of horseshoe curve

nearly surrounds the older part of Besan9on (the ville haute), which
is

on the
22.

site

of the ancient oppidtun.

Where

the river fails the space

is tilled

up by a considerable eminence. ut circino, 'as though by a pair of compasses,'


continet,
'fills

i.e.

'with a

circular sweep.'
25.
ita, ut,

up.'

magna

altitudine,

'of great height.'

'in such a position that.'

26.

ex utraque parte, on both


'

sides.'

ripae...coiitingant,
It is

'come

close to.'

contingere usually takes the accusative.

here equivalent

to continguae sint.

17.

arcem

efflcit,

'

makes

it

into a citadel.'

62

84

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Page 33.
1.

I.

hue,

'

to this town.'

4.

ad Vesontionem.

In military language the preposition

is

often

used with names of towns: for an army would probably be encamped


outside, though near, the town.

Thus ad

Romam means

'

near Rome,'

'at the walls of


6.
7.

Rome.'
ablatives

vocibus, 'remarks,' 'utterances.'


ingeiiti...exercitatione,
as being of

of quality,

'they spoke of

them
9.

immense

height, of extraordinary valour

and practice

in arms.'

ne...oculorum, 'not even the expression of their countenances


their eyes.'
It

and the brightness of


14.

was a frequent custom for the friends of a him to his province in hopes of getting The most common was a fraefedura various official employments. The presence of these city men was often an or a tribwiattis. embarrassment to the governor. Thus Cicero sent a lawyer Trebatius Testa with a letter of introduction to Caesar, who in writing back
qtii...ainicitiae.

provincial governor to follow

offered to give

him a tribunatus, without


in

military duty, but hinted that

a lawyer was out of place


16.

a camp.

alius alia causa illata, 'one on one excuse and one on another.'

ao.

vultum

fingere,

'

to control their countenance,' to


felt,

assume a
is
'

look of greater cheerfulness than they

fingere vultum

to

make up
23.

one's countenance,'

'

to force one's face to

assume a certain
'throughout

expression.'

volgo,

'generally,'

'commonly.'

totis

castris,

the camp.'
24.

testamenta obsignabantur,

'

wills

were being sealed

up.'

Soldiers on a campaign had later on the privilege of

making

wills without

the presence of the seven witnesses required in ordinary cases.

lulius

Caesar

is

said to have
;

made some temporary arrangement

for soldiers

was not thoroughly established until afterwards. making a will while falling into order (? Wills were not sealed like modern procinctti) had become obsolete. They documents, as a kind of signature making them effective. were written on tablets, which were tied together and proved to be
in this respect

but

it

The

old ceremony of

genuine by the seals of the witnesses.


26.

quique.-.praeerant, 'and the commanders of the cavalry, the

praefectV

NOTES.
Page 34.
7. 4.

85

angustias,

'

difficulties.'
'

carting

ut satis commode... posset, that there might be a difficulty in it up,' that it might not be able to be brought up with sufficient
'

conveniency.'
6.

P. 417, note 4.
ferri, 'to

signa

march,'

lit.

'the standards to be carried.'

The

standards were fixed in the ground

when
l)y

the

camp, and were pulled up and carried


the

was in the standard-bearers, when


or

army halted

word was given to march. non fore dicto audientes,


10.

'

that

they would not obey.'


P. 216.

audio

in the sense of

'obey' takes a dative.

ommumque...ceiituriombus, 'and having summoned the cenGenerally only the centurions of


to a council of war.

turions of all ranks to that council.'

the

first

o?do in each cohort were

summoned

But

on

this occasion

Caesar wished the whole legion to be immediately

informed of his views.


12.
14.

quo
se

consilio, 'with

what
1.

design.'

consule,

'

in

his

(Caesar's)

consulship,'

that

is,

in

the

previous year B.C. 59;

p. 30,

iin.

ab officio, 'from his loyalty.' cur...iudicaret, 'why should 15. anyone suppose that he was going so quickly to renounce his obligations?'
18.

neque suam neque populi,


on
p.

for the possessive


I.

pronoun and

genitive, see
20.

30,

1.

lo; p. 36,

15.
'

quid tandem, an emphatic question,


ipsius,
i.e.

what
18.

in the world ?'

21.
22.

Caesar's.

See on

p. 38,
'

1.

been
'

tested,'

factmn eius hostis periculum, the quality of this enemy had trial of this enemy had been made.' patrum...memoria,
'

within the

memory

of the last generation.'

He
1.

refers to the victories

over the Teutoni and Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae (B.C. 102) and on the

Raudian

plains near Vercellae (b.c. ioi)


(sc.
'

p. 29,

16 n.
1.

For nostrorum
7 n.

and nobis

Roman

')

in oratio obliqtia, cp. p. 40,

cum...videbatur, 'at the time when, after the repulse of the 23. Cimbri and Teutoni by Gaius Marius, the army was thought to have
deserved no less glory than with
its

commander.'
it

The

use of the indicative


it

cum temporal

is

regular, but

is

unusual to have
all

in a subit

ordinate clause of oratio obliqita.


thus,

But

writers occasionally use

when

they wish for the

moment

to present the actual

words used

more

vividly.

'

86
26.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


servili

I.

tumultu,

'

at the time of the

outbreak of the
B.C. 73

slaves.'
i.

The
there

rebellion of gladiators
Italy

and slaves led by Spartacus


[hostts).

war within
quos,
slaves,

was technically called a

titinidlus not a bellum, for

was no foreign enemy


sc.

It is the ablative of time.


'

servos,

understood from servili tumultu,


all

the rising of

whom,

after

[tamen],

the

practice

and discipline which

they had gained from us did aid to a certain degree.'

Page 35.
2.

quos,

i.e.

the slaves
'

and gladiators under Spartacus.


before they

inermoB
3.

(or itiemies),

had got arms.'

victores.

Spartacus defeated several


Gertftanos.
'

Roman

armies.

4.
6.

hos,

i.e.

plerumque superarint,
qui,
i.e.

have

in

the majority of cases overjust

come.'
7.

the

Helvetii

who had

been beaten by Caesar.

non potuerint, 'have been


hos,
'

unable.'

9.
'

such persons.'

Such persons, if they looked into the matter, could discover that, after the Gauls had been wearied out by the length of the campaign, Ariovistus, having for many months kept himself within his camp and behind marshes without offering battle, attacked them suddenly when they had given up all hope of battle and had dispersed, and conquered them more by skilful strategy than by valour.' II. neque sui potestatem fecisset, 'and had not given them a
chance of attacking him.'
T4.

cui rationi, 'a plan of campaign for which.'


sc. ratione,

hac,

which

is

attracted into the relative clause

and the

case of the relative.


15.
16.

ne ipsum qviidem,

not even Ariovistus himself.'

qui,..ccnferrent, 'those

who

disguised their

own cowardice
diffi-

under the pretence of anxiety about the supply of corn and the
culties of the

march

'

i.e.

who
'

attributed

what was

really cowardice to

a pretended anxiety about the corn and the


18.

difficulties of the road.


'

facere arroganter,

were acting presumptuously.

cum,

'

since.

de

officio

imperatoris,

'

of their

commander doing

his duty.'

20. 21.

curae, dative, P. 225, 'these details were his business.'

iamque,

25.

and by this time.' aut male...convictam, 'either that fortune had deserted him
'

in

NOTES.
some
defeat, or that

^7

by the discovery of some dishonest action avaricious

conduct had been brought


27. 29.

home

to him.'

Innocentiam, 'disinterestedness,' 'incorruptibility.'


quod...fuisset, 'what he

had intended

to

postpone to a more

distant day.'
30.

repraesentaturum,
de quarta vlgilia,
sunrise.
'

'

would carry out on the

spot.'

31.

at the

commencement

of the fourth watch,'

two hours before

Page 36.
1. pudor atque ofiacium, honour and \o^2\\.-^,^ ptidor is the feeling shame preventing a man from violating his duty. 2. valeret, would prevail,' was the stronger.' decima legione. The tenth legion was always a favourite with 3. Caesar, and did excellent work. It seems to have been the legion which Caesar found stationed in the province when he arrived.
'

of

'

'

4.

praetoriam. cohortem, 'his praetorian cohort,' or

'

body-guard.'

The

'praetorian cohort' was usually formed from the auxiliary troops.

9.

innata

est,

'was implanted
that

in them.'

princeps, 'at the head

of the rest.'
13.

primorum ordinum,
first

is,

the centurions of the

first

ordo

of the

maniple in each cohort.


cohort.

There would therefore be ten of


it

them
of the

in each legion.
first

Others however hold

to

mean

the six centurions

15.

neque...existiinavisse, 'and they had regarded the decision as

but

campaign not as belonging to themselves commander.' suiitu is opposed to imperaloris, the possessive pronoun answering to a genitive; p. 34, 1. 18.
to the chief direction of the
to

the

18.

ex

aliis, a slightly illogical

expression for ex omnibus, 'of

all

the chiefs.'
19.

miles.'

milium... circultu, 'by making a detour of more than fifty ut...duceret explains exquisito itinere, 'have inquired the

route, namely,
20.

how
is

to lead, etc'
'

locis apertis,

preposition, as

common

through open country'; abl. of place without a with locus and similar words, especially when

they have a descriptive epithet.


21.

ciun...non intermitteret, 'in the course of an uninterrupted

march.'
23.

mllibus passuum quattuor et vlginti,


'

'

twenty-four

miles

away,' ablative of measure,

that thty

were distant by 24 miles.'

88

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


Page 37.
2.

I.

quod...licere,

the speech

is

introduced by a verb of saying


historic,

implied in legates mittit.


historic present.
3.
'

The

tenses are

for

mittit

is

an

per

se, 'so far as

he was concerned.'
nearer.'

quoniain...accessisset,

since Caesar
6.
7.

had come
since,'
'

cum,
pro,
'

'

seeing that'

ultro, 'without being asked,' 'spontaneously.'

8.

considering.'
'let

14.

uterque...veiiiret,
1.

each of them come with a body of

cavalry'; p. 31,
19.

20 n.

Gallls equitibus, 'from the Gallic horsemen.'


cavalry, he raised

Roman

province.

He

Caesar had no mounted troops from various parts of his now mounted soldiers of the loth legion on the horses of

the Gauls.
22.
25.

non

irrldicule, 'with considerable wit.'


1.

cohortis praetoriae, see p. 36,

4 n.
list

26.
knights.'

ad equum rescribere,

'

he was entering them on the

of

The

old distinction of the 18 centuries of equites or knights,


still

with an equus publicus, was

nominally in existence, though

all

who
old

possessed a certain income ranked

now

as equites, but only the

number had the eqttus publicus, and the having that even among the old number of equites seems to have nearly fallen into desuetude until The rather poor joke seems to be that it was revived by Augustus, instead of making the loth legion a cohors praetoria (which was an honour, but only a temporary one), he was as it were giving them 'public horses' and so permanently raising them all to the equestrian
ordo or rank.

Page 38,
I.

planities,
hill.

it

is

not possible to be sure of the position of this


It

plain and
in Elsass.
5.
7.

Various spots have been fixed upon.


equis vexerat,
'

was somewhere

quam

'

which he had mounted,'


'

14.

ex equis, on horseback,' mounted.' pro magnis hominum ofQciis, 'in return


'

for great individual

services.'
16.

18.

Bua ac senatus, of himself and the Senate.' See p. 36, 1. 15 n. In oratio obliqua Caesar often uses ipsis, 'to the Romans.'

NOTES.
the oblique cases of ipse instead of the reflexive pronoun,
distinction
19.
is

89
when some

needed;

p. 34,

1.

21.

quotiens

quamque
that,'

honorifica,

'how

often

and

in

what compli-

mentary terms.'
20.

ut,

'how
'

depending on

docebat.

oninl tempore, as

we

should say,
23.

from time immemorial.'


a clause explaining consuetudittem and in apposition
nothing that was originally their own,'

tit...velit,

to

it.

P.

415' '

24.

8Ui nihil,

no ad-

vantage possessed by them independently.'


25.

The sui
footing.'

refers to the allies.

auctiores,

'

improved,'

'

on a better

quod vero...attulisseiit, 'that which they had brought with them when they became friends of the Roman people.' in mandatis, 'among their instructions.' 27,

Page 39.
2.

obsides redderet,

sc.

postulavit,

'

he demanded that he should

restore.'
3.

at, 'yet at

least that

he should not allow any more to cross

the Rhine.'
6.

virtutibus, 'great deeds,' 'distinguished services.'

10.

ab

ipsis,

sc.

Ga/h's.

ipsorum voluntate,
See
p.

'

with

the

free

consent of the Gauls themselves.'


12.

25,

1.

14 n.

consuerint,
si...velint,

'

have always been accustomed.'


Gauls wish.'
first

16.

'if the

The

present and perfect

subjunctive are used through the

half of this speech, in preference


vividly presenting the

to the historic tenses, for the sake of

more
to
1.

words

of the speaker.
tenses.
20.

From

p.

40,

1.

16 Caesar uses the historic

omamento...detrimento, datives of the purpose or


dediticii,
'

result.

P. 225.
22.
24.

those

who have

unconditionally surrendered.'
that he
is

quod...traducat, 'as to

tlie fact

bringing across the

river into Gaul.'

Page 40.
2.
'

defenderlt,

'has acted on the defensive.'

defendere

belltivi,

to

ward

off war,' is to resist

when

attacked.

90
Province.
5.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


prlus in Qalliam, that
is,

I.

into Celtic Gaul,

Gaul excluding the


his object in coming.'
in the historic

quid

sibi vellet cur...veiiiret,

'

what was

From
tenses.

this point

down

to
is

usos esse we have the verbs

Perhaps Caesar
lianc Galliam,
'

now

giving only the gist of what Ariovistus

said

more

distinctly than in the previous

and

last parts

of the speech.

7.

this part of Gaul,' i.e. Celtic

Province,

nostram,

sc.

Romanam.

Gaul beyond the Caesar writing for Romans can


equivalent to

use this possessive pronoun as an

adjective,

Roman,

though pronouns of the first and second persons cannot in their simple meaning be used in oratio obliqtia; p. 34, 1. 22. ut...non oporteret,
'just as
9.

no concession was due


qui...se
'

to him.'

interpellaremus, 'for interfering with him.'


in

in suo

iure,

'

in his protectorate,'

country rightly belonging to him.'

10.

quo(i...diceret, 'as to Caesar's mentioning.'

11.

iinperituin...rermn,

'

unacquainted with history,'

'

uninformed

as to

what had taken place.' The objective genitive, P. 262. 12. bello Allobrogum proximo, in the last war with the Allobroges.' There had been a rising of the AUobroges (the most northern tribe of the Province) in B.C. 66 65 which had been put down by Calpurnius Piso. Another in B.C. 62 was put down by
'

C. Pomptinus.
14.

ipsos, 'the

16.

detere

se... habere,

Aedui themselves.' secum, that he was bound


'

'

with Ariovistus.'

to suspect that Caesar,

under a pretence of friendship, with the view of crushing him


i\.

in

keeping an army

in

Gaul was acting


'would be

(Ariovistus).'
...

nobilibus

principibusque

gTatum...facturum,

acting agreeably to the nobles and leading


cratic party at

men

in

Rome.'

The

aristo-

Rome was

bitterly

opposed to Caesar.

The

praetor of

B.C. 58 Domitius Ahenobarbus had wished to prosecute him for illegal conduct during his consulship, and threatened that when he himself

became consul he would cause his recall and prosecution for malversation in Gaul. Caesar was already regarded as the head of the popular party he was connected with Marius, who married his aunt, and had defied Sulla in old times, and in his praetorship (B.C. 62) and consulship
;

(B.C.

59)

had defied the Senate.

23. 24. 25.


27.

compertum habere,
eius morte,
Galliae, that
et
'

'

knew

for certain.'

by killing Caesar.'
is,

quod

si, 'if

however.'

of Gaul outside the Province.


.

quaecumque. .confecturum, and


'

that

whatever wars Caesar


NOTES.
91

wished waged Ariovistus would accomplish without any trouble or danger to him.'

Page 41.
quare depends on in earn seiiteiiticDn, to explain why.' ab Quinto FaMo Maximo. This was the war of B.C. 122 121 in consequence of which the Allobroges were joined to the Province. Q. Fabius Maximus defeated the Allobroges assisted by the Arvemi and Ruteni, near Avignon, with immense slaughter B.C. 121. antiquissimum quodque tempus, priority in point of time.' 9. 12. quain...voluisset, 'which though conquered in war the Senate had decitled should enjoy its own laws.' That is, it was not formally annexed to the Province, but had free internal administration so long as the laws did not conflict with conditions laid down by the conquerors. 16. ad nostros adequitare, were putting their horses at our men,' 'were riding up to attack our men.'
2.
'

6.

'

'

17.

facit...recepit, the using of the historic present in connexion

with the perfect gives point to the rapid narrative.


20. 22.

legionis delectae,

'

to the

picked legion,'
of) faith.'
is

i.e.

the tenth.

per Udem, 'by his (breach deceived by another's pledge (fdts)


done, by the breach of that pledge.
there

To

say that a

man
it

is
is

tantamount to saying that

In such a phrase also no doubt


(=irapa.), as

was a

feeling of the sense of

wrong conveyed hy per

in perfidits, periurus, perdo.

23.

posteaquam...elat'am
soldiers.'

est,

'when

it

became known

to the

common

Romanis interdixisset, 'had warned off the Romanis is dative, interdicere has two constructions interdicere aliquid aliati, 'to forbid something to some one,' and interdicere alicui aliqiia re, 'to debar some one from something,' as
Gallia
all

omni 24. Romans from


:

Gaul.'

in this passage.

Page 42.
I.

eaque re3...ut diremisset, 'and how that


biduo, abl. of time
8.

fact

had broken

off

the conference.'
4. 7,

how

long

after.

P. 280.
settle,'
1.

constitueret...initteret,
in oratio recta.

'let

him

'let

him

send.'

For the imperative

See p. 31,

20 n.

92
8.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALI.TCUM,


e Buis legatis,
'

I.

one of his

own

legates,'

i.e.

one of

his legaii or

'staff officers.'
to.

pridie eius diel,

'

on the very day

before.'

This construction

of pridie as an ablative substantive joined with genitive

may be commean
the day

pared with our use of eve


before a particular day.
11.

('

on the eve of that day ')


p. 20,
1.

to

Cp. postridie,

9.

quin...coiiicerent,
P. 419.

'from throwing volleys of missiles at our


16 n.

men.'
14.

Proclllum, see

p.

17,

1.

18.

qua...utebatur, 'which language Ariovistus from prolonged

association
(sc.

now

used a great deal.'

multa

is

abl. agreeing

with qua

lingua) but in
19.

meaning
i.e.

is

adverbial.

peccandi,

of acting treacherously.

21.
vistus.'

hospitic.utebatur, 'was on terms of friendship with Arioconclamavit,

24.

'

he asked in a loud tone of voice.'

Page 43.
3.

postridie eius diel, see on p. 42,

1.

9,

'on the morrow of that


to the South-west of

day.'
4.

ultra eum,

'

beyond him,' seems

to

mean

Caesar"s
5.

camp

so as to occupy the pass between the Vosges

and the Jura.

frumento commeatuque, 'from corn and other


potestas, 'opportunity,' 'facility.'
hoc, 'the following.'

supplies,' abla-

tive of separation, P. 229.


10.

12.
15.

singuli

singulos,

'each

cavalryman
they

selecting

one infantry
the
actual

soldier to protect him.'


16.

in

proeliis

versabantur,

'

took

part

in

engagements.'
17.
si

quid erat durius,


'

'if

any unusual

difficulty

occurred.'

concurrebant,
19.
si

ran to the rescue.'


'

quo,

if

in

any

direction.'

20. 21.
horses,'

exercitatione, 'from exercise,' 'owing to training.'


iubis
'

equorum

sublevati, 'hanging on to the

manes of the

supported by the manes.'


'

cursum,

'

the pace of the horses.'

26. locum delegit, selected a suitable place for a camp.' This was always done by an advanced guard, despatched on purpose. The main army was then led to the ground and fortified it. But on this

NOTES.
occasion Caesar only employed a third of his

93
army in fortifying the and ready for fighting.

camp, the

rest

marched

in order of battle

Page 44.
5.

6.
terrify
12.

expedita, 'in fighting trim,' without carrying any heavy burdens. quae copiae...perterrerent...proliibereiit, 'a force meant to our men and to prevent them from fortifying the camp.'
instituto suo,
*

in

accordance with his plan.'


fecit,

14.
battle.'

hostibus

pugnandi potestatem
'

'offered

the

enemy

18. 23.

quae...oppugnaret,
proelio

to assault.'

P. 453, 423 note 3.

non decertaret,
is

'did not accept a general engagement.'


intensive as in depugnare,
'

The
out,'

force of de in dccertarc

to fight

it

'to fight a pitched battle.'

25.

sortibus et vaticinationibus, 'by drawing of lots and other

prophetic methods.'
the

Tacitus (Germ. 8) says the same of the belief of

power of women, only that he does not Greek armies always had a mantis with them who examined the victims sacrificed before a battle and sometimes warned the General not to fight. The Romans did the same, but were apt to disregard the omens, and many disasters w-ere quoted by believers as the consequence. Tacitus [Germ. 10) describes the method of sortes by twigs marked with special signs and scattered on a white cloth. 26. utrum...ex usu esset, whether it was to their advantage.'
in the prophetic

Germans
it

confine

to

matrons {matresfamiliae).

'

Page 45.
I.

si...coiitendissent,

'if they

fought.'

The
}-ecta,

pluperfect subj. in
'

oratio obliqua for the future indicative in oralio


5.

si

contendent.'

alarios,

'

the auxiliaries,' so-called because their regular place

in a battle
6.

was on the wings.


in the

quod minus... valebat, 'because he was somewhat weak number of legionary soldiers in comparison with the numbers
enemy.'
7.

of the

ad speciem,
turn

'to

make

a show,' to give the impression of a

larger force.
9.

demum,
'

'

then,

and not
'

till

then,'

'

then at

last.'

10.

generatim,

in tribes,'

according to their

tribes.'

94
14. 18.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


eo, 'thither/ that
is,

I.

'into this laager of wagons.'

singulos

legates et quaestorem,

'he put at the head of

each legion a legatus or the quaestor.'

Caesar caused him to

There was only one qtiaestor. command one legion, and a legatus was put at the

head of each of the others. But the et quaestorem is rather awkwardly expressed. Caesar continued hereafter to use his legati for this purpose,

and under the Empire the regular commander of the legion was a legatus. 20. a dextro comu, on the right wing.' It was all important to pierce the enemy's formation. Caesar therefore struck hardest at the
'

weakest point.

men on the signal being given charged the and the enemy rushed out to meet them with such promptness and velocity, that no opportunity was given for pouring in the volley of pila.' The regular proceeding on the part of the Roman legions was to throw their pila before coming to close quarters and fighting with the sword. But the Germans came on so fast that
22.

ita...daretur, 'our
spirit,

enemy with such

they only had time to draw their swords, and had to drop their pila

without using them.


27.

phalange facta,
This
is

'

having taken close order,'

'

having formed
nature of

square.'

a different thing from the Macedonian fighting phalanx

or compact body of

men advancing

sixteen deep.

It is of the

the

modern square formed


oj-bis.

to resist cavalry, or

what the Romans called

technically an

Page 46.
I.

reperti sunt... qui... insilirent,

'

large

found bold enough to leap on to the square.'

numbers of our men were The Germans stood in

close order, the front rank protecting their bodies with their shields,

while the inner ranks held their shields above their heads, forming a

kind of roof or testudo, upon which some of the

Roman

soldiers sprang,

and pulling away the roof of shields thrust

their

swords down upon the

men

below.

5.

a dextro cornu...premebant, 'on

the right M'ing,


line

owing

to

their large
7.

numbers, they were pressing our

very severely.'

Fublius Crassus adulescens, 'the young P. Crassus.'

Caesar

Decimus Brutus, as being under He nowhere calls him a legatus. It is the Quaestorian age (i.e. 30). clear that his office was & praefectura, and he here commands the cavalry He returned Th.it pro efecti also commanded the auxilia. aspraefectus.
gives this epithet to him, as he does to

NOTES.
to

95
and accompanied
his

Rome
8.

in B.C. 55 (his father's

ind

consulsliip)

father next year to Syria

with him in B.c 53 at Carrhae. quod expeditior erat, because it (the 3rd line) was less en-

and

fell

cumbered and
in the battle.
9.

easier to

move than

the

men who were

already engaged

subsidio, 'to relieve,' 'to support,' dative of purpose.

P. 226.

II.

restitutum

est,

'was renewed,' 'was replaced on a good


quinque, 'a distance of some
five

footing.'
13.

niilia...circiter

miles from

that spot': accusative of extent or distance between, P. 282.

There
alter to
site

seems a considerable doubt about the number


quinquagintay
'

five,

which some

fifty.'

If

it is

genuine the general idea as to the


river

of

the battle must be


its

wrong or the
'

meant must be not the Rhine, but

tributary the
17.
18. 19.

111.
it,'

ea,

'

on

by means of

it.'

equitatu, 'by means of the cavalry,' an instrumental ablative.

duae.

The Germans were

as a rule strictly confined to one

wife, but Tacitus

admits that certain chiefs for state purposes married

more than one.


21.

duxerat, 'had married.'


Procillus, seep. 17,
1.

24.
25.

i6n.
'fell in

in ipsum Caesarem...incidit,
set at liberty.

with Caesar personally,'

and was of course

Page 47.
I.

neque...deniinuerat, 'and because fortune had not


to such joy

made any

drawback
3.

and congratulation by a

disaster to that man.'

is se

praesente...reservaretur, 'he reported that three times

before his face lots had been

drawn

to decide
for

whether he .should be

burned to death at once or reserved


three

another time.'

The number

had some sacred

significance,

and Tacitus {Germ.

10) tells us that

in consulting the lots, the twigs [sia-culi)


5.

sortium beneficio,

10.

were taken up three times each. was thanks to the lots.' Rhenum, governed by the preposition p7-ope implied in proximi.
'

it

Cp.

3- 7 Crassiis

proximits fnare Oceanum hiemarat.


little earlier

13.

maturius...postulabat, 'a

than the time of year

demanded.'

At

the beginning of the campaign against the


fields.

Germans
of
it

Caesar speaks of the corn being ripe in the

The end

will

be therefore perhaps in September.

96
14.

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


in

I.

Mbema

in Sequanos,

'

into winter quarters in the territory


is

of the Sequani.'

The Latin idiom


iti

to put

both the place and the


venit, 'he

person in the accusative, as


see Caesar in the camp.'
15.

castra

ad Caesarem

came
is

to

In citeriorem Galliam,

'

into

Cisalpine Gaul,' that

into

North Italy. Caesar usually spent the winter at Ravenna or Lucca, from which he could watch political affairs at Rome, and where he was visited by his friends and partisans.
16.

ad conventus agendos,

'to hold the assizes,' yearly meetings


all judicial

held in the chief towns by a Provincial governor, to decide


cases referred to

him on appeal or coming

directly before

him

to

be

judged.

97

VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
abt.

98

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


adiilescentia,
lescence.
-ae,

I.

accurro, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, 3 V. n. to run up to, to hasten to.


acctlso, -are, -avi, -atum,
1

f.

youth, ado-

v. a. to

adventtis, -us, m. arrival, advent.


adverstls,
-a,

accuse.

-um, adj. adverse,

acies,

-ei,

f.

edge, line

of

battle;

aciem

instriiSrg, to

draw

out in

line of battle; acies ficCilorum,

adversum proelium, a reverse. adverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3 v.


unfavou7-able ;
to

the gleam of the eyes. acritgr, adv. sharply, fiercely.

turn

to,

to

turn towards;
to notice.

animum
aedificium,
Aediliis,
-i,

advertSrg,
-i,

ad, prep, [ace]

to,

towards; with

numerals to the number of ; ad ntltum atqu6 vSluntatem, according


to

a building. m. an Aediian.
n.

The

one's

direction

and

Aedui were a Gallic tribe living between the Loire and the Saone.
aegre, adv. with
culty.
difficulty, scarcely;

wish; ad spgciem, as a show, for appearance^ sake.


S.daequo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to
i

aegerrime, with very great diffiAemilitis,


-i,

v.

a.

make equal, to keep up with. adamo, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a.


to be

m. Lucius Aemilius,
f.

a cavalry officer.

in love with, to set one's


-ere, -duxi,
to, to

aequitas,

-atis,

equity, fairness.
i

affections on.

aequo,
-ductum, 3
induce.
i

-are, -avi, -atum,

\.

a.,

to

addUco,
a. to

v.

make
aequtls,

equal.
-a,

lead up

-um, adj. equal.


f.

adequito,

-are, -avi, -atum,

v. n.

aestas,
afficio,

-atis,
-fire,

summer.
-fectum, 3 v. a.

to ride up.

-feci,

adffero, -ferre, -tuli, allatum, irreg.


V. a. to

to affect, to afflict 7vith ;


affici, to be

d61or6

bring

to.

aggrieved; supplicid

3,dlilb6o, -ere, -ui,

itum, 2 v. a. to

aflfic6r6,

to

punish; bSnSficiS
f.

stwimon,
aditils, -us,

to invite.

afficSrfi, to benefft.

m. approach, right of
-ae,
f. AdmagcN.E. Gaul.

aflflnitas,

-atis,

relationship by

approach.

marriage.
a-gfer,

Admagetobriga, tobriga, a town


admlrdr,
-ari,

-gri,

m. a
-i,

field,

country,

in

territory.

sum, i dep. admire. admitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3 v. a. to let go, to admit ; admisso 6qu6, at full gallop. addridr, -iri, -ortus sum, 4 dep. v.
-atus
V. a. to

aggrSdidr,
V.
a.

-gressiis

sum, 3 dep.
to

wonder

at, to

and

n.

to

go towards,

approach,

to attack.

agm6n,

-inis,

n.

an army on
[agere,

the
to

march,
rear

columji

Tuove]; nbvissiinuin

agmen,

the

a. to attack, to assail.

adscisco, -ere,
a.

-scitum, 3 v. to attach, to attach to oneself.


-scivi,

of an army; claud6r6 agmfin, to bring up the rear. S.go, -er6, egi, actum, 3 v. a. to
drive,
to

adsum,
he at

-esse,

-fill,

irreg. v. n. to

do;

ag6r6
f.

cum,

to

hand,

to be present.

negotiate with, to plead with.

adtilescens, -ntis,

m. a young man.

aiacritas,

-atis,

spirit, alacrity.

VOCAEUT.ARY.
3J&rn, -orum, m.
pi.

99

men on

the

ampliis,

wings, foreign auxiliaries. allentls, -a, -um, adj. belonging

-a, -um, adj. large, splendid ; amplidr, larger.

to

S,n,

conj or; utrum ... an, xuhether.


.

some one

else,

another's ; ^lieniis

or,

of two alternatives;

intern

Idcils, an nnfavotirable position. SJiquamdifl, ^Aw. for some time.

particle, is it?
-cipitis, adj. double, facing two ways, doubtful ; anceps proelium, a double battle. angustiae, -arum, f. pi. narrow-

anceps,

allquls [-qui], -qua, -quid (-quod),


pron. some one (opposed to no
one), some,

any ;

aliquid, some-

what 34
Siliiis,

26.

ness,

difficult

country,

narrow

-a, -lid, adj.


. .
.

another, other;

passage.

alitis

alitis, the

one

. .

the titer;

angusttis,

-a,

causa illata, some on one pretext and some on another. Alldbrftges, -um, m. pi. the Alloalliis alia

in

angusto

-um, adj. narrow; ess6, to be in a


-ere, -verti,

difficulty.

animadverto,

-versum,

broges, a Gallic tribe living be-

3 V. a. to notice;

anlmadverterfi

tween the Rhone and the Isere,


joined to the
in B.C. 121. 3Jo, -ere, aluT, alitum

in, to punish.

Roman

province

animtis,
rit,

-I, m. mind, feeling, spicourage; in animo ess6, to

and ahum,
Alps.

be

in

one's

mind,

to

be

in-

3 V. a. to 7iotirish, to support.

tended.

Alpes, -ium,
altSr,
-era,
;

f.

pi. the

anntls,

-i,

m. a year.
for

-erum, adj. the other


alter... alt6r, the one...

anntiiis, -a, -um, adj. annual,

of two
altitUdo,
alt&s,

a year.
ants, aAw. formerly, earlier; antS

the other.
-inis,
f.

height, depth.

quam,
els

-a,

-um, adj. deep, high;


deepest,

sooner than, before ; panants diebus, a few days bebefore.

altissimtis,

very deep,
the

very

lofty.
pi.

fore ; prep, [ace] ant6a, adv. before.


antlquiis,
-a,

AmbarrI, -orum, m.
barri,

Amthe
in-

-um, adj. ancient;


-lil,

Gallic

tribe

on

antlquissimfis, most ancient.

Saone.

ap6rlo,
-ae,
f.

-Ire,

-turn,

4 v.

a.

to

amentia,

recklessness,

open

latSrg aperto, on the 2mi.e.

fatuation.

protected flank,
f.

on the right
i

amlcitia, -ae,
anilciSs,
-I,

friendship.

side; 16ca aperta, open country.

m. a friend.

appello, -are,

-avi,

-atum,

v.

a.

^mlctls,

-um, adj. friendly; amicissimtis, mostfrietidly, most


-a,

to call, to tiafiie, to address.

appgto,
Aprilis,

-ere, -ivi

or

-il,

-Itum, 3 v.

devoted.

a. to seek for, to

try to get.

amitto,
V.
a.

-ere,
to lose.

-misi,

-missum,

Kal.
love.

-e, adj. April, of April; Apr. [Kalendae Apriles],

amor,
most

-oris,

m.

amplilis, adv. 7nore ; amplissime,


liberally.

apM,

the first of April. prep, [ace] at, with,


of,

among,
of.

in the presence

at the house

100

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


f.

I.

Aquileia, -ae,
in Vcnelia,

Aquileia, a town

audSo,
dep.
dare.

-ere,
V. a.

ausus sum, 2 semi-

N. E. of Cisalpine Gaul, a Roman colony founded


in B.C. 182.

and
-ivi

n. to be bold, to

audio,
f.

-ire,

or

-ii,

-itum,

4
a.

Aquitania,
S-

-ae,

Aqiiitaine, the

V.

a. to hear.

W.

district of
-a,

Gaul.

augSo,

-ere, auxi,

Aquitaniis,

-um, adj. of Aqtdtania; AquitanI, -orum, m. pi. the Aquitanians.


-aris,

to increase, to

make

auctum, 2 v. to grow.

aut, conj. or; aut...aut, either. ..or.

autem,

conj. but, moreover.


-i,

Arar,

m.

the river

Arar

auxilium,
,

n.

help,

aid;

pi.

(the Saone).

auxilia, auxiliaries.
f.

arbftrium,
arbltror,
a.

-i,

n. tvill.

S,varitia, -ae,
i

avarice.

-ari,

-atus

sum,

dep. v.

and

n. to think., to
-ivi,

deem.
a.

averto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3 v. a. to tur7i aside, to turn aivay


averstis hostis, an

arcesso, -ere,

-itum, 3 v.

enemy turned
seen

to s!t9?i>non, to invite.

away, an enemy
rear.

from

the

Ariovistiis,

-i,

m. Ariovistns, a
Gaul,

German

chief, invited into


n. pi.

avUs,

-i,

m. a grandfather.
-a,

arma, -Drum,

arms.
barbariis,

armatiis, -a, -um, adj. armed. arroganter, adv. presumptuously.

-um,

z.^].

barbarous,
the Belgae,

uncivilized.

arrogantla,

-ae,

f.

a?-rogance, pre-

Belgae, -arum, m.

pi.

sumption.
Arvernl, -orum, m.
pi. the

a tribe in the northern parts of


Ai'verni,

Gaul (Belgium),
bellicosiis, -a,

a Gallic tribe west of the Ce-

-um, adj. warlike.


i

vennes (mod. Auvergne). arx, arcis, f. a citadel. ascendo, -ere, -ndl, -nsum, 3
to ascetid, to climb.

belle, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a. to

go
v. a.

to

war,
-i,

to fight.

bellum,

n.

war.
-i,

b6n6ficluin,

n.

a kindness, a
capital

ascensus,
at, conj

-iis,

m.

an

ascent,

favottr.

cli?nbing up.
.

Bibractg,
of
the

-is,

n. Bibracte,

but, yet, at least.

Aedui,
-i,

mod.

Autun

atqug, conj. ami,


atqufi, the

and even; par


as.

[Augustodunum].
bldfium,
years.
n.
-i,

same

attingo, -ere,
a. to

-tigi,

-tactum, 3 v.
authority,

biennium,

a space of tivo days. n. a space of two

touch upon,
-atis,

to reach.
f.

auctoritas,
influence.
auctils,

bipartlto, adv. in two divisions.


Bitflriges, -um,
riges,

m.
pi.

pi.

the Bitu-

-um, adj. enhanced; sojnewhat enhanced, auctior, more amply endowed,


-a,

a tribe in central Gaul.

Boil,

-orum,

m.

the

Boii, a
ot

tribe of Gauls,

some

whom

audacia, -ae, f. boldness. audacter, adv. boldly; audacitis,

lived in Transalpine
in Cisalpine Gaul,

and some

more

boldly.

bonitas,

-atis,

t.

goodness.

VOCABULARY.
bfinum,
-1,

lOI
-us,

n. good,

advantage.
bfino

casiia,

m.

a falling out, a
-is,

bdntis, -a, -um,

adj. good;

chance.

ammo

ess6, to be well disposed.


-i,

Catamantaloedes,
quani.

m.

Cata-

bracMum,

n.

an arm,

mantaloedes, a chief of the Se-

br6vis, -e, adj. short.

catena, -ae,
C.

for

Gaiiis,

see

Caburiis and

Cattlriges,

Procillils.

a chain. the -um, m. pi. Caturiges, a Ligurian tribe in


f.

C, see

centum.
-i,

S. E. Gaul.

Caburiis,

m., see Procilliis.


cecTdl,

causa, -ae,
n.

f.

cause,
to

cado,

-ere,

casum, 3

v.

causam
cause,

dlc6r6,

a reason; plead one's

to fall.

Caesar,

-aris,

m.
in

Gains
B.C.
59.

Iitlius

Caesar, b. B.C. too, ob. B.C. 44.

Consul

first

He
to

to be on trial; causa, with gen. for the sake of. cav6o, -ere, cavJ, cautum, 2 v. a. and n. to be on one's guard, to

was

in

Gaul from B.C. 58


-atis,
f.

be cautious about.

B.C. 49.

CCCLXVIII, see trScentI sexaginta


inisfortiinc,

calamitas,
disaster.

octo.

CCLXIII, see diicenti sexaginta


tres.
to

capio, -ere, cepl, captum, 3 v. a.


to
take.,

capture,

to

occupy,

CCXL, see diicenti quadraginta.


c616ritas, -atis,
f.

to feel;

nomgn
-I,

caperfi ex, to

siviftness.

derive a
captlvtis,
capiit,

name from.
m. a captive. n. a head; capita,
-I,

c61erit6r, adv. quickly ; c61riiis,

more quickly ; cSlerrime,


quickly.

7no':t

-Ttis,

persons.
carriis,

Celtae, -arum,

m.

pi.

the

Celts,

a cart, a wagon [Latinised from a Celtic word, cp. car'].


-1,

m. or carrum,
'

n.

the

inhabitants

of

central

Gaul.
cens6o, -ere,
censiis,
-ui, 2 v.

a.

and

n. to

Cassiantis,

-a, -urn, adj.

of Cassiiis;

vote, to decree.
-us,

bellum Cassianum, the war in Gaul waged by L. Cassias Longinus in B.C. 107. Cassiiis, -i, m. Cassius, a Roman name, L. Cassiiis Longinus,
consul B.C. 107. castellum, -I, n. a fortress, a fort.
Casticiis,
-I,

m. a numbering, a
num.
adj.

census.

centum,
dred.
centvlrio,

indecl.

a hun-

m.

Casticus,

one of
[the
for

the Sequani.
castra, -5rum, n. pi. a
sing,

camp
used
to

castrtun,

-1,

n.

fortress"];

castra ponere, a catnp; castra m6ver6, camp.

pitch

-onis, m. a centurion, one of 60 officers in a legion. certiis, -a, -um, adj.yf.r^^, certain; certiorem fac6rS, to injorm ; certidr fidrl, to be informed; certisslmiis, most certain. [cetfiriis], -um [nom. sing, -a, m. not used and the sin;

to strike

gular generally rare], adj.


rest,

the

the other.

I02

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


a. to close;

I.

Ceutrones, -um, m. pi. the Ceuh'oiies, a tribe in Savoy. cibariiis, -a, -um, adj. of food, belonging to food; cibaria, n. pi. provisions ; cibaria molita,

claudSrS agmSn, bring up the rear.

to

cliens, -ntis,

m. and

f.

a dependent,

client.

CLXXX,
cddmo,
a. to

see
-ere,

centum octoginta.
-emi,

ground

corn, flour.
-I,

-emptum,

3 v.

Cimb^rius,

m.

Cimheriiis,

buy up.
-isse, coeptiis

German

chief.
pi.

coepi,
the Cimbri,

sum, defect.
begin [only

CimbrI, -orum, m.

semi-dep.

v.

a.

to

a tribe from N. Germany.


cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, 3
to
v. a.

tenses from perfect stem used].

c6erc6o, -ere,

-iii,

-itum, 1 v. a.

surround.
-I,

to constrain, to

keep in check,

to

circinus,
passes.

m.

pair

of

com[ace]

confine.

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum,


to consider, to

v.

a.

circit6r, adv. about ; prep,

think over.
-novi,
to

round about,
circMt^s,
-us,

about.

cognosce,
V. a.

-ere,

-nittim,

m. a going about, a

to

know,

ascertain;

circuit, a detour.

causa
prep,

cognita,

after

an

in-

circum,

adv.

and

[ace]

vestigation.

round, about.

circumdo,
v.
a.

-are,

-dedl,

-datum,

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, 3 v. to bring togcthei; to force,


compel.

a.

to

to

put round.

circtimdQco, -ere, -duxT, -ductum,


3 V. a. to lead round, to

cohors,

-rtis,

f.

a cohort, the loth


-atiis

make

to

part of a legion.
c61iort6r,
-ari,

wind.
circumsisto,
to
-ere,
-stitl,

sum,

dap.
v. a.

3 v. n.

V. a. to exhort,

to

encourage.
i

stand round.
-ire, -veni,

colligo, -are, -avi, -atum,

circumvenio,

-ventum,
by

to tie together, to fasten together.

V. a.

to

surround,

to take

collis,

-is,

m. a

hill.
i

treachery.
citSrior, -lus, gen. -ioris, adj.[comp.

colloco, -are, -avi, -atum,


to

v.

a. to

place together,
n.

to

station,

of

citSr,

-tra,

-tram]

nearer,

give in marriage.

hither ; provincia clt6ri6r, the

colloquium,
collSquor,
V.
-i,

-i,

a conversation,

province of Gaul on the Italian side of the Alps. cltra, adv. and prep, [ace] on
this side,

a conference.
-locutus sum, 3 dep.
n.
to

speak

with,

to

hold

within.

conference.

citro, adv. hither, this

way ;

ultro

citroque,

backwards and forf.

wards.
civitas,
-at IS,

combQro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, 3 v. a. to burn up, to consume. comm^atils, -us, m. provisions,
commissariat.

properly citizenstate,

ship; but also a

a town,
v.

commgmoro,
V.
Ti.

-are,

-avi, to

-atum,

a people 11 4, 16 14. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, 3

to

remind of,
-are,
-avi,

mention.

comm6o,

-atum [cum,

VOCABULARY.
mSare],
i

103
carry
to

v.

n. ^o

^o backivards
to

a.

to

one place,

to

andforwards.
commxntls, adv. hand
close quarters.

colled.

hand, at

conatum,
conatiis,

-1,

n.

an

attempt,

thing attempted.
-us,

committo,
V. a. to

-ere, -misi, -missum, 3 unite, to join, to trust;

m. an
-cessi,

effort,

an

attempt.

committ6r6 proelium,
battle ;
to

to

join
tit,

concedo,
V.
a.

-ere,

-cessum, 3
a.

comtiiit,

to

do any
to

to allo7V,

to

grant.
-cisum, 3 v.

{wrong) act; committ6r6


alloio 12 8.

concldo, -Sre,
to

-cidi,

cut to pieces,

to kill.
i

commdde,
commddiun,

adv.

advantageously,

conclllo, -are, -avi, -atum,


to

v. a.

conveniently.
-I,

bring together,
n.

to

win

over, to

n.

advantage.

conciliate.

comm6dtls, -a, -um, adj. convenient, advantageous ; commddissimiis, most convenient. commongfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 3 V. a. to remind, to admonish.

concilium,

-i,

meeting,

a
to

council ; concilium indlcr6,

summon an
conclamo,
n. to

assembly.
-avi,

-are,

-atum,

v.

exclaim, to shout.
-ciicurrT,

comm6v6o,
commtlnio,

-ere,

-movi, -mOtum,

concurro, -ere,
3
V.

-cursum,
to

2 V. a. to agitate, to
-ire,

move
or
-li,

deeply.

n.

to

run

together,

-IvI

-Itum,

rush

to the rescue. -us,

4 V. a. to fortify, to entrench. coinm{lnis, -e, adj. common, universal;


body.

concursils,
gether,

m. a rushing
a charge.
-atum,
i

to-

rally,
f.

commtini

consilio, as a

condicio, -onis,

a condition, terms.
v. a.

condono,
to

-are, -avi,
to

commtltatio, -onis, f. a change, variation; rerum commtltatio, a reverse, a revolutiofi.

grant,

give up as a favour

commtlto,

-are, -avi,

-atum, -atum,

v. a.

to, to pardon for the sake of. condQco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 v. a. to bring together i 13 ; /'^ hire.

to change, to

exchange.
i

confercio,
v. a.
to
V. a. to
tils,

-ire,

-fersi,

-fertum, 4

comparo,
to

-are, -avI,

crowd together; confer-um, packed together;


very
closely

prepare^ to get together;

-a,

compare.

confertissimtls,
-ire,

comperio,
4
V. a. to

-perl,

-pertum,
to

packed, in very close order.

ftid

out, to ascertain;

confSro,

-ferre,

-tiili,

collatum,

compertum habere,
sured.

be

as-

irreg. v. a. to
collect, to

bring together, to compare ; conferrS in,


17; to defer conferrg, to betake

complectSr, -i, -plexus sum, 3 dep. V. a. to embrace, to include. complSo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2 v. a.
tofill.

to

attribute to 35

35 30;
oneself

se

complQres,
several,

-a,

gen.

-ium,

adj.

conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3 v. a. to accomplish, to finish; tabtUae


littfirls Graeclsconfectae./rt^/t/j^

7tot

a few.
-avi,

comporto,

-are,

-atum,

v.

written in Greek

letters.

104

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

confldo, -ere, -fisus sum, 3 semidep. V. n. to trust in.

conspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum,


3
V. a. /^ see, to

behold.

confirmo, -are,
to

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.
to

conspicSr,

-ari, -atus

sum,

dep.

strengthen,

to

establish,

V. a. to get sight of, to espy.

assert.

constantia,
-I,

-ae,

f.

firmness, per-

congrSdiftr,
V. n.

-gressus

sum,

severance.

to meet.

constitGo, -ere,
agree jtpon;
to set

-ul,

-utum, 3 v. a.
constitiierg,

conicxo, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.


to to

to place, to settle, to establish, to

throw, to httrl; se c6nicSr6,

aciem

throw oneself. coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum,


3 V. a. to join, to unite.

the line of battle.


-ere,

consuesco,

-suevi,

-suetum,
cus-

3 V. n. to be accusto/ned.

coniftrati5, -onis,

f.

a conspiracy,
i

consuetude,
tom.

-iins,

f.

habit,

a sworn league.
c6n6r,
to
-arl, -atus

sum,

dep. v.

a.

consM,
the

attempt, to try.
-ere,

conquiro,

-quisivl, quisitum,

3 V. a. to enquire for, to seek.

consangniiigus,

-a,

-urn, adj.

re-

lated by blood, cousin, relation.

-ulis, m. a Consul, one of two chief magistrates at Rome elected yearly. Used in ablative with names or pronouns to show the year, as M. Messala 6t M. Fison5 consMi-

conscisco, -re, -scivl, -scltum, 3


V.
a.

btis, in the

consulship of Messala

to

resolve;

mortem

sib!

and Piso.
COnsiUatils,
-iis,

coiiscisc6r6, to
conscitls,
-a,
of.

commit

suicide.

m. consulship.
-sultum, 3
v. n.

-um, adj. conscious,

consillo, -ere,
to consult.

-iii,

aware

conscrlbo, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptum,


3 V. a. to enrol.

consensus,

-us,
-i,

m. agreement.

consultum, -T, n. decisiott, decree. consQmo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum, 3 V. a. to use up, to consume, to
destroy.

cons6qu6r,
V.

-secutus sum, 3 dep. a. to follow, to overtake, to

contendo,

-ere, -tendl,

-tentum, 3

succeed in doing, to obtain.


Considitis,
sidius, a
-i,

V. n. to fight, to strive, to exert

m. Publius Conofficer.

oneself, to

hasten,

to be to

urgent

Roman
down,
-T,

about; contendfirg ad,


quickly
versy.
to.
f.

march

consldo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 3 v.


n. to sit
to settle.

contentio, -onis,

contest, contro-

consilium,
consisto,

n.

counsel, plan,

policy, deliberation.
-ere,
-stiti,

contlnent6r,
3
v.

adv.

continually,

n.

to

ivitkout stopping.

take tip a position, to stand, to


stop, to halt.

contineo, -ere,
to

-ui,

-tentum,

2 v. a. to

bound,

to

hold together,
-tigl,

hold

consoldr,
V.

-ari,

-atiis

sum,

dep.

a. to console.

back 13 23. contingo, -ere,


a.

-tactum, 3 v.

conspectiis, -us, m. sight ; In con-

and

n. to touch

upon, to reach,

spectQ, in view.

to

happen.

VOCABULARY.
contlntHis,
-S,

loq
-avi,

-um,

adj.

con-

cr6o, -are,
create;

-atum,

v. a. to
to elect,

tinuous, unbroken.

of magistrates,

contra, adv. in opposition

prtp.

to appoint.

[ace] againsti opposite to. contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,


3
V.

cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, 3 v. n. to increase, to grow.


crticiatils, -us,

a.

to

draw
f.

together,

to

m.

torture.
f.

collect.

crQdelitas,
insult, outrage.

-atis,

cruelty.

contilnieliS., -ae,

crtldelltgr, adv. cruelly.

convSnio,
V.
a.

-ird,

and

n. to

-veni, -ventum, 4 meet together;

convfinlrg aliquem, to visit or


to

m. refinement, cum, adv. tvhen, since. cum, prep, [abl.] with,


ciiltils, -us,

culture.

together

meet some one; impers. conit is

with.
ciipide,

v6nit,

agreed.

adv.

eagerly,

greedily;

conventils, -us,
gether,

m. a coming
assize.
-verti,

to-

ctipidHis, too eagerly; ctipidis-

a meeting,
-re,

sime, /Host eagerly.


ciipiditas, -aiis,
ciipidils,
v. -a,
f.

converto,
V. a. to

-versum, 3

eagerness, desire.

change, to turn.
-vici,

-um, adj. eager for,


-ivi

convinco, -ere,

-victum, 3
v.

desirous of
cilpio,
-ere,

a. to convict, to

prove. -atum,
i

or

-Ti,

-Itum,

convSco, -are,
copia,
-ae,

-avi,

a.

v.

a.

to

desire,

to

to call together, to
f.

summon.

ciipr6 Helvetils, to
to the Hclvetii.
ctlr,

wish for wish well

abundance, supply; copiae, forces, wealth; copiam fac6r6, to furnish a supply 24 5. copiosus, -a, -um, adj. abundant,
well
supplied;
copiosisslmtls,

adv. why.
f.

cllra, -ae,

care, anxiety;
to be

(dat.) ess6,

cQro, -are, -avi,


care for, to see
dive) 11 12.
curstls,
-lis,

most abundantly supplied. coram, adv. opeiily, in person.


corntl, n. indecl. in sing,

cGrae a care to. -atum, i v. a. to done (with gerun-

a horn,

a iving of an army.
corptis, -oris, n. body.

custos, -odis, m. and

m. running, galloping. f. a guard.


triginta.

CXXX,
adj.

see

centum

cotldianils,

-a,

-um,
15.

daily,
d.

ordinary 17
cdtldie

= diem.
-are,
-avi,

(quotldie),

adv.

daily,

damno,
to

-atum,

v.

a.

every day.
Crasstls,
-1,

condemn.
;

m.
55,

M.
with

Licinius

de, prep, [abl.], about, from

defl-

Crassus,
B.C.

consul

Pompey

nibiis Q^s^xh,to quit their territory

70

and

joined with
in the Tri-

for; de \!y\^tiis,forthe injuries;

Pompey and Caesar

qua de
of,

umvirate B.C. 60 ; fell in war with the Parthians B.C. 53. His son Publi-iis 46 7. cr6mo, -are, -avI, -atum, i v. a. to
burn,
to

c^yxs.'i., for which cause; out of; pauci de nostrls, few

of our men ; Just


deb6o,
to

after,

de tertia
2
v.

vigilia, abotct the third watch.


-ere,
to be
-ui,

-itum,
to do.

a.

consume.

owe,

bound

io6
decSdo, -er,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


-cessi,

I.

-cessum, 3
adj.

v.

demitto,
a.

-ere, -misi,
to

n. to depart.

to

let fall,

-missum, 3 v. drop; capitfi


v.

dficem,

indecl.

num.

ten;

nineteen 7 9. decerto, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. n.


to fight it out. decido, -ere, -cidi, 3 v. n. to fall
off.

dScem novem,

demissd, with hanging head. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, i a. to point out, to show.

demum, adv. demum, not


dengo,
to refuse.

at

length;

turn
a.

till then.

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v.

dgcimiis,
decipio,
V.
a.

-a,

-um, adj. tenth.


-cepi,

-^re,

-ceptuni,

deni, -ae,
deniqufi,

-a,

num.

adj. ten each.

to deceive.
i

adv.

in fine,

at

last;

declare, -are, -avI, -atum,


to declare.

v. n.

multo deniqu6 die, late in the day and only then, not till late.
denuntio,
-are,
-avi,
to

dficQiio, -onis,

m. a commander of
officer.

-atum,

v.

cavalry, cavalry
dediticiiis,
-a,

a. to tvarn,

speak strongly.
-ditum, 3
v.

-um, adj. surren-

deperdo,

-ere, -didi,

dered, given

up [dedo].
f.

a. to lose.
;

deditio, -on is,

a surrender

in

depono,

-ere, -posui,

-positum, 3

deditionem recipr6, on surrender.


dedHco,
a. to

to receive

V. a. to

lay down, to lay aside.


-ari,

dep6piil6r,
v. V. a. to

-atus

sum,

dep.

-ere, -duxi,

-ductum, 3
i

lay waste; also depSpillo,

lead away.
v. a.

-are, -avi,

-atum, see 10
-oris,

3.

defatlgo, -are, -avi, -atum,


to

depr6cat6r,

m. a mediator,
one

wear
a. to

out, to tire out.


-ere,

an

intercessor,
off.
-iii,

who

begs

defendo,
V.
S.liO[Ud,

-fendl,

-fensum, 3

another
desert.

to

defend; defend6r6 ab defetui from, some-

desfiro, -ere,

-rtum, 3 v. a.

to

thing.

defessHs,

-a,

-um,

adj.

wearied

designo, -are, to point out,


desisto, -ere,
to

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.

to indicate.
-stiti,

[defetiscor].

-stitum, 3 V. n.

deicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectum, 3 v. a.


to cast

stand

off,

to desist.

down; spe

deiecti, dis-

despero,

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v. n.

appointed.

to despair.

deindS, adv.
then.

in the second place,

desplcio, -ere,
3 V.
a.

-spexi,

-spectum,

to despise, to look

down

deUt)6ro, -are, -avi, -atum,


to deliberate.

v. n.

upon.
destlttio, -ere, -ui, -utum, 3 v. a.
to

deligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectum, 3 v. a. to choose, to pick out ; delecti,

abandon,

to desert.

destringo,

-ere, -strinxi, -striatum,

deligo, -are,
to tie

picked men; ISgio delecta 41 20. -avi, -atum, i v. a.


up.
-iii,

3 v. a. to strip off, to drazv destrictls gladils, with drawn

swords.

demlniio, -ere,
to

-utum, 3

v. a.

desum,

-esse,

-fiii,

irreg.

v.

n. to

diminish,

to lessen.

fail, to be

wanting.

VOCABULARY.
destipSr, adv.

107
-ere,

from
comp.

above.
adj. zuorse.

dispergo,
3 V.

-spersT,

-spersum,

detSrior,
deterrfio,

-lis,

a. to disperse.

-ere,

-teirul,

-terntum,

dispono,

-ere, -posiiT,

-positum, 3

2 V. a. to frighten off, to deter.

V. a. to place about, to station in

detraho,
a. to

-ere, -traxi, -tractum, 3 v.

variotts places.

remove.

diQ, adv. for a long time,


dilltiiis,

long;
/<?/-

detrlmentum, -I, n. damage. dStis, -I, m. a god.


devfeho, -ere, -vexl, -vectuiu, 3
a. to
v.

longer; ditltissime,

a very long time, longest. diumtis, -a, -um, adj. by day.


diHturnitas,
-atis,
f.

carry doivn.
-tra,

length, long

dextr,
perly

-trum, adj. right.


f.

continuance.

dextra, -ae,

the right

hand

[prowitli

dlQtumiis,
timied,

-a,

-um, adj. long condiflturniSr,

manus
f.

understood

lasting;

adj. dextgr, -tra, -trum].

more
dives,

lasting.
-itis,

dicio, -onis,

I'ule,

jurisdiction.
3 v. a.

adj.

rich;

ditior,

dico,

-ere,

dixT,

dictum,

richer; dltissimtis, richest. Divico, -onJs, divido, -ere,


to divide.

and
dictio,

n.

to say,

to speak, to tell

m. Divico, a
-visi,

chief-

diem

dlc6re, to ftame a day.

tain of the Ilelvetii.

-oms,

f.

a saying; causae

-visum, 3

v. a.

dictio, pleading

dictum,
dISs,
pi.
-ei,

-i,

n.

a cause, a word;

trial.

dicto

Divitiaciis,

-1,

m. Divitiacns, a
i

audiens, obedient.

chieftain of the Aedui.

m. and f. in sing., m. in a day ; diem ex die dtlcdre,

do, dare, dedi, datum,

v. a. to

give; in

matrimonium
-lii,

dar6, to

put offfrom day to day ; autS diem, the day before; in diem cert,am, by a fixed day.
to

give in niai-riage.
d6c6o, -ere,
to teach, to

doctum,

2 v.

a.

point out.
-lil,

diff6ro,

-ferre,

distiili,

dilatum,
to scatter,

ddlSo, -ere,

-itum, 2 v. n. to

irreg. v. a. to differ;
to

feel pain, to suffer, to grieve.


d616r, -oris, xn. pain, grief
ddliis, -i, m. a trick, a stratagetn. ddmicQium, -i, n. a home, a dwell-

remove;

to

postpone.

difficilis, -e, adj. difficult.

dig^nitas, -atis,

f. f.

dipiity, rani:.
diligence, care.
v.

dlligentia, -ae,

ing place.
ddmils,
loc. at

dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3


a. to

dismiss.
v.

dirimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 3 a. to break off, to stop.

or -us, f. home; d6ml, home ; dSmum, [to] koine dSmo, from home.
-i

dono,
to

-are,

-avi,

-atum,

v.

a.

discedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum, 3 v. n. to depart, to quit, to withdraw.


discipllna, -ae,
cipline.
f.

give, to present.

DQbis,

instruction, dis-

-is, m. mod. Doubs.

the

river Dubis,

diibitatio,
a. to

-onis,

f.

doubt,

hesi-

disco, -ere, didicl, 3 v.


disicio,
a.

learn.

tation.

-ere,

-iecl,

-iectum, 3 v.
to scatter.

dilbito,
to

-are,

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.

to

hurl apart,

doubt, to hesitate;

non

dtibi-

io8
tare quin being so.
dtibiils, -a,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


sit,

I.

not to doubt

its

efflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3 v, a.


to effect, to

make.
-gressiis

-um, adj. doubtful.


-a,

egrSdior,

-T,

sum, 3 dep.

dtLceutl,

-ae,

num.

adj.

two

V. n. to

march
-a,

out.

hundred.
dtlco,
to

egrSgiiis,

-um, adj. remai'k-atum,


to
i v. n.

-ere,

duxi, ductum, 3 v. a.

able, excellent.

lead ; in

matrimonium dHto

emigro,
to

-are, -avi,
one''s

Cr6, to
to

many;

think 3 13;

quit

home,

migrate.
v.

diem ex die put off from day to day; ad dflcendum bellum, to


put
off Vk 15;
dilcSrS, to

emitto,
a.

-ere, -mIsT,

-missum, 3
v.

to let go,

to discharge.
a.

Smo,
to

-gre,

emi, emptum, 3

protract the war,

buy.
of nam],

dam, adv. while, until. Dumnorix, -igis, m. Dumnorix, a


chieftain of the Aedui.
diio, -ae, -6,

Snim [strengthened form


conj. for,

enuntio, -are,
to

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.

num.

adj. tiuo.

make known,
ii,

to report.

dtiddecim,
twelve.

indecl.

num.
hard;
f.

adj.

So, ire, ivi or

itum, 4 v. n. to go.
the

So, adv. thither,


dilriSr,

darils, -a, -um, adj.

Sodem,

adv.

to

same place
to

harder.

Sodem
m. and
leader,

pertinerS,

tend in the

dux,

diicis,

same
SquSs,

direction.
-itis,

guide.

m.

a horseman, a
of cavalry.

knight; Squites, cavalry.


e,

ex,

prep,

oict

of,

front; ilna

Squester,
Squiis,

-tris, -tre, ^.A].

ex parts, on one side; altera ex parts, on the other side; qua ex parts, on which side; ex conspectil, ozit of sight; ex itinSrS, on the march; ex vinctills dic6r, to plead in chains qua ex parts, in which respect; ex commtlnl consensu, by com-

Squitatils, -us,
-I,

m. cavalry. m. a horse; equo adv. a./c

misso, at fidl gallop. eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 3


St,

snatch away; se eripSrS, to escape


conj. and, also.
also, besides.

Stiam, adv. even,

etsi, conj. although.

mon

cojisent.

evello, -Sre, -velll, -vulsum, 3 v.


a.
to

edo, -ere, edidi, editum, 3 v. a. to prodtcce, to sheivforth, to perform.

tear out, to pull out.

excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3 v.


a. to receive.

edQco,
to

-ere, -duxi,

-ductum, 3
r

v. a.

lead out.
v. a.

exemplum,
exSo,
to

-i,

n. precedent,

ex-

effemino, -are, -avi, -atum,


to

ample, specimen.
-ire, -ivi

effeminate;

make womanish, to render anlml efifeminati,


elatum, irreg.
to

or

-ii,

-itum, 4 v. n.

go out,

to

go forth.
-ul,

broken spirits.
efifSro, -ferre, extiili,

exercSo, -ere,
exercise.

-itum, 2 v. a. to

V.

a.

to
to

carry

out,

carry

exercitatio, -onis,
ins.

f.

exercise, train-

away,

make known,

to exalt.

VOCABULARY.
exetcitatlis, -a, -um, partic. adj.
f3,cilS,

109
adv. easily; f3,cUlii3, more
facillime, most easily.
adj.

exercised ;
viost

exercitatissimtis,

easily ;
facilis,

thoroughly exercised.
-iis,

-e,

easy;

facilior,

exercitiis,

m. an army
f.

[ex-

-lus,

easier.

erceo, to train].

facintis, -oris, n.

a crime.

existimatlo, -onTs,
timate.

opinion, es-

facio, -^re, feci, factum, 3 v. a. to

make,
-are, -avl,

to

do; perfacil6 factQ,

existimo,

-atum,
deem.

v. a.

and
a. to

n. to think, to
-ire, -ivi

very easy of performance. factio, -6ms, L faction, party.

expgdio,

or

-li,

-itum, 4 v.

factum,

-i,

n. action, deed.
f.

disenciunber, to clear.
-a,

facultas,
ttinity,

-atis,

po-ver,

oppor-

expSditiis,

-um, adj. unencum-

bered, free ; expSdltidr, swifter;

supply; data facultatg Itinfiris f aciund!, if leave were

it6r expSditilis,

an

easier route.

granted them
facilitates, pi.

to

march 6 12;

expSrior,

-perlus sum, 4 dep. V. a. to experience, to put to the


-iri,

means, resources.

fames,

-is, f.

hunger, fatnine ; faa household, afamily. adj. connected with

test.

mem tolfirare, to keep off hunger.


-oris,

exploratdr,
noitre.

m. a

scout,

familia, -ae,
familiaris,

f.

pioneer, one sent out to recon-

-e,

exprimo,

-ere,

-pressl,

-pressum,

familiaris,

a household, familiar. -is, m. and f. a friend.


-i,

3 V. a. to extract.

fas, indecl. n. right, lauful.

expugno,
to take

-are, -avi,

-atum,

i v. a.

fatum,

n. fate.
favl,

by storm.

fav6o, -ere,

fautum, 2

v. n. to

exquiro, -ere, -quisivl, -quisitum, 3 V. a. to enquire into, to seairh


otit.

favour.
fellcitas, -atis,
f.

good luck.

fSre, adv. almost, generally.


-T,

exsequOr,
V.
a. to

-secutus sum, 3 dep.


to

fgro, ferre, tull, latum, irreg. v. a.

follow up, to exact,

to

bear, to

bring, to carry,

to

enforce.

exspecto, -are, -avl, -atum,


to

v. a.

wait for,

to expect.
of, out-

extra, prep, [ace] ozitside


side.

ferrg auxilium, to endure; bring aid. ferrum, -i, n. iron. f6rtis, -a, -um, adj. 7vi!d, savage.
fides,
-ei, f.

faith, fidelity

; f

idem
;

extremiis,
extfiriis,

-a,

-um, adj. superl. of -era, -erum, last, ex3 v. a.

liaberS, to have confidence in

fidem dare,
filia, -ae,
f.

to

promise.
[pi. filiae,

treme.
extlro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum,
to

a daughter
son.

filiarum, filiabus].
flliiis, -!,

burn

tip.

m. a
to
to

fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, 3 v. a. to

Fabiiis Maximiis, Q.,

Q,

Fabius
as

feign,

make

up;

fingerS

Maxiinus Allobrogicus, who


Arverni and Ruteni.

vultum,
finis,
-is,

keep one's counten-

consul u.c. 121 conquered the

ance, to keep

up appearances. m. and f. an end, a

no

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


frtlmentiun,
frux, frugis,
-i,
f.

I.

/m?V; flnem fac6r6, to put an end to; m.^pl. fines, -ium,


borders, territoiy.
flnltimils,

n. corn.

usually pi. frtlges,

-um, corn.
fiiga, -ae,
ftlglo,
1. flight.

-um, adj. bordering, neighbouring ; flnitiml, neigh-a,

-ere, fugi, fugitum, 3 v. n.

bours.
flo, fieri, factus

to fly.

sum,

semi-dep.

V. (used as passive of facio), to

become, to be done.
firmtis, -a,

m. a runaxoay slave. m. madness. fiitQrum ess6, fut. inf. of sum, to be


ftigitlviis,
-I,

filrSr, -oris,

-um, adj. strong, firm

about to be, that itwillco7?ietopass.

finnissimtis, strongest.
Flacctis,
-i,

cus, propraetor of
flagn^to, -are, -avi,

m. Gains Valerius FlacGaul B.C. 83.


-atum,
i

Gablnius,

-i,

m. Aulus Gabinitis,

v. a. to

demand,
flfio,

to

ask earnestly for.


fletum, 2 v, n. to

consul B.C. 58. Gaiiis, -!, m., see Caburiis, Flacctis. Maritis and Procilltis.
Gallia, -ae,
f.

-ere, flevi,

Gaul.

The name
Italy

weep.
flettis, -lis,

included

northern

from

m.

zveeping.

florens, -ntis, adj. (part.) fionrish-

ing;
flnmgn,
flow.

florentissimtls,

most

and beyond the Alps all France and the Netherlands up to the
Rhine, with partsof Switzerland.
Galliciis,
-a,

the Rubicon to the Alps,

flourishing.
-inis, n.

st9-eam,

river.

-um, adj. Gallic, of


Gatil.

fltio, -ere,

fluxi,

fluxum, 3

v. n. to

the Gauls.
Galliis,
-i,

m. a

f6r6, fut. inf. of

sum.

fortis, -e, adj. brave ; fortissimiis,

Garumna, -ae, m. and f. the Garumna, the Garonne.


G^nava,
the

river

bravest.

fortitQdo,

-inis,

f.

courage, bravery.

-ae, f. Geneva, a city of Allobroges on the Lacus

f. fortune ; pi. fortQuae, -arum, resources, means. fossa, -ae, f. a ditch. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, 3 v. a.

fortOna, -ae,

Lemannus.
gSndratim, adv. in
Germaniis,
-i,

races.

ggniis, -eris, n. kind.

m. a German.

to break, to discourage.

frat6r, fratris, m. a brother.

g6ro, -ere, gessi, gestum, 3 v. a. to car?y on, to wage; mal6 re gesta,

fratemiis,

-a,

-um,

adj.

of

after

defeat.
-1,

brother, fraternal.
frlgiis, -oris, n. cold.

gladiiis,

fructilostis, -a,

-um, adj. fruitful,


fructilosissiintis,

m. a sword. f. glory, fame. gloridr, -ari, -atiis sum, i dep.


gloria, -ae,
a. to boast, to

v.

profuable ;
7)iost

glory in.

profitable.

Graectis, -a, -um, adj. Greek.

fructiis, -us,

m. fruit, produce.
-a,

Graiocell,
Graioceli,

-orum,

m.

pi.

the

frOmentariiis,

-um, adj. of corn, corn-producing ; res frO,mentaiia, the supply of com.

tribe

living

near

Mt

Cenis.
-e,

grandis,

adj. large.

VOCABULARY.
grratia,
-ae,
f.

gnitiliide,
;

favpur;

this,

this

man

here,

this

just

popularity, influence
rSferrfi,
lo

gratiam

f?ientioned ; hoc, by this

much.
v. n. to

shew

gratitude;

IiiSmo, -are, -avi, -atum,

magna

^ptid

plebem gratia, of

great influence 7vith the people plftrlmum gratia poss6, to have


great influence
to ;

pass the winter, to wititer. Hispania, -ae, f. Spain.

bdmd,

-inis,

m. and

f.

a man, a

gratias

agfirfi,

human

being (including

women

thank.
f.

gratWatio.-onis,
a. to

cotigratulatioti.

and children). hdnestiis, -a, -um,


Ii6ndr, -oris,

:i(]i].

honourable;

gxattildr, -arl, -atiis

sum,

dep. v.

honestissimiis, >nost honourable.


lidnorificiis, -a,

congratulate.

gratiis, -a,

-um, adj. pleasing Vi


adj.

it..

m. honour. -um, adj. complia}i

gravis,

severe; graviSr,

heavy; serious, more painful, more severe; ne quid graviiis


-e,

mentary. hora, -ae, f.


horrSo,
hortor,
a.

hour.

-ere, -ul, 2 v. a.

and
i

n. to

stattiSrfit,

not

to

take

any

severe
tnost

tremble, to tremble at, to fear.


-arl,
-aliis

measure ;
severe.

grayissimiis,

sum,
guest,

dep.

v.

to exhort, to advise.
-itis,

graviter, adv. heavily, seriously;


to be sometvhat annoyed; graviiis, more grievously; gravissime, most grievously. gravfir, -arl, -atus sum, i dep. v. n.

hosp6s,

m. a

a guest-

gravitgr ferre, gravias ferr6,

to take to

heart;

friend.

hospitium,
hostis,
litlc,
-is,

-i,

n. hospitality.

m. an enemy.
-atis,
f.

adv. hither.

Ii11nianit3/S,

humanity,

to

make

diflicuhics,

to

be

re-

civilization, refinement.

luctant.
ibi,

adv. there.

hatago,
V.
a.

-ere, to

habiii,

habitum,

have, to hold, to con-

m. a stroke, a blow. Idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem,


ictiis, -us,

sider ; in niimgro

hostium ha-

adj. the same.

berS, to regard in the light of enemies ; satis habere, to be


satisfied;

idon^tis, -a, -um, adj. suitable.

IdQs, -uum,

f.

pi. the Ides,

15th of

orationem

liaberfi, to

deliver a speech.

March, May, July and October, 13th of other months.


ignis,
-is [abl. -e

Harfldes, -um, m. pi. the Harudes, a German tribe.


Helvetil, -orum, m. pi.
vetii,

or

-i], vci.fire.
i

ignSro,
to

-are, -avi,
to be

-atum,

v. a.

not

the Hel-

know,

ignorant

of.

a tribe living in Switzerland betvt'een Geneva and Bale.


-a, -a,

ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notum, 3


a. to

v.

pardon.
-ud, gen. illius, pron. that
he,
. .

Helvetitis,

hlbemtls,

-um, adj. Helvetian. -um, adj. of wijiter


castra),
wi^iter

ill6, -a,

one,
latter.
illlc,

that;

hlc...lll6,

the

MbemS,
quarters.

(sc.

the former.
adj. immortal.

adv. there, in that place.


-e,

Wc, haec, hoc, gen.

huius, pron.

immortalis,

112

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


-i,

I.

impgdimentum,
impedimenta,
imp^dio,
a. to

n.

a hi7idrance;

pi.

baggage.

[ace] into, against, to; in longitudinem, lengthwise; in ter-

-ire, -ivior-ii, -itum, 4 v. hinder, to hajnper ; imp6-

tium annum,
the ftiture.

the

third year

hence; in rfiliquiun t^Tarpts, for

dltum
a. to

itr,

a difficult rotde.
v.

impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3


impel, to urge.

incendo,

-ere,

-cendl, -censum, 3

v. a. to set fire to, to

burn.
n.
to

impend^o, -erS, iM.n.to hatig oijer. imp6rat6r, -oris, m. cofnniander.


impgrittis, -a, -um, adj. unskilled.

incldo, -ere, -cidi, 3 in with.

v.

fall

incito, -arS, -avi, -atum,

v. a. to

imp6rium,
acy.

supreme pozuer, command ; imp6ria, pi. suprem-i,

n.

set in motion, to incite, to

move
n.

strongly.

incdlo, -ere, -colul, 3 v.


-are, -avi,

a.

and

impero,

-atum,
to

v. a.

to inhabit, to dwell.

and

n.

to

command,
to

be

in
to

incolumis,
tage,

-e,

adj. safe.
-i,

command ;
make

impose upon,

incommddum,
a
incredlbilis,

n.

a disadvanimmense,
i

7'equisitions

upon;

proto

misfortzitte.
-e,

vlnclae militum nttm6rum imp6rat, he orders the province

adj.

surpassing.
incflso, -arc, -avi, -atum,
v. a. to

furnish a number of soldiers. impitro, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to obtain, to prevail tipon.
imp6tils,
attack.
-us,

blame, to reproach.
indfi,

adv. thence, from that place;

m.

charge,

an

then,

from
-1,

that time.
n. information.
a.

indicium,
-are, -avi,

imploro,
to

-atum,

v. a.

indico, -ere, -dixl, -dictum, 3 v.


to

implore, to begfor. imp5no, -ere, -posui, -positum, 3 V. a. to prut upon, to impose.

proclaim.
induce, to lead on.

Indtlco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, 3 v.


a. to

importo,
to

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v.

a.

import.

imprimis, ^dw. firstly, especially. improbtis, -a, -um, adj. wicked,


unscrupulous.
improvlsiis,

indulg6o, -ere, -dulsl, -dultum, 1 V. a. to indulge, to favour. inermiis, a, -um (inermis, -e), adj.

unarmed.
inf6ro, -ferre,
a.

-tuli,

illatum,irreg. v.
to

seen;

-um, adj. unforeimprovlso, adv. unex-a,

to inflict

upon,

bring

to, to

cany

against ; signa inferrfi,

to

pectedly, suddenly.

attack, to charge;

bellum inferr6,

impugno,

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v. a.

to itivade, to attack.

to attack.

infgriis, -a,

impfln5, adv. with impunity ; impGnfi ferr6, to get off scot free

-um, adj. belo7v, underneath ; inf6ri6r, lower; inf imfts


or Imils, lowest.

for 12 24.
impttnitas,
-atis,
f.

inflecto, -ere, -flexl, -flexum, 3 v.

impunity, free-

a.

to

bend down.
-fluxum, 3 v. n.

dom from punishment.


in, prep, [abl.]
itt,

infliio, -ere, -fluxl,

on,

upon,among;

to flow into.

VOCABULARY.
ingens,
-ntis, adj. vast,

huge.

intellfego,
a. to
Intfir,

-fire, -lexl,

-lectuni, 3 v.

Inicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.


to

throw upon,

to

cause

to.

understand, to learn, prep, [ace] between, among,

inTmlcQs,
hostile.

-a, -urn, adj.

unfriendly,

in the course of Z\ 22; iiit6r s, mutually, with each other.

inimlciis,

-T,

m. an enemy. a beginning.
f.

inlqutis, -a, -um, adj. unfair.

Intercede, -6re, -cessi, -cessum, 3 V. n. to come between, to ititervene.


intercltldo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, 3 V. a. to shut off, to intercept.

Initium,
iniflria,

-i,

n.

-ae,

injustice,

injury

initlrla, -wrongfully.

iniussG,

orders: tvithout adv. properly a substantive in abla-

interdico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum,


V. a. to forbid, to

tive,

iniussu suo, without his

ivarn offfrom. interdifl, adv. in the day time, by


day.

orders.

No
is
-i,

other case of in-

iussus
innascdr,
V. n.

used.

to be

innatus sum, 3 dep. implanted.


f.

Interdum, adv. at times, sometimes. int^rSa, adv. meanwhile, in the meantime.


interficio, -ere, -feci,
v.
a.

innocentia, -ae,
lessness.

innocence^ bhvne-

-fectum,

to kill.

m6pia,-ae,

f.

want poverty failure


, ,

intSrlm, adv. meanwhile.


intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
3 V. a.

of stipplics.
infiplnans, -ntis, adj. unsuspecting,

and

n. to leave a space, to

tinaware.
insciens, -ntis,
adj.

interrupt.

unknowing,

intemScio,

-onis,

f.

massacre,

in ignorance.

general slaughter.
interpello, -are, -avi, -atum,
a. to interfere
i

ins6qu6r,

-i,

-secutus sum, 3 dep.

v.

V. a. to follow tip, to

pursue.

with.
to inter-

insidiae, -arum,

f.

pi.

an ambush,

Interpono, -Sre, -posui, -positum,


3 v. a. to

a stratagem.
InsiguS,
insignls,
-is,

put between,
m. and
f.

n.

a decoration.

pose.

-e, adj.

marked, signal.
4
v. n. to leap

interprgs,
ator,

-etis,

a medi-

insUIo,

-ire, -silui,

an

interpreter.
-esse, -fui,
irreg. v. n.

upon.
ins61entSr, adv. insolently, insultingly.
instittio, -gre, -ui,
to
set

Intersum,

to be between, to be

engaged

in.

intervallum,
up, to

-i,

n.

distance,

in-

-utum, 3 v. a. set in array; to

terval:
(valli)

lit.

space between stakes

of a rampart,
-tuitus

instrttct, to educate.

intra, prep, [ace] within.


intiiSSr, -eri,
v. a. to
i

institdtum,
tice,

-i,

n.

a habit, a prac-statum,
v.

sum,

2 dep.

an

institiction.
-stiti,

gaze on,

to fix the eyes on.

Insto, -are,
to be

n.

invfenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,


a. to find.

v.

at hand, to press on.

instr&o, -ere, -struxl, -structum, 3 v. a. to fit up, to array.


B. G.
1.

invlcttis, -a,

-um, adj. unconqiiered,

invincible.

114

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


i

1.

inrlto, -are, -avi, -atum,


invite.

v. a. to

iungo.

ere, iunxi,

iunctum, 3

v. a.

to join, to unite.
-a,

invltils,

-um, adj. unwilling,

IQra, -ae,

against ones will.


-a, -um, gen. ipsius, pion. he himself, the very. Iracundtis, -a, -um, adj. wrathful,

m. the Jura, a chain of mountains in Gaul.


-are,
-avI,

ips5,

itlro,

-atum,

v. n. to

swear.
ills,

iuris,

n. justice, right

legal

passionate.
irrldiciile, adv. unwittily.
Is,

position,

rights; iQs

belli,

the

ea,

id,
;

gen. eius, pron. this,

laws of war. iusiOrandum, iuris


oath.
iustitiS,, -ae,

iiirandi, n.

an

that

66,

that fact ;
that; 66
Italia, -ae,

on that account, by 66 quod, by the fact


to the

L justice, fairness.

tit,

end that.

iustiis, -a,

-um, 2.A].just; iustis-

ita, adv. so, thus.


f.

simiis,

most just.
i

Italy.

itivo, -are, iuvi, iiitum,

v. a.

to

itaqu6, adv.

and

so, therefore.
so,

help, to aid.

item, adv. in the same manyier,


also.
itfir, -ineris,

Kal. for Ealendae, -arum,


n. a journey,

f.

pi.

a route,

the Calends, the first

day of the

it6r fac6r6, a march; to march ; ex itm6r6, on the march; magiils itinSribiis, with

month.
L.
for

LGciils,

see

Aemiliiis,

forced 77iarches;

maxima ltin6ra,

Cassitls, Piso

and Sulla.

very longforced t/iarches. it6rum, adv. again, a second time.


iacto, -are, -avI, -atum,
v. a.

Labieniis,

-I,

m. litus Attius La-

bienus, one of Caesar's legati.

labdr, -oris,
i

m.

labour.
i

to

lab6ro, -are, -avi, -atum,


be

v. n. to

toss, to 7nenlio7t, to discuss.

in

trouble,

to

be

anxious

lam, adv. now, at iUba, -ae, f. mane.


to order,

last,

even.

about, to be in difficulties.
lacesso, -ere,
a. to
-ivi or -ii, -itum, 3 v. harass, to provoke, to attack.
f.

iilb6o, -ere, iussi, iussum, 2 v. a.


to

command.
judgment, opinion,
-atum,
i

lacrimS., -ae,
laciis,
-lis,

a tear.

itldicium,
trial.

-I,

n.

itldico, -are, -avi,

v. a. to

m, a lake. lapis, -idis, m. a stone. largidr, -in, -itus sum, 4 dep.


a.

v.

decide, to judge, to think.

to

give liberally,

to

supply

itlgxim,

a yoke, a mountain iilgum mitt6r6, to send under the yoke, to force a conquered army to march under
-i,

n.

lavishly.

ridge;

siib

Iargit6r, adv.

lavishly, liberally;
to

largiter possfi,

have ample
lavishly,

power.
largltio, -onis,
f.

a spear laid across two upright


spears.

a giving

liberality, bribery.
-i,

iOmentum,

n.

a beast of burden,

late, adv.

far and wide, widely.


f.

pack-horse.

latitfldo, -inis,

breadth, width.

VOCABULARY.
Latobrlgl, -orum, m. pi. the Latabrigi, a tribe of
latiis,
-a,

Lingones, -um, m.

pi.

theLingones,

Germans.

a tribe in Gaul living near the

-um, adj. broad, ivide;


n.

latisslmus, very broad.


latiis,

a flank; later 6 aperto, on the exposed


-eris,

side,

flank,

i.e.

the right.
i.

Vosges Mountains. ae, f. a tongue, language. lintfir, -tris, f. a skiff, a boat. Lisctis, -i, m. Liscus, one of the Aedui and brother of Divitilingua,
-

laus, laudis,

praise.
f.

acus.
littfira,

an embassy. legatiiB, -i, m. one sent or commissioned by another, (i) an ambassador, (2) a lieutenant or
legatio, -onis,
legate

-ae,

f.

letter

(of

the

alphabet);
ing,
ISctis,

pi.

Iitt6rae, a writ-

ail epistle.
-i,

of a

Roman

Imperator.

m. [pi. loci or loca, n.] a place, a position, a country;


opportunity.

Caesar had 12 legati under him Gaul, an unusually large number, who formed his staff. ISg^o, -onis, f. a hgion, a body of
in

an

longe, adv. far, far off; longiiis abessS, to be farther aivay; lonlonginquiis,
lasting.

men
and

varying in number at
divided
into

differ-

gissime, very far. -a, -um,


-inis,

adj.

long,

ent periods from 3000 to 5000,

10

cohorts
to select\

longitQdo,

f.

length.
;

[from legere,
to the legion.

to pick,

longiis, -a, -um, adj. long

longidr,

Iggionariiis, -a, -um, adj. belonghtg

7nore distant 35 29.

16qu6r,

-i,

locutus sum, 3 dep. v.


the

Lemanniis,

-i,

m.
f.

sc.

lacfis,

the

a.

and

n. to speak, to say.
f.
f.

Lake of Geneva, Lake


lenitas, -atis,

Le/iian.

Itln^, -ae,

moon.

gentleness, gentle

lux,

Ijicis,

light ;

prima

l(lc6,

at

current.

daybreak.

LeucI, -orum, m. pi. the Lend, or


Levaci,

a Gallic tribe on the

Moselle.
lex, legis,
Iitoent6r,
f.

adv.

a law. with

pleasure,

Mesand PIso. magis, adv. more; maxime, most. magistrattis, -us, m. (j) a magisfor Marciis, see Crasstls,

M.

sala, Metlils

willingly.
llbgr, -^ra, -erum, z<i].free.

llb^ralitas, -atis,

f.

liberality.

tracy, (2) a magistrate. magnltildo, -inis, f. greatness, size. magntls, -a, -um, adj. great;

Ilb6re, adv. freely ; libgritls,

more

magno
est;

6p6r6, greatly

maior,

freely.
libgrl,

greater, older ; maximtis, greatpi.

-orum, m.
f.

children.

llbertas, -atis,

liberty,

freedom.
1

Iic66r, -eri, licitus


n. to

sum,

dep.

v.

make a
-liit,

bid, to bid, as at

an
is

magnis itinferibiis, byforced marches; maximis itlngribiis, by very long forced marches. maiores, -um, m. and f. pi. ancestors,

auction.
licSt, -ere,

see magniis.
ill,

2 impers. v. it
laivful.

mal6, adv.

badly,

unsuccess-

allowed,

it is

fully ; peiils, worse.

82

ii6
malgficium,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


-i, -i,

I.

n.

harm,
a

mischief.

mens,

mandatum,

n.

message,

a
to

charge; in mandatls dar6,


instruct, to enjoin.

-ntis. f. mind. mensis, -is, m. a tnonth. mercatdr, -oris, m. a merchant, a

trader.
i

mando,

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v.

a.

to entrust, to

commit,

to instruct.

manfeo, -ere, mansi,


n. to 7'emain.

mansum,

2 v.

merces, -edis, f. hire, pay. m6r6o, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2 v. a. and m6r66r, -eri, meritiis sum, 2 dep.
V.
a.

to deserve;

m6rerl de,

to

mantis,
troop.

-us,

f.

a hand, a band, a
pi.

serve one, to deserve well of one.

mgrldies,
the

-ei,
-i,

m. midday.
n.
desert,

MarcomanI, -orum, m. Marcomani, a German


Mariiis,
-i,

mSiitum,
Messaia,
metior,
V.
a.

service;

tribe.

mfirito as adv. deservedly.


-ae,

in.
f.

Gains Marius.
a

m.

M.

Valerius

Mes

matarS,, -ae,

weapon used by

sala, consul in B.C. 61.


-iri,

the Gauls, a pike. mat6r, -tris, f. a mother; s6r6r ex matrg, a half sister. materfamillae, matrisfamiliae, f. a tnatron.

mensus sum, 4 dep.


to deal out.

to
-1,

measure,

Metitis,

m. Marcus Melius, a
soldiery.

mll&s,

Romanized Gaul, -itis, m. a soldier;


-e,

matrimonium,
matriviony.

-i,

n.

marriage,

mllitails,

adj.

of
s.

soldiers,

of

war, see res. m. the river Marnc,


early, quickly;

Matrdna,

-ae,

milie, indecl.

num.

and

adj.

flowing into the Seine.

mature, adv.

tlliiiis, earlier;

mamatunime, very
i

thousand; mill6 passQs, or passtium, a mile (a thousand paces)


pi. mllla, -ium, n. thousands milia passfium, miles.

quickly, most promptly.

matOro, and n.

-are, -avi, -atuni,


to hasten, to
-a,

v.

a.

minime, adv.
minimtis,
least,
-a,

least.

make

haste.

-um,

superl.

adj.

matilrus,

-um, adj. early, maespecially,


to

smallest;

minimum,

adv.

ture, ripe.

maxime,
maximiis,

adv.

the

greatest degree, see magis.


-a,

least, very little. mindr, -oris, comp. adj. smaller; mintis, adv.

less,

less;
less;

-um,

superl.

adj.

nihilo

miniis,

tione

the
less

greatest, see magntis.

mintis valerg, to be
ftil ;

pozver-

Maximiis,

-i,

m. see Fabiils.

with gen. mintis dtibita-ui,

m6di6crit6r, adv. to a moderate degree, moderately.


m^diils,

tionls, less of doubt.

mintio, -ere,

-utum, 3 v.

a. to

-um, adj. middle, halfway; in colld medio, half way


-a,

diminish,

to lessen.

mirdr,
a. to

-ari,

-atQs

sum,
to

up the hill. mSmdria, z.z,i. memory ; mSmdria tgnerfi, to remember ; mSmdriam prod6r6, to hand down a record

wonder
-a,

at,

i dep. admire.

v.

mirtis,

-um,

adj.

wonderjal,
miserable;

astonishing.

miser,

-a,

-um,

adj.

m6m6riam

deponerg,

to forget.

miserior, tnore miserable.

VOCABULARY.
mIsSrdr, -an,
a. to
-atiis

117
-i,

sum,

dep.

v.

nancisc6r,
a. to

nactiis

sum,

3 dep. v.

pity, to bemoan.

obtain.
-ae,

mitto, -ere, misT, missum, 3 v. a.


to send, to

Nasu^,
natflrS,,

m. Nasua, a German.
f. f.

discharge, to shoot.

natio, -onis,
-ae,

tribe, nation.

mdcld,
rnddtis,

adv.

only,

lately;

non

nature, character;

in6d6, not only.


-I,

m.
-I,

manner; mirum
n. effort, trouble.

montis, the natural features of the mountain.


nattlra.

in rnddum, wonderfully.

navicilla, -ae,

f.

boat.

m51imentum,
m61o,
-ere,

navis,

-is,

f.

a ship.
that not ; with im-

-iii,

-itum,

v. a.

to

ne, conj.

lest,

grind.

perative, do not ; see


-lii,

quidem.

mdnSo,
mons,

-ere,

-itum, 2 v. a. to

n6, interrog. particle, ivhether, or.


nfic,

advise, to wa)-n, to remind.

n6quS, adv. nor,

tieither.

m. a mountain. m6ri6r, morl, mortuCis sum, 3 dep.


-ntis,
V. n. to die.

nficessarlo, atlv. t/ecessarily.


nficessaritis, -a,

-um, adj. necessary,

important.

m6r6r,
a. to
loiter.

-arl,

-atus
v.

sum,

dep.

v.

nficessariiis,

-i,

m. a kinstnan.
f.

hinder ;

n. to delay, to

necessitQdo,

-inis,

connexion.

necnS, conj. or not.


nSco, -are,-avi, -atum,
habit.
2 v. a.
a. to neglect.
i

mors, -rtis, f. death. mos, moris, m. a custom, a


mdvfio, -erS, movl,
to

v. a. to kill.

neglfigo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, 3 v.

motum,

move; castra m6ver6, to break tip camp. mtllier, -TerTs, f. a woman.


multittldo,
-inis,
f.

nSgo,

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v. a. to

deny, to say no, to refuse.

7iu?Hber,

the

multitude.

multo, adv. much.


multils,
-a,

-um, adj. 7nuch,


till
;

many;
late

multo
night;

die, late in the

day ; ad
at

nggotium, -i, n. business. Nemetes, -um, m. pi. the A'emetes, a German tribe. nemd, -inis, m. and f. no one. n6qu6, see nSc. nervtis, -i, m. a sineiv ; in pi.
strength, vigour 18
7.

multam noctem,
pltls,

tnore

plflrimtls,
to

nev6 (neu),
not.

conj. neither, nor,

and

most; pltlrimum poss6, very great pozver.


mtlnio,
-ire, -ivi

have

nex, necis,
nihil, nil or

f.

death.
-i,

or

-ii,

-itum, 4 v.

nihilum,

n.

nothing;
ni-

a. to fortify, to protect.

niMlo

secitis, all the

same ;
less.

mftnltio, -onis, L fortification (the


act of fortifying), a fortification.

hilo miniis, none the


nisi, adv. unless.

mUniis,
mtlrtis,

-eris, n.
-i,

gift.

nlt6r,

-I,

nisiis to

and nixus sum,

m. a wall,

dep. V. n.
oneself;
to

3 struggle, to exert

depend on.
adj.
tioble,

nam

and namquS, conj./ijr. Nammeitls, -1, m. Nammcius, a


Helvetian ambassador.

nobllis,

-e,

famous,

well-born; nobilissimiis, noblest.


nobilitas,
-atis,
f.

nobility.

ii8

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


nQpfir, adv. lately.
nQtiis, -us,
S,d

I.

nocttl, adv. [abl. of obsolete noct!ts\

by night.
-a,

m. nod, sign of wish


fifirl,

nocturnils,

-um, adj. nocturnal.


v. a.

nQtum
to

to be

done ac-

nolo, nolle, n5lui, irreg.


n. to be

and
stio

cording

some one^s

will.

tinwillmg, not

to 7vish.

nomgn,

-inis, n.

name, repute ;

6b, prep, [ace] on account of.

ndmiiig, on his

own

accomtt.
exactly.

dbaeratiis,

-a,

-um, adj. bound by

nominatim, adv. by name,


non, adv. not. nonaginta, indecl.
ninety.

debt, debtor.

num.

adj.

obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a. to throw against, to put in the

way
adv. not yet.
-a,

of,

to
-i,

expose

to.

nondum,
some.

obllviscSr,

nonnuUtis,

-um, adj. not none,


adv. sometimes {not

oblitus sum, 3 dep. V. a. to forget.


-avi,

obsScro, -are,
to

-atum,

v. a.

nonnunquam,
never).

beseech, to entreat.
i

observe, -are, -avi, -atum,


f.

v. a.

Noreia,

-ae,

Noreia, capital of

to observe, to respect.

the Norici \_Neiimarkt\


Noriciis, -a, -um, RA].of the A^orici,

obsSs,

-idis,

m. and

f.

a hostage.
i

obsigno,
to seal

-are, -avi, -atum,

v. a.

a people living in modern Styria.


nostfir, -tra,

up.

-tram, pronom. adj.

obstringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictum,


3 v.
a.

our; nostrl, our men, our forces.

to

bind,

to

put uttder
a.

nSvem,
nOviis,

indecl.

num.

adj. nitie.

obligation.

-um, adj. new; res -a, novae, revolution; nSvissiniuni agmgn, the rear; n6vissimi,
the last, those on the rear.

obtino, -ere,
to

-ul,

-tentum, 1 v.
to

hold

against,

retain,

to

fnaintain, to occupy.
occasils,
-lis,

m.

setting (of sun),

nox, noctls,
to

f.

night.

the West.
3 v.
a.

ntlbo, -ere, nupsi,

nuptum,

occido, -er^, -cidl, -casum, 3 v. n.


to set, to fall.

wed, said of the


-a,

woman

(lit.

to veil oneself).

occldo, -6re, -cidl, -cisum, 3 v. a.

nQdtis,

-um,

adj'.

naked, bare,

to kill.

unprotected by the shield 21 24. nulltis, -a, -um, gen. -liis, adj.
710,

occulto, -are, -avi, -atum,


to hide, to conceal.

v. a.

none.

occultiis,

-a,

-um,

adj.

hidden;
v. a.

num,

adv.

of interrogation

sugit

in occulto, secretly.
occtlpo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to seize, to take
i

gesting negative
not, is it?

answer,

is

prior possession
-cursum, 3
v.

niimriis,

-I,

m. a number.

of,

to occupy.

numquam,

adv. never.

occurro,
n. to
a.

-ere, -curri,

nunc, adv. now. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. to a}inoujice, to make kno'wn
nuntitis,
-i,

go

to meet, to confront.
-i,

OcSantls,

the {Atlantic) Ocean.


Ocelutn, a

OcSlmn,

-i,

n.

town of

m. a messenger.

the Graioceli, Oulx in Piedmont.

VOCABULARY.
0Ct5, indecl.

119

num.

adj. eight.

conjugation, or^rTs, oritiir, orSrSr,


adj.
oriturus],
to

octodgcim,
eighteen.

indecl.

num.

rise;

sol

orlens,

sunrise, the East.

octoginta, indecl. num. adj. eighty.


Sctililis,
-1,

omamentum,
tinction.

-I,

n.

honour, disv. a.

m. an
osus,

eye.

6dl,

-isse,

defect,

v.

only

oro, -are, -avi, -atum,


n. to speak, to

and
3

tenses of perfect stem, to hale,


to detest.

pray.
-tentum,
to

ostendo, -ere, -tendi,


-fendl,

ofFendo,
V. a. to

-ere,

-fensnm,
to

V. a. to

point out,

show.

knock against,
f.

hurt,
P. for Ptlljlitis, see Considiiis

to offend.

and

ofFensio, -oms,
offence.

offence, a' giving

Crassiis.

pabiUatlo, -Onis, L foraging.


-i,

ofificium,

n. duty, loyalty.

pabiilum,
beasts.

-I,

n. fodder,

food far
i

onmlno.adv. altogether, inall,atall. omnis, -e, adj. all.


6port6t, -ere,
-iiit,

paco, -are,

-avi,

-atum,

v. a. to

2 impers. v. //

pacify, to subdue.

behoves, one ought.

paen, adv. almost.


pagiis,
-1,

oppidum, -i, n. a town, a stronghold.


opportQniis,
coiwenient.
-a,

m.

-um,

adj.

con-

palQs, -udTs,

venient; opportiinissimiis, most

pando,
to

-ere,

canton, a district. a tnarsh. pandi, passum, 3 v. a.


rt
f.

spread out; passis manibiis,


hands.

opprimo,

-ere,

-press!,

-pressum,
v. a.

ivith outstretched

3 V. a. to crttsh, to oppi-ess.

oppugno,

-are, -avi,

-atum,
to.

par, paris, adj. equal, alike; par... atqu, the same as.
paratiis,
-a, -um, part, of paro, prepared ; parati6r, better t)repared,; pa.ratissliniis, most fully

to attack, to

lay siege

[ops] 6pls,
obsolete];

f.

help [nom. sing,

is

6pes,

-um,

-wealth,

resources, power.

prepared.

optime, adv. very well ; optime mSrentes, most deserving.


optimtls,
dpiis,

par6o,

-erg,

-lii,

2 v. n.

to appear,

to obey.

-um, super), adj. best. a work ; need, requirement ; taato 6p6r6, so


-a,

paro, -are,
prepare.

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.

to

opSrTs, n.

pars,

-rtis,

f.

a part, direction;
little.

greatly.

magna ex
f.

parte, in great part.

oratio, -onis,

speech, address.

panriis, -a, -um, adj. small,


passiis, -us,

ordo,

-inis,

m.

order, rajik

half

m. a

step,

a pace (as a

of a maniple, which

was com:

measure of length nearly equal


to 5 English feet)
;

manded by a
OrgStdrix,
orlor,
-Tgis,

centurion

also

millS passQs,
yards

called a centuria.

Roman

7nile (about [44

m. Orgetorix, a

short of an English mile).

leading noble of the Helvelii.


-Iri,

patSo,
to

-ere, -ul, 2 v. n. to lie open,

ortus sum, 4 dep. v. n.

extend ; 18cl patentes, open

[with some forms of

the

3rd

country.

120
patr,
-tris,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


m. a father.
to

I.

pSrItiis, -a,

-um, adj. experienced,


gen.).

pati6r, pati, passiis sum, 3 v. a. suffer, to endure, to allmv.


paucCis,

skilled ; pSrltissimtis, tnost skil-

ful in (with
pemianfio,
by
2 V. n. to

-um, adj. feiv. paulatim, adv. gradually,


-a,
little.

-er,

-mansi, -mansum,
-misi, -missum, 3

little

remain.
-ere,

permitto,
little;

paulum, adv. a
little.

paulo, by a

v.

a. to allow.

pax, pacTs,

I.

peace.
i

perm6v6o, -ere, -movl, -motum, 2 v. a. to move deeply, to influence.


v. a. to

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum,


err, to sin.

pernicies,

-el,

f.

destruction, ruin.

perpauciis,
perpettlo,

pSdSs,
peitis,

-Ttis,

rw. foot-soldier.

-um, adj. very few. adv. perpetually, for


-a,
-a,

comp. adv.
;

worse,

more

ever.
perpfitiiiis,

unfortunately
to

see milS.

-um, adj. lasting,


-ruptum, 3
through.

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3 v. a.

unbroken.

drive away,
-ere,

to strike, to defeat.

pendo,

pependi, pensum, 3 V. a. to fay. p6r, prep, [ace] through, throughout, by

perrumpo, V. a. and
pers6qu6r,

-ere, -rupi,

n. to burst
-i,

-secutus sum, 3 dep.


v.

V. a. to pursue.

means

of,

owing

to;

vim, forcibly; p6r


he
in breach offaith
treacherously.
;

se, so

p6r far as

persfivero, -are, -avi, -atum,


a.

to persist.

was concerned ; p6r fidem,


p6r insidias,

persolvo, -Sre, -solvi, -solutum, 3 V. a. to pay in full.


perspiclo, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
3 V. a. to see, to perceive.

percontatio, -onis,
perdClco, -ere,
a.

a questioning. -duxl, -duclum, 3 v.


f.

persuadSo,
2 V. a.
to

-ere,

-suasi,

-suasum,

to

lead through,
-ire,

to cotnplete.

persuade.
-ui,

p6r6o,

-ivi

or

-ii,

-itum, 4
easy.

v.

perterrSo, -ere,
pertinacicl, -ae,

-itum, 2 v. a.

n. to perish.

to terrify, to frighten thoroughly.


f.

perfacilis,

-e, adj. 7)ery

obstinacy.
2
v.

perffiro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, irreg.


v. a. to endure, to
to

pertinSo,

-ere,

-ui,

n.

to

carry through,

extend, to tend ; to have to do

spread abroad.

with
make,
to secure.

66dem
same
-are,

pertinerS, to tend

perficio, -er^, -feci, -fectum, 3 v.


a. to cotnplete, to

in the

direction.
-avi,
to

perturtoo,
a.

-atum,

v.

perfringo, -ere,
v. a. to

-fregi,

-fractum, 3

to disturb,
-ire,

alarm.
-ventum, 4

break through.
f.

pervfinio,
v.

-veni,

perfGgS,, -ae,
perftigio,
v.
11.

a deserter.
-fugi,

n. to arrive.

-ere,

-fCigitum,

pes,

pedis,

m. a foot ;

to escape.
-a,

rfiferrfi, to retire.

pSdem As a measure
1 1

p6rlcul6stis,
ous.

-um, adj. dangera danger; facdrd

of length, a foot equal to '97 of

an linglish
-I,

foot, or

64 inches.

pgrlctilum,

n.

p6to, -ere,
a.

pSrlcMum,

to test.

-itum, 3 v. to seek, to make for, to ask.


-ivi
-ii,

or

VOCABULARY.
phS^lanx,
-angis,
f.

121

a plialanx,

troops in a solid mass.

portorium, -i, n. duty, impost on imported goods.


posco, -ere, poposci, 3 v.
jiiand.
a. to de-

pnum,
feet

-i,

n.

a javelin ; the

Roman
foiu-

piliun was a heavy javelin


rally

long with iron head, gene-

possessio, -onTs,

f.

possession, occu-

thrown before making a


m.
(i)

pation of a country.
possIdSo, -ere, -sedl, -sessum, 2
v.
a. to /10 Id, to possess.

charge.
PIso, -onTs, Fiso,
B.C.

Z. Calpiirnius
112, killed

consul
107,
(2)

B.C.

L.
B.C.

Calpurnins
58,
(3)

Piso,

consul

M.
a. to

possum, posse, potui, irreg. v. to be able J pliirimum poss6, have very great power.
post,

n.
to

Pupius Piso, consul


pl&cSo, -ere,
-ui,

B.C.

6t.

prep, [ace] behind,

after;

-itum, 2 v.
placet,

adv. afterwards.

please;
pianities,

impers.

it

is

postSa, adv. afterwards.

resolved, it pleases.
-ei,
f.

post6aquam,
ground,
a
postertls,
-a,

conj. after,

when,
later;

flat

-um, adj. the next,


post6ri6r,
last.

plain.
plebs, plebis,
f.

subsequent;
the

conwion people,
generally, for
plQs, plurTs, in

postremiis,

the populace.

postquam,
postrldie,

conj.

when,

after,
It
is

plerumquS,

adv.

adv. next day.

the most part.

plds, adv. ?nore


sing,

compounded of postrI locative of postertls and die, but the


derivation

a subst.

n.
;

more ;

in pi.

subst.

and

adj.

pltlres, plura,

forgotten
eiils

we

being neglected or have postrldie


the

plurium, pluribus, more, several

diel,

day after that

plGrimum, adv.
poend., -ae,
f.

most.

day.

ptenishment, penalty.
-itiis

posttilatum,
to ask, to

-!.

n.

demand.
i

pollic66r, -eri,
V.
a.

sum,

dep.

postiilo, -are, -avI, -atum,

v. a.

to

promise.
to

demand.
poiverful; p6ten-

pono,

-Sre, posui,

to place,

lay

positum, 3 v. a. down; castra


ca??ip ;

pfitens,
tidr,

-xi'C\'=,,-x^].

more powerful; p6tentis-

pdnSrg, to pitch a

cus-

simtis, most powerful.

tSdes p6n6r6, to set guards. pons, -ntis, m. a bridge. pdptUatlo, -onis, f. a plunderittg,

potentatiis, -us, m. power, political supremacy.

p6tentia,
influence.

-ae,

f.

power,

great

a devastation.
pdptildr, -ari,
a. to
-atiis

sum,

dep. v.

pdtestas,
official

-atis,

f.

poiver, authority,
sili

plunder,
-i,

to devastate.

power ;
to

pStestatem

p6piilfis,

m. a people ; pSptUtis
the

fac6r6,

give an opportunity
potltus sum, 4 dep. v.
to

Romaniis,
(official

Roman
of

people

of beiiig attacked.
potior,
a.
-iri,

designation
State).
-avi,

the

Roman

to obtain,

gain possession

porto, -are,

-atum,

v. a. to

of
p6tiiis, adv. rather.

carry, to bring.

8^

122

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


the
to

I.

praecavfio, -ere, -cavi, -cautum, 2


V. n. to

head
afford,

of, to

excel ;
;

(2)

v. a.

take precautions.
-ere,
a.

to

furnish
-fiii,

impers.

praecedo,
V.

-cessi,
to

-cessum, 3
before,
to

praestat, -are,

it is better.

n.

and

go

praesum,
of.

-esse,

irreg. v. n.

precede, to excel.

to be in front, to be at the

head

praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3


V.

a. to instruct.

praetr, prep. [acc.]/<2i/, beyond;


besides, except.
i v. a.

praecipile, adv. specially.

praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to give out, to say.


praefectds,
cavalry,
-I,

praetSrga, adv. besides. praet6r6o,


-ire,

-ivi

or

-11,

-itum,

m. an

also officer
staff.

of on a proofficer

4 v. a. and n. to pass over, to pass away ; praet6rlta, the past.

consuFs
a. to

praeficlo, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3 v.

praeterquam, adv. except. praetdr, -oris, m. a leader; a


praetor,

put at

the

head

of,

to

put

in

command

of; praefectiis. in

command.
praemitto,
V. a. to

a Roman magistrate next in dignity to the consul, who did the judicial business at

-ere, -m!sl, -missum, 3 send on in front, to send

Rome
vinces,

or governed certain pro-

before.

legates pro praetorfi, a legate with the authority of a


praetor.
praetoritis, -a, -um, adj. belonging
to the

praemium,
praeopto,
a. to

-i,

n.

reward.
-avI,

-are,

-atum,
to

v.

wish rather,
-ere
to

prefer, to

commander ;
-ere, pressi,

cfihors prae-

choose in preference.

toria.,

a commander' s body-gua7d

praepono,
3 V.
a.

-posui,

-positum,

pr6mo, prendo

pressum, 3

v.

put at the head.

a. to press.

praescrlbo, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptum,


3 V. a. to lay
p!-escride.

down

the law, to

(prghendo), -ere, -ndi, -nsum, 3 v. a. to lay hold of. prtium, -i, n. a price.
[prex, precis] pr6c,
f.

praescriptum,
tion.

-i,

n. order, condi-

a prayer.

The nom. and


-ntis,

gen. are not in


the pi. prSces,

praesens,
(sc.

adj.

(pari,

of

general use

and of more com-

praesum)/;-i-t7// ; in praesentia

mon occurrence is
-um, prayers.
pridie, adv. the
eiiis diel,

temporal yi;-

the present, at

the time [others explain

prae-

sentla in this phrase as ablative


singular of ^xz.^'&DMi.z.,presence\.

day before ; pridie on the previous day.


firstly,

primo, adv.
instance.

in the first
at first;
soon
as

praesertim, adv. especially ; prae-

sertim cum,
that though.

especially as, a7id

primum,

adv.

first,

quam
-i,

primum,
-a,

as

praesidium,
praesto,

n.

a guard,
-statum
to

a
or

possible.

garrison, protection.
-are,
I

primiis,

-um,
-cTpis,
;

a.dj.

first [prae].

-stiti,

princeps,

adj.

foremost,

-stitum, (i)

V. n.

stand at

first 615, 11 6

subst.

m. a chief.

VOCABULARY.
princlp3,t1is, -us,

123
-1,

m. the foremost
former, of

prOficiscSr,

profectus sum,
to set off.

position, the lead.


pristiniis, -a, -um, adj.

dep.

v.

n.

to start,

profugio,
v.

-ere, -fiigi,

-fugitum, 3

old times.
piltis,

n. to fly, to escape.
-i,

adv. before;

prius quam,
in

pr6gr6di6r,
dep.
V.

-gressus

sum,

before.

n.

to

advance.
-lii,

privatim, adv. privately, private capacity.


pro, prep. [abl. ]/<?;',
i7i

pr61iib6o, -ere,

-Ttum, 2 v. a.

to keep off, to repel, to

prevent.

prlvattls, -a, -um, &i]. private.

prolcio, -ere,
to

-iecl,

-iectum, 3 v. a.

proportion
instead

toZ2;
of;
fication

before, in front of,

pro vallo, instead of a fortipro viso, as having ; been seen ; pro sc61r6, in a manner suitable to the crime

throw forward, to cast away. pr6m6v6o, -ere, -movi, -motum, 2 v. a. to move forwai-d, to push forward. pr6p6, adv. near ; prdpitis, nearer;
prep, [ace.]
7iear, close to.

pro sMs
his

I)6n6flcil8, considering

kindnesses;

pro

hostium

propello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, 3 v.


a. to

ntimfiro, in vinv of the nutnber of the enemy. pr5bo, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to

repulse, to repel.
-a,

prdpinquiis,
close

-um,

adj.

near,

to;

related to;
siias

as subst.

approve, to prove.

pr6pinquas
v.

nuptum colld-

procedo,
Procilltis,

-ere, -cessi,

n. to proceed, to
-i,

-cessum, 3 advance.

car6, to give his female relatives

in marriage.

m. Gains Valerius Procillus, a Gaul, whose father C. Valerius Caburus on his manumission had taken the Roman names of his patron

propono,
v. a. to

-ere, -posui, -positum, 3

put forward,
of.

to

put

in

the

way

propter, prep, [ace] on account

of.

proptferSa, adv. on that account

C. Valerius Flaccus. procurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 3 v. n. to rush forward.

propt6r6a qudd, because, inas?nuch


as.

propulso,
to repel.

-arS, -avi,

-atum,

i v. a.

prddSo,
prodo,

-ire,

-ivi

or

-ii,

-itum, 4

V. n. to

go forward.

prospicio, -^re, -spexi, -spectum, 3


v. a. to look

-ere, -didi, -ditum, 3 v. a.

forward,

to siirvey,

to give forth, to

hand on ;
to

ni6-

to look after, to

provide for.

mdrlam
prodHco,
v. a. to

pr6d6r6,

hatid

down
3

provincia, -ae,

the record.
-ere,

sphere
-duxi, -ductum,
to

f. a province, any duty of a Roman n)agistrate. In special sense, a

of

bring out,
-i,

produce.
out,

p-rovince,

proelium,
start.

n.

a
f.

battle.

profectio, -onis,

a setting

proficio, -ere,

-feci,

-fectum, 3 v.

a country subject to In Transalpine Gaul, the Province was the southeastern district (mod. Provence) first made a province in B.C.

Ivome.

a. to accomplish, to

make way.

120-118, 1

8.

124

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,

I.

prozlme, adv. next, ?nost recently, superl. of pr6p6. proximtis, -a, -um, adj. next, nearest, last, superl. adj. formed from propg, prdpior ; followed by accusative 47 lo.
pQblice, adv. publicly, at the public
expense, in behalf of the state.
pQblicils,
-a,
;

quickly as possible ;

quam

dinl-

cissimum, as friendly as possible.

quamobrem,
quantiis,
account,
-a,

adv. wherefore.

-um, adj.

how

great.

quare, adv. wherefore, on which

why.

quarttls, -a, -um, adj. fourth.

-um,

adj. public,

of

quattiidr, indecl. num. &A]. four. quattiiordgcim, indecl. num. adj.

the people

res ptlblica, public

fourteen.

commonwealth. pfldSr, -oris, m. shame. pil6r, -eri, m. a boy, a child. pugna, -ae, f. a battle. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. n.
business, the

-qu6, enclitic conj. always joined


to another

word, and.
adv. as, in

quemadmddum,
manner.
to

what

qur6r,

-i,

questus sum, 3 dep. v. n.


complain,
to cotnplain of.
cijius,
rel.

fight;
PQpiiis,

impers.

pugnatum

est,

and
qui,

a. to

the battle
-I,

was fought.
-atum,
i

quae, quod, gen.


;

m. see PIso.
v. a. to

pron. who, which


terrogative

as an adj. in-

purgo,

-are, -avi,

cleatise, to clear

the character, of
v. a.

portion

to excuse.

what ? quo, in proanswering to 66. quo mintls mSrito P. R. accidissent,


as,

ptlto, -are, -avi, -atum,

to

in p?-oportion

as

these

things

think, to suppose.

had

not

befallen

them from

Pyrenaetis,

-a,

-um, z.dL].Pyrenean;

Pyrenael,
7iees.

so.

montes, the Pyre-

any demerit of the Roman people. quicumqug, quaecumqu6, quodcumque, rel. pron. whosoever,
whatsoever.

Q. for Quinttis, see Fabitls.

quid, adv.
def.

whyl
in-

qua, adv. by which way, where. quadraginta, indecl. num. adj.


forty.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam,


pron. a certain one.

quadringentl, -ae, -a, num. adj. four hundred. quaero, -ere, quaesl\i, quaesitum,
3 v. a. to seek, to enquire, to ask.

quidem, adv. indeed, emphasizing the word which it follows, ne


...quidem, not even, not either,
the

word

qualified being placed

quaestdr,

-oris,

m. a quaestor, a
of what
conj.
sort.

Roman
qualis,

magistrate.

-e, adj.

between them. quln (qui abl. ne), conj. how not? quin Stiam, nay ?nore: after negative words of hindrance and
doubt, but that,

quam, adv. and


(2) as,

(i)

how,

non

dtlbitarg

than;

quam

diQ, so long

as.

With

superlatives,

quam

maximils, as great as possible; quam maturrime, as promptly


as possible;

quln supplicium sQmat, to have no doubt of punishing ; nSquS abest suspicio quln, 7ior is there wanting a suspicion that.
quind6cim,indecl. num. ^dyfifteen.

quam

c61enime, as

VOCABULARY
quingentl, hundred.
qulnl, -ae,
-ae, -a,

125
-5rum,

num.

adj. five

RauricI,

m.

pi.

the

Raurici, a tribe on the upper


-a,

distrib.

num.

adj.

Rhine,
rficens, -ntis,
rficipio,
a.
2^d!\.

five each, five at a time ; used for cardinal number with nouns

fresh, new.

-ere, -cepi,

-ceptum, 3
to

v.

no singular, yfcVf? 14 3. quinquaginta, indecl. num. adj.


that have
fifty.

to receive, to recover,

take

back, to retire ; se r6cip6r6, to

betake oneself, to retire.


rficGso, -are, -avi,
to 7-efuse.

quintiis,

quinquS, indecl. num. adj. five. -a, -um, &di]. fifth.


qua,
quid,
interrog.

-atum,

v.

a.

quis,

pron.

reda, -ae,
to

f.

a car.
-didi,

who?

indef. pron.

any;

sl quid,

reddo, -ere,
r6d6o,
n.

-ditum, 3

v. a.

if anything; ne quls, that no one ; nisi quid, unless some.

give back.
-ire, -ivi

or

-ii,

-itum, 4

v.

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam


or quicquam, gen.

to return.
a.

ciiiusquam,

indef. pron. in neg. or interrog.

rSdigo, -ere, -eg!, -actum, 3 v. to reduce 41 8.

sentences, any, any 07te 34 1 5. quisquS, quaeque, quidque, gen. cuiusque, indef. pron. each, each
ofie.

rSdimo, -ere, -enil, -emptum, 3 v. a. to buy back, to redeem; to btiy

up 16
a.

5.

rgdintSgro, -are,
to

-avi,

-atum,

v.

quo, adv. whither; in order that, sl quo, if to any 'lV hereby;


place.

renew.
f.

rSditio, -onis,

a returning.

r6d11co, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 v.


a. to

qudd, conj. because, in that; propterSa quod, seeing that, because-

bring back.
-ferre,

r6f6ro,

retuli

(or

rett-),

qu6d

si,

but

if.

-latum, irreg. v. a. to carry back,


less,

quomin&s,
that not.

conj. ivhereby the

to

report;

p6dem
to ?>iake
f.

r6ferr6,

to

retire;
conj. since.

gratiam

rSferrS, to

shew

qudniam,

gratitude, rggio, -onis,

a return.

qu6qu6, conj. also. quStannls, adv. yearly.


qudtiens, adv.
radix,

region, district.

regnum,
po7ver.

-i,

n.

a kingdom, royal

how
f.

often.

reicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.


-icis,

root,

foot

of a

to

throw

aside, to

throw back.

moiintain.

r61inquo, -ere,
f.

-liquT, -lictum, 3 v.

raping,
ratio,

-ae,

plunder.
f.

a. to

leave,

to

leave behind, to

-onis,

reckojiing,

plan,

aba)! don.
rfiliquiis,
-a,

strategy,

calculation,

account

-um,

adj.

left,

re-

r^tionem conf icSrfi, to make up an account : r3,tionem liaberS,


to

t/iaining.

rgmanfio,
2

-ere,
to

-mansi, -mansum,

take

into account ;
otlie>~ivise.
f.

alia

rS,-

V.

n.

remain.
-i,

tlonS,
ratis,
-is,

r6minisc6r,

dep.

v.

a.

to

a mjt.

remember.

126

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


-misi,

I.

rgmitto, -Sre,
V.
a.

-missum, 3
to remit.

rescribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum,


3
V. a. to

to

send back,
remove, to

put on

the

list, to

enrol
v.

rfimovgo, -ere, -movl, -motum, 2


V. a. to

37 26.
rservo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to reserve.
i

put out of
sum,
i

the

a.

way.
rfimtlneror,
V. a.
-ari, -atiis

dep.

rfisisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, 3 v. n.


to make a stand, resist. respondSo, -ere, -spondi,-sponsum, 2 V. n. to

to repay.

rSnuntio, -are,
to

-avl,

-atum,
to

v. a.

bring hack word,


-ere,
repiill

announce.
repp-),

answer.
-i,

rfipello,

(or

responsum,
respublica,
Republic.

n.

an answer.
f.

-pulsiun, 3 V. a. to drive back, to


repel.

reipublicae,

the

rSpente, adv. suddenly.

respilo, -ere, -ui, 3 v. a. to reject.


restitiio, -ere,
to restore,
-ui,

rSpentin^s,
r6p6rio,

-a,

-um, adj. sudden.


reperi
(or

-utum, 3

v. a.

-ire,

repp-),
out, to

to replace.
-ui,

repertum, 4
discover.

v. a. to

find

r6tin6o, -ere,
to

-tentum, 2 v.
a. to

a.

hold back.
tear

r6p6to, -ere,

-ivi

or

-ii,

-itum, 3 v.

rgvello, -Sre, -vulsi, 3 v.

a. to seek, to exact, to

demand back.
-atum,
i

away.
rfiverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3 v.
n. to return ; also r6vert6r,
-i,

ripraesento,
V.
a.

-are,

-avl,
to

to realize,

do at once.

r6pr6hendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, 3 V. a. to drag back, to seize hold of, to find fault with. r^pudio, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a.
to reject.

-versus return.

sum, 3 dep.

v.

n.

to

rex, regis, m. a king.

Rheniis,
rlpa, -ae,

-i,

RhSdaniis,
-atum,
to
i v. n.
f.

-i,

rgpugno,
to

-are, -avi,

m. the Rhine. m. the Rhone. a bank.


-atum,
i

fight
rei,
f.

against,

resist,

to

rogo, -are,

-avi,

v.

a. to

oppose.

ask, to ask for.

res,

thing,

business,

Eoma,

-ae,

f.

Rome.

affair ;
to

quam 6b

rem, on which

Romantis,
r6ta, -ae,

-a,
f.

cucount, wherefore;

rem

gSrerfi,

-um, adj. Roman. a wheel.


pi. the

carty on a campaign;

res

rursiis, adv. again.

ptlblica, the republic, public busi7iess ;

RutenI, -orum, m.
a Gallic tribe.

Ruteni,

res f amiliaris, property


mllitaris,

res

warfare;

res
saepg, adv. often; saepifts, oftener,

frilinentaria,

supply of corn;
-scidi,

ndvae
rescindo,
3 V. a.

res,

revolution.

-ere,

-scissum,

to

cut
to

away ; pontem
break
dozvn

again and again; saeplssime, very often. saepgnGmfiro, adv. many times.
salCls, -litis,
f.

rescindSrfi,
bridge.

health, safety.

sancio,
v.
a.

-ire,

sanxi,

sanctum,
solemnly,

4
to

rescisco, -ere, -scivior-scTi,-scitum,


3 V.
a. to

to

affirm

ascertain, to lear7i.

ordain.

VOCABULARY.
sanitas,
health.
-atis,
f.

127

sound

inind,

s6natiis, -us, m. theSenate; s^nattls-

SantSnes, -um [or

-I,

-orum], m. pi.

consulta, decrees of the Senate. s6nex, senis, m. an old man.


seni, -ae, -a, distrib.

the Santo7ies, a tribe living be-

num.

adj. six

tween the Loire and the Garonne. sarcina, -ae, f. a pack, a bundle.
satis,

each, six at a time; six, see quini.

sententia, -ae,
sentio,

f.

opinion.

adv.

enough,

sufficiently

-ire, sensi,

sensum, 4

v. a.

with gen. satis causae, enough reason; satis habere, to lie


satisfied;

to feel, to think, to perceive.

separatim, adv. separately.


septentriS, -onis, m. the North

satis

grandis, fiiirly

great.
satisfacio, -erS, -feci, -factum,
V. n. to to t?iake

more
3

often

pi.

Septentriones,

do enozigh for,

to satisfy,

-um, the seven plough-oxen or stars of the Great Bear ; ad


septentriones, but sing. 1. 10.
septimiis,
-a,

amends
-onis,

to.
f.

northward 2

satisfactio,
viends.

apology,

a-

-um, adj. seventh.


f.

SCSlGs,
ness.

-eris,

n.

critne,

wicked-

sepultflra, -ae,

burial.

Sequana,
f.

-ae,

m.

the river Seine.

scientia, -ae,
scio, -ire,
V. a. to

kno^cvledge.

scivi or soil, scitum,

scQtum,
se,
siii,

-1,

know. n. a

shield.

sibi, reflex,

pron. himself,

herself, themselves.

seciQs, adv. otherwise, the

less.

SequanI, -orum, m. pi. the Sequani, a tribe on the Rhone near Macon. Sequaniis, -a, -um, adj. Sequanian. squ6r, -i, secutiis sum, 3 dep. V. a. to folloxu, to accompany.
servilis, -e, adj. servile,
servittls, -utis,
f.

secrets, adv. privately, secretly.

of slaves.

secundum, prep, [ace] in


ance with, following.
sficundtis,- -a,

accord-

slavery.

servils,

-i,

ra.

slave.

properous ;
s6d, conj. but.

-um, res

adj.

second;

sese, reflex, pron. himself, herself,

sScimdiores,

themselves, reduplicated form of


se.

greater success.

seu, conj. -whether, see sive.

sedgcim, indecl. num. adj. sixteen. sedes, -is, f. a seat, a place of


residence, country.
seditiostis, -a,

sex, indecl.

num.
-a,

adj. six.

sexaginta, indecl. num. adj. sixty.


sexcenti,
-ae,

num.

adj.

six

-um,

adj. seditious,

hundred.
sl, conj. if,

factious.

whether.

Sedusii, -orum, m. pi. the Sedusii,

sic,

adv.

so.

German

tribe.
pi.

sictit,

adv.jttst as.
-i,

Segusiavl, -orum, m.
siavi, a tribe living

the Segu-

signum,
signa

near Lyons.

s5m61, adv. once. sementis, -is, f. sowing.

n. a signal; a standard; convert6r6, to tvheel round ; inferrS signa, to charge; signa ferrS, to advance.
f.

sempgr, adv. ahvays.

silva, -ae,

a forest, a wood.

128

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


same
rel
time.
stattlo, -ere,
-iii,

I.

simiil, adv. at the

-iitum, 3 v. a. to

simMatlo,
ing;

-onis,

f.

pretence, feign-

set up, to settle, to resolve


to

upon,
liable

simiilatlo

frQinen-

adopt a measure.
-a,

tariae, a pretended anxiety about


the supply of corn.

stlpendlariiis,
to impost,

-um, adj.

simulo,
feign.

-are, -avi,

-atum,

i v. a. to

paying tribute. stipendium, -i, n. payment, tribute.


stiideo, -ere,
-iii,

2 v. n. to be eager

sin, conj. but ?'/"[si-ne].

for, to be devoted to.

sing, prep, [abl.] without.


sing^tlll, -ae, -a, adj.

stUdium,
silb,

-i,

n. zeal, eagerness.

one at a time,

prep. [ace. and abl.] under,

one by one, each separately.


sinistgr, -tra, -trum, adj.
left.

close

up

to

2\ 11; of time. Just

before; silb

montS, at

the foot

of
3

sinistra, -ae,

f.

the left hand.


if.

a 77iountain.
subdilco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. a.
to lead
-ire,

slv6, sen, conj. whether, or, or

s6c6r,
sOclils,

-eri,
-i,

sol, soils,

m. a father-in-law. m. an ally, a companion. m. the Sun.

up from below.
or
-ii,

siib6o,
V.

-ivi

-itum,

4
to

solum, adv. 07ily. s61um, -i, n. the ground, the soil. soltis, -a, -um, gen. -ius, adj. alone. s6r6r, -oris, f. a sister ; sdrdr ex matr, a uterine sister, a halfsister.

go under, to enter ; undergo, to come up.


n. to
siibito, adv. suddenly.

stibicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.


to

throw from

belo70

22 19.
i

subl6vo, -are,
assist.

-avi,

-atum,

v. a.

to lighten, to raise, to relieve, to


f.

sors,

-rtis,

a
n.

lot,

fortune told by

lots,

prophecy.
-i,

subministro,
V. a.

-are,

-avi,

-atum,

spatium,
spScies,

a space of distance

to supply.

or time, interval, distance.


-ei,
f.

subni6v6o,
V. a. to

-ere,

-movi, -motum, 2
dislodge.

specto, -are,

show, appearance. -avi, -atum, i v. a.


-atus

drive
-i,

off, to

to

subsldium,

n. assistance.
-stiti,

look at, to look towards.

subsisto, -ere,
i

3 v. n. to halt.

spgcMor,
to spy.

-ari,

sum,

v.

n.

subsum,
to be

-esse,

no

perf.,irreg. v. n.

near at hand.
-ere, -traxi, -tractum,

spero, -are,
to hope,

-avi,

-atum,

v.

a.

SUbtrabO,
V. a. to

to expect.
f.

withdraw.
-ere,

spes,

-ei,

hope, expectation ; In
to hope.

subveho,
V.
a.

-vexi,

-vectum, 3
-cessum,
to

spem
spiritiis,

venire,
-iis,

to

carry up.
-cessi,

m. breath,

spirit;

succedo, -ere,
V. n. to
of.

pi. spiritiis,

pride, presutnption.

come up,

3 take the

spont5, adv. voluntarily, of ote's own accord [properly abl. of


defective

place

Suebl or SuevI, -orum, m.


Suevi,
Suebtis,

pi. the

noun

(see

3),

ot
is

a
-a,

large

German

tribe,

which

also the gen. spontis

whence mod. Swabia.


-um, adj. Suevan, of
the Suevi.

used in poetry].
statim, adv. at once.

VOCABULARY.
Sulld,, -ae,

129
-um,
reflex,

m. Z. Cornelius Sulla,

stitls,

-a,

poss. pron.
orvn.

dictator B.C. 82-79.

his

own, her own, their

sum,
the

esse, ful, irreg. v. n. to be.


f.

suinmS,, -ae,

the

sum, the

total,

T. for Tltiis, see Labieniis.

upshot; summa belli, the main conduct of the war.

tabernaciiliun,

-I,

n.

tent.

tabiUa,

-ae,

f.

tablet,

a document.
of.

summtis, -a, -um, adj. highest, chief, extreme; summiis mons,


the top of the tnountain.

tacfio, -ere,

-lii,

taciturn, 2 v. n. to

be silent, to say nothing


tacitils, -a,

-um, adj.

silent.

sGmo,

-ere,

a. to take,

sumpsi, sumptuni, 3 v. to get ; 3llm6r6 supto

tarn, adv. so, so

muck.
nevertheless, but.

tamSn,

conj._j'i5'/,

pllcium,

exact punishnient.

tSmetsI, conj. although.

siimptils, -us,

m.

expense.

stiperbe, adv. proudly, haughtily.


siip6ro, -are, -avi, -atuni,
to surpass, to
i

v. a.

tandem, adv. at length; in emphatic questions, quid tandem, 7vhat in the world?
tant6pr6, adv.
tanttls,
-a,

overcome.

so greatly.

Bupersum,
siipfiriis,

-esse, -fui, irreg. v. n.

-um,
is

adj.

so

great;

to survive, to
-a,

remain.
-um,
adj.
-lus,

higher,

above; sftp6rl6r,

gen. -oris,

higher, loftier; 16cl stlpSriores,

of such value. tectum, -1, n. a roof. telum, -I, n. a weapon, a missile. t6m6rari&s, -a, -um, adj. ras/i,
headstrong.

tanti est,

high ground; siipremlls, summiis, supreme, highest, last.

supp6to,
3
V.

-ere, -ivi
b-:

or

-il,

-petitum,
to

n. to

on hand,

be

supplied.

t6m6r6, adv. rashly, causelessly. tempSrantia, -ae, f. self-control, prudence. tempgro, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a.
to

supplicxt6r, adv. suppliantly, Hike


suppliants.

temper, to control; to refrain;

supplicium,
supplicio

-i,

n.

punishment;
be punished.

followed by ab and ablative 6 23, by quin 29 15.

aflfici, to

tempto,
tempils,
time.

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v. a.

supporto, -are, to bring up.

-avi,

-atum,

i v. a.

to try, to attetnpt.
-oris, n.

time;

tam

nfices-

suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3 v. a. to undertake, to engage in.

sario tempore, at so critical a

susplcio, -onis,

f.

suspicion.

tSnSo, -ere,
hold,
at,

-iii,

tentum, 2

v. a.

to

susplcio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum, 3


v.
a.

to possess;

mfimoria

t6-

to

look

askance

to

nerfi, to

remember.
n. a back ; run away.
1.

suspect.

t6r, adv. thrice.


ari,

8usplc6r,

-atus

sum,

dep.

terg^m,

-1,

tergS, ver-

v. a. to suspect.

t6r6, to

BUStin6o, -ere,
a.

-ui,

-tentum, 2 v.
to

terrS,, -ae,

land, the earth.

to

hold up,

ettdure,

to

terrentls,

-a,

resist;

impfitum sustmer6,

to

tertitis, -a,

-um, adj. of earth. -um, adj. third.


-I,

stand a charge.

testamentum,

n.

a will.

I30
testlmSmum,
testis,
ness.
-is,

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


-i,

I.

n. evidence.

transfigo, -ere,
wit-

-fixi,

-fixum, 3

v.

m.

and
[or -es,

f.

a. to pierce, to transfix.

Teuton! -orum
pi.

-um], m.

transporto, -are, -avi, -atum, a. to carry across.


trecentl, -ae,
-a,

v.

the

Teutons., a tribe of

N.

num.

adj. three

Germany.
Tigtirini, -orum,
ritii,

m. pi. the Tigua canton of the Helvetii {Ziirick). Tigurlntis, -a, -um,
-ere,
-iil,

hundred. tredecim, indecl. num.


teen.

adj. thir-

tres,

tria,

gen. trium, num. adj.

adj.

three.

tim6o,

2 v. a.

and

n. to

Trev6rl, -orum, m. pi. the Treveri, a large Gallic tribe

fear, to be a/raid.
timidiis,
-a,

(mod.

-um,

adj. fearful,

Treves).

timid.

Triboces, -um, m.

pi.

the Triboces,

timor,
Titus,

-5ris,
-i,

m.fear. m. see Lablenus.


i

a
v. a.

German
-i,

tribe,

tribiinils,
to

m. a tribune;
six in

tribli-

tolSro, -are, -avi, -atum,

nl militiun, military tribunes.

endure, to bear ;

famem tolerare,

There were

a legion,
a. to

to keep off starvation.

tollo, -ere, sustuli,


a. to raise, to

sublatum, 3 v. ca>-ry, to remove, to


sublatt^s, elated

tribuo, -ere, -m, -utum, 3 v. grant, to assign to.

tridtium,

-!,

n.

a space ofthree day s.

do

away with ;

triginta, indecl.

num.

adj. thirty.

13 19. Tolosates, -um,iii.


tot, indecl. adj. so

trinl, -ae, -a, adj. three each, three.


pi. the Tolosates,

triplex, -ids, adj. threefold; acies

people of Tolosa {Toulouse).


tdtidem, indecl.
saie number.
totiis, -a,

triplex,

an army in
f.

three lines.

many. adj. so many,


-ius, adj.

tristis, -e, adj. sad,

gloomy.
the Tulingi,

the

tristitia, -ae,

sadness, gloom.
pi.

TQlingi, -orum, m.
whole,

-um, gen.
all.

a Gallic tribe,
turn, adv. then.
ttimultiis,

the whole,

trado, -ere, -didl, -ditum, 3 to hand over, to give up.

v. a.
>

-lis,

m. outbreak,
hill.

dis-

turbance.
ttlmilliis,
-i,

tradQco [trans-], -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 V. a. to lead across. tragtila, -ae, f. a javelin, used by
the Gauls.

m. a

turpis,

-e,

z.di].

disgraceful; turpis-

simils,

most disgraceful.

trabo, -ere, traxi, tractum, 3 v. to drag.

a.

iibi,

adv. where; what.

Ubii,

-orum, m.
tribe.

pi.

the Ubii, a

trano, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a. to

German
ulciscOr,

swim

across.

-i,

ultus sum, 3 dep. v. a.


adj.

trans, prep, [ace] across, over.


traJis6o,
-ire,
/<?

to avenge.

-ivi

or

-ii,

-itum,

uUus,
any,

-a,

-um, gen.
one,

ulliiis,

4 V. pass

a.

cross, to

go

across, to

any

a single (with

ffver.

negatives).

VOCABULARY.
ult6ri6r,
-us,

131
pi. the

gen.

-5ns,

adj.

Vangiones, -um, m.
ones, a

Vangiv. a. to

farther, farther off;


farthest,
last.

ultimils,

German

tribe,
i

vasto, -are, -avI, -atum,


lay toast e.

ultra, prep, [ace] beyond.


ultro, adv. spontaneously; beyond.

vaticinatio, -onis,

f.

prophecy.

umquam,
Qiia,

adv. ever.
together

vectlgal,

-alls,

n.

an

impost,

adv.

with, at

the

tribute.

same time with. undS, adv. whence, from which. undlquS, adv. on every side, from
all quarters.
Qntls, -a,
adj.

V61i6meiit6r,
lently.

adv.

strongly,

vio-

vSho,

-ere, vexT,

vectum, 3

v. a. to

cany.
iinTiis,

-um, gen.

num.

v61, conj. either, or.

one; in
urbis,
f.

pi. alone, oftly.

velox, -ocis, adj. swift ; velocissimiis, swiftest.


v61iit, adv. as

urbs,

a city; the City


right up, even.

(Rome). USquS, adv.


tlsfl,

though.

still,

vfinio,
to

HsHs, -us, m. use, experience;


profitably, to

ex the advantage

ventum, 4 v. n. come ; impers. ventum est.


-ire,

veni,

Verbiggniis,

-i,

m. Verbigenus, a

of
iit,

conj in order that, that, so that


.

canton of the Helvetii. verbum, -i,n. a word.


vSrSor,
v. a.
-eri,

adv. as, as though, when; hoivVl


fitSr, litra,

veritiis

sum, 2 dep.
v.

utrum, gen. utrius, adj. which of two, whether of two. ftterquS, utraque, utrumque, adj.
both.
titl

and

n. to be afi'aid, to fear.

vergo, -erS [no perf. or sup.] 3


n. to slope.

vergobretiis,
tit.

-i,

m. dispenser of
title

for

judgments, a
sum, 3 dep.
v. a. to

of a Gallic

tltor,

-I,

iisus

magistrate.

use, to employ, to practise, toenjoy.

vero, adv.

trjily,

whereas.
i

fitrimqug, adv. on both

sides.

verso, -are, -avT, -atum,

v. a.

to

fitrum, adv. whether ; see an.

turn about ; vers6r,


gaged.

to

be

en-

uxdr,

-oris,

f.

a wife.

V, see quintiis. vaco, -are,


-avi,

verto, -ere, verti, versum, 3 v. a. to turn.

-atum,

v. n. to

Verucloetiiis,

-I,

m.

Verucloetius,

be vacant, to be free from.

a Helvetian noble.
veriis, -a,
v.

vadum,
vag6r,
n. to

a ford. sum, i dep. wander, to roam about.


-1,

n.

-um, adj. true.


-onis,

-arl,

vagatiis

Vesontio,

m.

Vesontio,

town

of

the

Sequani,

mod.

tSISo, -ere,
to avail.

-ui, 2 v. n. to be

strong,

Besanfon. vesp6r, -eri, m. the evening.


v6t6raniis,
soldier
-i,

vaigritts,

-I,

m.

see

Caburfls,

m.

veteran,
his

Flacctis

and

Procilliis.

who had been


in

full

vallum, -I, n. the wall or earthwork of a camp.

time

service
-a,

[prob.

adj.

v6t6raniis,

-um].

132

CAESARIS BELLUM GALLICUM,


ancient.
i

I.

vfitiis, -eris, adj. old,

v6co, -are,
a. to
call, to

-avi,

-atum,
to

v. a. to

vexo, -are,
VI, see sex.
viS., -ae, f.

-avi,

-atum,

v.

summon,

name.
Vocon-

harass, to annoy.

Vocontil, -orum, m.
tii,

pi. the

a tribe between the Isere and

victdr,

-oris,

a way, journey. m. a conqueror


f.

the Durance,

volgo, adv. commonly.


volgiis,
-i,

adj. victorious.

n. the

common

people,

Victoria, -ae,
vlcttls, -us,
vlctis,
-i,

victory.

the
be

crowd; in volgtis
voliii,' irreg.

efferri, to

m. manner of life. m. a village, a canton.


visum, 2
v. a. to

spread abroad.
v. a.

v61o, velle,
Xi.

and

vidfio, -ere, vidl,

to be willing, to
-atis,
f.

wish.

see; vid66r, to seem; pro viso,

vdluntas,
tuill.

wish, will, goodpleasure.

as though seen.

vigQia, -ae,

f.

a watch.

v61uptas,
vox, vocis,
to a. to

-atis,
f.

f.

vlgintl, indecl.

num.

adj. twenty.

voice, speech.
-avi,

vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, 4 v. a.


to bind.

vulnSro, -are,

-atum,

v. a.

wound.
-lis,

vinco, -ere, vici, victum, 3 v.

vulntis, -eris, n. a
vulttis,

conquer.
vinciiluin (vinclum),
-i,

wound. m. countenance, ex-

n.

a chain

pression efface;
to keep

vultum

fing6r6,

ex

vinciills, in chaitis.
f.

up appearances,

virttls, -utis,

valour, virtue.
1.

vis, vim, vi [no gen. or dat. sing.],

X, see dScem.

force, violence ;

p6r
to

viin, dy iain

XCII, see nonaginta dtlo.


XIIII, see quattTlordeciin.

force, forcibly ;
offer

vim

fac6r6, to

violence,

do by force;

XV, see quindgcim.


XVIII, see oct6d6cim.

pi. vires, -ium, strength.

vita, -ae,

f.

life.
i

XX,
v. a. to

see -N^gintl.

vlto, -are, -avi, -atum,

XXIII, see vlgintl tres.


XXIIII, see vlgintl quatttidr. XXXII, see triginta diio.

avoid.

vix, adv. scarcely.

VocciS, -onis, m. Voccio, a


kin.if.

German

XXXVI,

see triginta sex.

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Manual

of School Hygiene, wTitteu for the guidance of Teachers in Day-schools. By Edward W. Hope, M.D., Professor of Hygiene, University of Liverpool, and Edgab A. Browne, F.R.C. S.E., Lecturer in Ophthalmology, University
of Liverpool.

Crown

Svo.

With

several diagrams.

3s.

6d.

Books suitable

for

Board of Education Examinations


Preliminary Certificate, 1909
The Elements of English Grammar The Cambridge School History of
England
Arithmetic for Schools
(also

A.

S.

West

2/6

A. D. Innes
C.

4/6

(also published in three parts at 2/- each)

Smith

3/6

published in two parts at 2/- each)


F. Gorse
3/-

A School Algebra Course (examples only)


(also

published in three parts at

1/-

each)

Geometry Books I. II. H. M. Taylor 1/6 III.-IV. 1/6 I.-IV. 3/. Elementary Geometry, Theoretical and Practical C. Godfrey and A W. Siddons 3/6 (also published in 2 volumes, 2/- each and in 5 parts, 1/- each) Plane Geometry C. Davison and C. H. Richards 4/Euclid's Elements of
;

Certificate,
Author

1909
Price
3/6
3/-

Bacon Burke
Cowley Gray
Milton
,,

Editor Essays A. S. West Speeches on American Taxation and Conciliation with America A. D. Innes J. B. Lumby Prose Works D. C. Tovey English Poems Arcades A. W. Verity Comus and Lycidas ,,
Paradise Lost, Books

Work

4/4/.

1/6
2/2/-

V.VI.
J.

,,

More
Sbakespeare
,,

Utopia

R.

Lumby
Verity
,, ,,

Macbeth Hamlet King Lear


Twelfth Night

A.

W.

3/6 1/6
3/-

,,

,,

Midsummer-Night's Dream As You Like It

1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

[Turn over

Certificate, 1909
Author
Milton

Optional Subjects
Editor
Price

Work

c c

c
r

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