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R
i
= exterior walls, superior floor
R
e
= inferior floor
R
e
= all the elements
The R value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the building
and construction industry. The bigger the number, the better the building
insulations effectiveness.
The R value is a measure of insulation's heat loss retardation under
specified test conditions. The primary mode of heat transfer impeded by
insulation is convection but unavoidably it also retards heat loss by all three
heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. The primary
means of heat loss across an un-insulated space is by natural convection,
which occurs because of changes in air density with temperature. Insulation
greatly retards natural convection. Most insulations trap air so that significant
convective heat loss is eliminated leaving only conduction and radiation
transfer.
The primarily role of such insulation is to make the thermal
conductivity of the insulation that of trapped, stagnant air. However this
cannot be realized fully because the glass wool or foam is needed to prevent
convection and increases the heat conduction compared to still air. Radiation
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
11
heat transfer is minimized by having many surfaces interrupting a "clear view"
between the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation. Such multiple
surfaces are abundant in batting and porous foam. Radiation is also
minimized by low emissivity (highly reflective) surfaces. Lower thermal
conductivity and, therefore, high R values can be achieved by replacing air
with argon when practical such as between sealed double-glazed windows
and special closed-pore foam insulation.
a) Exterior walls
4
2 3
Interior surface 0.125
1 Interior plaster M50 0.01 0.84 0.011904762
2 Full brick masonry 0.15 0.7 0.214285714
3 Thermal insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500000000
4 Exterior plaster 0.005 0.84 0.005952381
Exterior surface 0.06
ext.
int.
1
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
12
Ext
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Int
b) Inferior Floor
Interior surface 0.125
1 Woodwork 0.02 0.17 0.117647059
2 Leveling plate 0.03 0.91 0.032967033
3 Reinforced concrete floor 0.15 1.74 0.086206897
4 Thermal insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500000000
5 Layer filter 0.1 1 0.100000000
Exterior surface 0.04
c) Superior Floor
Interior surface 0.125
1 Interior plaster M50 0.01 0.87 0.011494253
2 Reinforced concrete floor 0.15 1.74 0.086206897
3 thermal insulation 0.2 0.04 5.000000000
4 Woodwork 0.02 0.17 0.117647059
Exterior surface 0.04
Ext.
.
Int.
5
4
3
2
1
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
13
SPECIFIC THERMAL RESISTANCE
Element No. MATERIAL name
Layer
thickness
d (m)
Thermal
conductivity
Specific
thermal
resistance
Total resistance
element
S
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
f
l
o
o
r
Interior surface 0.125
1 Interior plaster M50 0.01 0.87 0.011494253
2 Reinforced concrete floor 0.15 1.74 0.086206897
3 thermal insulation 0.2 0.04 5.000000000
4 Woodwork 0.02 0.17 0.117647059
Exterior surface 0.04 5.380348208
I
n
f
e
r
i
o
r
f
l
o
o
r
Interior surface 0.125
1 Woodwork 0.02 0.17 0.117647059
2 Leveling plate 0.03 0.91 0.032967033
3 Reinforced concrete floor 0.15 1.74 0.086206897
4 Thermal insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500000000
5 Layer filter 0.1 1 0.100000000
Exterior surface 0.04 3.001820988
E
x
t
e
r
i
o
r
w
a
l
l
s
Interior surface 0.125
1 Interior plaster M50 0.01 0.84 0.011904762
2 Full brick masonry 0.15 0.7 0.214285714
3 Thermal insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500000000
4 Exterior plaster 0.005 0.84 0.005952381
Exterior surface 0.06 2.917142857
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
14
Thermal Bridges
A thermal bridge is created when materials that are poor insulators
come in contact, allowing heat to flow through the path created. Insulation
around a bridge is of little help in preventing heat loss or gain due to thermal
bridging; the bridging has to be eliminated, rebuilt with a reduced cross-
section or with materials that have better insulating properties, or with an
additional insulating component
In construction, thermal bridges are classified as:
- Repeating thermal bridges - where bridges occur following a regular
pattern, such that made by wall ties penetrating a cavity wall.
- Non-repeating thermal bridges - such as the bridging of a cavity wall by
a single lintel
- Geometrical thermal bridges - at the junction of two planes, such as at
the corner of a wall
-
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
15
Determination of the improved specific thermal resistance(R').
Linear specific coefficients of thermal transfer
in the thermal
bridges zone.
l The length of thermal bridges
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
16
Preliminary calculation to determine the thermal resistances R' corrected
throughout the building
Building
element
Thermal
Bridges
[W/m]
l [ m
]
*l
Area
[m2]
R R'
North Faade
Outer corner 3 x 0.05 5.85 2.106
Entering corner 1 x 0.01 5.85 0.0585
Current bridge 1 x 0.02 5.85 0.117
H.R eaves 1 x 0.14 11.8 1.625
H.Current
1 x 0.07 2.85 0.1995
1 x 0.08 2.85 0.228
H.R socle 1 x 0.225 11.8 2.655
contours of
woodwork
1 x 0.25 6.625 6.655
Total
13.213
5
216.2
1
2.98285
7
0.76524
7
Building
element
Thermal
Bridges
[W/m]
l [ m
]
*l
Area
[m2]
R R'
South Faade
Outer corner 3 x 0.05 5.85 2.6325
Entering corner 1 x 0.01 5.85 0.0585
Current bridge 1 x 0.02 5.85 0.117
H.R eaves 1 x 0.14 11.8 0.23128
H.Current
1 x 0.07 0.1995
0.59737
5 1 x 0.08 0.228
H.R socle 1 x 0.225 11.8
0.59737
5
contours of
woodwork
1 x 0.25 44.9 11.225
Total
14.8616
6
216.21
2.8928
57
0.76524
7
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
17
Building
element
Thermal
Bridges
[W/m]
l [ m
]
*l
Area
[m2]
R R'
West Faade
Outer corner 2 x 0.05 5.85 1.17
Entering corner 0 x 0.01 0 0
Current bridge 2 x 0.02 5.85
0.0093
6
H.R eaves 1 x 0.14 7.3 0.1666
H.Current
1 x 0.07 2.85 0.4303
13
1 x 0.08 2.85
H.R socle 1 x 0.225 7.3 1.9125
contours of
woodwork
1 x 0.25 14.4 1.0125
Total
2.7887
73
216.2
1
2.89285
7
0.76524
7
Building
element
Thermal
Bridges
[W/m]
l [ m
]
*l
Area
[m2]
R R'
East Faade
Outer corner 2 x 0.05 5.85 1.17
Entering corner 2 x 0.01 5.85 0.234
Current bridge 1 x 0.02 5.85
0.0023
4
H.R eaves 1 x 0.14 1.19 0.166
H.Current
1 x 0.07 2.85
0.4303
13
1 x 0.08 2.85
H.R socle 1 x 0.225 8.5 1.6425
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
18
contours of
woodwork
1 x 0.25 16.2 13.45
Total
15.453
25
216.2
1
2.89285
7
0.76524
7
Superior
floor
H.R eaves 1 x 0.24 1 x 52.2 12.528
Area
[m2]
H.R interior walls 1 x
0.2
1 x 11.7 4.95
Total
17.478
5.268
4 1.78 0.56
Inferior floor
H.R socle 1 x 0.3 1 x 52.2 15.66 Area
[m2]
H.R interior walls 1 x 0.2 1
x
24.7
5 3.7125
Total
2.9720
2.972
0 1.33 0.75
The determination of the Global Coefficient of the thermal
isolation- G
It is an thermo-energetic parameter of the building cover on its
assemble and has the semnification of a sum of thermal dissipated
flux(direct heat loss) on the cover surface for a temperature difference of 1
Degree related to the building Volume for which is added those for the inside
air refreshing.
G=
+0.34n [W/M
3
k]
G= 0.408149 [W/M
3
k]
' '
in f _
in f _
'
sup _
sup _
'
_
_
'
Tamplarie
Tamplarie
planseu
planseu
planseu
planseu
ext pereti
ext pereti
R
A
R
A
R
A
R
A
R
A
t t t t
t
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
19
(
)
Where:
- V the interior heat volume of the building;
V = A
1
* H
i
= 794.313 m
3
- n - the natural ventilation speed of the building, the number of changes
of air per hour;
n=0.6
- - the corection factor of the exterior temperature;
=1
Anual neccesary heat=Q
an
[KWh/m3*an]
Q=15.100097[KWh/m
3
*an]
Q-the anual necessary heat on m
3
heated [kWh/m
3
*an];
C- the corection coefficent; C=0.93
G- the global coefficient of thermal isolation of a building;
-(20-)*D
12
=2840; = 11.5; D
12
= 187;
= 1251
Where:
i
-inferior temperature if the building [C];
D
12
-Length of conventional heat period corresponding exterior temperature
who mark the beginning and closing the heat
e
=+20 C [days].
Free heat input Q
i
+Q
s
Q
i
the useful heat input provided by inhabited;
Q
s
- the useful heat input provided by solar radiation;
Q
i
= 7, for inhabited buildings;
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
21
Becomes from thermal flow of those who habits the building, use of hot water,
preparing food, the lightning of the rooms, the function of different electronics
devices.
Free heat input provided from solar radiation -Q
s
Free heat input provided from solar radiation its presumes that provide only
through surfaces that the light passes (windows and exterior doors whit
glass).
Q
s
=0.40I
Gj
g
i
A
Fij
/V [kWh/m
3
*an]
Q
s
= 3.768 [kWh/m
3
*an]
Where:
g
i
= 0.5 ; V=794.313 m
3
; A
F
= 15.55 m
2
;
Q
s
-the quantity of heat from solar radiation receipted on a building during
the heat sezon reported on m
3
of heat volume;
I
Gj
-global solar radiation of each cardinal orientation j; [ kWh/m
3
*an]
g
i
-the degree of penetration through windows i of exterior woodwork;
A
Fij
-the exterior area of woodwork provided with clear glass i and
disposed after cardinal orientation j;
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
22
I
Gj
=24/1000D
12
I
Tj
[kWh/m
2
an];
I
Gj
= 962.4384
Where:
D
12
-the conventional period of heating, corresponding to exterior
temperature that marks the beginning and stopping the heating;
T
Tj
-the intensity of solar radiation, with values depending cardinal
orientation j and by the place where the building is placed [W/m
2
]
The annual requirement of fuel and annual emission of CO
2
On the basis of annual requirement of heat Q
an
= Q*V
incalzit
determined we can
calculate:
Q
an
= 11994.896;
- the annual requirement of fuel ;
- the annual emission o
f
CO
2
SO
2 ,
NO
2
etc.
E
CO2
=Q
an
*n
CO2
; n
CO2
=0.36
E
CO2
=4318.162
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi
Civil Engineering and Building Servicies Faculty
Civil Engineering
23