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THE ROSE BOOK

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Practical

Amateur Gardening

The Book of Hardy Flowers

Rock Gardening

Amateurs

for

The Pocket Gardener

The Complete Gardener

Round

the

Year

Garden Flowers
Garden Work
Gardening

in the

as

for

Garden

They Grow
Every Day

Difficulties

Solved

Garden Planning and Planting

Indoor Gardening

Sweet

Peas

and

How

to

Grow Them
Little

Gardens How to Make

Most of Them
:

the

Dfte House o/Casseirg]

ROSE JULIET

(Hybrid Brier)

ooOOOOoooooooOOOooooOOOOo
00OOO00000000OOO0000OOO00

e o
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The

T^ose "Book

A Complete Guide for Amateur Rose Growers

H. H. Thomas

%>y
Editor of

" Popular Gardening" Member of

Council of the National Rose Society

^Assisted by

Walter Easlea

gg

Member of Council of the National Rose Society

Beautifully Illustrated with Eight

direct Colour

Photographs by

H. Essenhigh Corke
and Forty

half-

tone Plates

% %
o o
o o
o

o
e o
o o
o o

Cassell
London,

New

and Company, Limited

Tork y Toronto and Melbourne

<>OOOoooooOOOooooOOoooooo/<S\/<gN/^Ss/^S\ooo<>oooOOoooooOOoooooOOOo
'^ooOOOooooOOOooooOOOooooooX^i/^Sj/^K'^Si'OoooooOOOooooOOOooooOOOoo^

GtLi45

First Published October 1913.

Reprinted January 1914, March 1915
and Revised Edition February 1920.
Reprinted April 1922.

New

PREFACE
Every man
possible

is

a potential rose grower

therefore,

The Rose Book. It would then

modesty to make an apology (as is common

reader of

be excessive

with writers of gardening books) for the appearance of

work on

The moment

this,

the very latest

fact,

opportune, for during recent years varieties have

roses.

have

arisen,

amateur rosarian; new

and methods

Discriminating guidance

learned

in

rose-growing

to overflowing with

full

is

classes

have been per-

of cultivation

fected.

in

numbers as

increased at a remarkable rate, even in such

seriously to bewilder the

is,

needed by the un-

who would have

blossom and

feel

his

garden

justified

in

joining in the poet's song:

" Everywhere are roses, roses

Here a-blow, and there a-bud.

Here in pairs, and there in posies."

The Rose Book makes

panion-guide,

essaying to

tell

are done in the rose garden

^j- also to

warm

cr> encouragement

not merely

and when

to

how

things

do them, but

the heart of the amateur with words of

and to urge him

visions of rose beauty

.-it is

a bid for the post of com-

still

ever

unattained.

onward with

First

and

chiefly,

designed to assist the real beginner that he

may

PREFACE

vi

persist in the pursuit of a recreation that

in

power to charm, and while

its

pleasure

for

the

moment,

lures

has no

offering

illimitable

followers

its

rival

with

hopes of an even brighter future.

have been privileged to obtain the assistance of

Mr. Walter Easlea, a successful grower and exhibitor of

roses,

whose experience

flower

is

of

second to none.

the

ways

of

this

popular

His contributions add largely

to the value of the book.

Mr. H. H. Aitken, M.A., has written the chapter on

Rose Diseases and Insect Pests

to

him

also

my

acknow-

ledgments are due.

With few exceptions, the

my own

from

grown

photographs.

half-tone illustrations are

Many

in a small garden, within a

of

them are

of roses

dozen miles of

Bow

and given quite ordinary cultivation. They depict

such blooms as every reader may hope to grow (indeed,
Bells,

he

may

easily excel them), and do not profess to show

blooms
rose
as they are displayed in the exhibition tent.

H. H. T.

The publication of a new and revised (fourth) edition

of The Rose Book has provided an opportunity of bringing to notice some of the best of the new roses, and particulars of these will

be found in the Appendix.

of excellent roses for

from

many

garden display can

of the older varieties

in the chapters dealing

still

A choice
be

made

such as are described

with the various

classes.

H. H. T.

CONTENTS
PART
Roses
i.

to

On Beginning Well

Begin With

CONTENTS

vi"
CHAPTER

19.
20.

zi.

22.

PAGB

Rose Hedges
Wild Roses of Britain
Wild Roses of Other Lands
Rose Growing for Exhibition

PART
Some Very
23.

Rose Gardens

24. Situation, Soil,

25.

26.

126

130
.

.138

III

Practical Matters

....
and Planting

Pruning
How Roses are Increased

28.

29.

157
165
172

Budding Layering

....

Grafting, Seed, Cuttings

27.

151

Rose Stocks
Manures for Roses
Diseases and Insect Pests

183

200
204

210

PART IV
Rose Growing under Glass
30.

31.

....

Roses for the Greenhouse

Roses in Cold Frames
.

225
233

PART V
Round

the

Year in

PART

the

Rose Garden

VI

Lists of Varieties for Various Purposes

APPENDIX

279

OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST

COLOURED PLATES
Frontispiece

Rose Juliet

FACING PAGB

Rose George

C.

.......

Waud

The Lyons Rose

Rose Lady Pirrie

32

52
62

Rose Duchess of Wellington

Rose Arthur R. Goodwin

90

no

Rose Madame Leon Pain

Rose General Mc Arthur

166

186

BLACK-AND-WHITE PLATES
Rose Dorothy Perkins on Cottage Porch
wlchuraiana roses on wall and arbour
Rose Blush Rambler

.....

Rose Tausendschon, an Excellent Pillar Rose

A Fine Crimson Rose Gloire de Chedane Guinoisseau

A Good

Crimson

Rose Lieutenant

Chaure

6
7

21
21

28
29

Rose Liberty

36

Rose Avoca

36

Rose Mrs. Stewart Clark

37

Rose Lady Alice Stanley

Rose Lady Greenall

45

44

LIST

OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING PAGE

Weeping Standards of Rose Bennett's Seedling

Weeping Standard of Rose Ethel
Standard of Rose Grace Molyneux
Weeping Standard of Rose Leontine Gervais
In the Old English Flower Garden at Friar Park
.

Climbing Roses and Border Flowers

A Remarkable Plant

of Rose La France.

Rose Madame Alfred Carriere

Rose Lady Waterlow

Rose Captain Christy
Arches of Roses

Remarkable Plant of an Old White Cluster Rose

Tea Rose Cloth of Gold
.

Tea Rose Madame Hoste

The Common Pink China Rose
Rough Fence Covered by Penzance Briers
Rose Rayon d'Or
The Lyon Rose
Climbing Rose Aimee Vibert
.

Climbing Rose Blairii No. 2

The Old Noisette Rose Lamarque

Paved Walk between Archways of Roses
Rose George Dickson
A Box of Prize Rose Blooms
In a Lincolnshire Rose Garden

The Rose Garden and Flower Beds at the Man or

House, Wendover
Looking Across a Rose Garden in the Suburbs
Rose Time in a Hertfordshire Garden
Rose Gloire de Dijon
Rose Irish Elegance.

THE ROSE BOOK

PART
Roses

to

Begin With

CHAPTER

ON BEGINNING WELL

EVERYONE
bound,

who

writes gardening books

think, to help the beginner

There

always beginning.

is

is

morally

someone

is

also a debt to the roses,

some are so much more accommodating than

others, and to start with the difficult ones is like
taking the wrong turning on setting out for a long

for

journey.

mind

How
of

full

cover fresh

we

light-heartedly

pleasurable

delights,

go

forward,

the

to

dis-

eager

anticipation,

keen to perceive new points of

interest that every bend of the road brings into view.

But when it is forced upon us that the way we

have taken leads not where our hopes are set, but
that each step takes us farther from the goal in mental

How
how different it all seems
void
how
dull,
the way back; how

view,
is

path that seemed so bright, so gay, so

Above

all things,

beginner knows the

then, let us

way

long and weary

of interest the
full of

make

sunshine

sure that the

before he starts, and so, while

THE ROSE BOOK

saving him such disappointment and disillusion as are

preventable, send

him along

warm

of the amateur.

the heart

may

rosarian

rejoicing in delights that

The accomplished

decry them as crude, wrapt, as he

fond memories

is,

in

of daintier pleasures, to which, however,

he has come through knowledge of those he is apt to

depreciate, and, in the light of his accumulated experience, to forget.

How

clinging

are

first

impressions

How

long re-

So 'twere shame not to let the beginner

membered
the finer rose glories through those that
to
his
way
win
are more easily attained. To launch him at once into
!

the perplexing labyrinth of intractable Teas and Noisettes

and Pernetianas, and those that are notoriously "shy

bloomers " were surely a crime, both to the roses and
to himself, destructive of his peace of mind, disillusive
of his

hopes and aspirations, and ruin

disaster

"

black,

headlong

for the roses themselves.

Each goodly thing

Edmund

Spenser

is

hardest

nevertheless,

let

begin,"

to
all

sang

who come

to

worship at the shrine of Queen Rose echo the words

of

Don

Juan, and resolve that

with the beginning."

When

"my way

is

to begin

he has grown grey in the

remember

service of the roses, the reader will ever

his

days among them as perhaps the happiest of

and when, if it ever happens, he comes to a full

earliest
all

knowledge of their ways and a solution

memories

will

still

of their secrets,

arise of those times

when

the rose

days were in front and only the cabbage days behind.

Even

then, having an acquaintance with

all

the rose

ON BEGINNING WELL

he began, have come into his life, he

at times, conclude that the roses he began with

glories that, since

will,

some ways, the

were, in
of

all,

loveliest

much

they gave so

for

and most lovable

while

asking

for

so

little.

The beginner must certainly start with both climbthe latter for delight
ing and bush or dwarf roses
with fair, though not
planting,
the first summer after
;

full,

harvest of blossom

the former to captivate with

their lusty or lissom growths, giving

dant blossoming to come.

promise of an abun-

would be a great mistake

It

to start with climbing roses alone, for the correct initial

treatment

is

the

Luckily,

to discourage flowering the

first

summer.

methods that discourage blooming

also

encourage free growth, and so long as a happy ending

to one's anticipations is assured, much pleasure is deordinarily rapid, of the lusty

ing
life,

How

rose.

how

gingerly the

tender yet

yet possessed of

the beginner

of

June

climb.

is

crimsoned
it is,

easily

possibilities.

starts

damaged
In the

one can almost see the rose

concerned,

Some

how

of a climb-

shoot

one can measure their daily

So far as
a two-foot rule.

least,

there are roses and roses

blossom forth in bewildering

will

beauty almost in spite

do;

strong

by inches on

progress

that

how

young shoots

what remarkable

warm, moist days

shoots grow; at

often extra-

the development,

rivable from watching

of

what an unskilled grower may

for years and still count

others one may grow

the annual harvest of blossom on the fingers of both

hands.

do not write

in exaggerated phrase, for

have

THE ROSE BOOK

4
I

not had the exquisite, the tantalising golden yellow

Madame Hector
growth a

Leuilliot,

five-foot fence for

thronging with good stout

now

three years, with scarce

ever a sight of her incomparable beauty?

It

behoves

the

beginner

and with care and caution,

may,

garden

spectacles of
sist

in

very

choose

to
or

truth,

it

is

need

the

easily

There

and

is

only tanta-

when sought misguidedly, though

when the pursuit is well planned.

elusive

attained
is

rose-coloured

romance and hope to enable him to per-

in the pursuit of rose beauty, that

lising

circumspectly

possible that his

at least one class of roses that could scarcely

disappoint the veriest beginner, and to this attention

shall first

be directed.

CHAPTER

II

THE WICHURAIANA ROSES

beginner would most probably feel inclined to turn
" wichuraiana," did I not
the page on catching sight of
with all convenient speed, to reassure him. He

The

hasten,
is

and were I
(which Heaven

of

easily scared,

sympathies

accomplished by taking

full

a mind to alienate his

forfend

it

!),

were

soon

advantage of the gardening

extraordinary
jargon, which is replete with the most
in origin.
obscure
and
character
names, often mongrel in
With these, however, " familiarity breeds contempt,"

and

it is

only at

first

sight that they offend.

The names

soon lose their strangeness, and come readily even from

plants that
the learner's lips when he can picture the
possess them.

" Wichuraiana " will trouble the reader

no longer when he knows it as a wonderful little wild

creeping
rose from China and Japan, with long, slender,
growths, and bearing small, pale, and single blossoms.

Not

in itself very

yet there
species.

is

much

charm even

Not the

to

make a

fuss about, perhaps,

the original wild type or

in

least of its attractions are the glisten-

green leaves that persist long after those of most

garden
roses have fallen and made harvest for the

ing,

broom;

it

is

remarkably

free,

too,

flowers that spangle the leafy stems.

5

the

of
It

fragrant

was discovered

THE ROSE BOOK

by the botanist Wichur, who accompanied an expedition

to China in 1859-61.

Rosa wichuraiana, to give

and

its full style

title,

is

a delightful rose for planting on top of a bank, trailing

over tree stumps, or for any such odd use in the

Of

formal parts of the garden.

garden flower there

is little

its intrinsic

further to say, but as chief

new

factor in the production of an entirely

that has revolutionised garden decoration

another story, and one that might,

race of roses

why, that

is

time allowed and

if

the printer were willing, take long to

I

less

merits as a

But

tell.

have,

hope, sufficiently apologised for wichuraiana, and, after

its

all,

sponsors,

and not the

rose,

were responsible for

the name.

Apropos

of

scaring the beginner,

landscape gardener give a lecture on

"

once heard a

Garden Design "

was obviously very much above the heads of his

audience. He had discoursed freely on the Natural and

that

the Formal school of gardening, but his audience was

thinning.

Finally,

as the last few were leaving, in a

despairing appeal to their understanding

their

sympathy, he explained that

if

or,

at

least,

they made the

path from their front door to the garden gate lead straight

and

direct

from one to the other, they were

school of gardening

if,

of the

Formal

however, the path reached the

gate only after winding round a shrubbery, they were

of
still

the Natural school

obscure,

So,

in

case

and wichuraiana creates

say to the beginner that

Dorothy Perkins, which,

if

my

meaning

distrust, I

is

would

he knows the ubiquitous

of course,

he does, then also

ROSE DOROTHY PERKINS (WICHURAIANA! ON COTTAGE PORCH

THE WIGHURAIANA ROSES

he

acquainted with the wichuraiana class of rose, of

is

which she

the archtype.

is

In growth and leafage

wichuraianas are more or

all

Dorothy Perkins, though naturally they

less like

differ

and form

of blossom.
But they all have
common, they are the easiest of roses
to grow
they will thrive in any soil that is soil, even
if it be light and gravelly, though they will grow far more

in size, colour,

this feature in
;

ground.

lustily in better

need say

little

about planting

them, except to emphasise the advice given in a later

November

chapter to plant in late October or

is

the

thing the beginner should learn.

first

this

He

has

November and another

only to plant one rose in

in

March, and to note the difference in results at the end

of the

early

summer, to be

autumn

Of course, one

planting.

any time between the end

of April

dates),

(I

for every

of

may

plant roses

times between these

all

not very wide of the truth to say that

it is

week that

elapses after the

end

November,

of

there will be a good rose the less the ensuing

Following this reasoning to

good roses at
taken quite

the

all

first

beginner, but

it

is

and the worst.

gardening.
flowering

logical

have

bulbs

in

summer, so that

summer.

conclusion,

it

will

it

be no

need not be

but merely as strongly discourag-

literally,

ing late planting

best

its

from an April planting there

follows that

of

October and the middle

have planted them at

but

wisdom

for ever assured of the

do not wish to

as well
I

that

the

disillusion

he should

know

the

have done much unorthodox

planted

roses

January,

and,

in

April,

by one

of

spring-

those

THE ROSE BOOK

some

miracles that are always happening somewhere to

gardener,

results

fair

have followed.

may

happen to you, but then,

it

wise to be too trustful.

you plant

If

not

may

miracle
so

it

is

not

in April, nothing

but a miracle can save the face of your rose garden the
first

in

summer

how

but

mundane
You
November

delightfully easy to be

your aspirations, and

plant

in

may

are then quite independent of miracles, and

good account

trust the roses to give a

and, after

those

As

of planting.

to the details of spreading the roots,

planting

at

the

proper

and so

on,

are

they not

chapter that
details
I

affects

making the

depth,

described

fully

only to

deal

soil

firm,

a later

in

with such prosaic

want to convince the reader that

some ways the

in beginning with

he begins with roses that are

varieties of wichuraiana,

in

themselves,

of

not wisely said that " Heaven helps

So much for the date
help themselves " ?
is it

all,

who

safely

best of

There are gardeners and

all.

garden writers who decry them because they give of

one glorious outburst of colour in mid-

their best in

summer, but how immeasurably

than anything
are peerless,

and

actually,

totally

in

else in the

finer are

They

head and shoulders, both metaphorically

above

all

other

roses,

eclipsing

them

splendour and magnificence of blossom, in

sheer profusion of flower cascades.

have but leaves to show

most dazzling display,

in

they in display

garden at the time

And

after three or four

shall

charm and garden value

we
?

describe

because they

weeks

them

of the

as wanting

Ought we not rather then

THE WICHURAIANA ROSES

emphasise the value

to

many

the winter

the leaves, for those

of

roses

wichuraiana

almost

persist

of

throughout

Having roused

in

the tyro's

most exquisite rose beauty,

to the

of his future

for the sake

of

visions

have to dash

groundfor one season

mind

his

the

hopes

I ask the beginner,

only.

peace of mind and the pros-

within six
pects of his garden of roses, to cut down, to
inches of the ground,

all

the stems of every wichuraiana

climbing rose) the third week in March follow"

" Hope deferred maketh the heart sick
ing planting.
others that have
is a very old proverb, and, like most
(or other

weathered the years, a very true one.

especial appropriateness to the

amateurs

like

of all other crafts,

It applies

with

amateur gardener, -who,

is

impatient and anxious

very tactless to advise him that next

year will see the full fruition of his schemes of planning
and planting. " Always am I looking forward to next
It is

for results.

year

when

be well rooted, that well grown, or

established," he exclaims, with the

this shall

something

else

despair of the neophyte

if

he disbelieves that

who knows not how

Rome was

to wait

built in a day, at least,

bud and blossom in perfect

beauty after the first summer shower. After this moralising expression of sympathy, I still tell him to cut off

he thinks that a garden

will

not only the heads, but the legs also of the (possibly)
sturdy, healthy shoots, that seemingly need only to

be

left

nest for blossom

I

grow to

alone for the buds to

admit

it

all

" Well

well

sounds very sad.

leaf,

and

leaf

make

" you exclaim, and

Nevertheless, I insist

THE ROSE BOOK

io

that the

pill

be swallowed, but

have a lump

of sugar

to take the nasty taste away.

The beginner must not plant climbing roses only

fill the beds and border with bush or dwarf
While the former are making lusty stems for
roses.
he must also

next year's blossoming, the latter will burst, not only

to

leaf,

but to bewitching buds and wide-open flowers.

This severe pruning

if

is

a lot to ask,

the roses are not pruned at

blossom

of

will

of

first

season's

show

And two big hopes

must surely make for despair
!

far better to suffer the

by an absence

the

but even

be disappointing.

frustrated in one year

How

all,

true,

it is

disappointment occasioned

bloom and experience the compensating

pleasure of vigorous growth, which brings with

it

the

assurance of a future flower show.

There

thus nothing intricate about the

is

of wichuraianas.

It is

first

pruning

the work of five minutes to cut

down the stems, but it takes much longer to make up

one's mind that this is the right and proper thing to do.
There are gardeners, I know, who have such faith in
accommodating nature of wichuraiana roses as to
leave them practically unpruned after planting, merely
the

cutting out those shoots that

those, for instance, that

are obviously useless

have shrivelled and shrunk in

sympathy with the root disturbance.

if

one

may

follow this practice at

wichuraianas.

am

all

it

concede that
is

even free to confess that

if

with the
the trees

were planted early in autumn, and are sprouting freely

in March,

and are

scarcely needs

well suited as to

any apology.

soil,

But, after

all,

the practice
the material

THE WIGHURAIANA ROSES

question

own

"

is,

What

does one gain by

me

experience teaches

that the answer

except a half-hearted display of flowers the

which

is

"

And my

is,

" Nothing

it ?

summer,"

first

never sufficient compensation for a deficiency of

fresh, vigorous stems.

The pruning

subsequent

in

complex, though

is

it

years

rather

is

When

really not difficult.

more
one

is

confronted by a vigorous plant with numerous stems

many

varying ages,

of

them bearing innumerable

I admit, more cause
observation will show how needof

secondary shoots, the beginner has,

for alarm.
less

it

all

But a

little

He

is.

has only to realise that the biggest

crop of the finest flowers

in the previous
less freely

then, the

year,

is

borne by the stems formed

and that

and bear poorer blossom bunches.

aim

view

in

well planted in

good

be no lack of

and the pruner's

many
room
is

for the

new

early in April

fresh,

at

first,

there

vigorous stems each summer,

stems as

ones.

two

may

be necessary to make

The pruning

of this

different seasons

is

type of rose

late in

and

in northern gardens)

soon as the blossoming season

is

the rose has been

If

and hard pruned

soil

many

chief object should be to cut out as

of the older

carried out at

Obviously,

to possess a tree with as

is

one-year-old stems as possible.

will

older stems flower

all

past.

The

March

(or

in August, as
chief

pruning

carried out in August.

To make matters thoroughly

briefly the career of the rose

inches of the ground in the

cut

of

trace

let

down

to within six

March following

During the summer, a number

us

clear,

planting.

strong growths will

THE ROSE BOOK

12

appear,

say,

or eight

six

they are tied in as they

progress,

and are not pruned at

March,

the tips are soft or very thin, they are slightly

if

except that in

all,

shortened.

During the second summer these stems

bloom and

fresh

be necessary to

ones will grow.

cut out a

In August

few of those that have

blossomed, to allow room for tying in the

In March of the next year

flowers

will

may

it

all

new

side growths (on

ones.

which

were produced the previous summer) are cut

back to within three or four buds

and

of their base,

the soft, thin tips of last year's stems (which have not
yet flowered) are cut
sist of fresh

In August the tree will con-

off.

stems (which must be tied

have flowered

flowered for the second time.

impossible to accommodate
of

the stems

first

(those

be removed.

sacrifice

of

old

that

It

them

stems that

doubtless,

will,
all,

have twice

There should

stems, for

in),

and stems that have

for the first time,

and the
flowered)

be no

must

unnecessary

while these do not flower

so freely as younger ones, they give quite a good

of

be

oldest

show

bloom.

Most wichuraianas send up annually fresh green

stems from the ground
a

woody

stem,

which gives

distance from the ground.

Andre are two notable

obvious thing to do

Some, however, develop

level.

rise

to

shoots some

there

becoming crowded with stems,

is

is

danger of the tree

to cut back

the oldest to the point at which a strong

has developed.

Rene

In such cases the

instances.

when

new

Alberic Barbier and

some

new

of

shoot

THE WIGHURAIANA ROSES

A

ij

Selection of Varieties

(The approximate date of flowering of each variety

Alberic Barbier.

One

of the

is given.)

Growth

very best.

is

most vigorous, the glossy green leaves are attractive,

while

well-formed,

small,

the

buds are very

yellow

The open

delightful, and are produced in profusion.

This variety generally forms

flowers are creamy-white.

woody

pronounced

many

which

stems,

wichuraiana

do not, so that old shoots cannot be cut out so

freely.
June 10 and in autumn.

roses

Aviateur Bleriot.

buds and paler

Coquina.
rose-tipped

is

blossoms

June

Very pretty.

flowers.

This

Hiawatha,

as

A charming rose with orange-yellow

10.

a single-flowered variety with pink,

;

and

it

blooms

associates

the

at

with

well

same time
that

rose.

July 15.
Debutante.
flowers,
also.

which are produced to some extent

July

Desire
colouring,

and

A dainty rose with charming pink double

red.

in

autumn

its

intense

1.

Bergera.

Worth

which

June

is

of

growing
shades

for

copper,

of

pink,

20.

Dorothy Perkins.

The

most popular

raiana roses, bearing large clusters

of

of

all

wichu-

big, double, rich

Very vigorous. July 15.

A charming variety, salmon, buff,
Elisa Robichon.
and pale yellow. Makes an ideal lawn shrub. June 15.
pink blossoms.

Ethel.

showy variety with semi-double, dainty,

flesh-pink blossom.

Quite one of the best.

July xo.

THE ROSE BOOK

14
Excelsa.

Best

described as a red-flowered Dorothy

Vigorous and altogether satisfactory.

Perkins.

Francois Foucard.

Blooms

Gardenia.
pale-yellow

charming

autumn.

June

I think,

is,

15.

with glistening

rose,

and almost white

buds,

foliage,

Sweet-

flowers.

to be

preferred.

10.

Hiawatha.

The

in

Alberic Barbier

scented.

June

Of distinct lemon-yellow colouring.

some extent

to

July 10.

Quite one

of the best of the wichuraianas.

crimson blooms, with prominent bunch

single

yellow stamens for centre, are very beautiful.

mains

re-

flower longer than most roses of this class.

in

July 15.
Joseph Billiard.

Joseph

Very beautiful, having

and yellow shades.

of crimson, rose,

Liger.

promising

Lady Gay.

Very

Christian Curie

similar.

Leontine Gervais.

and yellow.

July

the

10.

and Dorothy Denni-

July 15.

Fragrant.

rose of striking colour, salmon

One

June

of the best.

Minnehaha.A vigorous variety, bearing large

of deep rose-coloured double blossoms.

Newport Fairy.
centre,

yellow

with

An attractive pale-pink " sport " from

Lady
Dorothy Perkins.
son are very

15.

20.

blooms are perhaps rather deeper pink.

Godiva.

blooms

Dorothy Perkins

to

similar

June

single

novelty,

June

flowers tinged with pink.

white

It

of

like

dainty
a

single

pink

20.

clusters

July 15.
rose,

flowered

pink

with

Hiawatha.

July 10.

Paul Transon.The buds

of

this

variety are very

THE WICHURAIANA ROSES

shades of apricot and rose, and they are

beautiful;

June

tea-scented.

Rene Andre.

15.

One

of the

most

delightful of

orange-red, fragrant.

Robert Craig.

June

A dainty rose

18.
of beautiful

buds are perhaps best described as

flowers as fawn-coloured.

Sander's White.

The

all.

shades of yellow

single flowers are exquisitely coloured

and

15

One

June
of

shades

apricot,

the

the open

25.

the

best

white varieties,

July 1.
bearing snow-white flowers in large clusters.
buds are
the
Shower of Gold. An excellent novelty

Gray.

June

Sodenia.

Sylvia.

of

Alister

Stella

20.

new

that promises well.

Another

white flowers.

June

somewhat resembling those

yellow,

It

bright-red

July

double-flowered variety

10.

novelty, with pale-yellow buds

blooms in autumn and

is

and

fragrant.

20.

White Dorothy Perkins.

Similar to Dorothy Perkins,

except in the colour of the flowers, which are white,

tinged with blush.

July 15.

CHAPTER

III

THE MULTIFLORA ROSES

the Crimson Rambler Rose, therefore

Everyone knows

every one can form an excellent idea of the characteristic

points of the modern, highly-developed varieties of Rosa

They

multiflora.

that are

much

are distinguished

thicker

and

less

by vigorous growths

pliant

than those of

wichuraiana roses generally, they do not attain so great

a length, though this depends very largely upon the kind
;

which they are grown. The leaves are large and

bold, and the leaflets bigger than those of the Dorothy
of soil in

Perkins type, but while the foliage of many of the latter

persists until midwinter, that of the multiflora roses falls
in

The blossoms are produced in big bunches,

the modern varieties are distinguished by a wide

autumn.

and

in

There are

range of colour.

The

double forms.
long in

full

flowers

do

beauty as those

semi-double, and

single,

not,

as a rule, last so

of the wichuraianas,

but

While,

they make a gorgeous display for some weeks.

on established plants, there is no lack each spring of

from the base, these are not so profusely

produced as by the Dorothy Perkins type, neither do

fresh growths

the old stems flower so satisfactorily.

apologetic
I am afraid I am making a somewhat
introduction

of

the

multiflora
?6

roses,

though there

is

THE MULTIFLORA ROSES

really

no need to do

They

so.

are only less thoroughly

satisfactory than the wichuraianas,

The methods

as easy to grow.

but they are just

of planting

and pruning

for the other type apply also to this

detailed

but greater care

is

17

likely to

is

called for, since

class,

improper treatment

do more harm, as the recuperative powers

of multiflora varieties,

if

as great,

are not so readily

responsive.

The wild Rosa

big

bearing,

makes

native of China,

multiflora,

bushes,

loose

in

early

summer,

bunches of white blackberry-like blossoms,

and

large

itself is

worth growing in the shrubbery or wild garden, but in

the rose garden proper, or where space
is

not, of course, to be thought of.

raianas, the best blossoms are

is

restricted, it

As with the wichu-

produced by the stems of

the previous year, since they

come on shoots that

from the main stem

On

two or three years

itself.

old,

the flowers are borne on the side

shoots that grew out of the one-year-old stem.

sequently, the blossom bunches are smaller.
old tale

old,

the

bloom.

If

and the

or

no further pruning

year or the next.

cut

off,

cold.

be the display

March following

will

planting,

be necessary, either that

In March (twelve months

hard pruning) the tips of the stems should be

if

they are soft or have been damaged by the

By August
c

finer will

All fresh stems should be tied to their

supports as they progress.

after the

It is the

the plants are cut to within four or five

inches of the ground in the

little

Con-

more one-year old stems there are

in the tree, the bigger

of

issue

older stems, those of

a second crop of stems will have grown,

THE ROSE BOOK

18

and

if

there

is

not room for both the

new and

the old,

one or two of the latter must be cut out at the base.

But never cut out even an old stem, unless there is a
fresh one to tie into its place,

from an old stem

is

for the flower display

better than none at

all.

The next

spring (two years from the hard pruning) there will be

the

side

shoots

within two or

to deal with.

three buds of

resulting growths

and

These are pruned to

the

blossom

their

base,

may

so

that

the

be as strong

as possible.

Amateurs are often perplexed by thick growths that

appear late in the summer at the base of the plants,
and, owing to their tardy beginning, only reach a height
of a foot or two.

probably they
freely,

best plan

will shrivel

is

to cut

The

" ripen,"

them

out.

as the tree begins to

owing to damage by cold as a

having failed to
firm.

The

that

is,

Most

grow

result of their

become hard and

multiflora roses are essentially roses for the

open garden, for arch, arbour,

fence, trellis, or pergola,

but not for walls, especially hot, sunny walls.

growth becomes stunted,

the

foliage

is

There

attacked by

red spider, and the plants generally present a woebegone

appearance in the course of

must have

multifloras
for

those

nowhere

that

need

fresh

them,

a season or two.

The

Leave the walls

and will grow properly
air.

else.

sometimes happens that fresh shoots make their

appearance on the old stems as well as from the base of
It

the tree.

In such a case the old stem must be shortened

only to the

new shoot

the time to do this

is

in late

THE MULTIFLORA ROSES

when the

July or August,
is

19

chief pruning of climbing roses

properly carried out.

Selection of Varieties

{The approximate date of flowering

American

Pillar.

vigorous

The

sistent.

This

with

coloured,

attractive

A very

and

per-

vigorous and charming rose

apple-blossom-like flowers

of

with white centre.

Crimson Rambler.

July

pale-rose,

1.

One

of the

The bunches

climbing roses.

rose

foliage is bold,

June bearing

the finest single-flowered climber.

is

Blush Rambler.

with clusters

forming stout,

in late

blossoms,

single

large,

paler centre.

given in each case)

rose,

and

prickly stems of great length,

beautiful

is

a brilliant display while in

most widely-grown

of intense red flowers

of

make

beauty, and show splen-

full

didly against the rich green foliage, but as they fade

the colouring
Electra.

unattractive.

is

The

July

6.

flowers of this variety are of creamy-

yellow colouring, but they do not last long. It can scarcely

be said to be worth growing nowadays.

Euphrosyne.

An excellent

garden or shrubbery.

produced in

clusters.

Flower of Fairfield.

The

June

30.

rose for the informal rose

flowers are pink

and

freely

June 25.
Very similar to Crimson Rambler,

but having the great advantage of flowering in autumn.

It is

commonly known

Rambler.

Very

Goldfinch.

liable to

as Perpetual-flowering Crimson

mildew.

July

A not very vigorous

buds, and almost white flowers.

6.

variety, with yellow

June

151

THE ROSE BOOK

20
Helene.

A beautiful climber, with rather large

or semi-double flowers of violet-pink shade.

Leuchtstern.

striking

bunches

of

centre.

Most suitable

June

bright

single

rose-coloured

June

bearing

variety,

white

with

flowers,

growing as a

for

single
20.

rose.

pillar

10.

Mrs. F. W. Flight.

One

white.

A very showy variety,

the best.

of

Philadelphia Rambler.

rose

and

July 10.

Resembles

Crimson Rambler,

except that the flowers are of deeper red.

This rose

is

often disappointing, for the flowers frequently have a

green centre.
Rubin.

The

flora roses.

shade

June

25.

Quite one

most delightful

flowers are of

of rose-red, while the

a reddish tinge.
Tausendschon.

some other

June

25.

splendid

rose colouring,

bloom

is

an unusual and

rose,

pillar, as it is

The

multifloras.

and are very

the earliest of

Another

its

class

fully open, are flushed

most suitable

for

not so luxuriant as

freely produced.

plant

25.

indispensable variety, one of

to bloom.

exquisite colouring, copper

distinct

flowers are large, of soft

remarkably showy. June

Tea Rambler.

of the multi-

stems and leaves have also

growing on a pole or

in

of the

The

flowers are of

and pink, and as they become

with salmon and pink. The leaves

are unusually handsome, and persist on the stems until

midwinter.
Trier.

but we

June

15.

Different authorities

may

class this rose variously,

conveniently consider

that everyone should grow, and

a variety

it

here.

is

most suitable

It

is

for

CLIMBING ROSE BLUSH RAMBLER (MULTIFLORA). A VIGOROUS

VARIETY BEARING BUNCHES OF APPLE-BLOSSOM-LIKE FLOWERS

;x

ROSE TAUSENDSCHON (MULTIFLORAI RICH ROSE PINK. AN

EXCELLENT PILLAR ROSE

THE MULTIFLORA ROSES

pillar rose or for

growing as a free bush.

height of about five

bunches

It reaches a

has rather pale-green foliage and

feet,

But

bloom.

single white

of

21

its

great charm

lies in its

blossoming throughout the summer and autumn.

It is the

most perpetual

Veilchenblau.
flourish of
It

is,

of

climbing roses.

This variety was heralded with a great

unfortunately, not blue at

is

Blue Rambler.
Wallflower.

Waltham
of

Wedding

may

It

the colouring of

June

possibly be the forerunner of a

25.

A very showy

pillar.

colouring.

all

a mixture of slate and purple, with perhaps

a tinge of blue.

bunches

25.

trumpets as the long-looked-for Blue Rambler.

the flowers

a pole or

June

June

The

rose, suitable for covering

flowers are large

and

of bright rose

25.

Bride.

An

attractive

white fragrant flowers.

Bells.

rose

Tausendschon, with loose clusters

rose-coloured blooms.

June

20.

variety,

June
somewhat

having

10.

similar

to

of rather small, bright

CHAPTER IV
HYBRID PERPETUALS
So

far as the beginner is concerned,

climbing roses.

If

we take

he considers that

have been underrated, he

his

leave of

capabilities

doubtless turn to the

will

other chapters that deal with further climbing roses,

which, at least, are not so patient under wrong treat-

ment

as those already referred to.

The

groups of bush or dwarf roses to mention

as

Hybrid Perpetual.

apparent,

the

It

is,

is

that

known

signification of the title

composing

varieties

cross-bred origin,

blooming.

The

the great

first of

this

is

group are of

and they are (more or less) perpetual

however, an unfortunate title in the

present day, for they are, as a class, far less persistent

flowering than others.

But

seventy or eighty years ago

summer blooming

only,

if

we remember

all

that until

the roses grown were

we can excuse

the delight of

rosarians at the advent of roses that blossomed again

after the

summer show, and can

well understand that

they should have been classed as Perpetual.

Individual

varieties of the Hybrid Perpetual Rose vary considerably in manner and in vigour of growth, but one can,

at least, write definitely

on one point

they

are very

hardy, and for this reason alone some of the best should
find a

home

in the beginner's garden.

Most

of

them

HYBRID PERPETUALS

23

grow strongly and bear large flowers on strong stems.

The blooms
distinct

are generally self-coloured (that

colour),

intense shades.

crimson roses are

still

one

of

found among the Hybrid Per-

Because they are hardy,

petuals.

is

and characterised by clear and often

The most fragrant and the best dark
thrifty,

and produce

big blooms (often of splendid form) that are of distinct

colouring and generally fragrant, a

first

selection ought

some of them, but not too many, because

none can be classed as " good autumnals," although
to include

certain
It

is

varieties

not,

produce a second display

grow Hybrid Perpetuals nowadays

Hybrid Teas with that object
intensely rich colouring
I

flowers.

of

we

however, for their autumn bloom that

and

in

we grow Teas
viewbut

and

for their

delicious rose fragrance.

know, from inquiries that have reached me, the

difficulty that beginners find in appreciating the differ-

ence between the various classes of roses, but this usually

vanishes

when they have grown

roses for a season or

two, and have compared plants of the different classes.

Even

if

they are not always able to discover the distin-

guishing features,

they

may

take comfort in the fact

that skilled rosarians are sometimes

During the past ten years,

carried
varieties

have characteristics so
first

the old favourite,

1867,

cross-breeding

out on an extensive scale,

been placed

in one

La

equally puzzled.

ill

and some modern

defined that they have

group then in another.

France,

when

first

it

was classed as a Hybrid Perpetual;

catalogued as a Hybrid Tea.

been

has

Even

appeared, in

now,

Conversely, there are

it

is

now

THE ROSE BOOK

24
as

classed

roses

Hybrid

Teas

(and,

to

therefore,

be

expected to bloom in autumn) that never show a flower

These, however, are exceptions, and the
after July.
various classes
If

istics.

still

have more or

less definite character-

you see a vigorous, stiff-stemmed dwarf

bearing big

flowers,

sturdy stems,

crimson, pink,

red,

you may be

certain

is

it

rose,

or white,

on

Hybrid

Perpetual.

Like

loamy

all

soil,

Hybrid Perpetuals enjoy a good

roses, the

but they

will

thrive

in

the

stiff,

clayey

ground that the rose grower in suburban gardens so

often has to deal with, providing that it is broken up

some of your roses must go

in a semi-shady place, the Hybrid Perpetuals are far
more likely to succeed there than any other kind of bush
well before planting.

rose,

shine.

though they

If

will

thrive

much

of the

The most vigorous

better in the sun-

Hybrid Perpetuals

will,

in the course of a few seasons, develop into big bushes

that are the joy of

all

who

love that

possession, an old-fashioned garden.

may

lack quality as defined

somewhat indefinite
Though the blossoms

by the standard

of

the

exhibition tent, the profusion with which they are pro-

duced makes

full

amends.

Generally speaking, to plant

roses in the mixed border of hardy flowers is to offend

against the canons of rose growing, but I think one may

do

this to the extent of

growing a few

of

the vigorous

Hybrid Perpetuals among the old-world hardy flowers.

Such varieties as Frau Karl Druschki, Hugh Dickson,
Ulrich Brunner, General Jacqueminot, and Mrs. John
Laing are among the best

for the

mixed border.

They

HYBRID PERPETUALS

*5

should be placed somewhere near the front

in the

March following

among

planting, each shoot being cut

Then the

to within three or four buds of the base.

production of strong stems

By

the

Pruning must be severe

moderately vigorous plants.

proper treatment,

it

is

assured.

is

easy to encourage these

vigorous roses to develop into really remarkable speci-

mens this is accomplished by pegging down the growths

March instead of cutting them back, as in orthodox
;

in

Any

pruning.
thick

may

plished

shoot that

not

is

be pegged down.

less

than half an inch

The pegging down

by attaching one end

of

is

accom-

a piece of strong string

to the top of the shoot, bending the latter

down

until

it

reaches almost or quite to the ground, and there securing

it

By

to a peg or wire pin.

harvest
extent,

of

blossom

practically

is

every bud

shoot will produce blossom.

be

recommended

adopting this plan the

increased

to

those

the

It

is

who

remarkable

to

full

length of the

a plan strongly to

grow

for

garden

display.

These vigorous roses are admirably suited for planting in a border at the foot of a fence, preferably facing

south or west, although one facing east will do.

If,

when the growths are strong enough and long enough,

they are bent over, in semi-circular fashion, and
attached, some to pegs in the ground, others to nails in
the fence, both border and fence are smothered in leaf and

blossom.

I have a few plants of the variety Hugh Dickson that, in the course of two or three years, have grown

into magnificent bushes, with strong growths eight feet

THE ROSE BOOK

26
long,

that

back

of

When

it.

glorious sight

blooms

the border and cover the fence at the

fill

bloom

in full

Hugh Dickson

in July they are

When,

of exquisite fragrance.

in a year or two,

the plants possess stems as thick as one's

blooms are produced, not

five or six

and

fifty perfect flowers

the

first finger,

but in bunches of even

singly,

from each bud.

has great crimson rounded

have counted one hundred

on one plant

Hugh Dickson

of

three years after planting.

The pruning
bush or dwarf

Hybrid Perpetuals,

of

roses,

by treating each plant on

its

The very vigorous

indeed, of

all

merits, but very convenient

We may

general rules can be formulated.

as of very vigorous,

as,

can only be carried out correctly

them

and moderate growth.

vigorous,

sorts

class

be pegged down, as

should

Typical varieties suitable for this treatment

described.

are Frau Karl Druschki,

Hugh

Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson,

Maharajah, and Paul Neyron.

pillar roses

if

Dickson, Clio, General

Madame

They

also

Victor Verdier,

form excellent

planted against strong stakes some six or

seven feet high, and lightly pruned.

The vigorous

varieties represented

by Captain Hay-

ward, Baroness Rothschild, Ulrich Brunner, Duchess of

Bedford,

Duke

of

Edinburgh,

Dupuy Jamain, and

Mrs.

John Laing, may be allowed either to grow into bushes

or they may be pruned hard each March. It all depends
upon whether the grower wants plenty of blooms of
moderate quality, or fewer blooms
obtain the latter, the shoots

may be

of

good quality.

To

shortened to lengths

varying from eight inches for the most vigorous to

HYBRID PERPETUALS
three inches

for the weakest,

shoots being cut

though

it is,

prizes in the

very thin and weak

all

But even

out.

27

pruning, severe

this

not produce blooms capable of winning

will

show tent

beginners

who have

end

this

in view should turn to the chapter on " Rose Growing

for Exhibition."

the garden owner delights in big plants

If

that bear blooms in profusion, then he should cut off

about one-third of each of the stems.

to leave

them longer than

so a big bush will

but alas

it

will

it is

be obtained

have very bare

boy growing out

out of

this

a mistake

It is

true that

by doing

the more quickly,

all

legs and, like the school-

of his trousers, so will the rose

And

its leaves.

a bush that

is

leafy

and

flowers at the top, with stems bare at the base,

good enough, even

There

for a beginner,

is

grow

full of
is

not

no reason

why one should not adopt a modified form of pegging

down with the vigorous sorts, whereby a similar result
is

obtained, without such sacrifice of space.

accomplished by bending
shoots,

The

and tying

their tips to the

effect is ugly,

leafy

down some

This

is

of the strongest

stem

of the plant.

undoubtedly, for a few weeks, but

stems soon hide

defects,

all

and the enhanced

harvest of blossom puts an end to regrets.

The

varieties

of

moderate growth represented by

A. K. Williams, Louis
Fisher

Van Houtte,

Holmes need hard pruning

Victor Hugo, and

each shoot should

be shortened to within about three buds of the base,

otherwise the shoots will be very weak, and bear poor
flowers.

Only by planting in rich

hard are these varieties seen

'at

soil

their best.

and pruning

THE ROSE BOOK

28

Selection of Varieties

(Unless otherwise mentioned, these give few blooms

or none in autumn.)

Abel Carrier e.

blooms are
colouring.

One

large,
It is

the darkest of roses

of

well formed,

and

not recommended

of intense

the

crimson

as a reliable variety

for the garden.

Alfred K. Williams.

but

colour,

the

exhibitors, but

growth

are

of

The

bloom, of bright red

Indispensable

weak.

is

of little value for

Captain Hayward.
full,

A perfect

to

garden display.

which are none too

flowers,

and

scarlet-crimson shade

An

fragrant.

easy rose to grow, and one that gives a few blooms in

autumn.
Charles Lefebvre.

A rose

of

good form and splendid

colouring, bright crimson, with darker centre.

grows

Usually

well.

Clio. A very vigorous variety;

the shoots are so

strong that they should be pegged

being cut back at pruning time.

are of flesh- pink colouring,

down

The

instead

flowers,

of

which

in thick clusters, but

come

they are not very attractive.

Commandant Felix Faure.

shade, tinged with black.

Most

rose

of

attractive.

intense

red

Growth

is

vigorous.

Duke

of Edinburgh.

perfect form.

Easy to grow.

few blooms

splendid bright-red rose, of

may be

expected in autumn.

GOOD CRIMSON ROSE FOR THE GARDEN -LIEUTENANT CHAURE

(H.T.)

HYBRID PERPETUALS
Dupuy J amain.k

29

vigorous rose with big cherry-red

blooms, which are produced fairly freely in autumn.

Fisher Holmes. Quite one of the best of the Hybrid
are well formed.

The crimson blooms

Perpetuals.

This

Seems to thrive best

variety flowers again in autumn.

as a standard. In bush form growth

is

often poor.

Frau Karl Druschki. Still the best white rose. The

blooms are perfectly formed and pure white. Flowers are
produced again in late summer and autumn. Growth is
vigorous,

and the shoots should be pegged down.

General Jacqueminot.

The

growing.

A very old

large, well-formed

but

rose,

still

blooms are

worth

of bright

crimson.
Gloire de

Chedane Guinoisseau.

A comparatively new

and often seen at exhibitions. Growth

vigorous, but the blooms are not freely produced.

rose of fine form,

is fairly

The

colour

Horace

bright red.

is

Vernet.

indispensable to those
is brilliant

variety, and
show the colour
Not recommended

exhibition

perfect

who grow

for

red with darker shading.

for garden display.

Hugh Dickson.-The finest of

and a rose that should be
It

the Hybrid Perpetuals,

grows very vigorously, and the shoots need pegging

down
of

all

in every garden in the country.

or training along a fence.

good form, and

They

of rich red or bright

are produced in

Louis

Van

The blooms

Houtte.

autumn

This

is

to

some

crimson colour.

extent.

worth growing on account

of its intense

maroon-crimson colour, which

Complaint

often

is

made

of its

are large,

is

most

vivid.

weak growth, but with me

THE ROSE BOOK

30
it is

satisfactory in this respect.

may

few blooms

be

expected in autumn.

Madame

Victor Verdier.

growing, and bearing

An excellent old

its light

rose, strong

crimson flowers freely in

summer.
Margaret Dickson.

large, rather flat, blush-white flowers.

may

down, or

(as,

indeed,

Suited to pegging

be grown as a big bush.

behave very differently

many

with

very vigorous variety,

in

It

seems to

widely separated

localities

roses do).

have never obtained a

bloom from Margaret Dickson after July, but a correspondent in County Kerry says it blooms with him
until Christmas.

Mrs. John Laing.

teristic upright

An

shoots,

excellent rose, with charac-

and beautiful

blooms which are produced more or

well as in July.

autumn

less in

as

rose that all should grow.

Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford.

If

one could eradicate

the tendency of this variety to attacks of mildew,

be invaluable, for

pink

clear

big,

its distinct

it

would

rose-pink flowers are freely

produced, and come in autumn also to some extent.

Prince Camille de Rohan.
those

who

roses.

It

To

is,

however,

garden display

of

weak growth, and

must militate against

worth including even

Perpetuals.

The

useless for

often better as a standard.

Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi.

old rose

be recommended to

are fond of the very dark, maroon-crimson

The
its

name

in a limited collection of

flowers are soft rose, large,

form, and the plant

is

of this fine

popularity, but

vigorous.

and

it

is

Hybrid
of

good

HYBRID PERPETUALS

This

Ulrich Brunner.
roses,

and the plants grow

the flowers

is

cherry-red.

is

31

one of the biggest of

strongly.

The

all

colouring of

few blooms make their

appearance in autumn.
Victor

Hugo. A

on account

great favourite with

of its brilliant crimson-scarlet

many

rosarians

blooms of perwhich always compel admiration. Growth is

rather weak, and a fine display is not to be expected.
fect form,

CHAPTER V
HYBRID
The
his

TEAS

beginner could scarcely go far wrong

he

if

filled

garden with Hybrid Teas, so far as the planting of

The majority of
them are fairly vigorous, and easy to grow. They blossom abundantly in July and in September, and give
bush and dwarf roses

is

concerned.

and even

quite a lot of flowers in August,

October,

November

There are now so

many

if

the weather allows.

varieties that the beginner's chief difficulty

making a

is

in

some are so much more

The two chief drawbacks of this

suitable choice, for

valuable than others.

many

class of rose are the lack of fragrance in

and the thinness of the blooms that

ness to become full blown very early

varieties

their prone-

is,

in their career.

These two defects, together with the lack of intense

colour,

afford plenty of scope for the lamentations of

modern writers on roses, and if printed regrets could

work wonders (as sometimes they have the credit of
It
doing), our Hybrid Teas would by now be perfect.
is

pleasant to be able to chronicle that so far as lack of

deep colouring

rich,

made

good.

is

The want

concerned, the omission

of fragrance is

still,

a sore point with those garden lovers

rose

above

all

things for

its

3*

being

unfortunately,

who

sweet scent.

is

cherish the

generation

ROSE GEORGE

C.

WAUD

(Hybrid Tea)

HYBRID TEAS
ago

it

33

would have been possible to choose a selection of

and still be pretty confident that

roses at haphazard,

all or most would be fragrant.

Alas
nowadays one
must choose circumspectly, and with the knowledge
that comes from one's own experience or from that of
others
so in any twentieth century book on rose
!

growing, a

list

really necessary,

of

roses

that

are

fragrant

and the expectant reader

becomes

will

find

it

farther on.

many Hybrid Teas

morning are the open blossoms of midday, but at least they have the advantage
over single and semi-double sorts that, having progressed
It is

a matter for regret that so

The buds

are thin.

of the

from bud to blossom, they do not straightway scatter

their precious burden of petals.
They are not all so

bad as

might seem to have made out, and in the list

the end of this chapter I have endeavoured to make

at

good and bad points of many of them.

Having outlined some of the disadvantages of the
Hybrid Teas, let me underline some of the qualities that
plain the

have made them the greatest favourites of

all.

Prob-

ably the reason that they have become so precious to

rose lovers
if

is

that they are never really out of bloom,

you choose the

until the

with

end

many

of

right ones,

November.

others)

from the middle of June

I (no doubt in common

have cut presentable blossoms

Hybrid Teas on Christmas Day, though

among

their merits that of providing

many

of

do not include

a Christmas posy,

are less likely.

Add to their long
season of bloom the possession of the most fascinating,
yet

things

THE ROSE BOOK

34

most

and most lovable tints ever seen or even

by the most devoted flower lover, often
pointed buds, and exquisitely recurving petals,

delicate,

dreamed
long,

of

and sometimes fragrance

all

these

divine attributes

within the compass of one rose blossom, and can one

wonder that the Hybrid Tea came to stay and has

stayed to conquer

Having

enlisted the sympathies of the beginner,

endeavoured to arouse
Teas, let
there

is

me

tell

and

enthusiasm for the Hybrid

his

Obviously,

the story of their birth.

if

anything in a name, they are cross-bred, and

They were evolved

from the Hybrid Perpetual and the Tea rose. Now the
Hybrid Perpetual itself is closely related to the Tea
rose, hence the autumnal flowering character of some of
Thus the Tea rose, directly and indirectly,
its varieties.
close connections

of the

Tea

roses.

has played the chief part in the production of the present

race of Hybrid Teas.
roses.

There were none at

Cheshunt Hybrid

grown

They

as a climber)

1873, in

vigorous red

variety,

made

its

appearance

title

which year
often

but

still

now they

that would be more properly placed in

the Hybrid Perpetual group, since an

blossoms

of

Unfortunately, there are some masqueraders

are legion.

under the

(a

modern race

are quite a

all until

is

autumn crop

not to be expected from them.

of

Hybrid

Teas are distinctly intermediate between the two older

groups,

the

Hybrid Perpetuals and the Teas.

They

have, to a great extent, the prolonged blossoming season,

the delicate tinting, the long stalks and pointed blooms

of the latter,

though not so pronouncedly their

frag-

HYBRID TEAS
and they have the

ranee,

sturdier,

35

hardier growths of

the former.

In an ordinarily severe winter, in which short periods

of io to 15

of frost

snow are
wet weather, Hybrid

and occasional

sandwiched between periods of

of

falls

Teas do not appear to need protection in gardens in

the south. In those of the midlands and farther north
It is
some protection may be advisable.
cheaply afforded by heaping a small mound

easily

and

of soil over

the base of the plant, so that the lower parts of the

stems are covered.

This

may

covering early in March, or the

soil

be done in early Decem-

but the precaution ought to be taken to remove the

ber,

may

warmth and

shelter of the

induce the basal buds, which are all-important,

prematurely and to produce

to start

warm garden

Writing from a

growths.

I find that protection is unnecessary

the Hybrid Teas.

roses, let alone

soft,

It

in

attenuated
Middlesex,

even for the Tea

is,

of course, far

better to err on the side of safety, since the measures

The protection of standSome Hybrid Teas are

that ensure this are so simple.

ard roses
less

more important.

is

hardy than others,

more

easily

garden

is

or,

damaged by

more exposed than those

method

the growths

of

of protection

still

is

is

as well,

district,

if

one's

to protect all

the growths are naturally

bush or dwarf
is

roses.

The

to place bracken between

this precaution will ensure the safety of

the roses through severe cold.

tion

It

cold.

exposed or in a cold

standards of Hybrid Teas

simplest

being of weaker growth, seem

More complete

protec-

given by bunching the growths together

THE ROSE BOOK

36

wrapping them round with bracken or straw,

loosely,

and tying
coddling

lightly with string.

is

bad

any

for roses of

need only be adopted in

shown that a good deal

Hybrid Tea roses,

Some

are inclined to

a true Tea

rose,

sort,

of protection

as

and

forget that

this

method

where experience has

districts

is

really essential.

one would naturally expect,

and

considerably in vigour

vary

One must not

make

in

manner

of

growth.

small, spreading bushes like

like a

or form strong upright shoots

others develop into more or less

Hybrid Perpetual
while some have the
rounded bushes
;

symmetrical,

awkward habit

of putting all their

energy into the pro-

In pruning, therefore, the

duction of one chief shoot.

treatment of each plant should be strictly individual,

but this

will

be simple once the principles enunciated

another chapter are grasped.

in

Those having one strong

shoot and other small ones must be hard pruned

those

that spread and form rather weakly growths ought to

be cut back to buds that point upwards, and be well

thinned out.

Some

of the

Hybrid Teas are so vigorous as to form

climbing roses, and they are extremely delightful for

sunny walls and

fences.

They

are

certainly

not

so

accommodating or so simple of treatment as the Dorothy

Perkins and Crimson Rambler types, yet offering no
serious

difficulties

to

the enthusiastic amateur.

They

have a great advantage over the true Ramblers in that

they produce shapely buds and blooms in contrast to
the big, showy bunches of single or semi-double blos-

som

of the latter,

and they continue to flower through-

ROSE LIBERTY

(H.T.)

ROSE AVOCA

(H.T.K

ONE OF THE BEST OF THE RED VARIETIES

A VARIETY OF

BRILLIANT RED COLOURING

ROSE MRS. STEWART CLARK (H.T.). A VIGOROUS VARIETY

BEARING LARGE. ROSE-PINK BLOOMS

HYBRID TEAS
out the
or

summer
Some

instead of only for a few weeks in June

on warm

they are best

up the best
tion of

but gener-

are admirable for arches,

July.

ally

37

walls.

If

thus they take

positions in the garden, one has the satisfac-

knowing that nothing

could clothe them

else

more attractively or with more fascinating flowers.

The very first climbing rose 1 ever grew was the old
Reine Marie Henriette, commonly known as the " Red
Glory,"

or, in

other words, the

has shapely buds, of

fair size

Red

Gloire de Dijon.

and red

colouring.

was on the house wall facing due west.

My

plant

always ex-

pected (and rarely was disappointed) to gather the

blossoms late in
ber,

and whole

fault,

but

it

is

May and

the last in

November

posies in between.

or

first

Decem-

This variety has a

only that of most red roses, which on

fading take on a depressing purplish tint.

ever,

It

soon ensures their being cut

so the evil

off,

Reine Marie Henriette

a very great one.

the climbing Hybrid Tea, but

it

is

This,

is

is

not

a type of

one of the

and there are now very many better

how-

oldest,

varieties.

Just a word as to the pruning of these climbing

Hybrid Teas,

for the correct use of the knife is of great

importance.

In the March following planting

should be cut

down

soil.

If this is

all

not done the stems are liable to become

bare at the base.

Even under proper treatment they

inclined to develop this unsatisfactory tendency,

this reason I half hesitate to
real beginner, yet

walls

shoots

to within three or four inches of the

and garden

recommend them

and

are
for

to the

they are so very charming for house

fences.

Several shoots will develop

THE ROSE BOOK

38

during the

summer

following the hard pruning

instead

of being allowed to grow perpendicularly they should

be spread out fan-shaped. If trained to the wall in an up-

right fashion,

it

likely that the following

more than

is

spring fresh shoots will develop on the upper part only,

which would
pruning.

nullify the

good

effect of the severe initial

The amateur should remember the

for encouraging fresh shoots

each season.

So long as

from the base

this is

necessity

of the tree

accomplished so long will

the rose tree remain youthful, vigorous, and free blossoming.

For the

first

two or three years the end

in view

is

by keeping the stems well bent down,

thus checking the flow of sap and forcing the development
As the tree becomes bigger it is necesof basal growths.

usually attained

sary, each March, to cut

down one

of the older

stems

almost to the base to ensure the appearance of a new,

But much can be
vigorous growth to take its place.

done to ensure the foundation of a good, well-shaped,

healthy tree by keeping the stems formed in the earlier
years well spread out, instead of allowing
perpendicularly, as they naturally will

if

them

to

grow

not attended

the tree has passed two summers the orthodox pruning is followed in respect of cutting back, to
within two or three buds of the base, all side shoots that

to.

issue

When

from the older branches.

that a branch

may

It often

happens,

also,

be somewhat worn out and weakly,

yet towards the centre a strong shoot may have developed. In such a case the obvious thing to do is to
cut the branch back to the strong

new

shoot.

HYBRID TEAS
A

39

Selection of Varieties

Admiral Dewey.

This

may

be described as a pale,

blush-coloured form of Caroline Testout, from which

favourite rose it is a " sport." It grows vigorously and
flowers freely.

Amateur

Teyssier.

This

a pretty rose, with saffron-

is

yellow buds and white flowers.

The growth

rather

is

ungainly, but the blooms are freely produced.

Andre Gamon.
flowers,

novelty that promises well.

which are rather

than deep, are

flat

rose colour, with pink centre.

Antoine
colouring,

Rivoire.

freely.

The

carmine

satisfactorily.

rose

The

shaded with yellow.

and borne moderately

flat,

grows

It

charming

of

of

rose-pink

flowers are rather

Its

growth

is

fairly

vigorous and erect, displaying the blossoms perfectly.

Augustine
white

La

Guinoisseau.

France, though

than that rose.

It

it

is

known

somewhat

blooms remarkably

recurving petals give

Commonly

as

the

less

vigorous

freely,

and the

a quaintly attractive appearance.

it

rose for the beginner.

The

flowers are blush-white,

fading to white with age, and, like

La

France, deliciously

fragrant.

Avoca.
form.

Growth

pegged down.
classed as a

splendid crimson-scarlet rose of excellent

is

It

very vigorous, and the shoots

blooms

chiefly in July,

may

be

and though

Hybrid Tea, seems more nearly related to

the Hybrid Perpetuals.

Bessie

Brown.

big

slowly and lasts a long time.

compact flower that opens

The

colour

is

creamy-white.

THE ROSE BOOK

40

popular rose for exhibitors, but useless in the garden.

gives few blooms,

The plant is not vigorous,

have weak stalks.
Betty

is

a delightful rose

and these

the flowers are thin and

soon become full-blown, but the buds, while they

in that form, are exquisite

old gold and rose and fawn

are the shades that commingle.

a rose
Queen. This

Betty grows

and almost pure white.

it is

of little

Rose Society's Exhibi-

deep flower

It is a very

tion in 1912.

Carine.

and

a remarkable novelty, shown

is

for the first time at the National

but

well,

for everyone.

flowers freely
British

last

very beautiful rose as shown,

value as a garden variety.

of exquisite tints,

charming garden rose

varying through

of perfect form,

orange and carmine, to creamy-buff.

Fragrant.
Caroline Testout.

This

one can dispense with.

one

is

of the roses that

It is easy to grow,

no

and forms

strong shoots that produce big salmon-pink flowers very

freely.

Makes a

first-rate standard.

Charles J. Grahame.
tive collection

Worth including in a representaof its bright

on account

which, however, are not very

growth.

Not very good

in

full.

crimson blooms,

It is of fairly vigorous

autumn.

Closely allied to

the Hybrid Perpetuals.

Chateau de Clos Vougeot.

dark for

A modern variety, unusually

this class of rose.

collections.

The

flowers

are

Worthy
of

remarkable colouring,

rich velvety red shaded with black

good form, and

of inclusion in all

they are not of

do not find that they come very

freely.

HYBRID TEAS
a rose

this is

Nevertheless,

4*

would not be without.

It is fragrant.

Countess

of

Derby.A good

the

for

rose

garden,

of pale
fairly vigorous and bearing well-formed blooms

salmon and rose colour.

Countess of Gosford.A dainty

salmon-pink with

rose,

yellow shading, not a very strong grower.

Countess of Shaftesbury.One of the best of recent
novelties.

Colour, bright

silvery-carmine, mottled with

Growth vigorous.
Dean Hole.A variety producing blooms of excellent
rather
form, long and pointed, though the colour is
well
grows
It
salmon.
unattractive silvery rose and

shell-pink.

as a standard.

Duchess of Wellington. A handsome variety with

saffron-yellow blooms, stained with crimson. The flowers
are not very

full,

The fragrance

is

but they are most deliciously scented.

Growth

like that of ripe apricots.

is

moderately vigorous.
Earl of Warwick.

A good garden

rose.

The blooms,

which are deep salmon-pink, are freely produced by a

fairly

strong-growing plant. Makes an excellent standard.

Ecarlate.

have.
scarlet

The

Perhaps the most

bedding rose we

brilliant

flowers are of imperfect form, but the bright

colour

and

excellent

bushy habit make

it

an

invaluable garden rose.

Edu Meyer.

Those who

like intense

and uncommon

colouring in roses, while not caring so

form, should grow

and soon become

Edu

full

Meyer.

blown.

The

The

much

for fine

flowers are thin

colour

is

a mingling

THE ROSE BOOK

42
of

copper and red, and in a mass gives a most brilliant

display.

Edward Mawley.

new

with

variety

Splendid in autumn.

purplish-crimson flowers.

deep

big,

Growth

vigorous.
Elizabeth Barnes.
ing, intense

A beautiful rose

of distinct colour-

salmon, with fawn centre.

It is only

mode-

rately vigorous.

Entente Cordiale.

White,

shaded carmine, a lovely

Growth fairly good.

Farben Konigin. A big bloom of rich pink colour,
very showy. The growth of the plants is good, and the
Fragrant.

rose of perfect shape.

flowers

come

Growth,

fairly freely.

H.

Florence

Veitch.

Of

scarlet-crimson

colour.

Should be freely planted as

semi-climbing.

a pillar rose or standard.

General

Mc Arthur. One

red flowers, which,

produced.

of

the

very best

It is of strong growth,

Hybrid Teas.

if

somewhat

thin,

of

the

and bears bright

are very freely

splendid rose for the garden.

Fragrant.

Quite a new shade of colour in roses

George C. Waud.
was introduced with this variety, which is thoroughly
to be recommended. The blooms are of good form, red
tinged with orange.

We

have waited long for a good

dark red Hybrid Tea, and it seems as though this variety
The plant grows well and bears
would fill the blank.
George Dickson.

fragrant, finely

formed blooms

of

deep crimson colouring.

Best as a standard, owing to the drooping blooms.

Grand Due Adolphe de Luxembourg.

This

is

a splendid

HYBRID TEAS

43

The blooms are large and rather

come freely, and make an excellent show
in the beds and borders. Growth is vigorous. The colouring of the flowers is unusual. The outside of the petals
is carmine, the inside pale-rose, and the contrast adds
to the charm of the rose.
rose for garden display.

untidy, but they

Gustav
variety

Grunerwald.

Everyone should grow

only for the sake

if

There are

colour of the flowers.

this is distinct

from them

all.

It

this

the bright rose-pink

of

many pink roses, but

grows well and flowers

Makes a good standard.

James Coey. A variety of good growth that bears

freely.

its

yellow, pale-margined flowers freely.

Recommended

as a bedding rose where masses of one variety are used.

B.

/.

scarlet

Clark.

strong-growing rose,

blooms with deeper shading.

pillar, or

with deep-

Fine as a standard,

a free bush.

Jean Note.

An

excellent

garden rose

with

large

cream- white blooms.

Johanna

Sebus.

large,

handsome, salmon-cerise

Growth, semi-climbing.

flower.

Makes a

fine

standard

or pillar.

Jonkheer J. L. Mock.A big, bold flower of carmineThis variety grows well, and the blooms

rose colouring.

come

fairly freely.

Joseph
of

Hill.

excellent shape

pink, yellow,

and

charming

rose,

rose.

It

and

results in

large,

and

shades

of

has the unfortunate habit of

often forming one strong shoot

others

fairly

and attractive colouring

that weakens

an ill-balanced

plant.

all

the

THE ROSE BOOK

44

Kaiserin Augusta Victoria.

dainty, creamy- white

The

rose of moderately vigorous growth.

flowers are of

perfect form.

Killamey.
that

An

free-blooming

attractive,

pink rose,

very liable to attacks of mildew, and for this

is

reason not to be recommended.

La

France.

blooms are

very old favourite of bright silvery-

Of good growth and

rose colour.

of fair

The

free flowering.

form with recurving

petals,

and are

fragrant.

La

Tosca.

vigorous,

variety, with

free-flowering

rather small salmon-rose blooms.

Splendid for garden

display.

Lady

Alice

rose colour,

Stanley.

large flower of

and good form.

Lady Ashtown.
of

An

Growth

excellent

good form, deep pink

satisfactory.

is

rose;

deep coral-

the flowers are

and produced

colour,

freely

by a vigorous plant. Makes an excellent standard.

Lady Battersea. An early rose, with long, cherry-red
buds that quickly become full blown. A charming button-

hole flower.

Lady
coloured

Greenall.

Saffron

and orange shades, cream

towards the margin.

delightful

novelty.

Growth vigorous.
Lady Pirrie. This is one of the newer roses to be
recommended for every collection. It grows well and
flowers freely.
The blooms are of remarkable colouring

shades

of

salmon, apricot, and copper.

Laurent Carle.

though the

Quite a good
which

colouring

is

rose for the garden,

red

appears

to

me

ROSE LADY ALICE STANLEY (H.T.). ONE OE THE MOST RELIABLE

OF THE NEWER VARIETIES. SILVERY PINK AND ROSE

ROSE LADY GREENALL (H.T.). SHADES OF ORANGE AND

SAFFRON. CREAM EDGE

HYBRID TEAS

45

The blooms are of good form, fair

and come pretty freely. The plant grows well.
Le Progres. The colour of the flowers of
rather dull.

size,

variety

nankeen-yellow

uncommon and

is

although not especially vigorous

Leslie Holland.
of

good form.
Liberty.

One

of the

it is

a pleasing

newer

this

attractive;
rose.

roses, bright red,

Said to be an excellent variety.

well-known variety, with rather small,

red flowers of good form.

charming buttonhole

rose.

Moderately vigorous.
Lieutenant

Chaure.

Hybrid Teas.

The

One

of

the

best

Dickson, and growth, though strong,

excellent bedding rose, with

Madame

crimson

of

flowers are as large as those of

Abel Chatenay.

blooms

compact.

is

Hugh
An

good form.

of

An indispensable

rose.

The

blooms, of salmon and rose shades, are of excellent form,

and come on unusually long

well,

and flowers

Madame

Charles Lutaud.

ing, similar to

Growth

is

A variety

of

showy

colour-

Marquise de Sinety, yellow and bronze.

good.

Madame Edmond
Bulgarie.

The plant grows

stalks.

freely.

It is

Rostand.

a novelty of

An

improved Prince de

much

promise.

Growth

vigorous.

Madame

Jules Grolez.

Colour, bright

rose

ing rose for massing.

Of good growth and

Madame Leon

A good variety

growing

blooms

and bearing rather

a charm-

free blooming.

for the garden,

somewhat

loose

salmon, with blush and yellow shading.

The

well,
of

Pain.

red-green leaves add to

its

large,

charm.

THE ROSE BOOK

46

Madame Melanie

Soupert.

The blooms

rosy-carmine and yellow shades.

form, but the plant

Madame
It is

roses.

colour

is

Ravary.

none too

One

are of fine

floriferous.

the best

of

the yellow

The

invariably healthy, and blooms well.

orange-yellow.

is

of

very beautiful rose of

Madame Segond

Weber.

good garden

rose.

A splendid variety

rosy-salmon, of large size and perfect form.

flowers

One

of the

best of recent roses.

Marquise de Sinety.

rose of remarkable colour,

Not a very strong grower, but

young growths and foliage are finely

golden-yellow and red.

The

sturdy.
coloured.

Melody.

much

Deep

colouring
is

Of

liked for forcing.

Mildred Grant.

and

saffron-yellow

M. Paul

Lede.

novelty

first-rate

free growth.

big rose of not very attractive

and pink.

silvery-white

more valuable

It is liable to

for exhibition

mildew,

than the garden.

An established favourite.

might be better, but in many gardens

it is

growth

Its

a great success.

Colour, cinnamon-pink.

Mrs. Alfred Tate.

Coppery-red,

The

shaded lawn.

buds are unusually long, opening to a semi-double

flower.

Growth good.
Mrs.

Amy Hammond. Cream,

big bloom, and of lovely form.

Mrs. A. R. Waddell.
of

best

is

one

fine

vigorous.

of the

newer roses

the buds are rosy-red, while

show tints of salmon and apricot.

when a number of plants are grouped

the flowers
its

This

fascinating colouring

shaded amber.

Growth

Seen at
together.

HYBRID TEAS
Growth is fairly
come freely.

vigorous,

David McKee.

Mrs.

47

and the rather small

An

excellent

rose

flowers

sturdy

of

growth, and bearing creamy-yellow blooms of good form

with freedom.

Edward

Mrs.

Powell.

Glowing

scarlet-crimson

novelty of great promise.

Mrs. E. G.
attractive

Hill.

blooms

good decorative variety, with

coral-red

of

with

colouring,

paler

Free flowering and moderately vigorous.

centre.

Mrs. George Shawyer.

of great beauty.

large, deep-petalled flower

Colour, rich rose.

splendid grower,

especially fine for growing in pots.

Mrs. G. W. Kershaw.
neglected.
of

grows

It

good shape quite

Mrs.

centre.

Mrs.

is

undeservedly

big,

pink blooms

rose that

and bears

freely.

Harold Brocklebank.

Creamy-white

with buff

An excellent rose that grows well.

Sam Ross. Straw-yellow and saffron. A

ing novelty.

way

or attach

promis-

Growth good.

Mrs. Stewart Clark.

Dickson.
best

well,

Like a rose-pink form

of

Hugh

and the
to peg them down

It is just as vigorous as the latter,

to deal with the shoots

them

to a fence.

The

is

flowers are large, pro-

duced several together, and a well-established plant

bloom

is

a magnificent

sight.

Mrs. Wakefield Christie Miller.

The

Blush, shaded salmon.

flowers open out like a big tree Pseony,

most decorative.
growths.

in

They

and are

are produced on erect, strong

THE ROSE BOOK

48

Mrs. W.

J. Grant.

in spite of its rather

freely.

The

weak growth, because

flowers are not very big,

it

and

The climbing form

bright rose-pink.

is

An old favourite, and valued

still,

blooms so

their colour

the best for

is

garden cultivation.
Pharisaer.

The

valuable rose for the garden.

slender buds are produced on long stems,

The

useful for cutting.

colour

and are most

rosy-white and salmon.

is

Vigorous and free flowering.

Prince de Bulgarie.
play.

It

rose,

garden

first-rate rose for

of

dis-

good form

Several shades commingle in the flowers

in abundance.

grows strongly, and bears blooms

salmon, and yellow.

Oraoenta.

May

be described as a shell-pink Frau

Karl Druschki, but possessing the free growth and perpetual blooming qualities of the Hybrid Teas.

Richmond.

Very

similar

to

Liberty,

Some

flowers are perhaps rather larger.

Fragrant.

though

the

find this variety

better than Liberty in autumn.

Souvenir de

Gustave

Prat.

One

Of exquisite shape

yellow roses.

every garden.

Growth

is

well displayed.

the best

in the bud.

pale-

rose for

vigorous.

Souvenir de Maria de Zayas.

carmine colour.

of

fine rose of bright

The blooms are on strong stalks and

The plant grows well and forms a com-

pact bush.
Sunburst.

splendid

in every garden.

clear yellow colour.

The second

lot of

new

rose that deserves to be

The blooms are

large, shapely,

and

of

Sometimes they open almost white.

blooms are invariably

finely coloured.

HYBRID TEAS

49

Viscountess Folkestone.An old favourite,

growing.

The blooms

still

worth

are large, though not of good form,

It grows vigorously.
and the colour is
Warrior.A useful rose for massing. The buds are
Growth i?
intense red, the open flowers much paler.

cream-pink.

moderately strong.

The

flowers are rather small.

Climbing Hybrid Tea Roses

Ards Pillar.A showy

rose,

with large

full flowers

of velvety-crimson colour.

Ards Rambler. A handsome and fragrant

rose,

with

large carmine-rose blooms.

is

Avoca.This, though commonly grown in bush form,

very vigorous. The blooms are of fine form and intense

bright crimson colour, though few or none are produced

after July.

Bardou Job.The blooms are

large, semf-double,

intense crimson with darker shading.

The plant

is

and
best

as a pillar-rose.

Cheshunt Hybrid. An old and valuable rose, with

carmine-red, fragrant flowers, freely produced. This was

Hybrid Teas, and is still popular. The

flowers are not of very good form.
Climbing Captain Christy.The blooms are of pale

the

first

of the

flesh-pink colouring, similar to those of the old dwarf

rose Captain Christy, from which

is

the climbing variety

a " sport."

Climbing

from the
similar.

Caroline

favourite

Testout.A

bush

variety.

climbing

The

"sport"

blooms are

THE ROSE BOOK

50

Climbing

form

of

Victoria.

climbing

The buds

the dwarf rose of similar name.

very beautiful,

are

Augusta

Kaiser in

good form, and creamy-yellow

of

colour.

This

La France.
popular Rose La France
Climbing

a counterpart of the

in climbing form.

Climbing Lady Ashtown.

of

is

Rose Lady Ashtown

one

is

the best dwarf varieties, and the climbing sort

is

equally satisfactory.

Climbing Liberty.
red buds

All who are fond

of the

charming

should grow the climbing variety.

of Liberty

Climbing Mrs. W. J. Grant. A beautiful rose, with

well-formed blooms that
are
freely
pink,

bright

produced.

Dawn.
almost

An

variety,

attractive

with

silvery-pink,

single, flowers.

Francois Crousse.

This

rose has bright red flowers,

the buds of which are of good form.

Griiss

an

Teplitz.

favourite variety, with semi-

double, bright crimson blooms that are especially freely

produced in autumn.
Gustave Regis.

soon

full

A charming rose in the

The buds

blown.

pale yellow

colouring

the

are long

bud, though

and shapely,

of

open flowers are almost

white.

Johanna Sebus.

showy variety with

large,

full,

though not very shapely, blooms of bright rose colour.

Lady Waterlow. A very charming rose, though only

semi-double.
yellow.

The blooms

are salmon-rose, shaded with

HYBRID TEAS
Lina Schmidt Michel.

5*

The blooms

of this attractive

and

variety are semi-double, very large,

deep

of rich,

rose colour.

Longworth Rambler.
ing,

rose that

free flower-

is

though the blooms are small and not very shapely.

The colour

is light

Madame
is

An old

rather

crimson.

Hector Leuilliot.
It

difficult.

somewhat
form and exquisite
flowers

A lovely

grows

sparsely.

on a

freely

but one that

rose,

warm

The blooms

wall,

are

but

good

of

colouring, golden-yellow, with reddish

shading.

Monsieur

Desir.

with

variety

crimson

large,

blooms, lacking in fine form, though lovely in the bud.

Pink Rover.

Pale

pink, deeper in centre.

fine

variety with fragrant blossoms.

Reine Marie Henriette.

An

old rose, with deep rose-

red flowers, attractive in the bud, but the

are of unpleasant

Reine Olga de Wurtemburg.

large,

full

showy

variety, with

semi-double, bright rose-red flowers.

Rosette de la

Legion d'Honneur.

The flowers

Variety are small, though very pretty in the

colour

blooms

magenta shade.

is

carnation-red, with yellow tinge.

Sarah Bernhardt.

This rose bears

bright crimson blooms, and

Sheilagh Wilson.

An

is

Madame

the

large, semi-double,

attractive variety with single

J. Mitral.

red blooms of good form

Fragrant.

very showy.

flowers of deep-rose shade, resembling

Souvenir de

of this

bud

Carmine

This rose

Pillar.

has bright

quite of exhibition standard.

CHAPTER

VI

STANDARD ROSES
rose has lived down the gibes of its
and often not without good reason,
who,
detractors,
have derided it as a " mop on a broom-stick." It has

The Standard

been able to do so because it has progressed with the

times, and the times, as everyone knows, have afforded
it

opportunities of

vigorous and

self -improvement.

The advent

of

free-flowering roses has revolutionised the

standard and simplified

its

cultivation.

Then the

rise

in popularity of the weeping standard has been an

immense factor in the uplifting of the standard rose,

and

has been chiefly brought about by the

this again

wider choice of roses suited to this treatment that has

become available during the past ten years. The weeping
standard

is

was, since

no novelty, as one might readily imagine

it

is

it

only during the past five or six years

that it has really become popular. But Dean Hole, in

his " Book About Roses," published forty or fifty years
ago, writes of the captivating beauty of weeping rose

and remarks how beautiful they are when properly

trained. The choice of varieties then available for weeping standards was very limited in comparison with the

trees,

selection

now

available.

Ordinary Standards.There
52

is

something

mys-

THE LYONS ROSE

(Pernetiana)

STANDARD ROSES
terious about standards;

that

53

probably the reason

is

have an affection for them in

time,
spite of the hard criticism to which, from time to
dozen
a
half
plant
they have been subjected. You may

why

and

so

many

of

us

still

thrive exceedingly, delighting the grower, in

all will

due time, with lusty leaves and a

show

full

of

bloom.

But you may plant another half-dozen, and they will

dwindle and die, or grow half-heartedly and miserably,
with none

of life that distinguishes

of the real joy

healthy rose, and

You may coax them with

of fertilisers

this in spite of the best attentions.

dainty morsels in the shape

guaranteed to imbue them with the vigour

a summer cabbage, you may have recourse to severer

measures in the form of hard pruning, yet all to no purpose. They give no satisfaction, which would be bearable
of

one could only discover the cause and remove it, but,
like a person in the sulks, having apparently all they need,
except, perhaps, the unattainable, they will not be
if

pleasant and report progress.

The bother

can find no good reason for their

Because
sure

to the beginner.

you

failure.

am

of this disturbing characteristic, I

that the ordinary standard rose

mended

of it is that

is

not

to be recom-

The weeping standard may

be commended whole-heartedly, but the ordinary kind

only with reservations, namely, that a careful selection of
varieties

be made.

very generally

may

reliable,

not succeed,

Whether

it is

Fortunately, a

number

of roses are

but there are others that

and some that

may

or

positively will not.

that they object to being put

which they cannot possibly hide, and so die

upon a stem
of

shame

at

THE ROSE BOOK

54

being unable to cover their nakedness, nobody knows

but

be the case (and

this

if

some sense

of

modesty

?),

why

should not roses have

then some possess

much more

proper (or improper) pride than others.

A
and,

well-grown standard
if

the roses only

knew

is

a most attractive object,

it

(some

stem adds greatly to

do), the bare

of

its

them apparently

charm, for

it

holds

up the living posy of leaves and flowers for all to admire.

But none can have patience with a sulky standard. A
miserable bush rose is bad enough, but a wayward
standard, itself unhappy, makes its possessor unhappier
still.
There is nothing more depressing than a standard
that stands, because
to

grow

heap,

it

cannot help

itself,

but refuses

the cold shoulder in the shape of the rubbish

is all it

deserves,

and to which

it

must eventually

I am
by now
by an ordinary standard I mean a non-climbing
rose budded on a stem about four feet high, as distinguished from a climbing rose budded on a taller stem
I wonder if the roses
that forms a weeping standard.
that fail on four-foot stems would thrive any the better
on higher ones. Some of them do on lower ones, as I

sure that the reader has discovered

come.
that

shall show.

Even when lucky enough to obtain really fine standards, lots of people spoil them by placing them wrongly.
It

be

has always been the fashion, and probably always will

(so

conservative are the devotees of gardening), to

arrange standard roses in a row on each side of the

garden path.

When

such an arrangement

the path winds in graceful curves,

is

permissible, but

or

so

it

seems

WEEPING STANDARD OF ROSE BENNETT'S SEEDLING

WEEPING STANDARD OF ROSE ETHEL

STANDARD ROSES
to

meto

55

and narrow path

flank the side of a straight

with lines of standard roses, does credit neither to the

I don't

path, the roses, nor the rosarian.

why

isperhaps because

it

it

to do, the sort of thing that

who

quite

would occur to the man

had never done any gardening beforebut

plebeian, commonplace,

Rather would one see

bed

is

know

such an obvious thing

of

bush

and utterly lacking

them planted

where,

roses,

it

is

in inspiration.

in the middle of a

themselves flying fragrant

blossoms to the breeze, they bring welcome variety to

the bed of roses below, and break up its monotony ot

They look very

outline.

well

grouped half a dozen

if

or so together in a round bed, the surface of the

being covered with low-growing flowers

soil

or disposed, not

company, in any one

singly, but in each other's close

nooks and corners to be found in every

rose garden. In such positions they fill small beds most
admirably. But if your walk is straight and meagre,
of the

do

many

not, I

own peace

little

beg
of

of you, for the garden's

mind, accentuate

its

meagreness with ordinary standard

The

details of soil

sake and your

straightness

are one or

be made here.

special points to

The

inches beneath the

roses.

though there

which reference may

roots ought to be placed five or six

soil,

and care taken to

insert the

stake before the roots are covered, or the latter

badly damaged.

its

preparation and planting described

in another chapter apply to standard roses,

two

and

may be

In supporting the standard, the rose

should be tied to the stake, not the stake to the rose

the string is first passed twice round the stake, then

THE ROSE BOOK

56

round the rose stem, and

Square, deal stakes,

tied.

painted green, are the best, and as

to obtain

them

many

locally, as

it is

sometimes

difficult

as are needed should be

ordered from the nurseryman at the same time as the

When

roses.

standards arrive from the nursery the

bamboo

shoots are usually supported by a thin stick or

cane, which has served the purpose of keeping the

growths firm in the stock

young

in the spring following

bud-

blown out by rough winds.

ding, they are liable to be

These small supports should not be removed at planting

time, for they serve to support the shoots in rough weather
in winter.

They may be dispensed with when the

roses

are pruned in March.

It is advisable to

prune standard roses severely in

the spring following planting, cutting

all

shoots back to

within two or three buds of the base.

years, especially

hard pruning

if

is

the plants

show

also advisable.

vigorous, the shoots

may be

If

In succeeding

signs of weakening,

the standards are

shortened by half

other-

wise, they should

be cut back to within two or three

buds

I believe that lack of

of the base.

hard pruning

is

many failures in growing not only

roses.
When a rose gets weakly and

partly responsible for

standard, but

all

the shoots decrease in

size,

than ever to prune hard

greater

is

amateurs are

less

inclined

the smaller the growths, the

the hesitation in cutting

them

off.

This

is

contrary to good practice, for the weaker the growth the

Standard roses
more severely should it be pruned.
benefit greatly by applications of liquid manure during

May and June, but if this cannot be prepared conveniently,

!
:

STANDARD ROSES

57

farmyard manure should be applied in autumn and

forked in the

meal

may

In February Tonks's Manure or bone-

soil.

be given.

Suckers,
rose proper

growths from the stock on which the

i.e.

is

budded, are often a great nuisance on

standard roses.

They form on the stem, even

top of the stem

among

at the

the shoots of the rose, and a

watch needs to be kept

in the

month

suckers appear most freely, or one

may

of

May, when

find,

when the

flowering season arrives, that one's care has been expended

on a shoot from the stock.

Suckers often run under-

one or two

neath the

soil for

growths

they should be traced to the point of

and there cut

and then send up

feet,

origin,

off.

Weeping Standards.

Most

of us look

upon weeping

standard roses as a modern creation, but they were

known and grown years ago. In the early seventies

Dean Hole wrote with enthusiasm concerning them
" they form," he said, " such a

have played in the fancy

The white

of our

floral

fountain as

may

Laureate when he wrote

"

rose weeps, she

is late.'
But none of the
wichuraiana roses were available then, and these, owing
'

to their naturally slender growth, which droops readily,

make

the best of

ever, still

much

all

weeping standards.

There

is,

how-

to be said for the use in this form of

some of the old climbing roses, such as Felicite Perpetue,

Dundee Rambler, and the Garland rose, to mention only
a few

of those that are

now

are graceful of growth

commonly grown. They

of bloom
alas
Weeping standards are real

less

and prodigal

that they are so fleeting.

THE ROSE BOOK

58
beginners'

roses,

form, they

may

though, being trained in an

at

first

sight

seem

difficult.

artificial

But they

are

just as easy as an ordinary free-growing climbing rose,

easier

far

than the average standard, for the simple

reason that only vigorous varieties are suitable for the

purpose.

If

planted early in autumn, each shoot being

six inches of the base in the following

pruned to within

March, they soon begin to send out long lissom growths

depend with perfect grace from their point of

vantage, and promise an abundant blossoming the

that

And

following summer.
at first

flowers

as the seasons pass,

spangle the leafy stems, then commingle

come in such profusion that

are almost hidden, and you have a rose tree

with the leaves, and

the latter

freely

in its highest

form

Grow weeping

finally

of beauty.

standards preferably on

six feet high, so that in high

have a background

of blue

summer

if it is

stems,

the flowers

may

sky flecked with fleecy clouds

or of the soft green of distant trees.

four, or even

tall

five feet high,

If

the stem

is

only

the flower-laden stems,

so luxuriant are they, soon drag in the dust or the mire,

whichever the weather god

to shorten

them

send,

and one

is

obliged

so that the stems are clear of the

It is possible, as 1

have done, to transform a

stem into one that to

high, simply

may

all

by putting

intents and purposes

in a tall stake, to

is

soil.

five-foot

six feet

which the

and tying some of the

stem of the standard is made
principal growths to it, so that they depend from the
top of the stake, instead of from the point at which
fast,

they were budded.

The deception

is

not noticeable

STANDARD OF ROSE GRACE MOLYNEUX

?j>>

WEEPING STANDARD OF ROSE LEONTINE GERVAIS (WICHURAIANA),

ROSE AND YELLOW

STANDARD ROSES
when

the tree

season, not at

is

in full leaf

59

and bloom, and,

the support and

for

proper direction of weeping standards

they certainly

help to form a symmetrical plant, but I doubt

Most

really necessary.

and

graceful lines,

bours, instead of
of

if

they are

of the shoots fall naturally into

here and there, an erring one

if,

persists in keeping too close

rilling

company with

a blank,

neigh-

an easy matter,

is

it

its

a piece of string and timely attention,

properly to direct

may

all.

Wire trainers are often used

with the aid

after

its

going.

After a while the string

be removed altogether, but the coaxing should be

begun

in

good time.

The pruning

of

a weeping standard

is

similar to that

needed by the same variety when grown as an ordinary

climber.

It takes the

form

of cutting out, in late

a few of the old and worn-out shoots to

summer,

make room

for

the fresh ones, and, in spring, cutting back to within

two

or three

buds

of the

base the side shoots that have

formed on stems more than one year

old.

It is

important

to see that weeping standards are supported properly,

either

by strong

stakes or special trainers, for, owing to

the large " heads " that form, they

sway

rough winds, and become loose in the

soil

violently in

condition

of things that is detrimental to their well-being.

It is

necessary also to ensure that the long growths do not

become entangled with each

be broken

off.

The wire

other, or

trainers to

many buds may

which the shoots

can be attached, are certainly useful in keeping the

trees orderly,

though the same end

may

be achieved

THE ROSE BOOK

60

by the use

of string, the tips of the shoots

being attached

to the stem of the tree, and to each other,

necessary.

if

But it is a mistake to attempt to make a weeping standard

" prim and proper "
much of its charm lies in the
;

and to restrict
them unduly is to detract from their beauty.
The weeping standard demands to be well displayed
natural grace of the long, slender shoots,

it

forms such a perfect picture

of rose

can be no hesitation in giving

garden.

It

beauty that there

pride of place in the

it

the centre of a formal rose garden with

fills

queenly grace, and there should be placed in default

of

a sun-dial, old well head, or stone fountain.

so soon gives an old-world

these,

Nothing

charm to a garden as one

of

but no better substitute can be found than the

weeping

Wherever placed, the weeping standard

rose.

needs space.

Crowd

as

it,

ordinary standard rose,

you may do a bush

and

contour and grace of form are

easily to

admire

it

lost.

from any point

Half-Standards.

It

may

or

an

perfect

One should be

able

of view.

may

not be necessary

one that

to explain that a half-standard rose

is

on a stem about two

it is

feet high,

or even

charm,

chief

its

but

is

grown

perhaps always

wise to premise ignorance on the reader's part.

The

half-standard rose has great merits, for in this form

the Tea roses thrive admirably, while often they

fail

as

To show the perfection to which Tea

roses may be grown as half-standards, in the National
Rose Society's annual for 1912 there appears an illustration of a half-standard of rose Mrs. Edward Mawley bearing seventy blooms. Perhaps I ought to be fair, and add
full

standards.

STANDARD ROSES

61

a postscript, pointing out that in the accompanying note

it is

stated that this

is

the finest half-standard the writer

But I could have excused the omission

saw that " All may do what has by
man been done." At least, it serves to show how excellently the Tea rose may thrive in half -standard form.
has ever seen.

by quoting the

old

Half-standards are especially well suited to planting

among dwarf

or bush roses, particularly of Teas.

of the latter are of low, spreading growth,

Most
and look all

the better for the presence of a few half-standards, which

give added height to the display and supply the missing

touch

tions

Many of
much admired

of boldness to the grouping.

blooms

of

Tea

roses that are so

gathered from half-standards.

are

the prize
at exhibi-

During the

winter protection from cold should be afforded by bracken

thrust in

among

the branches.

There

is

usually

little

pruning to be done when March comes round, for the

growths often die back partly during the winter.

If prize

blooms are wanted, each shoot must be cut to within

one or two buds
left

of the

two or three inches

base

long.

otherwise they

may

be

Thin, weakly growths that

evidently will not flower, should be cut out altogether.

In

fact,

thinning out the

constitutes

when they

all

are

the

weak and dead growth

often

pruning needed by half-standards

grown to provide

roses for garden display.

CHAPTER

VII

ROSES AND OTHER FLOWERS

It

world to advise the

of course, a crime in the rose

is,

association of

any other flower with the queen

Happily,

not likely to be visited by any more

it is

of flowers.

ous punishment than that meted out by the

I

may

my

tell

seems best to

tale as

tage of the reader.

me and

seri-

so

critic,

the advan-

have not the courage actually to

direct the reader, in plain words, to

grow

roses

anywhere

except in beds specially prepared for them in the open

where there

no game

is

of hide-and-seek

between the

sunshine and the shadows, but where the sunshine plays

all

That

alone.

must be a "but" in a chapter

its

there

for does not

like this,

presence in emphasised form connote a departure

from the orthodox

Indubitably

sure that the present chapter,

will

But

the place for the roses.

is

if

does,

it

it

add considerably to the character

However

and

please and,

if

it

is

that

is

my

am
else,

of a conjunction.

a happy thought

am

out to

can, to instruct the beginner, and cer-

tainly before he can be taught he

least,

and

does nothing

must be

At

pleased.

conception of the task, and

hope

it

does not place the beginner's intelligence on too low

a plane, or
that he

is

make him
still

in

feel,

baby

with too great a realism,

clothes, short
62

stockings,

and

ROSE LADY PIRRIE

(Hybrid Tea)

AND OTHER FLOWERS

ROSES

pinafores,

so

encouraged in

my

abbreviated

the

as

far

roses

63

are con-

cerned.
I

am

attempt to arouse the interest

by the knowledge that very often an

is aroused by the possession of a
few, perhaps gaunt and ill-kempt, specimens in the mixed
They are quite sufficient to imbue him
flower border.
of the beginner

enthusiasm for roses

with some glimmering of the unfathomable charm and

bewildering delight that the rose begets in

When

mental

are black

and low and

never would

on the

it

lover.

seems as though the sun

through, there

shine

its

even when the clouds

are grey,

skies

is

always a smile

even when there are tears in their

roses' lips

eyes.

Not content with surmising that roses struggling

for an existence in the border may give birth to an
enthusiasm that only ceases to grow when it is not encouraged, and even then never wanes, I shall dare to

say that there are some roses you

may

ought to grow, in the mixed border

from your garden

companionship
there
of a

is

it

all

it

be the

expected that

is

if

you would gain

joy and exquisite

capable of affording.

is

something just a

bed or border

though

the intense

grow, and even

filled

rose.

little

monotonous

After

all,

in the aspect

with one kind of plant, even

There

is

a charm about the un-

and to come across

not to be denied,

a big rose bush, lusty and abounding in blossom, rubbing shoulders with a clump of Larkspur or jostling
the stout shoots of a Paeony,

evidence

of

good gardening

may
as

perhaps not afford

standardised

for

us

THE ROSE BOOK

64

nowadays, but

it

is

uncommonly

But

delightful.

here,

as so often in rose growing, there are pitfalls.

You must

choose the proper

sorts, or

they will never

be able to withstand the aggression to be expected from

the other border flowers

for flowers, like ourselves, are

place in the sun."

quite alive to the importance of a

Some

get

and some do not

it

it is all

largely a matter

Choose, therefore, for the mixed border

One of the
roses that can take care of themselves.
flower
old-fashioned
easiest ways of all to ensure an

of personality.

border

is

to plant a few rose bushes in

old-world at

expect

to

once because you

find

roses

outside

it.

in

don't,

becomes

It

these days,

the rose garden.

The

difference between the old-world and the modern in

gardening is very largely a matter of disposing the

you put them just where you are told they

ought to be put, and where everybody expects to find

flowers.

If

them, your garden

but
still

if

will certainly

not be old-fashioned;

you disregard the conventions, though keeping

an eye to propriety, your garden

become old-fashioned

(which,

after

all,

will

not only

may

not

be

and breathe the

wholly desirable), but old-world

also,

old-world charm (which nobody

can define but every-

body may recognise) another thing, and altogether

more delightful and satisfying.
If you can progress so far as to disregard the convention that roses are out of place anywhere except in
the rose garden proper, there seems no good reason why
they should not go in the mixed flower border. A very
good reason, even, seems to exist if one chooses those

AND OTHER FLOWERS

ROSES

65

that bloom throughout the summer, for they add

to the gaiety of the garden than the other plants,

which have their short season

of

of bloom, and,

more
most

having

blossomed, fade and become unattractive for the rest

of the season

a rose,

if

not in bloom, could never look

might be uninteresting. Heigho

mixed border of hardy flowers.
hope no reader will compare this chapter with that

dowdy, even though

it

then, for roses in the

I

on rose gardens,
two.

so

variety,

heterodox,

no

find

for

he

may

not be able to reconcile the

we are told, there is great charm in

make allusion to the orthodox and the

But, or so
I

certain

in

difficulties in

the belief that the reader will

making a

choice, or perchance in

striking a

happy mean. Should the comparison unhappily

be made,

let

gardens

was but following the conventions, and prob-

the reader believe that in writing of rose

ably giving similar advice to that which has been given

before,

and that

at the

kicking over the traces.

moment

fancy or orthodox in taste,

and

An
if

am, metaphorically,

let

him take heed

forget the other according to his

author of gardening books,

he

will

According as he be heretic in

is

unwise)

will

if

he

is

way

one

of the

of thinking.

wise (or perhaps

have no cut and dried opinions

he

put the pros and cons before the reader and cry,

with Alexander Pope, " This choice

is left

ye."

For some, at least, of the roses that can be relied

upon to hold their own in the mixed border we have to
go back a long way, to dip a little into the lists of the

some

of the old sorts are giants still when it is

a question of " holding their own." Choose, for instance,

past, for

THE ROSE BOOK

66
Ulrich

of

La

Brunner,

Madame

France,

General

Jacqueminot,

Isaac Pereire, Rosslyn, Mrs. John Laing,

Duke

Edinburgh, Senateur Vaisse, Margaret Dickson, Grace

Darling, and,

Dickson,

Mrs.

Zembla (and

Madame

if

all

you would be up-to-date, such as Hugh

Stewart Clark, Conrad Meyer, Nova

company of rugosas),
Grand Due Adolphe de

the other good

Laurette

Messimy,

Luxembourg, Caroline Testout, Madame Abel Chatenay,

Frau Karl Druschki.
With such as these you may
pick big posies in high

summer and

leave plenty

still

garden show, and gather quite good vasefuls

almost any time you wish until the fogs and frosts put
for the

an end to

why

all

good things

in the world of flowers.

And

should space be denied to the lovely old pink Moss

or the dainty Maiden's Blush

culled

The

from an old-world border

fact that

will

they are

charge the roses

with an added sweetness, and revive memories that

still lie garnered in the " storehouse of the mind "

"For then sweet dreams of other days arise,

And memory breathes her vesper sigh to thee."

And why not have, here and there, towards the back
and sometimes towards the front of the border, to break
the monotony of outline,

entrancing

tall pillar roses in varieties of

and even gorgeous

favourites, the ubiquitous

colours.

All

the

old

Crimson Rambler and Dorothy

Perkins, as well as others of less obvious, though none

the less real charm.

Climbing roses grown in this

are altogether delightful, and I hope I have

the beginner,

if

way

shown that

he chanced to begin with roses in an

IN

THE OLD ENGLISH FLOWER GARDEN AT FRIAR PARK,

HENLEY-ON-THAMES

CLIMBING ROSES AND BORDER FLOWERS

AND OTHER FLOWERS

ROSES
old-world border,

may

derided by experts,

at

and the good wishes

whom

with some proper pride

least

a scribe

of

openly

first love, if

among

the roses to

the unorthodox makes appeal.

There
their

go back to his

67

is

another aspect of the subject of roses and

When grown

association with other flowers.

beds specially reserved for them,

why

reason

the ground between should not be covered

with dainty blooms

There

might

reason, or so I

"

is,

indeed,

you were

tell

summer
But,
moment I am trammelled by no such
reply

to

There

is

Therefore
the

a very grave

dilating

treatment " of roses.

gardening.

in

any good

there

is

upon the

happily, for the

claims of proper

can defy the conventions and

question

self-imposed

with

negative.

no reason why you should not smother the

ground beneath and between the roses with those delightful

and

daintily varied tufted Pansies or Violas that

begin to bloom in

May and

are scarcely without blossom

How

onwards until November.

cosy they look, and

how

they " set off " the roses or do the roses " set them
off " ?
Whichever it may be, there is no doubt that
they look very charming together, far better than either

Spreading into low, wide, leafy

looks alone.

become

at first spangled,

dainty, wide-eyed flowers.

And

if,

as perchance

happen, a Pansy creeps up the rose's stem,

whit the worse

and judge.

Let the reader

make

have never found the roses

for the Pansies,

of themselves.

they

may

tufts,

they

and eventually smothered

very well be

is

trial

either a
of

suffer,

left

in

may
them

and

as

to take care

THE ROSE BOOK

68

And

think

of

the

simple,

charming, colour schemes that

may

very

nevertheless

yet

be so easily arranged

the white with the pale blue, the purple with the gold,

the rose with the pale yellow,

margined ones

all

or

the creamy,

Why, you have only

alone.

blue-

to plant

Violas beneath

the roses to ensure a perfect garden

of flowers from

May Day

to Michaelmas.

If

the roses

are grouped in colours of similar shade, then one

arrange
to

still

match the

may

more elaborate schemes, choosing Violas

roses with which they are associated.

Other flowers besides Violas

may

be used for cover-

The blue Lobelia (the

compact, not the spreading form) is suitable, and some
The dwarf white
of the annuals may be employed.

ing the surface of the rose beds.

Alyssum, for instance,

purpose

bloom

for

its

low,

months

is

a perfect

little

quickly spreading
together,

plant for the

tufts

are full of

and they come at the

bid-

ding of a few seeds scattered in March. One may even

use the creeping Pompon wichuraiana roses referred to
in a later chapter for covering the surface of the beds,

while Pinks are quite suitable.

CHAPTER

VIII

BIG ROSE BUSHES

average amateur

The

fascinated

is

by anything big

in the way of garden produce, whether

find

they twice the

size

they

But most
one,

and a big rose bloom

and tenderness

of

it

possesses

to

one that

some charm

is

of

small

form

The production of a big

tinting.

is

developed in spite

care.

adjusted accordingly.

very satisfying to one's vanity (and are

rosarians vainglorious?), even though it has

rose bush
all

is

people prefer a big rose bush, I think, to a

always providing that

not

but then they are minia-

are,

and one's appreciation

tures,

little

a rose or

is

do not write disparagingly, for I conOne would not, perhaps,

to similar appreciation.
greater delight in the high Alpine flowers were

a cauliflower.
fess

it

of,

giant bush of

give far greater delight

rather than in virtue

of,

one's

Conrad Meyer is calculated to

than a puny plant of Tea rose

Lady Roberts, though the

latter

would be

easily first,

and the former nowhere, on the show-board. And so,

having satisfied my conscience and justified the appeal
of

big rose bushes,

it

remains to discover those best

suited to the purpose.

none to excel Conrad F. Meyer, a variety

closely related to the Japanese Brier (Rosa rugosa).

There
that

is

is

69

THE ROSE BOOK

70

develops into a huge thorny bush, eight or ten

It quickly

and

feet high,

as far through.

grow

It will

although only a sunny spot finds

it

in

any

aspect,

When,

at its best.

after a year or two, this rose is thoroughly at

it

produces great thick shoots very

you give up
which

as

happens,

it

all

and a dead one

the pruning Conrad

some

of

if

you cut

It is a

planting.

of

is,

it down in the March following

happy rose to grow you cannot fail
be impressed by its astonishing vigour and the joy
life that possesses it, and to become imbued with

Meyer needs
to

attempt at pruning, and resign your-

all

to cutting out an old shoot here

there,

they

most formidable

It is really so aggressive, that sooner or later

thorns.

self

and

freely,

are covered from tip to base with the

home,

the happiness with which

bubbling over.

When, with the

last

it

so obviously

is

days

of

May, the

giant leaves are spread, and the glorious blooms unfold,

it is

Conrad Meyer

a grey day for the rest of the garden.

arrogates to himself your admiration:

the big,

bold,

rose-pink flowers, of ideal form and most delicious fragrance, compel your unstinted

and whole-souled

and the profusion with which they come

wonder and

all

more), but

delight,

you with

the other garden flowers with envy.

have only one plant

fills

of

him (having no room

have been impressed with the way

in

for

which

he has risen superior to circumstances, absolutely setting

them

at naught,

comfiture.

north,
less

For

and
I set

where the

damp, and,

revelling in

soil

triumph at

their dis-

him at the foot of a fence facing

was good, but always more or

therefore, difficult to dig.

There were

BIG ROSE BUSHES

company a Mock Orange, a climbing Hydrangea,

for his

two

or three bushes of Forsythia, a Spiraea or two, a

colony

Was

among
of

some spring-flowering

and

Lupins,

of

Not a

bit of it

As

befits

a king

the roses, he was soon out of the garden mists

And now,

revelling in the sunshine.

after the lapse

a few years, he towers proudly to a height of eight

or ten feet,
roses.

"monarch

have,

Conrad Meyer.

is

in the way

think, not exaggerated the merits of

know

and

none that grows so well and

of

big,

double, well formed, of

fragrant.

a similar rose with white blooms

Nova Zembla, but

so

far

as

my

strong, thorny shoots of

some way, they

when

called

experience goes,

neither grows so lustily nor flowers so freely.

fully

of

There

he surveys "

of all

bears such perfect flowers

lovely colour,

in

bulbs.

he content with the damp, dank corner, and happy

as one in a crowd

and

;t

If

it

the

Conrad Meyer are not secured

disfigure each other

the wind blows

the bark

most unmerci-

off and
hangs in shreds, and the buds are torn out. They may
be tied to rough supports, or bent so that the ends can
:

is

scraped

be attached by string to pegs in the ground, or to the

stem of the rose tree. It is wise always to bend down

some

of the biggest

stems, to obviate their tendency

to produce blooms towards the top only.

The

true Japanese Briers and their single or semi-

double-flowered

varieties

make

splendid

bushes,

and

they have the advantage in late

brightly coloured fruits.

summer of bearing big,

They seem scarcely so desir-

able for a garden of limited extent as

Conrad Meyer,

THE ROSE BOOK

72

but for planting on the outskirts, for shrubbery, or for

The

wild garden they are most valuable.

and freely produced

some considerable extent in

large,

May and

in late
late

flowers are

June, and to

At

summer.

this season

they are unusually attractive, both flowers and brilliant

fruits

The

adding to the gaiety of the bushes.

crop of fruits

is

finest

obtained by pruning hard each March.

Perhaps the best way of growing Griiss an Teplitz,

a Hybrid Tea rose,
it

is

high summit).

bush (though

as a free

rampant on a sunny

wall,

In any

because

it

chiefly

The blooms

on the upper part

semi-double,

feet

when

especially valuable

is

it

comes into flower rather

at its best.

have seen

case, it thrives splendidly

not trained in any way, and

is

and o'ertopping the ten

and

late,

September

in

are in big loose bunches,

stems

of the

they are only

but of vivid crimson-red colouring, and

most fragrant.

One needs

to use the pruning knife very

sparingly on Griiss an Teplitz

it

is

only necessary, in

March, to cut away any old and thin weakly shoots,

and to shorten

slightly

or very thin ends.

such others as

It thrives

with

and there flowers quite

corner,

me

may have

soft

in a half-shady

freely,

though

it

is

certainly worth a place in the sunshine.

The

old thornless Rose (Zephirine Drouhin)

excellent bush,

and

its

lovely, fragrant

rose-colour, that are freely

are most welcome.

blooming

is

occasionally,

Drouhin

is

makes an

blooms

of

soft

produced for weeks together,

The pruning

essential

to its free

directed to thinning out the oldest stems

rather than to cutting

back.

Zephirine

quite one of the old-fashioned roses now,

BIG ROSE BUSHES

and belongs to the Bourbon

class

it

73
is,

however, ex-

ceedingly well worth a place in the beginner's collection.

The smooth, vigorous stems, richly coloured young

leaves and the profusion of fragrant flowers of a most
exquisite shade of rose pink, constitute
tions

together

considered

with

its

its

chief attrac-

accommodating

nature and ease of cultivation, they should ensure

its

entree into every rose garden worthy of the name.

Hugh

Dickson,

magnificent,

rich-red

rose,

will,

with some attention to training, develop into a wonderful bush.

The

which are often

strong, thick shoots,

eight feet long, ought to be pegged

and

buds on the lower part

tree itself, then the

burst into growth.

thus assured.

and

far better display

Mrs. Stewart Clark

in vigour of

large

down

growth

and shapely, are

or bent

even to the stem

tied out to stakes, or

is

six or

down

of the rose

stems

of the
of

bloom

similar in

is

manner

the flowers, which are very

of rich satin rose colour.

the same kind of treatment as

Hugh

It needs

Dickson.

have

these roses planted in a three-foot wide border at the foot

by preserving the vigorous growths

them that
down
or
tied
to
the
stem
of the
the ends can be pegged
rose bush
by training them also along the fence, they
have both covered the latter and filled the border.
Little pruning is needed in any case after they are
of

a five-foot fence

that develop each summer, and so bending

established

down

less

than ever,

as described.

stem where there

is

if

the growths are tied

One has merely to cut out an old

a new one to take its place, and

to shorten to six or eight inches, the side shoots

on the

THE ROSE BOOK

?4
older branches.

ment

Other

fine roses

needing similar treat-

B. Clark, Sarah Bernhardt and Johanna

are J.

Sebus.

Some Rambler
readily
it

roses are of

form big bushes. Trier

stiff,

is

sturdy growth, and

an admirable example

bears, white, single flowers very freely, not only in

summer, but continuously from July

until late September,

a characteristic that distinguishes extremely few other

Aimee Vibert,
which has lusty, almost evergreen, leaves, and bears
big bunches of white, double flowers late in the summer,
climbing roses.

The non-climbing form

well to this free

lends

itself

tion,

and Aimee Vibert a

of

and easy method

fleurs

jaunes

is

of cultiva-

equally amen-

able.

one has plenty of space,

If

may

be grown to form big bushes.

tied to supports, the

ally

many

and,

as

of the

Instead of being

growths are allowed to

Rambler,

fall

natur-

they develop, the weight of leaves and

blossoms causes them to arch most gracefully.

Seedling,

ramblers

Alberic

Barbier,

Psyche,

Flora,

Crimson
Bennett's

The Garland Rose, Jersey Beauty, Gardenia,

Helene, and, in fact, innumerable other strong growers

form immense bushes, eight

more

when well
planted, hard pruned at first, and then left pretty much
to themselves, the oldest growths being cut out when
they are jostling the fresh ones. In high summer, when
every stem

produce an

grown

is

wreathed from

feet or

tip to base in blossom,

inspiring flower display.

in this

way

lence for the busy

high,

they

Vigorous varieties

are undoubtedly the roses par excel-

man, but, unfortunately, they need

A REMARKABLE PLANT OK ROSE LA FRANCE

ROSE MADAME ALFRED CARRIERE. THE BEST WHITE CLIMBING

ROSE,

ON HOUSE WALL

BIG ROSE BUSHES

75

a lot of room, and those whose garden space is limited

would do well to train them in the orthodox manner to
poles, pillars,

in the

month

and
of

To

arches.

June

visit

Kew

the rose dell at

to realise the splendour of dis-

is

play produced by rambling roses grown naturally. Every

stem is a trail of clustered blossom, here bewitching in
tenderness

combine

tone,

of

in a rose

Many

there

show

of

of

naming appeal, and

all

incomparable charm.

of the strong-growing Hybrid Perpetuals and

Hybrid Teas

will

form

fair-sized plants, four feet or so

in height, in the course of a few years,

if,

after the first

There

is,

of course, the

spring, they are lightly pruned.

drawback that they

may

get bare at the base, but this

can be circumvented to some extent by cutting

down

one shoot each spring, by planting in good turfy

soil,

and by manuring heavily

when the

Under such treatment

many

favourite garden

roses.

have seen splendid bushes of

Some that may be relied

upon

for

roses are established.

the purpose are Grace Darling,

Caroline Testout,

Margaret Dickson,

La

France,

General Jacque-

Grand Due Adolphe de Luxembourg,

Such old
Rosslyn, Clio, and Frau Karl Druschki.
Gloire
de Dijon
and
favourites as W. A. Richardson
yield a wonderful harvest of bloom when allowed to

minot,

Avoca,

develop as free bushes, the ends of the stems being

secured to pegs in the ground to prevent their being

blown about and getting damaged by each other.

There is a great satisfaction in growing roses that
smother themselves in blossom, and

this

should induce

every beginner to attempt some of those I have described.

THE ROSE BOOK

7^

There

and

is

a sufficiently wide selection to suit

spaces.

advantage that
time.

it

demands a

One has merely

opportunity

offers,

such side shoots as

chief stems.

all

tastes

This method of rose growing has the further

negligible

amount

of one's

to cut out a few old stems as

and, in March, to shorten slightly

may have

Surely, little

developed on the remaining

enough to ask

in

view of the

wonderful return they give when flowering time comes

round.

PJRT
Roses

to

11

Proceed With

CHAPTER IX
EOSES FOR WALLS AND FENCES

Very few amateurs seem to appreciate

walls in a garden, if one may judge by the
plants usually
cerned,

it is

often

to success on a

than

it is

grown thereon.

more

So

difficult to

warm, sunny, and,

the value of

very ordinary

far as roses are con-

common

coax a

variety

therefore, precious wall

Walls

to induce a choice one to thrive there.

that afford ideal positions for exquisite Tea and Hybrid

Tea

roses are often planted with those that

would be

far

happier in the open garden, fully exposed to the fresh

How

air.

difficult it is,

for instance, to succeed with

Crimson Rambler and other similar roses on a hot walL

yet

how very

simple to grow them to perfection on an

arch or arbour in the open garden.

south,

All walls having a

south-west, or west aspect should certainly be

reserved for roses that need shelter and

the garden

on a

warm

is

capable of affording them.

the

warmth

How fascinating

wall are the climbing Teas, for instance, that

seem gradually to be

how

falling

out of cultivation

how

One sighs,
some discrimination among rosarians when one

easy there, yet

apiin, for

all

difficult

77

anywhere

else.

THE ROSE BOOK

78

thinks of the hardy Ramblers that languish on precious

walls for the lack of fresh, sweet air about their shoots,

while other far lovelier roses, that would be supremely

happy

there, are neglected

age of

rose

many

too

of

them

and everything
position

is

But

and forgotten.

this is

Ramblers; our rose gardens cannot have

;

they are planted to cover anything

in the

way

a support, whether the

of

There

suitable or not.

is

nothing to excel

them

for arches

warm

walls they blossom meagrely, often

and arbours out

on

in the open, but

fall

a prey to

red spider and other insidious insects, and, themselves

disappointing, rob the garden of other,

The

treasures.

rose

make

first

the most of sunny walls,

circumspectly and with care

misusing the familiar

many

our collection
neglected,

sorts,

we

not greater,
if

we would

is

to choose the roses

by

so doing, while not

shall

be able to add to

lovely roses that

and to grow them to

if

then,

essential,

are unworthily

perfection.

There are varieties suited to

all aspects,

and there

is

no need to plant ivy even on a wall or fence facing north.

brick wall

is

more

likely to suit the tender roses

a fence, for the latter must

draughty.
the

thing

But

necessarily be

them,

gardens are bounded by fences

their fences were brick walls

in the results.
of the house,

and these

do

just

and readers whose

may plant as though

may be no difference

there

However, there

opportunities of growing
It

somewhat

roses, like other flowers, rarely

one expects of

than

alone,

some

if

still

remain the walls

sunny, offer unrivalled

of the choicest varieties.

sometimes happens that even a tender rose finds a

ROSE LADY WATERLOW. A BEAUTIFUL HYBRID TEA. COVERING

GREENHOUSE ROOF.
CARMINE

THE

COLOUR

IS

SALMON BLUSH AND

AND FENCES

ROSES FOR WALLS

79

brick wall too hot in high summer-time, and disappoints

by making

The simple expedient may

to the wall and training

progress.

little

then be tried of attaching

trellis

this. The shoots are thus kept a little distance

away from the bricks, and the additional fresh air that
finds its way among the branches may make all the

the roses on

difference

between success and

It is only

failure.

on

walls facing due south that this precaution, as a rule,

is

necessary

but

ever a wall rose

its trial
is

may

be recommended when-

not making satisfactory progress.

of all is to give

Perhaps the most important point

the roses a
to

them

good

start in life

this

means so very much

Moreover, precious years

afterwards.

may

before they really recover from an initial set-back.

hole, three feet deep,

dug

for each plant.

and

If

clayey or very light

of similar width,

the land

and sandy,

is

pass

should be

unusually heavy, or

all

the

soil

taken out

ought to be removed and replaced with fresh compost.

In ill-drained ground there should be eight or ten inches
of

broken bricks at the base

of the hole.

that climbing roses against walls

fail,

One

often finds

on heavy land,

because water collects in the bottom of the hole, causing

the

soil to

death
the

become

of the tree.

soil is really

sour,

and eventually leading

to the

Where, as so often in suburban gardens,

little better than clay, the hole might

be dug three and a half or four

feet

deep to allow for

twelve inches of drainage material at the base.

Whole

turves (those that have been stacked for some months

are preferable), grass side downwards, are placed on the

broken

bricks,

and the remaining space

is

filled

with

THE ROSE BOOK

80

prepared

Turfy loam, obtained by chopping whole

soil.

turves, each into six pieces, with a spade, should form

the chief ingredient of the compost

well-rotted manure,

to the extent of one-third of the whole,

is

mixed with the

loam, together with a double handful of half -inch bones

This forms an ideal mixture,

to each bushel of compost.

but

it

may

be said to be really essential to success with

choice climbing roses, though the extent of the special

preparation needed depends

natural

The purpose

soil.

upon the quality

achieved by exchanging good

soil

from another part

the garden for the clay or gravel dug out,

manure and

half-inch bones

the

of

would probably be

in view

if

of

farmyard

were intermixed, but

it

remains true that turfy loam would be better.

how

It is surprising

well climbing roses against walls,

even choice and somewhat

the

first

By

importance.

sorts, will thrive

difficult

they are given a really good start

this

if

in fact, of

is,

the time the roots have used

the good fare provided, a strong plant will have been

built up,

and a

rose that

is

established

well able to take care of itself

is,

as a rule, very

will

it

triumph over

circumstances that would overwhelm a newly planted

or badly planted tree.
of these roses

may

When

one remembers that some

outlive the planter,

it is

well deserving they are of initial care.

tion at planting time
for

it

is

to bring

it

worth days

apparent

enhance

its

add to

its

attractiveness

afterwards,

of it

good

vigour,

plant

how

hour's atten-

back to health from sickness.

truly set, time will but

of years

is

far simpler to give the rose a

An

than

start

If well

and the
it

and

flight

badly, and

AND FENCES

ROSES FOR WALLS

the rose grows old before
It is best to
is

fill

has passed

it

ordinary

normal youth.

its

the hole a week or two before the rose

may

planted, so that the soil

its

81

something

like

everyone has his

own

settle to

level.

As to the pruning,

well, nearly

pet opinion as to the best course to pursue in the spring

following

Personally,

planting.

always

down

cut

climbing roses to within five or six inches of the base

in

March
the

in

and

of the first year,

establishment

of

have found

strong

plants.

November

planted in late October or early

vigour in spring,
freely, it

may

and show

signs

of

serve the same purpose

to result

it

the

If

are full of

starting
if

roses

growth

the stems are

tied out horizontally to the wall or fence, or,

if

not quite

horizontally, at least as low as they can be bent without

The

danger of being broken.

is

object of each

method

to force the development of strong shoots from the

Lacking these, no rose can

base.

As the years

pass,

some

get bare at the base than others,

it is

not always possible to get leafy stems to the ground

level.

will

and healthily.
more prone to
and, do what one will,

live long

varieties are

But there are a few simple

rules which,

if

followed,

go far to ensure a well-behaved and attractive

way

Old worn-out shoots must always give

young stems

" youth will be served,

especially in climbing roses

on

annually or biennially, to cut

walls.

my

masters," and

It is

down one

or

tree.

to fresh

a good plan,

two old stems

with the object of encouraging fresh ones from some-

where near the base.

When

young, strong growths

appear, they should be trained, not perpendicularly, but

THE ROSE BOOK

S2

as nearly horizontally as possible.

allowed to grow

If

upright, they will start into growth only at the top.

The

best time to cut out the old stems

the chief crop of flowers

usually in July.

is

over, which,

is

as soon as

on wall

roses, is

Needless to say, old stems must not

be sacrificed indiscriminately, for the roses most worthy

of growing against walls are not so prodigal of fresh ones
as, for instance,

Dorothy Perkins.

A good deal of reliance

has to be placed on the side shoots from the older stems

for a display of flowers. In late February the side shoots
are shortened to within three or

four

base. If the training of all fresh stems

is

buds

of

their

as nearly hori-

zontal as possible, the tree will eventually assume the

form

of

aim.

a fan, and this

is

It follows that the

the ideal shape at which to

stems

of the

second year will

be fastened to the wall a few inches above those of the
first

year,

and so

on, so that gradually the rose

mounts

higher and completes the resemblance to the fan.

The

growths should never be trained across, but always

parallel with each other, and there should be at least
eight or ten inches between

them to allow room

for the

side shoots that will subsequently develop.

An

important detail in the cultivation of wall

and one that is frequently neglected, is watering.
soil at

roses,

The

the foot of walls and fences receives less than

its

and may be dry when the ground

in the open garden is moist. Water should be given to
roses on walls twice a week from May until the end of
fair share

August,

of rain,

the

manure and

soil

being thoroughly moistened.

plain water

may

Liquid

be given alternately.

CHAPTER X
ROSES FOR ARCHES AND PILLARS

The number

of

arbour, pillar

and

roses

pergola,

almost illimitable nowa-

is

days, and the need for caution in

therefore, all the

more necessary.

as the stone pillars of a pergola,

to smother with

covering arch and

suitable for

rampant

roses

a rustic arch or summer-house,

making a

Some

may

selection

is,

supports, such

be far too beautiful

while others, for instance,

is

attractive in proportion

to the wealth of its leafy, and, in due time, flowering

Among

canopy.
trellis,

and

roses for arch, arbour, summer-house,

rustic pergola, there

satisfactory as

are probably none so

the wichuraiana varieties, for they are

by quick growth and shining, persistent

no less than by abundant blossoming, and they

distinguished
foliage

need the

minimum

of attention.

Such, for instance, as

Dorothy Perkins, Alberic Barbier, Hiawatha, Rene Andre

and many others, grow rampantly, and in the course of

make a delightful show. The multiflora

represented by Crimson Rambler, Blush Rambler,

a season or two
roses,

Tea Rambler, Helene, and others, are almost equally

satisfactory, though they have not the persistent foliage
that is such a charm of the Dorothy Perkins type of rose.

Many

old favourites are

still

used for covering similar

supports, notably Bennett's Seedling, Felicite Perpetue,

83

THE ROSE BOOK

84

Aim6e

Reve

Vibert, Flora, Alister Stella Gray,

Reine Olga de Wurtemburg, and

and

d'Or,

are worthy roses.

all

the beginner were to give his roses the positions

If

they need, keeping the vigorous Ramblers to the arbours

and arches and

in the

trellises

open garden, and the

warm

tender Teas and Hybrid Teas to the

walls, his

garden would provide fewer disappointments and greater

delights.

The

initial

planting

is

important.

all

and properly carried out the

start

indifferently performed, years

if

the support
hole

two

is

the garden

if

and

it

may

well

is

vigorous

pass before

For each plant a

satisfactorily covered.

or three feet across,

be dug out

If

make a

roses

of similar depth,

soil is poor, it

should

should be re-

placed with loam with which rotted manure to the extent

of one-third is

mixed together with a pint

to each bushel of
this

some days

settle

down.

in

It is wise to

soil.

advance

firm soil

soil is

loamy there

the hole with

of planting so that

is of

the

first

compost ought to be trodden down as

garden

fill

bonemeal

of

it is

put

in.

no need to import

is

may

it

importance

If

turf,

the
the

but

some manure and bonemeal may be mixed in with

It is poor gardening, and especially poor
advantage.
rose growing, to cramp the roots of a Rambler in a small

You may even

hole.

neglect

without great detriment

to

that

is

well established

is,

in

subsequent years

the show of bloom

has been firmly planted in good

look after

it

soil, for

if

it

a climbing rose

as a rule, very well able to

itself.

pillar or pole finely

covered with a rose, leafy and

ARCHES OF ROSES SPANNING A WALK BETWEEN FLOWER

BORDERS

ROSES FOR ARCHES

AND

PILLARS

85

a fascinating sight, and one to which

even the beginner may look with every hope of success,
if, in addition to careful initial planting, he will choose

in full bloom,

is

There are two distinct classes from

the proper sorts.

which to make a choicethose that give of their best

in one glorious show at midsummer, and others, that
flower more or less throughout the season. Tausendschon is
one of the loveliest of those belonging to the first-named
group, while Trier is a worthy representative of the

The remarks on pruning and tending in the

chapter on " Roses for Walls " apply to some extent to
others.

pillar roses, for

they are liable to get bare at the base,

things that,

a state of

if

Hard pruning the

charm.

allowed, detracts from their

spring after planting will

first

ensure vigorous growth from the base for a year or two,

but then the trouble begins, and one

problem

of

keeping the roses in

is

faced with the

perpetual youth,

as

evidenced by leafy, flower-laden shoots from tip to base.

Something

may

be done to ensure this

if

the stems, at

pruning time in March, are trained round the pole or

pillar,

serpentine fashion.

upright, the stems of

If

most

allowed to remain perfectly

varieties will start into

growth

at the top only, but the act of bending them, as described,

forces all the

down one

the practice of cutting

in March,
attractive,

will,
if,

This, in association with

buds to develop.
as a

rule,

keep

of the oldest

stems

pillar roses healthful

in addition, they are well manured.

and

Prob-

ably half the unsightly pillar roses one sees are starved
it

is

astonishing

how

weekly applications

improved they are by

manure made by soaking

greatly

of liquid

THE ROSE BOOK

86

a bag of soot or horse or cow manure in a large tub

with

diluted

water,

of

an equal quantity

water

of

before use.
It is

not often that one sees

pillar roses really well

grown, yet they are very beautiful, and

pillar roses that
I have, I think,

some

it

is

only as

varieties are seen at their best.

never seen a more brilliant rose picture

than in a garden at Bath a few years ago, where the

variety Wallflower, having large bright-red blooms, was

grown on
colouring

poles.

so

free

almost hidden.

what
say,

The

latter

were smothered in gorgeous

were the flowers that the leaves were

Few

beginners realise that the rose

gardeners call a " gross-feeding " plant, that

it

is

is

to

can scarcely be given too much plant food

of

the right sort

when

especially benefited

it is

by

established,

and

this treatment.

pillar roses are

CHAPTER XI
TEA ROSES

The

Tea-scented roses are the offspring of the Chinese

Rosa indica odorata introduced to

a century ago.

this country

about

and

Persistent cross-fertilisation

selec-

tion throughout several generations

have given us a race

Tea roses of increased hardiness.
Fifty years ago
Tea roses, with few exceptions, were grown under glass,
of

but we

may now

enjoy

many

them by giving them

They are still liable
weather, and some kind of
of

ordinary out-of-door cultivation.

to be

damaged

in severe

protection becomes necessary in

But

sheltered gardens.

ing a small
in

mound

it is

all

so easily provided

of soil over the

by heap-

base of those grown

bush form, or by using bracken or straw to protect

the shoots of standards, that comparatively

is

warm and

except

entailed.

Tea

twiggy growth,
height.

The

roses generally are of

little

slender,

forming spreading bushes

of

flowers are altogether delightful.

trouble

almost
varying

When

given ordinary cultivation they are small in comparison

with those of Mrs. John Laing, for example, but they

are usually of perfect form, very dainty

and

neat,

and

fragrant with their delicate characteristic scent.

A type of Tea rose lacking in fine form, and little

more than semi-double, has lately come into prominence,
87

THE ROSE BOOK

88

and

recommended

is

sake of colour

bedding or massing

for

for the

General Shablikine, Corallina, and

effect.

Betty Berkeley are representative

seem to lack the fascination

but they

varieties,

such a perfect

of

little

Madame Antoine Mari, although

mass they make a fine display.

bloom, for instance, as

when seen
All

in a

Tea

roses

bloom very

October, as well as in June

out of bloom during the

flowers

may

summer months, and

till

are not successful in cold, heavy land, unless

made

lighter

by the

addition

such materials as ashes, road scrapings, leafmould,

strawy manure,
land

may

etc.

Readers having

light, well-drained

attempt the Teas with every hope

The warmest spot

may

the sunshine of summer.

so

by
that the bushes may become
if

possible, or at least

cannot be accomplished, planting

March and

month

it

April, or

may be

land

carried out

much may be done towards

a good start to Tea roses by placing some

sandy

loam

border

soil.

about

the

If this

even in May, but in the

would be necessary to obtain plants

On heavy

as

and enjoy

established before the cold, wet weather sets in.

in

up

Planting should be com-

in late October,

the middle of November-

much

be sheltered as

possible from inclement weather in winter,

pleted early

of success.

in the garden ought to be given

to them, so that they

all

quite good

Christmas.

this is first well drained or

of

September and

in fact, they are rarely ever

often be cut in November, and, in sheltered

gardens, even

They

freely in

roots,

instead

of

latter

in pots.

ensuring

fresh, light,

using

the

TEA ROSES
to.

89

The necessity for protection has already been referred

The soil should be heaped over the base of the bush
whenever signs

roses

and continue, as

follow

southern

counties,

it

mild weather should

if

so frequently does in the

it

otherwise the stems

and are then more

among the shoots

weather are apparent;

of severe

a wise plan to remove

it is

of

become

soft

to suffer.

liable

Bracken thrust
the standards and tied on with

string, placing

it especially at the base of the shoots,

usually ensures their passing through the winter fairly

The protective coverings must be removed

successfully.

good time in spring,

in

say

about

the

middle

of

March.

Tea

roses

standards.

much

for

Many

exhibition
of the

are best

best

superior in this form.

grown as

half-

exhibition varieties are

The

half-standard, or even

the dwarf standard (on a stem eighteen inches high),

may

be more readily protected in winter than the

full

standard.

The pruning
very

little

pruned the
ing.

by

On

to do

of
;

Tea

roses

bush form gives one

in

in fact, as a rule, the less they are

better, except in the

this occasion the shoots

half or two-thirds,

March following plantought to be shortened

indeed, as

they have
form a number
of small twiggy, weakly growths that cannot be
expected
to bloom.
These should be cut out at pruning time in
March
those that remain will need shortening very
if

not died back to that extent.

Tea

is likely,

roses

Tea roses seem to succeed best when allowed

grow more or less naturally. Hard pruning, as becomes

slightly.

to

THE ROSE BOOK

90

necessary with Hybrid Perpetuals, and in a lesser degree

with Hybrid Teas, does not meet with their approval.

Tea

sunny walls

roses should also be planted against

They make astonishing

Lady Roberts,
Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet, and Marie Van

wherever opportunity

offers.

well cared for. Varieties such as

progress

if

Houtte

will

cover quite large spaces.

We

some twelve

plants of the latter reaching a height of

feet,

and

of

almost similar width, yielding supplies of

exquisite blossoms throughout the

Among

have seen

summer and autumn.

the climbing Teas there are some very delight-

ful roses suitable for

warm, sunny

They have the

walls.

great advantage over rambling roses, too often grown

in such choice positions, that they yield flowers through-

out the

summer and autumn, and even

into winter.

Similar pruning and training to that

recommended

the climbing Hybrid Teas

the stems should,

is

suitable

for

especially in the earlier years, be trained as nearly hori-

may

zontally as possible, so that fresh growths

from the lower part

Most

of the tree.

of the

develop

blooms

will

be obtained from side shoots developing on the matured

stems

worn

out,

these cannot be dispensed with until they are

The

them.
called,

or there are other

young stems to replace

side shoots, or laterals, as they are

commonly

need shortening in February or early March.

About two-thirds should be cut

off.

It is useless to

attempt the climbing Teas on sunless walls

sunshine and warmth.

well-drained

and

they need

carefully pre-

pared border, as described in the chapter dealing with

roses

on

walls, is also

most necessary.

If

he

is

able to

ROSE DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON

(Hybrid Tea)

TEA ROSES

91

may

provide these essentials, the amateur

look forward

with hope and without misgiving to the enjoyment

some

of the loveliest,

though much neglected,

of

The

roses.

distinction between a climbing and a non-climbing rose

is not so definite as those might imagine who regard

Many

only rambling roses as climbers.

Hybrid Teas and Teas

will climb,

if

free-growing

planted in a suitable

border at the foot of a sunny wall, and very lightly

pruned.

A
(These bloom in

Selection of Varieties

summer and autumn, and more

or less

throughout the season)

Alexander Hill Gray.

of

One

of the

newer Tea Roses,

deep lemon-yellow colouring and perfect form.

growth

weak

Anna

and therefore droop.

Chartron.

is

Anna

A pretty
A

margin.

carmine-rose

Growth

Unfortunately, the blooms have

vigorous.

is

stalks,

The

little

flower

favourite

cream, with

buttonhole rose.

vigorous.
Olivier.

garden display

One
it

The small blooms,

shades. Growth is

of

freely

good form, are pale rose and buff

vigorous.

Beaute Inconstante.

Tea roses for

and continuously.

of the best of the

blooms very

fine rose for all purposes.

Those who do not

demand

con-

stancy in colouring from their roses will be pleased with

this variety,

which

generally copper
It is free

is

most

and red

variable.

they

may

The

flowers are

be either or both.

blooming and fragrant, and grows

well,

THE ROSE BOOK

92

Betty Berkeley.

much

An attractive

red Tea rose without

But

pretence to form of flower.

showy, and helps the garden show.

and blooms

A beautiful,

a favourite for cultivation

Comtesse de Nadaillac.

finely

formed rose

of

under

One

glass.

of

the loveliest of the

and rose shades, often grown by

It needs planting at the foot of a warm,
up which it will climb. It is a rose the

of apricot

exhibitors.

sunny

and

growth

Practically useless in the open garden

flesh-pink colour.

roses,

distinct

well.

Catherine Mermet.

Tea

it is

It is of free

wall,

novice should avoid.

Comtesse

Festetics

Hamilton.

free-growing

profuse flowering variety, with blooms

It lacks perfect

carmine shades.

the best for garden display.

It

is

and

copper and

of

form, but

is

one of

much admired

for its

rich colouring.
Corallina.

one

An

of the best

invaluable rose for the garden

it

is

The blooms

autumnal-flowering roses.

are not of ideal shape, but they are most freely produced
and of distinct coral red colour. The plant is tender and

often suffers badly in hard winters.

Dr.

Grill.

very old Tea rose, but vigorous and

excellent for garden display.

The

flowers,

which are not

of exhibition form, are variable in colour, of

rose shades.

One

of the parents of

General Shablikine.

copper and

Madame Abel Chatenay.

A free-flowering variety for

the

garden, having salmon-red blooms, lacking in ideal form.

It grows freely, and makes a good display.
G. Nabonnand.

An excellent Tea rose

for the garden,

THE OLD TEA ROSE CLOTH OF GOLD

ENGLAND

IN

THE WEST OF

TEA ROSES

93

with good blooms of pale rose and yellow colouring.

Free growing and very fine in autumn during September
;

and October

it

often the best rose in

is

the whole

garden.

Harry Kirk.

A rose with sulphur yellow buds,

that

and flowers moderately freely. The

blooms are rather thin, and often become straw colour
when fully out. Very liable to mildew.
grows quite

well,

Hon. Edith Gifford

pinkish centre.

An attractive variety, white with

Fairly

vigorous and moderately free

blooming.

Hugo Roller.A very dainty

tinged with

flower

It is a poor grower,

rose.

lemon-yellow,

though possibly

worth including in one's collection for the sake

few

of the

Jeanne
buds.

One

of

very pretty blooms.

Phillipe.

lovely rose with nankeen yellow

of the best yellow

Lady Hillingdon.

new

garden

roses,

though

thin.

rose of remarkable orange

yellow colour, and possessing long, shapely buds.

It is

a great favourite with market growers for cultivation

under glass and satisfactory in the garden.

Lady Roberts.-The blooms of this variety are small,

of good form, and attractive apricot colour, shaded with
One of the best Tea roses.
copper.
Madanie Antoine Marl. This is a delightful rose,

one

of the

though small, are of exquisite form,

duced.
bush.

The blooms,
and are freely pro-

very t.st Teas for the garden.

The plant grows freely, soon forming a fair-sized

The foliage is of an attractive bronze-purple tint

that sets off the

lilac

rose flowers admirably.

THE ROSE BOOK

94

Madame Chedane

Guinoisseau.

pretty rose, with

small, shapely, yellow blooms, that should be

those

who

are fond of roses for buttonholes.

grown by
It is only

moderately vigorous.

Madame

peach.

Constant

fine

Deep yellow shaded

and occasionally good as a

Soupert.

show

rose,

garden flower.

Madame
blooms

of

Cusin.

An

attractive

a distinct shade of rose

they are of such good

form as often to be seen at exhibitions.

strong growing, and adds

Madame
which many

Falcot

It is

not very

to the garden show.

little

another good buttonhole rose, of

is

are found

among

the Teas

small, of nankeen-yellow colour,

by

with fragrant

rose,

and are

the flowers are

freely

produced

fairly vigorous plants.

Madame

Hoste.

Quite

one

of the best

Teas for the

The flowers are of fair size, excellent form, and

come freely on healthy, vigorous plants
they are of
colour.
creamy
Madame Jean Dupay. A small, though very pretty,

garden.

variety, yellow edged with rose.

produced and growth

is

good.

The

Much

flowers are freely

hardier than

many

Teas.

Maman

Cochet.

great favourite for exhibition

the blooms, soft rose and salmon, are of exquisite form,

and

of

good

size.

It is

a fairly satisfactory rose for the

garden, though the White

make

excellent standards.

Maman

Cochet

is

better.

Both

Succeeds best in rather poor

soil.

Marie Van Houtte.

very inarming rose, creamy-

TEA ROSES
yellow, with bright rose edge.

warm

foot of a

warm

Splendid on a

standard.

Medea.

fine

Tea

needs a border at the

It

wall to be seen at

95

its best.

Makes a good

wall.

with rather big blooms of

rose,

Often shown at exhibitions.

good shape.
vigorous, though the plant

is

Very

is

not very free flowering,

and only recommended to exhibitors.

Meta. Crushed strawberry colour,
yellow.

Growth

with

suffused

fragrant.

Miss Alice de Rothschild.

One

the newer Teas,

of

The

well-formed citron-yellow blooms.

having

large,

growth

is fairly

Promises to be a good garden

vigorous.

variety.

Molly Sharman Crawford.

White,

vigorous.

fine

novelty.

Mrs.

Alfred

Westmacott.

White,

tinted

pale

rose.

Very beautiful.
Mrs. B. R. Cant.
rose-red blooms that

very free-flowering Tea, with

make a good

display in the garden,

but have few claims to fine form.

Mrs. Edward Mawley.

bitors

A great

favourite with exhi-

the blooms are large, of perfect form, of carmine

and salmon-pink shades. The growth

strong,

and

it

one

of the

Among the newer Tea roses

most promising.

good form, ivory-white with

growth

is

only moderately

cannot be recommended as a garden rose.

Mrs. Foley Hobbs.

is

is

The blooms
faint

this

are large, of

tinge of pink,

and

vigorous.

Mrs. Herbert Stevens.

shows much promise.

This,

It

too,

is

a novelty that

grows strongly, has perfectly

THE ROSE BOOK

96

formed

with faint pink

flowers, white tinged

Tea

to be unusually hardy for a

Mrs. Myles Kennedy.

pale, buff- white

much

not

blooms

it is

said

rose.

beautiful rose, with large,

of perfect form.

It

however,

is,

use in the garden, though valuable to the

exhibitor.

Mrs. Sophia Neate.

hardy and vigorous Tea, an

excellent variety for the garden.

at

all,

is

it

might do. The colour

freely as they

rose-pink,

and the flowers are

Nita Weldon.

mended.

It

If

may grumble

one

because the blooms do not come quite so

is

bright salmon and

and good form.

of fair size

A blush-white Tea that can be recom-

grows

well,

and has

blooms

large, full

of

good form, which, however, droop badly.

Papa

Gontier.

An

lovely rose-crimson

blown
it

flowers.

blooms

old

and favourite Tea

buds that too soon

become

full-

It is only fairly strong growing,

A charming Tea

for the

yellow, fragrant flowers are small,

garden

though

though

the sulphur-

freely

produced

plant that grows well.

Peace.

Those

who grow

that

charming Tea

G. Nabonnand, already described in this

ably care to have Peace, which

from G. Nabonnand.
Princesse

massing.
its

with

freely.

Paula.

by a

rose,

de

It is

Sagan.

It is only of

is

list,

rose,

will prob-

a cream- white " sport "

an excellent autumn

good rose

for

rose.

bedding or

moderately vigorous growth, but

deep-red blossoms, with no claims to fine form,

make

a striking display.
Souvenir de Pierre Notting.

The buds

of this variety

TEA ROSES

97

and shapely, and of apricot-yellow colouring,

though they are none too double, and in hot weather

are long

quickly open to

full flowers.

grows

It

well,

and

is

quite

Tea

rose,

a good Tea rose for the garden.

Souvenir de S. A. Prince.

An

attractive

with pure white, shapely blooms.

It is of satisfactory

growth, and to be recommended for garden and show.

It

is

a white " sport "

variety

from Souvenir d'un

colour

silvery-rose

of

that

is

Ami, a

equally

satis-

factory.

Sulphur ea.
satisfactory,

good Tea

for the garden,

growth is
and the sulphur-yellow flowers are freely

produced.

W. R.

Smith.

with pink shading.

good blooms.
liable to

come

One

fine

new Tea

grows

well,

of the best

new

It

rose,

creamy-white,

and gives
Teas.

freely of

The bloom

is

divided.

Climbing Tea Roses

Belle Lyonnaise.

A beautiful

rose,

with large yellow

blooms, which are not very freely produced.

Billiard
stiff

et

growths,

Bane.

This variety has

and very

distinct

and bears lovely orange-yellow

which are very beautiful.

Bouquet d'Or.

It is

flowers,

not free blooming.

Somewhat similar to Gloire de Dijon

the blooms, which are of fairly

good shape in the bud,

are creamy-yellow with deeper centre.

Climbing Devoniensis.

when

Rather

established, very vigorous,

cream-coloured flowers freely.

a tender

rose,

and bearing

its

but
small

THE ROSE BOOK

98

Climbing Niphetos.

Only worth growing under

glass

the flowers are long and shapely and pure white, but the
stalks are weak.

Climbing Papa Gontier.

The buds

rose of similar name.

of

A climbing form

and shapely,

are long

rose-red colour, but they are thin

of the old

and soon become

blown.

full

Climbing Perle des Jardins.

which

is

The

buds

of this rose,

a " sport " from the bush variety of the same

name, are very pretty though small, and the colour

is

golden-yellow.

Dr. Rouges.

An

attractive variety with red flowers

shaded with bronze-yellow.

Duchesse
It is of

ing.

d' Auerstadt.

A lovely

good growth on a warm

rose,

but shy flower-

wall,

but the shapely

which are bright yellow with deeper shading,

flowers,

are usually sparsely produced.

E.

Veyrat Hermanos.

Another

generally very free

not

apricot-yellow

and

Gloire de Dijon.
ally ousted

of

its

lovely rose, though

flowers,

which are

of

rose.

A familiar rose that

from gardens.

the flowers are of fair

It

form

is

being gradu-

blooms early and

late,

and

cream-yellow with salmon

shading.

Madame

Berard.

An

old

and vigorous Tea, with

copper-yellow flowers of fairly good form, though, like

those of other Dijon Teas, they are rather "lumpy,"

and

liable

Madame

to

come misshapen.

Jules

Gravereaux.

This

variety

has

big,

well-formed blooms of buff-white with rose and yellow

TEA ROSES
shading,

and

is

often

grown

99

for exhibition.

It is dis-

appointing as a garden rose.

Madame
rose of

Jules

Siegfried.

beautiful

cream-white

good form.

Madame Moreau.

A distinct

and

attractive variety,

with copper-yellow flowers.

Noella
as

Nabonnand.A

a Tea, though

Hybrid Teas.

It

it

magnificent rose,

seems more closely

still

classed

allied

to the

grows vigorously, and bears very long,

fragrant buds of the most vivid velvety-crimson shade

they

soon become

splendid.

full

blown,

but

in

the

bud

are

It flowers freely.

Papillon.An old rose, with small and very dainty

buds of pink and white and copper shades. Rather tender.

A charming
Souvenir

variety for buttonholes.

de

Madame

fascinating shades

of

The blooms

good

are of

Leonie

Viennot.

colour, yellow
size

and

rose

shaded with

freely produced.

of

red.

CHAPTER

XII

CHINA ROSES

These

delightful

roses

more generally known

are

" Monthly Roses," for the reason

that

tically ever-blooming, as, indeed, are the

Tea

roses that

originated from the same species, Rosa indica.

They are really perpetual flowering in a
of course,

climate, but with us they cannot,

as

they are prac-

suitable

withstand

hence we only have them in bloom from May

Individually, their blossoms are rather
to December.
insignificant, and even some of the newer creations are

frosts,

flimsy,

yet

irresistible,

they possess a simple beauty that proves

and are well worth massing in beds or borders.

The Common Pink

generally planted than

is

the hardiest, and

any other

so persistently that blossoms

may

variety.

it

It

is

more

flowers

be cut practically any

day between May and November. Rosarians would do

well to plant the Common Pink China more frequently
against the posts or pillars of pergolas over which
summer-flowering roses are trained.
to give flowers

Although

not

long

after

strictly

It

would continue

the Ramblers
the

climber,

had faded.
Pink

Common

very lightly pruned, soon grows several feet

China,

if

high.

It associates

with

Madame

Laurette Messimy to

form a delightful hedge about four

IOO

feet high.

THE COMMON PINK CHINA ROSE AS

SOMERSET

IT

GROWS

IN


CHINA ROSES
The

Crimson

or

Scarlet

brilliantly coloured

showiest roses

flowers,

101

makes quick progress when planted

it

against a south wall, a position for which

suitable,

especially

The

brick.

the building

if

is

seems very

it

of light-coloured

Climbing Cramoisie Superieure

climber, though
established.

one of the

quite

is

has

Sanguinea,

China,

and

it

is

fine

not very free flowering until well

is

Fabvier

splendid for bedding

is

the bright

make
a name

red flowers are poised on strong, erect stems, and

first-rate

Cramoisie Superieure,

display.

counts for anything,

if

ought to be the best of the crimsons,

but the old scarlet variety, Sanguinea, is, I think, to

Raisers
be preferred on account of its freer flowering.
of
in

new

have

varieties

China

by

roses

lately

given

cross-breeding

us

colours

fresh

them

with

the

Teas.

One
Cayla

of the best of the

newer sorts

is

Comtesse du

the blossoms are of most attractive colouring

copper and carmine, shaded orange and yellow.

not bloom freely enough to warrant
for effect in the

garden,

but

cutting for table decoration.

copper and rose, and

are lovely roses

orange

yellow.
brilliant

so,

its

it

is

its

It

does

being planted

indispensable

Madame Eugene

for

Resal,

yellow " sport," Chin Chin,

too, are

Queen Mab, apricot and

of apricot and

Arethusa and Aurore, shades

Charlotte

Klemm and

Leuchtfeuer

are

two

red China roses, though closely allied to the

Hybrid Tea, and both are fragrant.

An

old

favourite

blush white blossoms

is

Mrs.

Bosanquet, with dainty

and Ducher, pure white,

is

a useful

THE ROSE BOOK

102

The

variety, very free blooming.

flower,

so-called

with the Chinas.

viridiflora, is classed

It is

and only worth growing as a

Green

rose,

but a freak

curiosity.

The

" flower " consists entirely of the sepals.

Some

of

the latest novelties are distinguished by

lovely tinting,
in

fact,

and are

they would

China Teas.
Hamilton,

closely allied to the

rose,

be more correctly described as

In such a group

Corallina,

Tea

would place Alice

General Shablikine,

Sagan, and some others usually found

Princesse de

among

the Tea

roses in catalogues.

China roses pay

for generous cultivation,

and should

not be hard pruned. Old shoots should be freely removed

in

March, the younger ones being shortened by about

one-third.

Many

varieties

make

their long-flowering season forms

for

growing them in

this lorm.

fine

standards,

and

an additional reason

CHAPTER

XIII

MOSS ROSES

Years ago every garden had

Maiden's Blush, and

Common

Moss rose bush,

its

Monthly, associated with

Lavender, Lad's Love, and Gilliflowers.

It

that the Moss rose has gone out of fashion,

would seem

and that

has been displaced largely by the Hybrid Tea.

there

an old-world charm about

is

its

its

it

But

mossy buds that

appeals to most of us, and no rose garden seems really

complete without
roses,

and

common

How
know.

if

it.

would put

room can only be found

for one, let

it

be the

pink Moss.
did the Moss rose originate

The Dutch growers introduced

some three hundred and

ally

in a plea for these old

fifty

No
it

one seems to

to this country

years ago, and

gener-

it is

supposed to be a " sport " from the Cabbage or

Provence

rose.

seen blooms of

This seems very feasible, for

some Moss

roses without

have

the mossy

and having the appearance of the old ProThe Moss roses are very liable to " sport "
of
them give seed very freely, and many

covering,
vence.

some

varieties

have originated

enumerated

in

the

no fewer than seventy are

catalogue

published by

M. Jules

Gravereaux.

The presence

of the curious
103

mossy covering on the

THE ROSE BOOK

io 4

buds has inspired the following very charming story

the birth of the

of

Moss rose

" The angel of the flowers, one day,

Beneath a rose tree sleeping lay
That spirit to whose charge is given
To bathe young buds in dews from heaven.
Awaking from his light repose,
The angel whispered to the Rose,
'

O, fondest object of

my

care,

found where all are fair,

For the sweet shade thou'st given to me
Ask what thou wilt, 'tis granted thee.'
Then,' said the Rose, with deepened glow,
On me another grace bestow.'
Still fairest

'

'

The

Spirit paused, in silent thought,

What

grace was there that flower had not

'Twas but a moment o'er the Rose
A veil of moss the Spirit throws,
And, robed in Nature's simplest weed,
"
Could there a flower that Rose exceed ?

The comparative
gardens

is

scarcity

of

Moss

roses

in

our

probably owing to the fact that growers bud

them upon the Manetti, a stock that should be banished

from gardens as far as possible. Fine, showy plants are
obtained the

year, but

first

garden they are very

were

obtained,

far

when planted

liable to die.

greater

should be possible to supply

If

success

own

cultivation,

would

root plants
result.

It

root plants because

they are readily produced by layers.

good

in the amateur's

own

Moss roses

like

and when established should be en-

At pruning time, late in March, the

shoots should not be cut back too hard except at the
Then they may be shortened to within
first pruning.
riched with manure.

MOSS ROSES

105

three or four buds of the base, but in succeeding years

leave

them about twelve inches

to be cut out, for the best

of the previous

long.

Old shoots need

blooms are produced by growths

summer.

Moss roses make good low hedges.

develop into fairly

tall

hedges, and

all

Some
make

varieties

excellent

standards, a form in which they appear to great advan-

Some kinds

tage.

there

no

is

lovelier

de Murinais, with

grow into big bushes, and perhaps

sight in June than a bush of Comtesse
will

its

delicate blush-white blossoms.

and aphis seem especially fond of Moss

and an early search should be made for these

Caterpillars
roses,

pests.

Moss roses are charming

They

are potted in autumn,

also

when grown

in pots.

and given treatment

similar

to that advised in another chapter for roses in pots.

It

is

best to use comparatively small pots, say those six inches

wide,

the best results follow

for

when

the roots are

restricted.

These roses are most conveniently increased by layering.

If

(which

a plant

is

like the

is

purchased, say, of the variety Gracilis

common

and more abundant

and hard pruned

Pink, but of stronger growth

flowering), put out in the garden,

in March, the resulting growths

be layered in July.

It

wait until the following year before layering.

fresh

has

plants

much

to

are not needed,

commend

undisturbed, a big plant

The

so-called

may

would, however, be better to

for

it,

is

Even

if

the practice of layering

if

the growths are

left

soon formed.

Perpetual

Moss roses are very

dis-

THE ROSE BOOK

xo6

appointing, as few give blossoms a second time in one

The Moss

year.

rose

is

really

summer

flowering only,

and should be regarded as such. It is preferable

them apart from the Perpetual roses, so as not
the effect of the latter in autumn.

As to

varieties of

the best white

is

Moss roses

worth growing,

really

Other good whites are

White Bath.

Blanche Moreau and Comtesse de Murinais.

pink

is Gracilis,

are the
Gracilis

and other good

Common
is

grown

The

varieties of similar

Pink, although this

Salet, Little

Gem,

is

all

if

parsley-

Zenobia

is

heavily mossed, but having

Good red Moss

Baron de Wassanaer, and Venus.

for the pretty miniature

roses are

Two

sons are Celina and James Veitch.

be found

shade

Gloire des Mosseuses,

like envelope instead of the usual moss.

delicious fragrance.

best

not wanted

and the Crested Moss, which has a curious

lovely pink variety, not at

to keep
to spoil

Laneii,

very dark crim-

Space should also

Moss De Meaux.

CHAPTER XIV
PENZANCE SWEET BRIERS

Some twenty-four years

conceived the happy idea

ago,
of

the late Lord Penzance

making use

common

of the

Sweet Brier, which, as everyone knows, has fragrant

in his cross-fertilising experiments, which he

foliage,

had taken up

He endeavoured

as a hobby.

roses having the rich colours to be found

to create

in the old-

fashioned Hybrid Chinese, Hybrid Bourbon, and Austrian

Brier roses, and having

was

sweet-scented leaves.

also

He

singularly successful in blending the colour of the

wonderful Austrian Copper rose with the Sweet Brier

fragrance of leaf in the lovely Penzance Brier,

Penzance.

The

rich scarlets

Lady

and pinks among the Pen-

zance Briers were derived from the Hybrid Chinese and

Hybrid Bourbons,

Even though
described

roses

that

are

in his eightieth year,

how

now

rarely

grown.

Lord Penzance has

work was to him in an

"
The Rosarian's Year-Book

fascinating the

article which appeared in "

of 1896.

Penzance Briers are well adapted

six or eight feet high.

about

five feet

high,

If

for

desired, they

by pruning and

are well suited to shrubbery planting,

forming hedges

may

training.

They

providing they

are not overcrowded or placed in the shade,

107

be kept

love to

THE ROSE BOOK

108

them growing

see

unpruned.

If

are superior in beauty to

commonly

and

as isolated bushes,

practically

allowed space for proper development, they

many

of

our flowering shrubs

While their season

planted.

of flowering

is

early June, they yield quite a nice display of blossom

a second time
although the
ripe, are

the seed pods are not allowed to form,

if

which become bright

fruits,

when

scarlet

almost as beautiful in autumn as the flowers

are in summer.

When grown

as hedges,

the plants should be set

and I would advise planting in deeply

and feeding with liquid and other manures

three feet apart,

dug

soil,

Penzance

occasionally to encourage vigorous growth.

Briers form splendid pillar roses.

have seen them

fully fifteen feet high, their growths kept in columnar

form by means
in
I

open spaces in

am

They are well worth planting

the copse or game covert of any estate.

of hoops.

sure there are

worthy

results

by

of obtaining note-

still possibilities

intercrossing the existing varieties, or

even by raising seedlings from self-fertilised seed. Lord

Penzance tried this latter method, but many of the
seedlings reverted to the

common Sweet

Brier, although

gave very satisfactory results.

some
Lord Penzance sent out sixteen
not

recommend

varieties,

the reader to plant

all

of

of the best are

Seyton,

rose

Anne

pink

is

of Geierstein,

Flora Mclvor,

concerned.

crimson

do

alike

Some

Catherine

blush and

Julia Mannering, pink, perpetual flowering;

unless

much

he has unlimited space, for several are very

so far as the colour of the flowers

but

them

white

Lady Pen-

PENZANCE SWEET BRIERS

zance, copper

and yellow

109

Lucy Bertram, crimson Meg

Merrilees, crimson; and Minna, white and blush.
It
was a happy inspiration to name them after some
of Scott's heroines.
Each seems to suit the other
perfectly.

CHAPTER XV
PERNETIANA ROSES
quite a

These form
is

new

An

the story of their birth.

roses,

and the following

class of roses,

Monsieur Pernet-Ducher,

eminent

of

raiser of

new

Lyons, conceived the

happy idea of using the old Persian Yellow Brier rose

in his experiments in cross-breeding, and succeeded in
producing

had

remarkable variety,

the

parents the

for

Soleil

Persian Yellow and

d'Or.

the

This

Hybrid

Perpetual, Antoine Ducher.

This wonderful novelty resembles the Persian Brier

bark and vivid green foliage, while the

although large and double, something like those

in its reddish
flowers,

Hybrid Perpetual, are of rich orange-yellow, shaded

From Soleil d'Or, which was
with Nasturtium red.
introduced in 1900, M. Pernet-Ducher has raised many
of a

seedlings of novel

number of
they bear a marked resem-

and unique

colouring.

these have been introduced

blance to the Persian Brier rose in growth and prickles,
;

foliage of

and the

most

sorts,

though

glistening, has a

brier-like appearance.
It

is,

seeing that

cedent

name of
new type of rose,

therefore, fitting that the distinctive

" Pernetiana," should be given to this

it is

were

of

M. Pernet-Ducher's creation.

needed,

it

is

afforded

by the

If pre-

Noisette

ROSE ARTHUR

R.

GOODWIN

(Pernetiana)

PERNETIANA ROSES

which were named after M. Noisette, and the

Penzance Briers, after Lord Penzance.

roses,

Already there are two sections of the Pernetiana

roses
the members of one resemble Soleil d'Or in
:

their

and rather shy-flowering

autumn; and those of the other, which

sturdy growth,

erect,

propensity in
includes the

Lyons

bear a striking resemblance to

rose,

the Hybrid Teas, and yet have most decided Brier-like

growth and

One wonders what the

foliage.

result will

be in a few years' time when these remarkable roses

are blended, as they surely will be, with other kinds.
I

am

sanguine enough to believe that

we

shall yet obtain

through this race a perfectly hardy golden-yellow rose

with the form and substance of Marechal Niel.
The following is a brief descriptive list of the varieties

commerce at the time of writing those marked with

an asterisk have a marked similarity to their first parent,
Soleil d'Or, the others resemble Hybrid Teas
Arthur R. Goodwin. Copper and orange, passing
Buds of
Free flowering and hardy.
to salmon-pink.

in

exquisite shape

BeauU

de

and

Lyon*

coral-red, slightly

greenish-grey,
prickles.

colour,

open flowers

flat.

rose of remarkable colouring

shaded with yellow.

The

foliage

is

and the growth covered with formidable

Even

as a shrub

it is

arresting,

but the colour

of the flowers compels the attention of every one.

Cissie Easlea.

novelty of which experts have a

high opinion. The growth

very freely produced. The
that one

is

reminded

is

vigorous and the flowers are

leaves are so large

and shining

of those of the Camellia.

The colour

THE ROSE BOOK

ii2
of the

open flower

is

clear saffron-yellow,

centre, passing to Naples yellow.

Madame

Rayon

Melanie Soupert crossed with

Constance.

Show
much

This

was exhibited

with carmine

was raised from

It

d'Or.

at the International

at Chelsea, in 191 2, for the first time,

and evoked

praise for its wonderful golden colour

and

fine

form.

Deutschland*

Large and

full

golden-yellow, tinted

with rose and orange.

The blooms are semi-double, and of

Lady Penzance Brier coppery-yellow.

Gottfried Keller.

the colouring of

Flowers freely in autumn.

Johannisjeuer.*

Large

and

full,

golden-yellow, the

edges of petals golden-red.

Juliet*
ful.

A lovely variety, and as fragrant as beauti-

Colour, old gold on outside of petals

inside, rich

carmine-red.

Les Rosati*

Deep carmine, the outside

cerise-red, stained

flowering

with yellow at base

of the petals

of petals

free

and vigorous.

Louis Barbier.

This

is

a climbing

rose.

The semi-

double flowers are of bright coppery-red colour, passing

to rose

and

purple.

Louise Catherine Breslau.

The buds

R. Goodwin.

Somewhat similar to Arthur

are coral-red, the open flower

flushed with yellow, and fading to pink.

Very

attractive.

It is almost impossible to describe this rose faithfully,

so subtle are

when

its tints.

It will surely

be in every garden

better known.

Lyons Rose.

The colour

is

very variable, sometimes

ROSE RAYON D'OR (PERNETIANA)

GOLDEN YELLOW

THE LYON ROSE

(H.T.).

SALMON PINK AND YELLOW SHADES

PERNETIANA ROSES

but generally of intense coral-red and

of pinkish-salmon,

chrome-yellow.

113

This rose has leaped into popularity as

none other has done in modern times.

It

perfection as a standard, for the blooms have

Madame Edouard
the colour

is

Herriot.

is

seen to

weak

stalks.

rose of great beauty

perhaps best described as nasturtium red or

flame shaded with terra-cotta.

Show

International Flower

was

It

first

shown at the
and there

at Chelsea in 191 2,

gained the highest honours.

Madame Ruau.
pink.

The flower

The
is

of

colour

is

carmine and shrimp-

cupped form.

lovely bedding

rose.

Mrs. George Beckwith.

The

most

intense

yellow rose yet known, several shades deeper than

d'Or. All should possess this variety.

Rayon
just

d'Or.

named,

it is

this variety

the

we

striking display in the garden.

invaluable.

Rayon

exception of the variety

this is the deepest golden rose

makes a most
ding rose

With

golden-

The

have, and

As a bed-

glistening foliage gives

an added charm.

Rodophile

climbing rose.

Gravereaux.

The bloom

centre, fading to white.

Soleil d' Angers.*

is

It is

beautiful

single-flowered

carmine-pink with yellow

summer

flowering only.

"sport" from

Soleil d'Or, its

flowers resembling this variety in all save colour,
which
is

of

crimson and gold.

Soleil

d'Or.*A

large, rather ill-shaped

bloom, but of

unique colour, described above.

Viscountess Enfield.-Copper

and

rose,

the inner petals tinged with carmine.

shaded yellow,
This variety

is

THE ROSE BOOK

ii 4

scarcely

to

be

distinguished

from the Hybrid Teas,

except for the novel colouring of the flowers.

Wittowmere. A very vigorous variety, of erect branch-

ing growth.

The buds

are long,

and

of coral-red colour,

the expanded flowers are rich shrimp-pink, shaded with

yellow in the centre. Undoubtedly one of M. Pernet-

Ducher's best productions, and

may

replace the

Lyons

rose.

The vigorous varieties, as, for example, Soleil d'Or and

Juliet marked with an asterisk, should be pegged down
instead of being cut back, or they may be grown as pillar
The
roses, the shoots being slightly shortened only.
varieties

more

closely allied to the

similar pruning to the latter.

Hybrid Teas need

CHAPTER XVI
SOME OLD-FASHIONED CLIMBING ROSES

One

often hears the

Rambler

roses referred to as

they were of modern introduction.

though

It is true that the

Crimson Rambler gave an impetus to this

class of rose

when sent out some twenty years ago, and since then
we have had Dorothy Perkins and innumerable others
that have quite changed the appearance of rose gardens.
Nevertheless,
ago,

many

of

there

were

them

of

grown to-day,

climbing

such value

generations

roses

that

they are

still

though overshadowed by the modern

varieties.

The Ayrshire Roses

are a delightful group.

Their

slender shoots depend with natural grace and form an

elegant plant, especially

In

many

when budded upon

large gardens weeping

Roses form a charming feature.

one of the best.

tall

stems.

standards of Ayrshire
Bennett's Seedling

is

becomes simply smothered with small

It

white blossoms.

The

writer once

saw a plant

of this rose

growing in

a park, and apparently untended, that had a circumference of one hundred

is

and twenty

scarcely worth growing, as

hedgerow

roses,

resembles a Tea

but Ruga
rose

in

feet.

Dundee Rambler

it is little

better than the

somewhat
growth and bloom, and is
is

115

delightful.

It

THE ROSE BOOK

n6

apparently a hybrid between the Ayrshire and a Tea

rose.

flower,

Queen of the Belgians is a good creamy-white

and Virginian Rambler has pretty pinkish buds.

The Evergreen Roses.

shire are the

Closely

allied to the

Evergreen or Sempervirens

termed evergreen, their leaves do not

so long as those of

Perpetue
is

is

many modern

an exception,

Though
nearly

persist

Ramblers.

Felicite

for in a mild winter the foliage

This

retained until spring.

roses.

a lovely rose, with com-

is

pact rosettes of pinkish buds and white flowers.

still

Ayr-

one of the best Ramblers

sometimes

to as the Seven Sisters Rose.

Flora

is

it is

It is

referred

a good variety

with compact blooms, reminding one of a miniature

Captain Christy.

Leopoldine d'Orleans and Myrianthes

Renoncule are also good, but

Felicite

Perpetue and

Flora are the two best.

The Noisette Roses

in gardens,

and

it is

used to be strongly represented

matter for regret that they are so

neglected nowadays, for

all

give a second

display of

With

bloom, and some are scarcely ever out of flower.

few exceptions, however, they are only suited for walls,

and are not hardy enough

Vibert

is still

for the

one of the best

open garden.

of the Noisettes,

large clusters of snow-white flowers during late

and autumn are always welcome.

also

handsome, glistening

needing a
its long,
is

warm

wall, is

foliage.

Lamarque, although

one of the prettiest climbers, and

The

pure white, with lemon shading in the centre.

is

summer

This old rose has

shapely buds are very useful, too.

a fleurs jaunes

Aimee
and its

seldom seen now.

It

colour

Desprez

used to be a great

CLIMBING ROSE AIMEE VIBERT

SOME OLD-FASHIONED CLIMBING ROSES

favourite,

and has

reddish, buff-coloured flowers.

a vigorous grower, retaining

Isabella

part of the winter.

of

Marechal

Niel.

deep colouring.

It

its foliage

Gray

has large,

La Biche

is

is

117

It is

during the greater

reputedly the parent

full,

globular blooms of

a very dainty white Noisette

and before William Allen Richardson was known,

Ophirie was in great demand. It may still be seen on
Rose

many

the walls of

yellow flowers,

is

old houses.

Solfaterre,

with sulphur-

well worth planting on a

or in a greenhouse.

Many

old

warm

wall

remember

exhibitors

Triomphe de Rennes, a rose of delightful form that

proved too difficult to grow, as was the
has, alas
!

case with

Cloth of

Gold,

both

yet

many sometimes

be seen growing luxuriantly on cottage walls, quite

uncared

for.

The Boursault Roses were

widely grown years ago.

They are very distinct, being almost free from thorns,

and having very flexible shoots, usually of a reddish tinge.

In

fact, the

stems of the old

varieties,

Amadis and Inermis Morletti, are as finely coloured in

autumn as the red dogwood.
The blush Boursault
is often seen upon old cottages to-day; so, too, is
Gracilis.

The Hybrid Chinese Roses were

frequently used

One

of the very best

as climbers for walls

of these is Blairii

No.

and
2,

arches.

with large pink blooms.

The Banksian Roses, lovely as they are, require

warm walls to grow them to perfection. This, no doubt,
is

the reason of their being so seldom seen to-day.

a good specimen

is

worth a long journey to

see.

Yet

CHAPTER XVII

OLD-WORLD ROSES
Until early in the nineteenth century all the roses
grown were summer flowering only. We had none of
the

glorious

make

But the

delight.

grown were, above

roses then

Would

fragrant.

No

autumnal-blooming varieties that to-day

our gardens in September and October so

full of

all things,

that our newer roses were equally so

useful purpose

would be served by describing

roses

that are not

obtainable now, therefore, in these notes

on old-world

roses, only

can

still

be purchased.

such varieties are named as

we but extended
that we give to modern

I believe that

if

same care
we should be surprised at their beauty.
Hybrid Chinese Roses. Rose lovers happening to
be in Lyons early in June, should make their way,

to these old roses the

varieties,

as the writer has done, to the public park;

there

is

to be found a splendid collection of these old-world

There are
roses, all labelled carefully and correctly.

some of which the individual blooms rival the best

Hybrid Perpetuals. Years ago, when these roses were
grown in pots, it was not unusual to see plants carrying one hundred

flowers,

varieties, for instance, as

and Juno

all

open together,

of

such

Paul Perras, Charles Lawson,

and within recent years

118

Juno has been

finely

OLD-WORLD ROSES

The Hybrid Chinese

exhibited at the Temple Show.

make

splendid pillar roses and standards. Other beautiful

varieties of this
of

old roses

Plantier.

group are

Blairii

away

No.

2,

one of the loveliest

Madame

Chenedole, Coupe d'Hebe, and

In pruning, leave the young growths three or

four feet long, even longer

cut

119

grown

if

as pillar roses,

end

old shoots freely at the

and

Then

of July.

there are the

Moss Roses, so
to which reference
Allied

made

Cabbage Roses.

The

be the most fragrant

remarkably long
rose

over

old
of

lived.

eighty

in

modern gardens,

the

are

Cabbage rose

all

years

now

in another chapter.

Moss roses

the

to

rarely seen
is

Provence or
is

admitted to

and the plants are

roses,

have heard

of

beds

of

this

The Crested Provence

old.

has beautiful fern-like growths surrounding the buds

and blossoms.

In alluding to Provence roses, one must

not forget the Miniature Provence,

De Meaux, one

of

the tiniest of blossoms, and used for edging rose beds.

Moss and Provence roses require rather hard pruning,

and old shoots should be cut out in July. Manure should
be

given

every

autumn,

Among the
Damask Roses is

and

liquid

manure during

summer.

a variegated

rose,

scarcely worth

A much more
sold as

the

true

not especially

York and Lancaster,

beautiful, and really

growing except for

beautiful sort

is

York and Lancaster.

its

Rosa Mundi, now generally

This has big, wide flowers,

crimson with broad splashes of white.

Damask, from which

it

old-world charm.

" sported,"

is

The

old Crimson

also a

charming

THE ROSE BOOK

120
rose,

with almost single blossoms, having a bunch

is

used to denote rich crimson colour, yet most

Damask roses
Madame Hardy

true

Bruxelles

is

of

Sometimes the word damask

golden stamens for centre.

of the

are of light shades.

is

rose-pink,

a lovely pure white; La Ville de

and Leda,

moderately in March.

delightfully tipped with

These roses need pruning only

pink on a white ground.

In July the oldest growths should

be cut out.

The Maiden's Blush Roses

are forms of the white

The best one is Celeste, which has

rose
beautiful long buds of a clear and lovely shade of pink.
The commonest form met with in many a cottage garden
(Rosa alba).

has large
sort

is

flattish,

white variety
is

pale-blush flowers.

very delightful

is

Madame

Legras.

Little or

and a

no pruning

required beyond cutting out the old growths in late

summer.
Gallica Roses.
of

Felicite Parmentier, with shell-pink centre,

These are probably the most ancient

The blossoms

all.

are

flat,

some very double with

They are very

a curious green growth in the centre.

and decidedly worth growing in shrubbery

They can be layered very easily from one plant
one may make a large spreading bush by layering the
growths in July. They are very early flowering, appearing just after the Scotch Roses in early June. The best
fragrant,

borders.

sorts are

Ohl, Kean, Surpasse tout, Duchess of Buccleuch,

and d'Aguisseau a rose, I believe, that was instrumental

imbuing the late Dean Hole with an enthusiasm for
There are some pretty variegated sorts in this
roses.
in


OLD-WORLD ROSES

ill

Prune

group, such as (Eiilet Parfait, Village Maid, etc.

moderately in March, and cut out the old growths in

July/

Austrian Briers.
their
of

These are so lovely by reason

unique colouring that they cannot

The

a collection of old roses.

be

of

left

out

Single Yellow

and

Austrian Copper are remarkably beautiful.

Pruning

is

off the tips of the shoots, and now

and then cutting out old growths. Austrian Copper is
often used as a wall plant, and most beautiful it is when
thus grown. The Persian Yellow has blossoms of as rich

confined to cutting

a colour as Marechal Niel, whilst Harrisonii, with small

double yellow blossoms, makes a most lovely hedge.

The Scotch Roses

especially

there are

are best

among

are also

and double yellow, and

double white

the

some pretty
grown

single

the most precious,

rosy-crimson sorts.

as hedges or free bushes,

and

They

left

un-

pruned except that now and then old growths should

be cut out.

They bloom

early in

May, and are the

real harbingers of the rose season.

The Boursault
grown, indeed,
that I consider
is

or thornless roses are not

there
is

very early in

is

only

one variety

now much

Morletti

The old Amadis, or crimson,

bloom, and for this reason may be

wanted.

tolerated, but its purplish colour

is

not admired.

The Banksian Roses must not be overlooked,

for

where they succeed they are most picturesque, draping

a sunny lofty wall or tree with a veritable shower of
blossom.

They much

well-drained position.

and

prefer a hot,

excellent

when grown

resent pruning,

They are

THE ROSE BOOK

124

under

glass.

The

old

White has

quite a violet-like

odour.

The Bourbon Roses

variety, Souvenir de la

die

out,

and few autumnal

flowered bush of
are

are

perhaps of

it.

little

value,

little

will,

grown.

One

perhaps, never

roses can surpass a well-

The other

charming, such as Acidalie,

Gloire des Rosomanes.

now

Malmaison,

varieties of

although some

Madame

the group
are

Pierre Oger,

very

and

CHAPTER

XVIII

SOME NEW CLASSES OF ROSES

During

has

the rose

years

recent

made remarkable

and we are now able to enrich our gardens

with such classes and varieties that not so very long
ago were undreamt of. Who, for instance, could have
progress,

imagined such developments

in

the Hybrid Tea rose

now they are the most

was once thought that Tea
would never be grown with much success out of

possible in such a short time, yet

popular of
roses

all

roses

It

doors in this country, yet

we

possess a race of these

delightful roses that are practically hardy, and often,

in southern gardens at least,

with

little

or

pass through the winter

no protection.

In another chapter reference

tion of that wonderful

new

Probably the roses that

rose

world

is

will

to the crea-

next startle a delighted

perpetual-flowering

are

made

group, the Pernetiana roses.

Ramblers.

are already several that blossom freely a second,

a third time, and their number

is

bound

There

and even

to increase.

Semi-climbing perpetual-flowering varieties will assuredly

follow

roses

pillars.

that

There

is

may

be grown as bushes or on low

already one notable instance in the

variety Trier, which blossoms throughout the summer.

Owners

of large

gardens would find such roses of great

value for planting in groups on the lawn.

123

THE ROSE BOOK

124

We

do not ask so much

of our flowering shrubs,

such as the Lilac, the Mock Orange, or the Weigela, but

somehow

it is

not thought at

all

unreasonable to demand

that roses should be always in bloom.

The Wichuraiana

made

have

roses

scarcely

They

astonishing progress than the Hybrid Teas.

peculiarly amenable to cross-fertilisation.

istics of

variety,

Wichmoss, possesses

new

Pompon

race of

most suitable

and the

character-

of the

Wichur-

has evolved the

Wichuraianas, in which the spread-

most marked

ing, creeping habit of the latter is

are

rose,

the

The cross-breeding

both parents.

aiana with the dwarf Polyantha roses

are

Already the

Wichuraiana has been crossed with a Moss

resulting

less

covering

for

the

they

ground beneath

standard roses.

The dwarf Polyantha

ing by leaps and bounds.
that

Guillot

Paquerette

The

It

the

introduced

now

roses

themselves are advanc-

seems only the other day

variety,

first

Each bloom

is

almost as large as

and they are constantly produced.

Gruss an Aachen
garden.

Some

Ma

there are nearly one hundred sorts.

large-flowered Polyantha roses are even

worthy.

namely

is

very

fine,

more notea Tea rose,

variety

named

and should be in every

commerce

novelties that are not yet in

possess extra large blossoms in clusters on rigid growths,

and they
of

many

will

be

much

sought after when known.

A race

coloured monthly roses, as hardy and as free-

growing as the

Common

in course of time,

Pink, will doubtless be evolved

and they

value as bedding roses.

We

will

prove of the greatest

shall

possibly also have

THE OLD NOISETTE ROSE LAMARQUE. PALE LEMON YELLOW.

ON A HOUSE WALL IN SOMERSET

PAVED WALK BETWEEN ARCHWAYS OF ROSES

SOME NEW CLASSES OF ROSES

really perpetual-flowering

Moss

roses.

125

At present the

so-called perpetual Mosses are really perpetual in

name

only.

Perhaps the greatest boon

really

think

mildew-proof roses.
it

will.

of all

would be a group

Will this be obtained

So much time

is

occupied, and so

of
I

much

labour caused by the attacks of this fungus that the

amateur would be only too glad of more roses

type of

Madame Edmee

Metz, whose foliage

is

of

of the

such a

leathery substance as to defy the mildew.

Really

would

perpetual-flowering

find a ready welcome.

Penzance

Briers

Some few yield blossom

we want them to be

very sparsely in the autumn, but

as gay then as in June.

Sweet

CHAPTER XIX
ROSE HEDGES

He who

plants a hedge of roses, expecting

to

it

grow

thick and bushy like privet, and, like privet, to keep

neat and trim, will be woefully disappointed. The nearest

approach to a rose hedge

of this

kind

is

furnished by

the China or Monthly and the dwarf Polyantha roses,

a great gulf divides

from the ordinary

though

still

hedge.

Though you cannot obtain a

may

with roses, they

or to give informal dividing

where such are needed.

one

the privacy that

is

they compensate

fully

leaves.

many

So

form, that

close, firm screen

be used most appropriately to

encircle the rose garden,

lines

it

And

if

they

of the essentials of

to afford

fail

a real hedge,

by producing blossoms

as well as

roses are suitable for growing in this

all tastes

may

be suited.

One may

plant a

high hedge with the luxuriant wichuraiana, Sempervirens,

or Ayrshire, or with varieties of all three classes

bined.

The

multiflora roses which are not quite so ram-

pant are also suitable for the same purpose

are

the

com-

so,

too,

Penzance and Japanese Briers (Rosa rugosa

Hybrid Teas and Noisettes

may be pressed into service. For hedges of some three
to four feet high, such vigorous dwarf roses as Caroline
varieties),

while climbing

Testout, Frau Karl Druschki,

126

Hugh

Dickson, or Mrs.

ROSE HEDGES
Stewart Clark might be planted.

and the lovely

little

is

The Austrian

Briers

Scotch roses form attractive hedges,

though their flower display

there

127

For a low hedge

is fleeting.

nothing to surpass the China or Monthly roses,

especially the pink

and crimson

varieties.

In sheltered

southern gardens the vigorous Tea roses are suitable

for

a hedge, such, for instance, as Marie

Sombreuil, Souvenir d'un Ami.

Van Houtte,

Delightful low hedges

by the dwarf Polyantha roses. The plants

are naturally of bushy growth, and they blossom throughout the summer months.
are formed

In preparing to plant a hedge of

ground three
in late

feet

roses, a piece of

wide ought to be dug two

summer, manure being

feet

freely intermixed.

deep

Planting

The bushes should be

in a double row, each plant in the row being about four
feet apart in the case of the climbers, two feet for the
is

carried out early in

autumn.

ordinary dwarfs such as Caroline Testout, and fifteen

inches or so for the China

and dwarf Polyantha

As one naturally wishes to have the base

as well furnished with leafy stems as possible,

able, in the

March following

planting, to cut

is

all

the

though

not absolutely necessary in dealing with the

wichuraiana
hedges,

advis-

it is

down

roses to whithin six inches or so of the base,

this

roses.

hedge

of the

and

sorts.

Supports are necessary for

are best afforded

by

six or eight feet apart, four or five

stretched between them.

high

stout oak posts placed

rows

of thick wire being

In a very windy garden, such

as one near the sea, for instance, the supports need to

be strengthened by stays at the base.

Much may be

THE ROSE BOOK

128

done towards preventing the base

of

the hedge from

getting bare by spreading out the stems of the vigorous

in fact,
roses, and training them in the shape of a fan
;

an excellent practice to adopt, as far as

this is

be possible with

ment
one

all

may

grown as a hedge. The arrangeneeds some consideration so that

roses

of the varieties

may have blossoms on some part

of the

hedge through-

This end will be achieved

out summer and autumn.
if a summer-flowering and perpetual-flowering rose are
planted alternately.

One can do
hedge

little in

is established,

the

way

when the

of pruning,

beyond cutting out

stems to make room for fresh growths

old,

weakly

in fact, little

will be needed beyond an occasional thinning out if the

stems are tied out as described, though old, useless

growths must be freely cut out.

planted, will last for
of

farm manure

liquid

manure

in

in

many

years,

May and
if

June. Roses on

well

applications of
their

own roots

budded on the Brier

suckers develop freely they

a great nuisance, and in a rose hedge

very

if

given annual dressings

March and frequent

are to be preferred to those

other stock, for

if

rose hedge,

may be

or any
become

overlooked

easily.

Pests are very troublesome on hedge roses, chiefly

because the bushes are not pruned so

much

as others.

Maggots, especially, often quite spoil the show of bloom

The best remedy is to poison their
unless checked.
food by spraying the plants with arsenate of lead solution
made with the following ingredients Arsenate of lead, one
:

ounce

acetate of lead,

two and three-quarter ounces

ROSE HEDGES
water, ten gallons.

and

stir until

the water.

129

Place the two substances in water

both are dissolved, then add the

Apply the mixture very

carefully,

syringe that produces a very fine spray,

are unfolding in April.

rest of

with a

when the

leaves

CHAPTER XX
THE WILD ROSES OF BRITAIN
Botanists
the

differ considerably in their ideas respecting

number

of species of rose

wild in the British

ferences
distinct

as

species,

and when a

Some regard very minute

Isles.

sufficient

justification

is

found to

between the most

name

is

made.

dif-

the creation of

for

whereas others take a broader view,

species

hairiness, or colour of flowers,

links

which are found growing

Still

differ

somewhat

in habit,

but to show connecting

distinct forms,

no difference

in

other authorities are found whose

views are a modification of those of both extremists, and

well-marked forms of species are given varietal names.

In the following notes the classification of the Student's
Flora of the British

Isles,

by the

late Sir J. D.

Hooker,

has been followed, with slight modifications.

British roses, as a rule, are very
tivation.

Some may be given a

but as a rule they are better

amenable to

cul-

place in the garden,

fitted for

park or wood-

Cultivated forms of several species are, however,

land.

well suited to conspicuous positions in the garden, and

merit representation amongst collections of roses.

little

pruning

is

required, all that

removal

of the older

dense.

It

wood

if

is

Very

necessary being the

the bushes are becoming too

sometimes happens that the branches are

130

THE WILD ROSES OF BRITAIN

rather badly affected
plants soon suffer

This

may

by

scale,

and

131

in such cases the

steps are not taken to clean them.

if

be most readily accomplished by spraying the

bushes once a week during late April and early

May

with paraffin emulsion, using half an ounce to one gallon

of water.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES
Rosa

ground

agrestis.

in

many

This

is

found in hedges and on waste

parts of the country, notably in Surrey

and Sussex, whilst well-marked forms

of

Warwickshire, Yorkshire, and in Ireland.

related to the Sweet Brier, Rosa rubiginosa.

may, however, be noticed

there being

little

in the looser

no fragrance

or

it

occur in

It is closely

Differences

growth and by
the leaves.

in

It

forms a bush four to five feet high, with rather small

leaflets,

across,

pinkish flowers one and a half to two inches

and

scarlet,

ovoid

fruits.

Rosa arvensis (synonym, Rosa rep ens)

by reason

of its double-flowered variety,

old favourite in gardens.

Ayrshire rose.
British

roses

It

is

It is familiarly

of

its

long,

prickles.

The

leaves are

known

well

which

known

slender,

an

trailing

armed with

made up

is

as the

amongst other

easily recognised

by reason

branches, which are rather sparingly

hooked

is

stout,

of five or seven

dark green

leaflets, and the white flowers, which are

about two inches across, are borne in clusters during

June.

Under normal conditions

bush four to

five feet high,

may

it

but when

port of a bush or small tree

it

it

be found as a

can find the sup-

may grow

ten or twelve

THE ROSE BOOK

i32

a wide distribution from Southern

It enjoys

feet high.

Scotland through England and Ireland to the middle

of

Rosa arvensis

Europe.

variety.

inches

flore fileno is

the best-known

bears double white flowers, two to three

It

and

with the greatest freedom,

across,

is

an

excellent plant for the wild garden.

Rosa canina, the familiar Dog rose

is

the commonest and best

largest

Its

roses.

heavy, loamy

met with
however,

soil,

fifteen

our hedges,

of the various British

are

attained in rather

and when well placed

sometimes

it is

eighteen feet high.

to

More

often,

six to eight feet high, with,

found from

is

it

known

proportions

of

loose branches clothed with bright green leaves made up

of from five to seven leaflets and armed with numerous
strong,

hooked

flowers appear

The

prickles.

from the

and are usually pale red or white

deeply suffused with red, and one and a half to two
end

of

May

to July,

They

inches across.

which

fruits
It is
is

are followed

by oval

and orange

in colour

are scarlet

widely distributed through the British

or oblong

when

ripe.

Isles, for it

met with from the extreme north to the Channel

Islands,

and

occurs

from

1,350 feet in Yorkshire.

sea-leVel to

an altitude

Its principal use is as

of

a stock

upon which various kinds of garden roses are budded.

Numerous forms have been given varietal names. These
differ from the type in growth, colour, and size of
flowers, or colour or

Rosa hibernica.

shape of

Some

fruit.

doubt exists as to whether

and the suggestion has

may be a hybrid between Rosa canina

really a species or not,

this

is

been

made

that

it

THE WILD ROSES OF BRITAIN

133

and Rosa spinosissima.

Colour is lent to this idea by

the plant being intermediate in character between those
two.
On the other hand, if it is a hybrid it must have

appeared in several different

localities, for it is

reported

from Sutherland, Northumberland, Ireland, and other

places.
Growing from two to four feet high, it forms
upright or arching branches clothed with rather strong
prickles and leaves composed of from five to
seven

and bearing pale pink flowers during May, June,

where the plant is growing. The
are globular and orange coloured.

leaflets,

or July, according to
fruits

is

Rosa involuta.As in the case of the last-named, there

considerable doubt as to this being a true species,
the

suggestion having been

between Rosa

made

spinosissima

that

it is

a natural hybrid

and Rosa tomentosa.

Its

affinities are

for

it is

nearer those of the former than the latter,

of rather dwarf, compact growth, forming
a dense

bush two or two and a half feet high, with

numerous
twiggy branches, amply clothed with prickles

small,

and small leaves made up

of five or seven tiny leaflets

bears, during

June and July, white or pinkish flowers

from one inch to one and a half inches across.
As a
it

rule,

the flower clusters

are small,

three blossoms appearing together.

rarely

blance to Rosa spinosissima occurs in the

they are small, round, black, and clothed
bristly

hairs.

more than

striking resemfruits,

for

with small

Rosa involuta has been reported from

several places in Scotland

on the Continent.

and Ireland, and is also found

Numerous forms have been given

varietal names, but very

few are in cultivation.

THE ROSE BOOK

i3 4

Rosa micrantha.

Forming

a bush four to six feet

some characters resembling

those of Rosa rubiginosa and others which are more sugThus the leaves, though rather
gestive of Rosa canina.
like those of the Dog rose, have a faint scent like Sweet
If forms rather long, arching branches, and
Brier.
this

high,

possesses

rose

bears pinkish flowers in June

an inch
Islands,
is

and

little

more than

found from Scotland to the Channel

It is

across.

they are

also occurs in Ireland.

The

variety Briggsi

a stronger-growing plant with larger flowers

and

fruits.

Rosa mollis.-This
British roses.

one of the most beautiful

is

Common

in Scotland,

it is

of

one of the most

conspicuous shrubs in various parts, and is plentiful in

Skye and other islands, whilst it spreads southwards into

England and

is

found in Ireland.

also

three to six feet high,

right branches, soft,

may

it

Growing from

be recognised by

its

up-

hairy leaves, and pretty red flowers

which are two inches or so across. The fruits are oval

in shape and deep red, with a few bristly hairs on
the

surface.

It

is

one of the best kinds for the wild

garden.

Rosa rubella. Doubt

although

strictly British or not,

" English Botany."

synonym

of

Rosa

In

as

exists

fact,

fiendulina,

it is
it

is

which

to

whether

this

is

described in Smith's

now regarded
is

as a

considered to be

a natural hybrid between Rosa spinosissima and Rosa

Forming a small bush, it reaches a height of
alpina.

two and a
leaves

half or three

may have

as

and a

many

half feet.

The rather small

The bright

as eleven leaflets.

THE WILD ROSES OF BRITAIN

135

red flowers are followed by rather conspicuous reddish

It is not recorded as

fruits.

the British

Isles,

having been found often

in

but has been more frequently met

with on the Continent.

Rosa rubiginosa, the Eglantine or Sweet

most popular

of

Brier, is the

British roses, for its fragrant foliage

adds a delightful perfume to the garden, especially after

A mature bush may be six or eight feet high, but

rain.
it is

met with between two and three feet in

The branches are closely set with strong, hooked
and the leaves, which are composed of from

frequently

height.
prickles

seven

five to

on the under

are covered with tiny

leaflets,

nates.

two inches across and are borne

They

oil

glands

from which the fragrance emaThe blush-tinted flowers are one and a half to
surface,

are followed

in August.

gardens

freely

during June.

by orange and red fruits which ripen

is to be met with in all kinds of

This rose

throughout

the

country,

whilst

the

special

was directed to it about twenty

years ago, when Lord Penzance succeeded in rearing
hybrids between it and various other roses. Some of
these have very beautiful flowers, and all have the
attention of rosarians

advantage

of

or less extent.

possessing fragrant foliage

to

a greater

Both the Sweet Brier and the various

hybrids, or Penzance Briers, as

they are called,

make

very good ornamental hedges.

Rosa spinosissima.

This

is

the

Scotch or Burnet

met with from the extreme North of Scotland to the Channel Islands and is frequently seen as a
bush between one and a half and three feet in height,
Rose.

It is

THE ROSE BOOK

136

growing on sandy commons and

however,

and

its

across,

Sometimes

hill-sides.

scarcely rises six inches above the ground,

it

white flowers, which

may

have then a very singular

be up to two inches

effect, for at

a distance

they appear to be borne by the grass amongst which the

branches lie. This particular form is met with about
the shores of Swansea

Bay between Swansea and The

Mumbles, and

effective in June.

is

most

height of the Scotch rose, however,

is

The normal
about two feet, the

intensely spiny branches forming a dense mass bearing

small leaves

made up

of

seven or nine

growing forms attain a height

The round

fruits are

black

many

conspicuous than those of

many

tion

double,

varieties

three

of

when

or more.

feet

and

ripe, bristly,

roses.

Under

Some

have appeared.

others single flowers,

Strong-

leaflets.

less

cultiva-

of these

have

whilst the colour varies

from white to yellow, and from white to pink and deep

Some

red.

of the best are altaica,

a tall-growing kind

with white flowers two and a half inches across

and

flore

luteo

flowers respectively

red

lutea

pleno, with single and double yellow

;

Harrisoni, double yellow

hispida, pale yellow

picta,

fulgens,

pink and white

and

rubra, red.

Rosa
is

stylosa.

Some

doubt

exists as to

whether

this

a species or a hybrid between Rosa canina and Rosa

arvensis.

It

forms a

tall

bush with white flowers

ranged several together in clusters at the ends

shoots.

ar-

of short

There are various forms with pink and white

blossoms.

Rosa tomentosa.

This

bears a resemblance to Rosa

THE WILD ROSES OF BRITAIN

canina,

but

the

leaflets

are

137

more downy, somewhat

resembling those of Rosa mollis in that respect.

It is

a vigorous grower, forming strong shoots clothed with

stout prickles.

together with
rose.

The
the

flowers

fruits,

are pink

and white and,

resemble those of the

Dog

CHAPTER XXI
THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

The
tion

exotic species of roses enjoy a very wide distribu-

they are found throughout Europe, the temperate

and sub-temperate parts

Most of them are hardy

may

however,
whilst

two

of Asia,

and North America.

in the British Isles.

few,

only be grown in the warmer counties,

or three require glass protection.

they succeed without

any

providing good loamy

soil is

special

cultural

given them.

As a

rule,

attention,

The majority

do not require regular pruning, although they are im-

by being

proved

and

thinned

scale insects attack

serious injury

Spraying

if

with

out

some

Mildew

occasionally.

of the species

and cause

not dealt with as soon as they appear.

Bordeaux mixture usually

suffices

to

check the former, but in addition to spraying when the

white, mealy, fructification stage of the fungus

during

summer and autumn, the

plants

is

visible

must be sprayed

once or twice during the following spring, when the

young leaves are beginning to unfold, for at that period

the dormant mildew spores are becoming active. Scale
insects may be destroyed by spraying the plants with
paraffin emulsion several times during the latter part of

April and early May.

As a

rule,

propagation

is

138

most readily

effected

by

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

139

but cuttings of ripened wood placed in a border

seeds,

out of doors in September, or of half-ripe

sandy

in pots of

warm

inserted

greenhouse in July,

may

It is also possible to increase the plants

be rooted.

means

soil in

wood

by

of layers.

Some

very ornamental, and deserve

of the species are

a place amongst general collections of roses, whilst others

are well worth growing

them

ing to

by reason

of the interest attach-

as parents of the various types of garden

roses.

In the following notes, those species referred to in

chapter

the

most

on British

of those are also

omitted,

are

roses

although

found wild outside the British

Isles.

Rosa

Alberti.

This

from Turkestan.

It

a rather dwarf-growing rose

is

is

by

distinguished

short leaves

which are barely one and a half inches long, and made

up

from

of

five to

straight spines,

seven tiny

and by

its

leaflets

by

its

sharp,

small white or yellowish flowers

which appear singly from short axillary growths.

Rosa

and

is

alfiina,

the Alpine rose,

is

a native of Europe

pretty alike whether in flower or

on a vigorous plant

may be

fruit.

six inches long,

of seven or nine oval leaflets.

The

leaves

and made up

The reddish

flowers are

about one and a half inches across, and are succeeded

by

rich coral-red fruits,

which are oval or globular in

shape and ripen during August.

destitute

bark

is

of,

or

The branches

armed with but

few,

frequently of a deep red colour.

ing as being one of the parents

of

spines,

are often

and the

It is interest-

the Boursault rose.

THE ROSE BOOK

140

The variety pyrenaica is remarkably handsome when

The fruits are scarlet in colour and one to
in fruit.
one and a half inches long. Both this and the type grow
from three to

five feet in height.

Banksian

Rosa Banksia, the

China, whence one of

more

its

several forms

a height of upwards of twenty

feet,

and

composed
flowers,

and

its clusters of

rant flowers freely during summer.

few,

was introduced
it

in the

reaches

warmer

The branches bear

and the leaves are usually

oblong leaflets. The type has white

often no, spines,

of five

but there

is

a variety

lutea,

only blooms freely in the milder

Rosa blanda, a

two to four
shoots

a native of

small, white, frag-

with yellow blooms,

and both have double-flowered forms.

plant grows well on walls in many parts
it

is

Of climbing habit,

than a century ago.

parts of the country bears

rose,

four inches

with

long,

of the country,

districts.

North American rose growing from

feet high,

clothed

Although the

forms a thicket of reddish, upright

glaucous-green

and bearing

its

leaves,

three

red flowers,

to

either

singly or in large terminal clusters, from axillary shoots.

The red fruits

ous by reason

and round, and are conspicuof the long calyx lobes with which they
There are several varieties, of which
are small

crowned.
arkansana, Sayi, and Willmottiana are distinct.
Rosa bourboniana. This is interesting as being the

are

type from which the various Bourbon roses have originIt is a hybrid between Rosa indica and Rosa
ated.
of
gallica, from which two of our most useful types
roses originated.

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

Rosa
is

bracteata, the

Macartney

one of the most beautiful of

fortunately

it

rose, a native of China,

all

the species, but un-

not hardy enough for general outdoor

is

In the milder counties

it

and many a low wall or fence

is

culture in the British Isles.

thrives excellently,

by

made

141

beautiful
growth and
The evergreen leaves are usually composed of from five
to nine broadly oval or elliptical leaflets, and the white

or

There
plant

is

flowers.

in

during

clusters

across, are

produced

August and September.

a variety with double flowers, but the typical

the more ornamental.

is

Rosa californica
fornia,

luxuriant

which are often four inches

flowers,

singly

its

Oregon,

a strong-growing rose from Cali-

is

Under

etc.

suitable conditions

it

attains

The red flowers are

more vigorous shoots

a height of from five to eight feet.

borne in large clusters on

the

and a few together on the weaker branches.

The red
fruits are rather small, with long calyx lobes.
The
variety flore fileno is low growing, with showy double
flowers.

Rosa

Carolina.

two to four

This

feet high.

is

a North American plant, from

When

growing vigorously the

reddish shoots are clothed with a pretty, glaucous

which makes them attractive during winter.

dish flowers

shoots

or

in

may

be borne singly from small axillary

clusters.

stronger-growing

bloom
The red-

plant

The variety

nuttalliana

is

than the type, and sometimes

bears very large heads of flowers.

Rosa cinnamomea,

a.

vigorous rose widely distributed

throughout the Northern hemisphere, sometimes attains

THE ROSE BOOK

142

a height of eight

to

varies

It

feet.

some extent

in

general appearance, and although usually bearing five

or

forms with nine

seven parted leaves,

The

known.

also

leaflets

differ

leaflets

considerably in

are
size,

the larger ones being sometimes one and three quarters

inches long and one and a half inches wide, whilst others
are less

slender

The

than half those dimensions.

and numerous, but not very

are

spines

From one

long.

to

eight flowers, which are white tinged with red, are borne
together,

and they are succeeded by rather

dark red

lar,

flore

fruits.

with

pleno,

There are several

double flowers,

large, globu-

which

varieties, of

and

with

grandiflora,

flowers larger than those of the type, are the best.

Rosa damascena.
Persia, a plant

This

the old

incline to the idea that

gallica

it

much

in Eastern

Some

and most people

originated as a hybrid between

and Rosa moschata.

Much

centres in the delightful fragrance of

are

rose of

for a very long period.

exists as to its being a species,

doubt

Damask

which has been widely grown

Europe and the Orient

Rosa

is

sweeter than the flowers of

its

of its

charm

blossoms, which

many

newer

of the

grown in Bulgaria for the

manufacture of rose water and attar of roses. Growing
from two to four feet high, it is most frequently seen
bearing semi-double light red flowers, two to three
garden

roses.

It is largely

inches across, although single-flowered forms are some-

times

seen.

interesting

The variety
on account

of

versicolor
its

blotched with red and white.

been given the name

of

flowers

For

is

and

distinct

being striped or

this

reason

York and Lancaster

rose.

it

has

Some

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

forms of Rosa damascena

may

143

be found with dark red

flowers.

Rosa ferox

is

worthy

of

mention on account

of its

being very distinct from other dwarf-growing species of

Of quite low stature,

roses.

branches are armed

with stout, hooked spines, and clothed with tiny green
leaves,

its stiff

amongst which the small white, or pinkish

flowers,

which are barely more than one inch across, appear

during June and July. It is a native of the Caucasus.

Rosa Fortuneana was obtained from China many

years ago, and is considered to be a natural hybrid
between Rosa Banksice and Rosa IcBvigata rather than
a species.
five

The evergreen leaves are usually made up of

leaflets, and the semi-double yellowish
two to three inches across. It is only suit-

lance-shaped

flowers are

able for the

Rosa

warmer parts

gallica,

and parts

of the country.

common

the

rose of Eastern Europe

and South Europe, is a very imand was the forerunner of many of our

of Central

portant species,

garden roses of the present day;

old fragrant
related to

it.

Cabbage roses
It is also the

of

the majority of the

bygone days were

from which the famous attar of roses

Growing two to three feet in height, it

by

its

large, often

of

which

centifolia,

is

recognised

There are

many

may

be

varieties,

with good-sized heads of fragrant,

pink, semi-double flowers

muscosa

obtained.

is

is

semi-double flowers, which

white, pink, or red in colour.

closely

parent of the various roses

is

very showy.

The variety

the type of the numerous Moss roses, a term

applied on account

of

the peculiar moss-like appear-

THE ROSE BOOK

144

ance of the calyx lobes of these particular varieties.

exceedingly interesting and delightfully frag-

are

All

Provincialis

rant.
for it

is

another variety worthy of attention,

old-fashioned Provence rose,

the

is

always been renowned for

well-marked variety

its

and scarcely an inch

its

which has

Pomponia

fragrance.

is

rose-coloured flowers are double,

across, yet

they are borne with such

freedom that a well-flowered bush

is

most ornamental.

Rosa gigantea can only be grown in a greenhouse with

success, for

it is

vigorous growth,

The

a native of the

Burma. Of very

hills of

forms branches at least thirty feet long.

it

and four to

flowers are white or cream-coloured

five

Although said to be a wonderful sight

inches across.

in its native country,

it

has seldom been seen to advan-

tage here, but in the south of France

blossoms remark-

it

ably well.

Rosa
China

indica.

which

soms

is

the original of the Monthly and

a native of China and forms a small

It is

roses.

bush two

This

with showy, fragrant flowers

feet or so high,

may

be white, pink, or

red.

As a

rule,

the blos-

are borne in large clusters, terminating the branches,

and flowering
autumn.

slightly tender

Fragrans

is

continuous throughout

The type and

is

also

some

and are not suitable

for cold districts.

a very sweet-scented variety

dwarf, with small flowers

summer and

of the varieties are

monstrosa

is

minima

is

very

conspicuous by

reason of the petals being leaf-like and green

guinea

is

and san-

a very useful free-flowering variety with rich

red semi-double flowers.

Rosa Hugonis

is

distinct

from the majority

of roses,

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

for

of strong

it is

growth and bears yellow

notice

about the end of

native of China,

one of the best

it

was

originally brought

century, and

last

of the species for

two

freedom, during early

inches across, with the greatest

May.

flowers,

145

is

to

certainly

garden planting. Mature

bushes are five or six feet high.

Rosa
is

Icevigata,

commonly

a native of China, but

United States.
branches,
leaves,

is

called the " Cherokee Rose,"

naturalised in the southern

Of climbing habit,

it

which are clothed with

and armed with stout

forms long, slender

dark green

glossy,

The solitary white

and very showy.

spines.

flowers are three to four inches across,

It

is,

however, tender, and not suitable for general cul-

tivation in the British Isles.

very pretty hybrid has

been raised between this and Rosa indica

it

is

called

" Anemone," and has pink flowers.

Rosa

lutea.

Under the name

frequently seen in gardens, and

wild yellow roses.

loose

deep shade

of

singly

Austrian Brier this

it is

the choicest of the

native of the Orient,

it

forms a

feet high.

from

short

axillary

growths,

every

branch at flowering time appears as a long, arching

florescence.

The

variety

Austrian Copper Brier,

is

bicolor,

known

also

quite as beautiful.

case the petals are rich bronze above

Unfortunately

is

The flowers are a very

yellow and about two inches across.

bush two to four

Arising

of

both are rather

as

in-

the

In this

and yellow below.

difficult to

grow, and are

only cultivated with great care in some gardens.

They

need practically no pruning.

on a

Rather heavy

soil

limestone or chalky foundation appears to be most con-

THE ROSE BOOK

146

In some places Rosa lutea

ducive to success.

is

known

as the Yellow Eglantine.

is a native of China and the HimaAs a mature bush, it is seen ten to twelve feet
high and as far through. Spines are sparingly pro-

Rosa macrophylla

laya.

duced, and few are found on the flowering branches.

The red

flowers are about

two inches

across,

and appear

in large clusters about the points of short axillary branches.

They

are followed

fruits

which make the plant very attractive

Rosa microphytta.

This

in

scarlet

autumn.

a very distinct Chinese rose.

is

bushy habit and the branches are very

It is of

Few

by long and rather narrow,

stiff.

spines are produced, but in some instances the

stunted branches are almost spiny in character.

The

flowers are large, three inches across, white, deeply suf-

fused with pink, and very fragrant.

fruits that

make

are round

and

It

is,

however, the

the plant of special interest, for they

apple- shaped,

an inch or more

in dia-

meter, greenish-yellow, very fragrant, and covered with

stiff,

fleshy spines.

There

a variety

is

flore ftleno,

with

double flowers.

Rosa moschata, the Musk

rose, belongs to the strong-

Found from South Europe to

forms vigorous branches, armed with strong,

growing, climbing group.

India,

hooked

it

spines,

sized bushes

and

and

finds its

trees.

The

way

to the tops of good-

large green leaves

have a

The flowers
and
they are
are white with bunches of golden stamens,
produced in large clusters by axillary growths from the
It is seen at its best when
previous year's branches.

glaucous

tint,

particularly in one variety.

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

147

allowed to grow over a large evergreen, the flowers showing against the dark background. It is not suitable for
the colder parts of the country.

The variety flore pleno

Forms with very glaucous leaves

has double flowers.

are inferior to the greener-leaved kinds.

Rosa Moyesii.

This

is

a strikingly beautiful

When mature

from China.

species

ten or twelve feet, with a wide spread.

of

beauty
across

in its flowers,

lies

multiflora.

this is

one

habit,

it

In

one or other of

its

many

forms

most popular species. Of semi-climbing

forms a bush ten or twelve feet high, and as
with

spiny branches

its

during June.

garden roses,
of the

shade

roses.

small, fragrant white flowers, are

panicles

chief

of the

far through,

The

scarlet in colour, a

unknown amongst wild

Rosa

Its

which are about two inches

and bright red or almost

hitherto

new

attains a height

it

many

much

interlaced.

produced in large

Crossed with various kinds of

it has been the chief factor in the raising

kinds of Multiflora or Polyantha roses, of

which Crimson Rambler and Electra are examples. The

type is a native of China and Japan, and has long been
in cultivation.

Rosa noisettiana
roses.

is

the type of the various " Noisette "

is a hybrid between Rosa indica and

Rosa
and combines the vigour of the latter with the

It

moschata,

delicacy of

flower

flowered form

is

of

usually

the

former.

met

with.

The double-whiteThe flowers are borne

in large clusters

towards the middle of summer.

Rosa pomifera, the apple rose, is a European species,

somewhat resembling a dwarf form

of the

common Dog

THE ROSE BOOK

148

rose in habit, but

by reason

distinct

which are armed with

fruits,

Rosa

rubrifolia

alone

very conspicuous amongst other

is

kinds by reason of

its

It

common Japanese

most widely grown species

ing in shrubberies

and

it

may

by a

inches

rose, is

it

is

in

conspicuous

in request for wild gar-

Attaining a height of four

be kept to two and a half or

easily

The red
and freely

biennial pruning.
fragrant,

across,

one of the

flowers are

produced.

Scarcely less beautiful are the scarlet apple-like

which ripen in August

tries

the pulp

is

garden

a race

All the varieties

raised.

much

roses,

jelly

grown.

making.

fruits,

In some coun-

and September.

used for

variety, alba, is also

of

feet

used for plant-

is it

form groups

den and covert planting.

or five feet,

not only

to

parts of the garden, but

three feet

grows about eight

a native of the mountains of Europe.

is

Rosa rugosa, the

four

this reason

used in gardens, especially in beds arranged

it is

and

For

purplish foliage.

for coloured foliage effect.

high,

of its large red

stiff bristles.

white-flowered

Crossed with various kinds

of very

showy

roses has been

have fragrant flowers and are

hardier than most garden roses, for they thrive

quite well where the Hybrid Teas

Rosa

sericea,

readily detected

fail.

an Indian and Chinese

species,

may

be

amongst other kinds by having four

petals instead of five to each flower.

a height of eight feet and produces

The bush
its

attains

cream-coloured

and May. A variety named

was introduced from China a few years ago.

flowers freely during April

pteracantha
It is

remarkable by reason of the spines being very

much

THE WILD ROSES OF OTHER LANDS

149

enlarged at the base and continuing along the branches

almost in unbroken

most vigorous shoots,

to have the plant

necessary to provide rich

it is

at

its

best.

soil

The orange coloured

ornamental.

fruits are also

Rosa

Whilst young, they are of a

lines.

As the best spines are found on the

bright red tint.

setigera.

This

the Prairie rose of

is

America, and very lovely when seen at

its

North

best.

It

however, requires a very sunny position to ensure suc-

Of climbing habit,

cess.

which take possession

form

it

forms long, slender branches,

of bushes or other supports

The

large, tangled masses.

and

delicate rose-coloured

flowers appear in June.

Rosa Soulei

new

is

to gardens.

one of the strongest of the wild roses

native of China,

twelve feet high, and

is

it

grows at

least

conspicuous by reason of

intensely spiny branches, elegant glaucous leaves,

large clusters of creamy-white flowers

a native of

States, is often of rather

is

flowers red,

and

its

the

fruits.

eastern

United

dwarf habit, although sometimes

attaining a height of four feet.

its

Its leaves are

round

small,

very glossy,

fruits scarlet.

There

a variety alba, with white flowers, and another,

pieno,

and

which open during

July and are succeeded by orange-coloured

Rosa virginiana,

its

flore

with double blossoms.

Rosa webbiana.

and

distinct

and

delicate

This

by reason

is

a native of

the Himalaya,

of its intensely spiny branches

glaucous leaves.

The

flowers

are white,

deeply tinged with pink, and are borne during June and
July.

THE ROSE BOOK

150

Rosa

wichuraiana,

although only introduced

Japan about eighteen years ago,

widely
it

known

species.

does not rise

many

Forming

is

now one

large

clusters,

and

its

long, trailing branches,

Rosa xanthina, a native

rare in cultivation, but a

feet

Its leaves

Crossed with

many rambling Wichuraiana

kinds have been raised from

on account

it

which appear in

flowers,

are white and fragrant.

various garden roses, the

is

from

most

inches above the ground unless

can find some support over which to clamber.

are semi-evergreen,

of the

it.

of Persia, Afghanistan, etc.,

showy and

of its yellow flowers.

It

interesting plant

grows four or

five

high and thrives best in a well-drained situation

amongst

rocks.

CHAPTER XXII
ROSE GROWING FOR EXHIBITION

To

enable one to show six blooms of the standard re-

quired at the present day,

two hundred plants at

varieties.
all

necessary to grow some

of

recognised exhibition

would advise the would-be exhibitor

to join the National

rose

is

it

least

first of

Rose Society and to attend several

shows before making any attempt to exhibit.

It

show early in the morning before

the judging is done, to watch the exhibitors at work
and examine their boxes of blooms. Boxes must be of
certain dimensions and the flowers need to be supported by wires. These are essential to enable one to

is

best to visit the

display the blooms to the best advantage.

To make a
portion

of

beginning,

a meadow,

well trenched

and the

if

turf buried,

farmyard manure, basic

slag,

in the lower spit of soil.

September.

stock,

piece

of

Have

Many

land

the ground

and plenty

of

good

and crushed bones mixed

This work

is

best done in

In October the order for roses

dispatched to the grower.

ling brier.

secure a
possible.

Ask

for plants

may

be

on the seed-

growers advise the brier cutting as a

and certainly plants on

this yield

very

fine flowers,

but the suckers or wild growths from the roots are a

great

nuisance.

The

seedling
151

brier

is

far

preferable,

THE ROSE BOOK

i52

and roses budded on

than roses on the brier cutting.

be grown of

the Tea-scented

Hybrid Teas.
as

autumn

this flower better in the

Half-standards should
roses

and some

of the

prefer half-standards to full standards

being more readily protected, and shades to pre-

blossoms

the

serve

are

more

over

placed

easily

them.
In planting out the roses place them in lines three
This enables one to cultivate the

feet apart.

an important detail in rose

Perhaps

growing

soil well,

exhibition.

for

need hardly say that the rose delights in a

good clayey loam.

If,

however, his

happens to be

soil

rather sandy, the reader would be well advised to grow

and where the

soil

of a very poor description there is nothing for it

but

chiefly the
is

to

true Tea-scented roses,

import some good turfy loam.

Plant early

from mid-October to the end

Give the plants plenty of room,

ber.

system

more

of

of

Novem-

although

the

hard pruning enables the grower to plant

than

closely

if

he were growing for garden decora-

Let them be two feet apart in the rows,

tion only.

though the

less

vigorous varieties need be only eighteen

inches apart.

visitor to

an exhibitor's garden in March would

wonder where the roses were

to

come from,

scarcely be able to see the plants,

pruned.
rely

to

Most exhibitors cut out

upon that

for

he would

so hard are they

all

old

wood,

of the previous year, cutting this

two or three buds.

and

down

Not more than two or three

blooms from a plant should be expected, the object

ROSE GROWING FOR EXHIBITION

being to concentrate

all

153

the energies of the plant into

these few flowers.

Superfluous shoots must be carefully thinned out in

May, and a look out kept for grubs and green

the former there

and

trouble from green

Mildew

fly.

is

For

are especially liable to attack.

to sprinkle the

ficially

and

It is

varie-

a good plan

ground thickly early in the season, soon

with green sulphur.

after pruning,

apt to be very

and some

troublesome during certain seasons,

ties

fly.

nothing better than hand-picking,

the plants are really healthy there will not be

if

much

is

will often

This acts very bene-

prevent mildew appearing.

As the growths develop and flower buds are seen,

to.
The most promising
bud is retained, and the others are removed, leaving
only one bud upon each shoot.
Disbudding needs to
disbudding must be attended

be done with

because some

discrimination,

varieties

produce the best blooms from the side buds and not

from the central one.

When

growths spring from the

axils of the leaves it is well to

pinch them out, so as

to concentrate all the energies of the shoot

upon the

one bud.

Feeding roses

week

by

is

very necessary.

May and June by

ing

at first

all

soot

is

and

that liquid

later

This

is

done dur-

applying liquid manure once a

on twice a week.

It is agreed

manure made from cow manure and

an excellent stimulant, but

not pleasant, though

rendered

by the use

of

a bucket.

Both bucket and

its

much

Maiden's Infuser, which

preparation

less
is

is

disagreeable

in the

form

lid are full of holes.

of

The

THE ROSE BOOK

i54

manure

put in the Infuser, which is suspended in a cask

and in two days clear liquid is available that
may be drawn off by a tap. When exhausted, the sediment can be emptied out to dry in the sun, when it may
is

of water,

be used for potting purposes.

The amateur who keeps

a few fowls or pigeons will find that this infuser provides excellent liquid manure.

necessary to use

artificial

infuser helps

or

for

reason

this

Wakeley's

Hop Manure,

one to prepare an excellent

The ground should be moist

and

it

is

If

manures, such as Clay's Fer-

Ichthemic Guano,

tilizer,

this

Farmers having the use

can grow roses second to none.

of sheep-droppings

before

manure

is

liquid.

applied,

best given after rain, but

if

no rain comes then water the ground a day before with

plain water.

To

liquid

manure can

scarcely be given too strong, but artificial

manures must

established

be used cautiously.
liquid

manure

is

roses

natural

When

roses

are planted in lines,

best applied in drills

drawn along each

side within about five inches of the base of the plants.

Night

soil

drills is

made

used by

into liquid form

many

and poured

in

of the large trade growers,

such

and

accounts for the huge blooms seen at the shows.

Maiden Plants.
teur should

obtain

When

more experienced, the ama-

grow a few maiden

these,

brier

cuttings

roses each year.

and seedling

briers

To
are

planted out and such varieties as are best as maidens

are
of

budded upon them. WTien I say fully three-fourths

the blooms shown by trade growers are cut from

maiden

plants,

the reader will appreciate the import-

A FINE CRIMSON ROSE. GEORGE DICKSON

ROSE GROWING FOR EXHIBITION

155

The

ance of growing a few stocks annually for budding.

stocks are planted in spring in rows three feet apart,

the plants being about ten inches apart in the rows.

They need good cultivation that is to say, the land

must be deeply dug and manured, and hoeing carried
out frequently. The stocks are budded early in August.
Half-standard briers are planted in November, twelve
;

inches apart, in rows three feet wide

budding

is

carried

out in July.

When

the blooms are ready for the

points

several

of

importance

show there are

remember.

to

have

by careless manipulabefore the show day the blooms

seen the best blooms simply spoilt

tion.

must be

This applies chiefly to the rather thin

Very double blooms,

roses.

need

day or so
tied.

like Bessie

the day of the show.

until

it

Brown,

may

not

The bud, when

almost fully grown, should be tied with a piece of double

must not be knotted, but given just

The outer rows of petals are not tied,
but merely the heart of the bloom
in some cases the
tie must be loosened to allow the bloom to develop.
Care should be taken not to tie when the blooms are
damp. As a rule, a bloom must not be tied for more
Berlin wool.

It

a double twist.

than three days.

Shades are very necessary to the exhibitor.

may be

in the

form

of

devices, but the best are the cone

shades

wire and canvas and attached to a stake

by most

horticultural

These

straw hats, umbrellas, and other

sundriesmen.

made with

they are sold

They may be
To preserve

adjusted to suit roses at varying heights.

THE ROSE BOOK

156

very delicate Tea roses, tissue paper

edges

the

of

the shade

wind and excessive sunshine.

sorts

Maman

as

Cochet

may

gummed

be

to

gives protection from

this

Heavy blooms

should

such

of

be supported by a

small stick.

Exhibition boxes and Foster's tubes are necessary,

together with some nice green moss from the woods.

made deep
when mounted in

Care should be taken to have the box-lids

enough to accommodate
the tubes

the latter add considerably to their height.

It is best to cut

morning or

the blooms

the blooms for the show early in the

after five o'clock in the evening.

fully

in

If

may

have to travel a long distance the blooms

a day before, and placed in a cool shed or

deep jars of water.

Make

they

be cut
cellar,

sure that the tubes are

of water after arrival at the show,

and

if

full

possible keep

the boxes out of the tents until close on judging time.

Choose a shady spot where the flowers

may

be kept

cool.

Always take plenty

in a spare box.

and placed

of spare blooms, tied,

rough deal case of good depth, with

the tubes secured in the base, answers well for

this

this.

For

purpose large tubes to hold several blooms are

a dozen blooms are placed in a large

preferable.

If

tube

water, they keep better than

full of

in a smaller tube.

if

individually

PART
Some Very

111

Practical Matters

CHAPTER XXIII
ROSE GARDENS

However
it

big or however

little

a rose garden

Those who are

still

be,

which

of flowers, in

fond of a real old-fashioned border

all

sorts of old world

fragrant blossoms commingle, may,

of

may

should at least be solely and only a garden of roses.

and

chiefly

even without fear

committing a gardening heresy, find room here and

among

there

herbaceous

the

perennials

and Oriental Poppies, Larkspurs and

and Sunflower

for

little

the

Lilies,

Paeonies

Bergamot

groups of hardy roses, especially

and are vigorous

They will be appro-

those that bear sweet-scented flowers

enough to take care of themselves.

priate to the scheme.

But generally

it

offends against the

canons of rose growing to plant the Queen

subjects.

fiat

among her

has gone forth from the rose powers

that be that the rose shall be grouped in a garden of

roses

and, reader,

if

you would do the

take heed and hereby be counselled.

give even the cabbage a patch

each to

itself,

Even without

why

right thing,

Moreover, since

and the potato a

we

plot,

not the rose, the Garden Queen

reflection

we

shall

iS7

be convinced that

this

THE ROSE BOOK

158
is

the only

Further,

way

loyal

we

growing the royal flower.

of

shall find that the rose

garden lends

itself

to such infinite variety of design, to the exercise of so

much

skill,

and the display

such

of

artistic feeling that

conception and creation prove a fascinating task.

its

Providing that the design

plicity the highest

form

and
the

simple

is

beauty

of

not sim-

is

rest

may

be

very largely to the imagination and desires of the

left

owner.

There

is

only one other chose necessaire

choice of a sunny spot.

the

rose deprived of sunshine

plant roses in the shade

is

To

a wild bird caged, and will languish similarly.

like

even a more dangerous ex-

is

periment than to cage a wild bird, for whereas some

birds can be inured to the

confined, very few roses

life

Sunshine

can be acclimatised to the shade.

Without

of the garden of roses.

life

laid

schemes may, and probably

To grow

roses

and choose most

in

carefully,

spot that

tages.

is

make

come

and the

sunny, even

if

it

is

the very
the best-

to nought.

have to pick

glories of the rose

So choose above

world are not available.

rather

will,

shade you

the

is

all

it

all

things a

not sheltered, though

choice of one that possesses both advan-

Then,

with

and hard pruning,

fair

shall

planting,

cautious

manuring

your garden blossom forth in

due season, yielding up posy on posy, and

still

more

posies.

In the matter of actual design there

is

greater definiteness than for instance in the

a rock garden.
this

You cannot very

and advise the gardener

well

scope for

making

draw up a plan

to put one rock here

of
for

and

ROSE GARDENS

159

You can

another there, and others on top of those.

him what to avoid, and let him work out his

own salvation. Now, luckily, one can give working
merely

tell

designs

for

the rose gardener,

the formal rose

since

garden has the great advantage over the rock garden,

that it is made on the flat.
They may, like all plans
that are

drawn

for general guidance,

be copied either

as seems best to suit the circum-

wholly or in part,
stances.

The

rose garden,

like

other auxiliary gardens,

all

while so placed as to form part of the general scheme of

arrangement, should be a

little

pleasaunce to

though readily accessible from the house,

so situated that its presence
visitor has reached

whereabouts,

is

visitor

not revealed until the

with

dreams

of

its

rose

permitted a view of the roses them-

and disappointment

is

and

preferably

Let the fragrant petals proclaim

the

luring

beauty before he
selves

it.

is

itself,

shall not lie in waiting

if

the reader plans without haste, plants without delay,

and prunes without

feeling.

by the sunk

assured

Privacy

rose garden.

is

most charmingly

Alas

that most of

make our rose gardens on the flat. There is

no greater joy in gardening than in laying out a garden
on undulating ground. In the first place, it is so much
us have to

simpler

so little ingenuity

is

needed

suggest themselves that in dealing with

achieved only slowly and after

How

easy

it

is

much

so

many

flat

points

ground are

thought.

to cloak the sunk rose garden from

A few shrubs and scattered trees, a walk that

winds about them, an arbour here, a group of rose pillars
view.

THE ROSE BOOK

i6o

some bold hardy flower there, and the thing is done.

But with a garden on the flat one needs to go more
laboriously to work. The garden must be hedged round
or

with

Yew

or Holly,

if

time (when one

is

young) or money

(when one's ship has come home) is of no account, for

little Yews and Hollies grow slowly and take years to
while bigger ones cost oh so much
fulfil their purpose

more than they seem worth

One may take comfort

in the fact that the enclosed hedge

purpose
shelters

a twofold

fulfils

hides the garden from the general view and

it

the roses from the wind,

comes next

in virtue

to godliness,

and,

cleanliness

as

so in rose morals

sunshine alone takes precedence of shelter.

The garden

of roses should not stand out like a square

on a draught-board, which
it

to be

it

might easily do.

beyond the lawn that comes

Imagine

close to the house.

were easy to restrain the walk, that seems eager to

unveil the roses' charm, by throwing up a mound and
It

crowning this with flowering shrubs, with quick-growing

Mock Orange, or with statelier evergreen

Rhododendron. And when the wayfarer, following the

Spiraea

or

winding walk, has passed the flowery mound,

why

should

he not find a winding pergola, close-twined from top to

base with fragrant flower and lusty foliage ? Then, lost
in

wonder

at the delights

on either hand, and entirely

he would find, on emerging

unsuspicious of its real object,

from the covered way, the garden

of roses spread before

him

In some such way, by

in full

and exquisite beauty.

the subtle use of flowers that enchant the visitor as he

passes on, would I lead him, already

charmed with what

ROSE GARDENS

161

he has seen, and bring him without hint as to when his

journey should be finished, to the wondrous goal.
is

If

There
no delight equal to that given by the unexpected.
the hedge of Yew and Holly is out of the question,

one may,

if

there

plenty of room, plant Penzance

is

Briers for sweetness

Briers for boldness

and

early blossom,

and again bright

Japanese

or

And

fruits.

there not the thornless rose, Zephirine Drouhin,

are

and the

many of which, if pegged down,

form a suitable hedge, and others which are referred to
vigorous Hybrid Teas,

in the chapter

devoted to Rose Hedges?

Within the charmed ground there

according to
in

its

illimitable scope,

is

extent, for everyone's aspirations,

and

the plans which are given further on an attempt

has been

made

rose gardens

to indicate

may

some

be founded.

of the lines
It is

on which

the greatest mis-

take to have beds of grotesque and fanciful design.

They destroy the sense

of

charm and peace that should

and does pervade every good garden

of roses,

for the

reason that they tend to distract attention from the

flowers

themselves.

Simple beds

of

circular,

square,

oblong, or other rectangular design are best suited to the

roses.

the

They waste no ground, their upkeep demands

of labour, and the roses are given every

minimum

opportunity
tage.

of

displaying

themselves

The spaces between the

to

full

advan-

rose beds should be of

and the paths either of grass or paved. Paths

paved with brick or stone look especially charming, and

grass,

I think are

even more appropriate than grass.

They have

a material advantage because they afford a dry footing

THE ROSE BOOK

162
at

all

times of the year, and an aesthetic value in that

they lend an old-world atmosphere, and emphasise the

old-world character that

one of the most precious

is

attributes of a garden.

Paved paths are rather

age cost

is

about one

costly to put

shilling per

well set they last for a lifetime,

and here and there one may sow or

Violet Cress, miniature Bellflowers,

add immeasurably to the delight

When

the

design

is

and
or

central point should be emphasised in

most delightful plan

is

to crown

it

others,

Mint,

and they

garden of

roses.

rectangular

the

some way

the

with a sundial or old

well-head or open arbour encircling a

all these,

set little

Thyme and

of the

circular

time

of

Moss grows in the

tufted plants, such as the fragrant

ing

(the aver-

and the passage

serves only to enhance their charm.

crevices,

down

square yard), but once

little

pond.

Fail-

a weeping standard on a six or seven-foot

stem or a group

of pillar roses

may

Some such

be used.

pronounced centre seems to be essential

one must not

forget that the small garden of formal outline

formal treatment within

to crowd the rose beds

its
;

boundaries.

It

demands
is

unwise

grass paths as broad as the

available space allows, never less than three feet wide,

add greatly to the charm

much

of the

roses.

the better, since watering, wheeling,

If wider, so
etc.,

are then

facilitated.

Big beds are better than

little

ones.

The

latter

have

a tendency to destroy the balance and to lessen the

dignity of the garden

and, naturally, they add greatly

to the labour of keeping the grass neat

and

trim, for

it

is

:;

ROSE GARDENS

163

the care of the edges and not of the lawn

occupies so

much time and

The formation

occasions so

of rather small

mixed

to grouping roses of

labour.

beds enables one to

each with a distinct variety, and this

fill

that

itself

much

colours.

If

is

preferable

long borders

surround the garden the roses look extremely well

arranged in groups of three or

In planting a rose garden

services

it is

wise to engage the

who has a wide knowledge

one

of

if

five.

the

of

different varieties to advise as to their correct grouping.

It

would never do,

roses at the

back

for instance, to plant

low-growing

a border and vigorous sorts in front

of

yet this too often happens where the planter

of the habit of

growth

of the roses chosen.

is

ignorant

Some

are of

low and spreading growth, others are erect and so on

great differences exist, and an ill-considered arrangement
is

not at

all attractive.

Pillar roses

and weeping standards are very

for destroying the

ful in the

and

monotony

useful

of level that is rather pain-

average rose garden.

At the junction

of

in the corners they are appropriately placed

walks
they

should not be dotted about indiscriminately on the grass

between the beds of dwarf

restricted they
cellent effect.

may

The placing

needs consideration
to

roses.

When

space

is

not

be grouped in half-dozens with ex-

of pergola, arbour,

and arches

they have the power very largely

add to or detract from the charm

has been pointed out on

many

of the garden.

It

occasions that the pergola

is

a covered way, and should therefore be so placed as

to

fulfil

an object,

i.e.

it

should lead somewhere.

Now,

THE ROSE BOOK

164

a pergola that merely runs across the rose garden, and

in life.
is faced by a hedge at either end, has no mission
It stands self-condemned as a failure.

part of a comparatively small garden

When
1

the roses

fill

think the pergola

should be so placed as to lead to the roses, and not form

As already explained, it can
part of the rose garden.

be made then to serve the purpose of hiding the rose

garden from the general view. Arches may span the
they are most effective when
walks at suitable points
meet, and may there be so
paths
arranged where the
enlarged as to give welcome shade and provide a place
;

for

a garden seat beneath.

intervals over a rather

To

place a series of arches at

narrow path has an

spoils the

irritating

view across the garden, where-

effect,

and often

as, if

grouped appropriately at certain points, the

is

much moie

pleasing.

result

CHAPTER XXIV
SITUATION, SOIL

To import new

AND PLANTING

a garden

soil into

a big and costly

is

undertaking, and I should be slow to advise

is

known,

well

when forming

I think, that the late Mr.

his

lovely

Leatherhead, which

is

rose

imported some hundreds of tons

finest

of

Downside,

in the land,

loam to take the

place of the chalk removed, but such an ideal

is

too impracticable to be

recommended

new

soil

alone to enable

them

method

Some

generally.

enthusiastic amateurs will spend ten or twenty

a year on

It

Alfred Tate,

garden at

one of the

this.

pounds

to win an impor-

tant prize at a rose show, but such are undoubtedly in

the minority.

In a book written as a guide for the amateur one

may be

allowed to describe ideal

and

soils

situations,

with the object of helping readers to approximate as

closely to

An

such ideals as circumstances

ideal

situation

is

one

(a)

well

strong gales, but not over shadowed

hedges
frosts.

would

(b)

in a district

High ground that

suit perfectly

fairly
is

will allow.

sheltered

by

from

large trees or

immune from

well sheltered from

severe

wind

land near the sea has generally

the advantage of escaping frost.

An

instance of the

success attending rose growing near the sea

165

is

provided

THE ROSE BOOK

166

by the Rose Garden at Chalkwell Park, Westcliff-on-Sea,

which
There

maintained by the Corporation

is

to be found a choice collection of roses in the

is

Unfortunately the

rudest of health.

the sea

Southend.

of

soil in

gardens near

often chalky, and, therefore, not

is

so suitable

for rose growing.

If

were searching for a good rose

soil,

I should

choose one in which elm trees flourished, and where

Walls add greatly

the blackberries grew luxuriantly.

to the

charm

of

to build.

Those

suitable.

On

a rose garden, though they are expensive

of

about eight feet in height are especially

those facing south and west

one

may

plant the choicest Tea roses, not necessarily the climbing

varieties,

but those ordinarily

open garden,

of

dwarf growth in the

such an ideal

for in

position they will

quickly reach the top of the wall.

Walls of even four feet in height are of

as affording protection from keen winds,

much

value,

and are to be

preferred to hedges of evergreens, which rob the soil

of

much

Roses delight in fresh

Most nurserymen grow

shine.

open

But a small walled-in garden

of its value.

not recommended.

air

is

and sun-

their best roses in the

fields.

Soil.

loam.

The best

soil for roses is

Soil that will

good roses

also.

a rich, rather heavy

grow good wheat or hay

couple of cartloads of top

will
soil

grow
taken

from a building plot would go a long way towards making

an
soil

ideal rose bed, or

it

could be blended with the staple

that already exists in the average garden.

Good drainage

is

very

essential

on heavy land

ROSE MADAME LEON PAIN

(Hybrid Tea)

AND PLANTING

SITUATION, SOIL
Readers whose

soil

is

167

and clayey should obtain

stiff

some burnt clay and mix this well with the lower soil
when trenching is carried out. Failing burnt clay, ashes
would do, the object being to keep the clay from setting
into solid rock-like lumps.
clay.

The best time

fairly

dry.

It is a simple

May

is

Start a good

or June,

When

Three holes should be

brightly.

more wood,
is

soil is

heap

fair

coal dust

left

open

at

may burn
As the clay becomes burnt through, apply
heap so that the

different parts of the

heap

some

layer of clay, sprinkling

the latter.

the

apply more faggots, and cover

of hot ashes is obtained,

among

when

with faggots or hedge-

fire

trimmings and dry garden rubbish.

them with a

matter to burn

and

clay,

burnt.

am

coal dust,

and so

fire

on, until

a big

sure that rose growers are not yet

fully alive to the value of

burnt earth as a means of

heavy

have seen some wonderful

lightening
results

from

soils.

Readers whose gardens are clayey

its use.

should always have a supply of fine

when

the roots

An
feet

ideal rose-bed could be

deep and

soil

to apply around

planting the roses.

refilling

made by excavating

three

with the top spit from a meadow,

taking care to place the grass turves in the bottom, and

incorporating basic slag, burnt earth,

lower two

gravel soil

usually

goes

far

is

rose growing, but

is

and manure

in the

feet.

it is

some good

down

from being a good medium

better than a sandy

soil

among

the gravel.

deep, this should be

from another part

of the

soil,

If

for

as there

the gravel

removed and top

garden brought to replace

soil
it.

THE ROSE BOOK

168
It is

waste of money to plant roses in a gravelly

unless one

is

them with
think
of

prepared to go to a

little

better soil underneath.

how many

have been

roses

soil,

expense to provide

It is

lamentable to

sacrificed

because

a hard subsoil that has never been broken up by

Ground for roses ought to be dug at

least two feet deep, and if the subsoil is very gravelly
this should be replaced by the best soil available.
spade or fork.

Tea

roses do remarkably well in a gravelly

plenty of manure

is

soil,

if

placed in the lower spit to provide

nourishment for the roses and to keep the soil moist.

A deep, gravelly soil is advantageous in that one may
water the roses very freely in summer with liquid manure.
Chalk is excellent to mix with ordinary soil, but it

makes a poor medium

it

itself

for rose growing.

Where

abounds, chalk should be dug out and replaced with

turfy loam.

sandy

soil is

the worst of

all for roses,

yet

it

may

be so enriched with manure as to be rendered fit for their

All light, porous soils should be mulched
cultivation.

from May onwards. Spent hops make an excellent soil

covering, and if applied two or three inches thick, and
the rose beds saturated with liquid manure once a week
A " mulch " is
in summer, fine roses may be grown.
simply a

soil

of moisture.
If,

covering to prevent the rapid evaporation

Dry

soil or

dust makes an excellent mulch.

after watering, one could cover one's rose beds with

an inch

or

two

of

dry

soil,

the moisture would not only

be preserved for a longer period, but the ground would

be prevented from cracking.

AND PLANTING

SITUATION, SOIL
The

many suburban

in

soil

thin dark mixture that

and

which

in

gardens consists of a

obviously very poor

is

often beneath the surface there

soil.

When

this

farmyard or

within sound of

Bow
am

Bells

of

chopped
carefully

Even

good roses are grown.

not prepared, as some writers are,

to advise that each root be carefully

arranged at planting time.

but

of perfection,

it

That

is,

and systematically
no doubt, a counsel

impracticable

is

moreover,

it

is

But

it

is

not necessary to be so pedantically correct.

important to have the

so that

ground
directly

it

may be

is

wet,

on the

among them.

soil in

placed closely

some dry

soil

friable,

it

anxious to plant them, and this

if

sifted

state,
If

the

used for placing

can be readily worked

may

is

naturally

be done in any

a few bushels of loamy

have been kept dry for the occasion.

parts

roots.

the roses arrive, one

except frosty weather,

equal

workable

among the

should be

roots, so that

When

soil.

Hop Manure,

few barrowloads

Wakeley's

selected varieties of roses will thrive very well.

Planting.

yet

a stratum of good

the case, there should be no difficulty

is

to this are added a

turf,

is

upper and replacing with the lower

in burying the
If

stuff,

seems hopeless to attempt roses

it

169

compost

soil

of

loam, leafmould, old manure, and

burnt garden refuse would be an ideal compost to give

the roses a good start.

soil

lished.

mixture as

this,

If

the roots are covered with such

the plants will soon become estab-

The ground having been prepared by deep digging

and enriched with manure buried about eighteen inches

below the surface, some small sticks should be placed

THE ROSE BOOK

170

to indicate where the roses are to be planted.

The

distance apart should be from eighteen inches to two

bush or dwarf

for

feet

roses,

to three feet for standards.

and from two and a

half

All long roots should be cut

back so that they are not more than twelve inches long
and bruised ends cut off. If for any reason the roses
cannot be planted at once, they should be put in a
shallow trench, covered with

and made

soil,

may

the plants are laid in with care each one

out without disturbing the other.

firm.

If

be taken

At planting time,

take out a few plants, dip the roots in water, and cover

with a sack, then proceed to dig a hole about

fifteen

The work of planting is most conveniently

by two persons, one holding the rose in the

inches square.
carried out

centre of the hole, while the other covers the roots with

The plant should be at such a depth that the junction

and scion, the point at which the rose was budded

soil.

of stock
(in

the case of bush and climbing roses)

is

about an

inch below the surface. If the roots are bunched together,

they should be disentangled and spread out, but, as

already mentioned, there is no need to arrange every
well,

The soil having been worked among the roots

and made firm with the foot, a handful of bone-

meal

may

root.

on the

be given to each plant

soil

it

should be scattered

before the final covering

should aim at having the

and loose on the

soil

is

put on.

One

quite firm about the roots

Standards are planted at

such a depth that the uppermost roots are three or
surface.

four inches beneath the surface.

All long shoots

on bush roses

may be

shortened to two

SITUATION, SOIL
feet,

AND PLANTING

and each standard should have a stake to support

When

this being put in before the roots are covered.

it,

171

the whole bed

do not cover

is

planted, lightly fork

with manure.

it

A week

up the

surface,

but

or so after planting

a good plan to press the heel against each plant

nothing is
to ensure its being quite firm in the soil
No watering
more detrimental than loose planting.
is

it

needed in autumn, but

is

after spring planting

well to give water occasionally.

in frosty weather.

The

while the frost lasts.

is

It is

If

they arrive while the ground

mild weather, then unpack the

in soil for a day or two.

roses,

After planting in late spring

cut back to within

Be

is lost if

two

all

shoots should be

or three inches of

the base.

Much

be

the names of the varieties are not known.

with safety

They

may

of the pleasure of a rose garden

Replanting old rose trees and bushes

the

cellar until

and bury them

careful to label all roses, or a detailed plan

kept of each bed.

is

plants should be kept in a trench

keep the package in a frost-proof

frozen,

it

a mistake to plant

if

undertaken in October or early November.

will derive

compost

should be

may be done

much

benefit

previously

from a good supply

mentioned,

and

considerably shortened and any

growths cut out.

life if

transplanted to a better

and given fresh soil about their

town gardens, as, indeed, in
be sure the subsoil has been well broken up
of at least two feet.
planting roses in

shoots

very soft

Often old and unhealthy plants will

take on a fresh lease of

position,

the

of

roots.
all

In

gardens,

to a depth

CHAPTER XXV
PRUNING

proper comprehension

the pruning of roses

is

of the principles that underlie

essential before the practice

be successfully accomplished, but once

the difficulties that at

first

seemed insuperable vanish

mists in the morning sunshine.

of

pruning

and

may

useless

can

this is obtained,

The two

like

chief objects

be said to be the removal of superfluous

and the proper treatment and

growths,

regulation of those that are essential to the production

of

flowers.

number

a rose bush were

If

of years,

most

unpruned

left

of the fresh shoots

for

would develop

towards the top of the plant, with the result that the
rose

would grow

Moreover,

taller

the bush

flowerless growths,

and become weaker each season.

would be

of

full

small,

weakly,

which, while useless in themselves,

hinder the progress and lessen the value of those that

are worthy.
is

principle the beginner has to learn early

that the result of cutting back a shoot

ment

of other

and stronger growths

make a weakly
back

is

the develop-

thus, in order to

plant strong, the shoots are cut hard

conversely, a rose that has vigorous stems needs

less severe

pruning.

Instructions on pruning roses can

only be general, since the amount of cutting back that

is

necessary depends upon the condition of the individual

172

PRUNING

173

plant.
The first thing to do is to remove all the small,
weakly growths that obviously will never bear a bloom
they prevent the free access of air and sunshine that
is

of

so beneficial to

all

parts of the stems,

and absorb some

the plant's energy that would be so

directed to

perfecting the stems that

much

are

better

capable of

blooming.

The preservation
article of faith of

of

an " open centre "

is

the expert grower, and this

a strong
is

ensured

typkal bush or dwarf rose tree pruned rather severely.

THE ROSE BOOK

174

by

cutting out those shoots that,

towards the outside

shoots and towards the centre,

Having

middle of the bush.

liminary skirmishes, as

instead of growing

the bush, develop across other

of

thus blocking up the

carried

out

were, the beginner

it

bush rose pruned more

himself to the second part

of

these

may

pre-

apply

lightly.

the pruning, which

is

concerned with cutting back the growths that remain

after all useless ones

have been removed.

Those who grow roses

prune every shoot hard
of the base

so

for exhibition are obliged to

to

within one or two buds

that the growths that develop will be

PRUNING
and bear the

vigorous,

number
sidered

Some

in

satisfied

finest

obtained

of flowers

is

blooms.

possible

the grower for exhibition

fact,

The

not a question to be conis

often

with one or two prize blooms from each plant.

roses

form

a pronounced stem as illustrated.

pruning

But we, who grow

contented

for

we need

is

all

the roses our bushes can be

if

we

are wise,

vour to get them of some quality as

the blooms

is

The proper

shown.

garden display, are not so easily

induced to yield, though,

of

175

we

well.

shall endea-

The quality

very largely governed by the method

THE ROSE BOOK

176
of

The harder the pruning the finer

the fewer will be the blooms, and vice versa.

pruning adopted.

and, usually,

But there
garden

full

is,

of

roses

if

all

the blooms are poor, and

devoid of that exquisite grace of form that

A
chief
is

having a

I think, little satisfaction in

is

one of the

standard rose after pruning, showing weak growths cut

out and others shortened to varying lengths.

charms

of the

queen

of flowers.

For

this reason

desirable always to prune rather severely

does this enable one to obtain finer blooms, but

it

not only
it

forces

vigorous growth, thus keeping them

the plants to

make

youthful and

healthy.

growth

is

cut back at a point

LOOKING ACROSS A ROSE GARDEN IN THE SUBURBS.

DE BULGARIE IN THE FOREGROUND

ROSE PRINCE

PRUNING
immediately above a bud

away from the

177

preferably

centre of the plant.

one that points

The

slanting cut

ought to begin about on a level with the bud, but on

the opposite side of the stem; the knife will then be
brought out just above the bud

bad practice to cut the stem

itself.

at

It is

an extremely

any point regardless

of

Several Hybrid Tea roses produce one vigorous shoot which develops
It must be hard pruned
at the expense of the other growths.
as

shown.

the position of the buds, for the piece of bare stem above
the

bud looks untidy,

uppermost

gardening, and

will,

The question
is

of

slovenly

indicates

moreover, die back to the bud.

how much

of each

stem to cut away

one that has to be decided very largely by the pruner,

but one might give general directions, as follows

Shoots

that are not so thick as an ordinary lead pencil ought to

THE ROSE BOOK

178

be cut back to within two buds of the base

may

as thick as a lead pencil, four buds

on those

or they

be

and

left;

of the average thickness of one's little finger,

more vigorous may be

an abundance of bloom is desired,

Stems that are

five or six.

" pegged

on those

down

may

"

if

still

be shortened to within eight or ten inches

of the base.

better

to

It

is

prune

far

too

severely than too lightly;

of

one of the objects

pruning

to force

is

dormant

buds

growth.

So

into

many

amateurs

seem afraid
to cut below the green
growths

that

develop

early on the upper parts

of

the stems,

one of
pruning

the objects of
is

The buds
Wrong ways of making

cuts in

of

the

whereas

do

to
at

so.

the base

stems

are

pruning roses.

so

much
and cutting down the

latter forces

more valuable,
them to grow. The

difficulty of giving precise directions is increased

fact that in

some

varieties the

on the stems as in others

buds are twice as

by the

far apart

thus the lead pencil test

applied to two roses, one having buds close together, the

other wide apart, would give stems of varying height, even

though the number

of

buds on each was

similar.

If,

how-

PRUNING
ever, the beginner prunes

he will probably have

That the

179

hard whenever he

little

in doubt,

pruning of roses should be severe

initial

conceded by everyone
in

is

cause for complaint.

who grows them.

November, or during the winter and

is

Roses planted
spring,

whether

climbing or bush, need to be cut hard back in the follow-

The proper way

ing

March

to cut a shoot

when

rose pruning.

each shoot of the bush roses ought to be

two or three buds of the base, and the

stems of the climbing roses to within five or six inches

cut to within

of the

ground. It

is true that if climbing roses are planted

October or early November, they may start into
vigorous growth without such hard pruning, but they

in late

may

not,

and

it is

far safer to cut

them back.

Spring-

THE ROSE BOOK

i8o

planted roses

especially

and

need severe pruning,

they are not put in until March, the stems

may

if

be cut

back at planting time.

down " is the term applied to

down unusually vigorous growths

" Pegging
of tying

dwarf

them back

roses, instead of cutting

way, but

the practice
of

bush or

in the

orthodox

should not be attempted with stems that

it

are less than half an inch or so in diameter.

stem

of the

hook

attached,

is

The

effect of

of

them

will

when pegged down,

bending the shoot down

to force all the buds into growth,

one

and generally every

bear a blossom or a bunch of blossoms.

The only disadvantage

of this

method

is

that the flowers

are likely to be on short stems, but this

by the

The end

piece of string, to a peg or

in the ground, thus forming,

a miniature arch.
is

by a

is

compensated

As only bush roses that are of

exceptionally vigorous growth are suited to pegging down,
the stems that have flowered may be cut out as soon
as the blooms are over, their place being taken by fresh
for

lavish display.

ones to provide the flower display of the following year.

It

happens sometimes that a strong shoot

will

develop

on the lower part or even near the centre of the peggeddown stem in such a case the latter must be cut back
;

only as far as the

will

new growth, for the latter, in

The work of pegging

be pegged down.

down

is

done at pruning time

Most bush

its

turn,

or tying

in March.

Hybrid Perpetuals, Hybrid

Teas, and Chinas, are pruned the third week in March,
the Teas the
gardens.

roses,

first

the

or second

week

in April in southern

In northern gardens, pruning should be carried

PRUNING
out about ten days later.
into

growth

early,

181

Climbing roses on walls start

and any necessary pruning should be

done about the third week in February

later

until

left

there

is

if

the work

every likelihood of the

growths being damaged and broken

is

new

off.

Climbing roses should receive their chief pruning in

late July or August, as

soon as the blossoms have faded.

Such old stems as can be dispensed with are then cut

out, the fresh

growths being tied in to take their places.

The only pruning given

to climbing roses in

March

is

directed towards shortening, to within two or three buds

growths on stems of more than

The stems that grew during the previous
course, possess no side shoots, and they are

of their base, the side

one year

old.

summer,

of

pruned only to the extent

ends,

of cutting off the

these are very thin or soft.

if

strong growths sometimes

make

base of rambler roses, and to

But there need be no

them.

late start

firm

less

degree on bush roses

as to

how

to deal with

owing to the
they do not become " ripened," that is to say,

they

The two
and

Late in the season

their appearance at the

Amateurs are often puzzled

also.

extreme

difficulty, for,

and should be cut

are, therefore, useless,

chief instruments for

secateurs.

The former,

if

cleaner cut than the latter, but

pruning are the knife

really
if

off.

sharp,

makes a

one has a moderately

large collection of roses the use of a knife renders the

work
I

of

pruning a very lengthy one.

imagine,

now make

have taken

Very few

chief use of the knife

their place.

Blunt or

rosarians,

the secateurs

ill-made secateurs

bruise instead of cutting the shoots, but

providing a

THE ROSE BOOK

182

good instrument
sharp, there

is

obtained, and the blades are kept

is

nothing to be urged against their use,

and much to be said

in their favour.

They

venient to handle, and enable one to prune

in a short time.
as, for instance, in

small saw

is

are con-

many

roses

sometimes necessary,

removing old branches from vigorous

plants of rugosa, or rambling roses, but the ease with

which good secateurs

will cut

through a thick stem

is

surprising.

Further
necessary,

instructions
in

the

classes of roses.

on

chapters

pruning

are given,

dealing with

when

the various

CHAPTER XXVI
how

roses are increased

Budding
Budding

is

the process by which a bud, or " eye,"

is

taken from a shoot of a cultivated rose and inserted

beneath the bark of a wild Brier or other " stock." The

" eye," or bud, is seen as a speck situated between the
base of each leaf stalk and the stem. If not disturbed,
the eye or bud would, in the ordinary course of events,
It really contains

grow and bloom.

for

by

inserting the

shoot the two

unite,

a plant in embryo,

bud beneath the bark

and

in course of

of a Brier

time the " eye," or

bud, of the rose will start into growth.

Why do we " bud " roses instead of rooting them

For the reason that it is more expedi?

and a more successful means of raising up a stock.
Cuttings form an admirable means of increasing many

from cuttings
tious,

varieties,

but the choicer roses are not readily rooted

from cuttings unless one has a greenhouse, and even then

there are

many

annually,

and

roses

essential that

it is

year, that he

failures.

for

may

Millions of roses are

budded

who wishes to exhibit

he should bud a few stocks each

the amateur

be able to exhibit those roses that

are only seen at their verv best

plant.
i8j

on the yearling or maiden

THE ROSE BOOK

i4

Budding

best done in late June and early July for

standard Briers, and August for the dwarf stocks. The
art is soon acquired, and although we shall try to
is

explain

it here, the reader would be well advised to have

a lesson or two from an experienced worker. The " eyes,"
or buds, are taken, as far as possible, from a shoot that

has just flowered.

Such a shoot

is

said to be " ripe."

The eyes must be dormant, but plump. The shoots containing them are cut off the plant, and all foliage is
removed.

buds

Part of each leaf-stalk

may

be handled

is

so that

left

the

the ends of the stems

containing the buds are put into a jar of water they will
take no harm for an hour or two. Pieces of raffia, about
easily.

If

twelve inches long, with which to tie the buds, should

be prepared, and a sharp budding knife should also be
in readiness.
A cut about one inch in length is made

on the bark

and only

Two

of the Brier shoot in the

just deep

cuts

of the letter T,

enough to pierce the bark.

are necessary,

other horizontal.

form

The

insertion of the bud.

latter

Now

stem containing the buds

one longitudinal and the

is

merely to

facilitate the

take one of the pieces of

hand and comThe blade

is pushed gently down behind the eye and brought out
again about a quarter of an inch below it. Now comes
the most difficult part of the work, the removal of that

mence

to cut

it

in

the

left

about an inch above the eye.

portion of the stem behind the eye without damaging

the base of the latter.
If this is lost then the bud will

not grow

The way

there should be no hole beneath the eye.

to carry out this delicate operation with sue-

BUDDING
as follows

cess is

The bud

i85

held between the

is

left

thumb and finger with the eye pointing downwards.

The thumb-nail of the same hand is pressed over the
eye, and with the right thumb and finger the piece of
stem is jerked out. The lower end of the bud is then
pushed gently beneath the bark at the upper end of
the T cut, the horizontal cut enabling this to be done
without

The

difficulty.

thin end of the bone handle of

a budding knife is used for the purpose of raising the

edges of the bark of the T cut. Finally the bud is
pushed beneath the edges of the bark until the end of

the

If

cut

is

reached.

a piece of bark

is

left

with

and
it

touch

very light

operation.
raffia.

When

needed throughout the whole

bud is in
the
month
a

the

After

retied rather less tightly.

will look red

may

is

be seen that

It will readily

cut off near the cross-cut.

protruding, this must be

and plump

its

If

if it

place

latter

it is

may

bound up

be removed

"
bud has " taken
has failed, another bud

the

be inserted in another shoot

dwarf stocks, on the opposite side

or,

in

the case

of

of the root stock.

standard stocks three or four shoots are retained

two are budded, then if one fails another is budded. If
two buds " take " on each standard they are sufficient,

On

although three, or even four,

a different variety
is

if

may

desired.

be inserted, each

However,

this

of

method

not usually very satisfactory.

Dwarf stocks are budded as close to the root as

Nothing is done to them until February of
possible.
the next year,

when the

tops are cut

off

quite close to

THE ROSE BOOK

i86

In the case of standards the " shoots "

the inserted buds.

are shortened back, also in February, to within six inches

of the inserted

So

buds.

much

of the Brier shoot is

when it sprouts in April it will help to draw

up the sap to the bud, and when the latter starts into
that

left

may be

growth the Brier

An

cut back close to the bud.

expert budder easily buds sixty dwarf stocks in an hour.

Briers potted
if

placed in a

up

may be budded in July

greenhouse in December, the tops

in winter

warm

then being cut back to the inserted buds, they will make
nice little plants

way of
One named

simple

rose.

that

rose

may

for example,

If,

is

by midsummer.

of

is

a cheap and

be budded on another named

one possesses an old rose bush

no value, several buds

The condemned

be inserted.

This

obtaining pot rose plants for forcing.

of a

good variety

rose should be cut

New

almost to the ground in winter.

growths

may
down

will start

from the base, and upon these, at their base, the buds
are inserted and afterwards treated as advised for dwarf
stocks.

Roses from Cuttings

If it

were only for the fascination that centres in

home-grown
raise roses

some

plants,

it

would be well worth while to

from cuttings

roses thrive better

budded

on

but when
their

own

it

is

known

roots than

that

when

or grafted on a stock, roses from cuttings possess

a double value.

Considering

how very easy it is to

how quickly they

induce the cuttings to form roots, and

develop into

good

plants,

it

more amateurs do not practise

is

really surprising that

this

method

of propaga-

ROSE GENERAL McARTHUR

(Hybrid

Tea)

CUTTINGS
There are several ways

tion.

form

187

of inducing the cuttings to

and they vary according to the season at

roots,

which they are inserted. The greatest success I have ever

had from home-grown roses resulted from my treatment of various cuttings given to me in Christmas

Now, by

week.

all

the canons of rose growing, as laid

down

times without number, Christmas week

three

months too
But the

tings.
ties,

little slips I

far too precious to

abundantly

testified to,

plants,

two or

late to think of putting in rose cut-

received were of

be wasted, so

The

adopt unorthodox methods.

splendid

is

new

had perforce to

course, too risky to insert

with blossom.

them

was

success achieved

some eighteen months

brilliant

varie-

It

later,

by

was,

of

and

in soil out of doors,

the shelter of an unheated greenhouse was available.

I

obtained a large flower-pot or small tub, and

this to within

free

a few inches of the rim with ordinary

from slugs and other ground

on the

floor of the greenhouse,

staging.

The

cuttings,

pests.

filled
soil,

This was placed

though not shaded by the

which were from

to eight

six

were cut across just beneath a joint or

inches long,

dormant bud,

to

form the base.

All leaves were cut off

except the two uppermost ones, and these were shortened

by

half.

pots,

The

filled

cuttings were then inserted singly in small

with sandy

soil

and made

third of the cutting being above the

pots were plunged in the

soil of

bell-glass placed over the lot.

soil so

firm,
soil.

the larger

only one-

The small
pot, and a

This was pressed into the

that the cuttings were perfectly air-tight.

Before

the bell-glass was put on the cuttings were watered.

THE ROSE BOOK

188

No

further attention was given

them

for

two months,

except that as the few leaves decayed they were picked

and the

was wiped dry every

At the end of February they were nicely
Air was admitted gradually, and in a week or
rooted.
two the bell-glass was removed altogether. In April the
off

day or

little

at

interior of the bell-glass

so.

plants (they were

the foot of six-feet-high poles.

had reached the top

receipt

all

By September some

some eighteen
cuttings there was

the

of

Each succeeding

bloom.

year,

months
as

were Tausendschon,

from

quite

the

show

fair

June has come

round, they have been wholly delightful.

ties

The

were well on the way.

summer

following

of

climbing roses) were put out

all

The

varie-

Rene Andre, Rubin, and

Trier,

Paradise.

Another simple method

a border

out

doors

of

is

in

to insert the cuttings in

The

September.

cuttings

should be chosen from shoots that have borne flowers.

have them nine inches long when

It is better to
sible,

though six inches

is

not too short.

Cut across

immediately beneath a joint to form the base,

remove
these

all

in

leaves except one or

The

half.

treading firmly.
back,

is

soil

is

two

pos-

at the top,

and

and cut

prepared by digging and

trench, having a

flat,

perpendicular

then made with a spade and a good sprinkling

The

of silver

sand

inserted,

well pressed against the back of the trench,

is

put in at the base.

their bases resting

cuttings are

on the sand.

Two-thirds of the cutting should be below the ground

surface, one third above.

The trench

is

half filled with

ROSE IRISH ELEGANCE COVERING VERANDA PILLAR

CUTTINGS
soil,
is

189

the cuttings are trodden in firmly, and the trench

most necessary that the

It is

finally filled in.

made

tings should be

foot of a wall facing north or east

for rose cuttings, or

They should be

firm at the base.

they

may

cut-

border at the

an excellent position

is

be in the open garden.

placed six or eight inches apart

and

pre-

ferably left undisturbed until October of the next year.

If

then transplanted to permanent positions they

form excellent plants the following summer.

will

This

is

undoubtedly the method to adopt to ensure a high percentage of successes, and therefore to be commended.

An unorthodox
way (though

cessful at times)

shoot

off

friend of

and, I

am

a slipshod

afraid, rather

somewhat surprisingly sucwhenever and wherever you cut a

nevertheless
is,

a rose tree, to " stick "

mine who has a garden

he has raised scores of

(some roses, that

is)

them

it

in the ground.

full of

in this

roses

way

vows

that

and

roses

are so accommodating, and garden-

ing generally is so full of delightful surprises, that every

shoot you thus " stick in," may take root and flourish
in spite of you.

On

the other hand,

and, paying you back in your

So, according to

own

all

may

take offence

coin, shrivel

and

die.

whether you incline to the orthodox

or the heterodox, choose

and take the consequences.

Another simple way to grow your own roses the

very simplest, in fact, in so far as it demands the mini-

mum

of care

and labour

is

to prepare the cuttings as

already advised, and merely place them in a wide-mouthed

bottle of water, placed on a

house.

This method

is

sunny

shelf in the green-

only to be recommended for

THE ROSE BOOK

iqo

carrying out in the months of June, July, and August.

Small white roots usually form within a month or two.

cuttings are then taken out of the water and potted

The

They
should be kept air-tight beneath a bell-glass for a week
or two until the roots have taken hold of the soil, when
very carefully in small pots of

they

may

sandy

light,

be gradually hardened

It

off.

soil.

better to

is

the protection of a frame

during winter and plant them out in March.

keep them under glass

sufficient

is

Layering Roses
This method of propagation
slow.

It is

kinds, such as the

etc.

is

of course,

is,

very desirable when

for every

there can be

important

less

Moss Roses, Hybrid Chinese,

plant from a layer

and such
it,

though rather

is reliable,

adopted in nurseries with the

it

is

growth that develops

no question

is

Gallicas,

own

roots,

of the true rose

sucker growths from the

of

related

its

possible to obtain

stock as in the case of budded roses.

Dean Hole who once

on

think

it

how someone took him

see a fine plant of Marechal Niel growing on a wall

to ask his opinion as to

why

was

it

did not bloom.

to

and

As soon

Dean Hole saw the

plant he said at once that it was

Niel
at
all,
but simply the " stock " upon
not Marechal

as

Now such a thing could not

it was budded.
happen from a " layered " plant or from one raised from

which

a cutting.

Layering
It

will

is

best done in June,

be readily

July,

and August.

understood that only plants with

growths close to the ground can be layered conveniently.

LAYERING
A

bush

are

removed from that part

first

The

prepared for layering.

easily

is

191

leaves

the stem most

of

readily brought to the ground.

The ground round about the plant to be layered

should be well forked, and a liberal quantity of gritty
soil

admixed.

layering trowel

wedge-shaped piece of

flat,

is

iron.

necessary.

This

is

sharp knife and

some pegs to secure the layers in position are also reTake the shoot in the left and hold the
quired.
Cut the shoot close to a bud,

knife in the right hand.

choosing one that

upwards

for

about one and a half

of the shoot.

Place a

cut part to keep

it

on the upper

is

it

little

open

side.

inches,

piece of

Pass the knife

and

in the centre

matchwood

in the

then take the trowel and drive

into the soil at a point to which the rose shoot

down

be bent

conveniently.

Work

the trowel a

may

little

to

each side to widen the aperture, then press in the shoot,

previously giving

is

a slight twist, and secure

cut should,

when

it

in posi-

The part

three inches below the surface.

tion about

that

it

twisted, protrude like a tongue,

name
and this tongue should point downward when buried in the soil, for it is here that the roots

hence

its

are formed.

A
his

little

own

practice will soon enable the

roses,

and

it is

an extra plant or two

amateur to layer

a capital plan by which to obtain

of

any favourite

rose.

It is usually

months before the layers are well rooted.

I do not advise taking them off the parent plant in less
than this time. It would even be better to leave them
nine or ten

fifteen

months before transplanting.

Gloire

de Dijon

THE ROSE BOOK

192

and other vigorous climbing roses may be

summer months when growth

in the
If

easily layered

active.

is

the weather continues dry after layering,

it

would

be well to water them occasionally.

Quite fine masses of roses

may

be had by layering

the shoots of an old plant and leaving

them

alone.

have seen as many as forty layers round about one old

plant,

and when the

layers

and the parent plant were

in

bloom together they made a gorgeous show.

Grafting
Although

this

method

of propagating roses

ployed chiefly by nurserymen, amateurs

attempt

it.

greenhouse

is

essential.

may

is

em-

care to

The operation

portion of the growth of a

"
rose plant, termed the
scion," to that of a Brier or
Manetti rose, termed the " stock."
consists in attaching

We

will

grown plant

suppose that the reader possesses a potof

a choice rose

paid half a guinea

number

of plants

and

one

for

which he

may have

that he desires to increase the

of this variety.

cuttings were practised, not

If

more than

propagation by

five or six plants

would be obtained, whereas only two buds are needed

for

each

a stock.

graft.

The

seedling Brier

is

commonly used

as

Seedlings about a quarter of an inch thick,

potted up in the winter and grown outdoors in pots

during the summer, will be ready for grafting the

lowing January or February.

pots are used.

The

fol-

Three-inch and five-inch

seedling stocks are brought into the

greenhouse in November, where in slight warmth they

GRAFTING
commence

193

When sap is active they are ready

but nurserymen graft Briers even when quite
dormant, and only pot them up a few weeks beforehand.
to grow.

for grafting,

Supposing,

then,

grafting.

They

the pot.

The

we have

active stocks ready for

are prepared quite easily

by making a
V-shaped cut down the bark, the stem having previously
been shortened to within an inch or so from the top of
that

it

may

scion

fit

is

cut in the form of a

into the V-shaped

slit

wedge so

of the stock, the

object being to bring the inner bark of the scion in

contact with the inner bark of the stock.

then bound up with

The

scion

is

raffia.

After grafting, the stocks are placed in a frame on

a base of ashes or sand. It is necessary that the temperature of the frame should be not less than 8o both
night and day.

Some growers have the frames placed

The stocks should be well

over the hot-water pipes.

watered before grafting.

need watering for

No

ventilation

five

If this is done they will not

days after they are in the frame.

given for the

first six days

after this
be raised about one inch twice a
day for half an hour each time. The plants must be
looked over, and if water is needed it should be given

the glass light

is

may

with a very small water can, so that the scion is not

After the sixth day the amount of air may be

wetted.

increased daily until the fourteenth day,

when

the glass

light is left off altogether.

In about three weeks the

out on the staging, and
hole in the pot they

when

may

little

plants

may

be put

roots are seen through the

be potted into five-inch pots

THE ROSE BOOK

194

loamy compost

in a
is

in

Great care

mixed.

which a
is

fair

quantity of silver sand

necessary in watering.

spraying with the syringe on bright days

slight

essential,

is

and the temperature must not fall below 55 . From

58 to 65 is a good temperature to maintain by day and

by

55

make

The hard growths

night.

the best scions,

have just flowered,

of the previous year

but green wood,

may

i.e.

When

be used.

growths that
a variety

is

very scarce the tops are taken from the young, grafted
plants,
is

and they

in turn are used as grafts.

not commended, for

the rose and

new

is

This system

has a tendency to debilitate

it

many

responsible for lack of vigour in

roses.

There
doors

is

nothing gained by grafting roses out of

indeed,

it

is

But the French

rarely successful.

nurserymen graft many

in the winter time and plant them

thousands

afterwards, transplanting

seedling

Briers

sand under

cloches

of

in

May
may be

to the open ground in

and June. Briers potted up into five-inch pots

budded in June, and by so doing the trouble of grafting
is obviated, for if these budded Briers are placed in a

warm

greenhouse in December, and the tops cut

close to the inserted buds, the latter will

make

is

budded

in

This

better plants than the grafted ones.

simple method of obtaining pot roses.

June would make plants

fit

for

off

soon grow and

Briers

forcing

in

eighteen

months.

ROSE GROWING FROM SEED

This

is

most fascinating work, but comparatively few

amateurs seem to engage in

it.

It is true that roses are

ROSE GROWING FROM SEED

195

not so easily grown from seed as Sweet Peas, but the

Many amateurs

are soon mastered.

details

prisingly ignorant of the

sur-

are

method by which new

roses

are obtained, and seem to have no idea they must be

Years ago,
raised from seed or originate as " sports."

most new roses were

prior to the early sixties,

say,

fertilised by
bloom contains stamens and
stigmas, and, the conditions being suitable, pollen from

raised

from seeds gathered from flowers

natural agencies.

the former
is

falls

which

is

obtained by
by applying the

of

It

was

and there

carried out

on a small

tion such fine old roses as

cross-fertilise

scale

no doubt that we owe to

is

cross-

pollen

Acting upon

another.

knowledge, rosarians commenced to

roses.

ago,

of self-fertilised

that

of

effected

one flower to the stigmas

this

with the result that seed

latter,

the vigour

lacks

fertilisation,

of

on the

But the progeny from seed

formed.

flowers

rose

many

years

cross-fertilisa-

La France and Marechal

Niel,

although most probably the cross-fertilisation was due

to natural agencies.

Lord

Penzance

In more recent times, the late

cross-fertilised

the

Sweet

Brier with

and produced some lovely hybrids now

known as the Penzance Briers. To-day growers in many

modern

roses,

countries are engaged in the

and the output

is

of the novelties
life.

This,

remarkable.

are worthless,

of raising novelties,

Quite ninety per cent.

and have but a short

however, need not deter the reader from

making an attempt
a

work

dwarf-growing

himself, because he might produce

Marechal

Niel,

Baumann, a blue Frau Karl

snow-white

Druschki,

or

Marie

a golden

THE ROSE BOOK

196

Dorothy Perkins.

Even

merit are raised, one

may have

The raising of
sowingshould be

seed

all

in

with heating apparatus

bloom

summer

the

which to

which
By

ripen.

try

some amateur take the Moss

to obtain a yellow mossed

far the best plan

Why

can-

and

variety,

little

many

new Hybrid Teas

will

Scotch roses?

soon be quite bewildering.

in

may have

roses in hand,

improve the lovely

people raising

grown

are

is for each raiser to strike a line for himself.

not

because

is essential,

in March, so that the seed

in

A green-

carried out under glass.

advisable to have the plants

it is

pots

fitted

no unusual

of

the pleasure of growing

own garden that no one else possesses.

new rosesboth cross-fertilisation and

novelties in one's

house

varieties

if

or

another

There are so

that their

When

number

the reader has

decided which class of rose to take in hand, he must

have the plants potted in early autumn, or, better still,
procure a few plants in pots.
will

not need repotting.

If in five-inch pots,

they

Big plants are not necessary

in fact, those of rather poor

development are preferable.

In January the roses are pruned and placed in the
greenhouse.
for

the

first

temperature

of

few weeks, but

increased to 55

at

it

night and

45

is

should
65

high

enough

be gradually

during the day.

When

the flowers begin to open the petals are pulled

off to

enable one to get at

the stamens, which must

be removed with a small pair of scissors. Two or three

days afterwards the pollen from the selected variety is
applied to the stigmas of the rose that

is

to bear seed

that from which the stamens were removed.

ROSE GROWING FROM SEED

197

Supposing one desired to cross the new variety Sun-

Edward Mawley, to
produce a deep orange-coloured Sunburst. The

burst, with, say, the crimson rose

try to

stamens

Sunburst would be removed soon after the

of

bud showed colour, so as

The stamens do not, as a

to prevent self-fertilisation.
rule,

yield pollen until the

After an interval of about two

well advanced.

flower

is

days,

the pollen from the flower of

Edward Mawley
This

would be transferred to the stigmas of Sunburst.

by means

accomplished

is

or the
ture

top

kept

to 8o

dry

as

some water,

The

little

greenhouse

the

of

from 70

the

of

and 65

as

but

at

The

time

be

should

and the atmosphere

must

have

enough to keep them

alive.

possible.

chief anxiety is to obtain

the plants cannot have

brush,

The day tempera-

this

at night,

only

camel-hair

of

finger.

much

plants

some good pods

consideration.

of seed

The heat

and dry atmosphere, though detrimental to the rose

plant, help the

development

of the seed.

If

the cross

is

and by July they begin

The pods of these hybridised
roses are sometimes beautiful, and varied in colour and
shape. Some resemble miniature Jargonelle pears, while
successful, the

pods soon

to change colour

and

swell,

ripen.

others are like small red tomatoes.

the

soil

It is best to

rather dry until fertilisation

then care

is

necessary not

to

give

is

assured,

keep

and

the plants more

water than they need.

When the writer visited

a noted rose grower in Ireland,

he saw one large greenhouse containing hundreds of

rose plants bearing seed pods, giving proof of the success

THE ROSE BOOK

198

that attends systematic cross-fertilisation.

The amateur

can achieve similar success in a small way,

greenhouse that can be kept
roses are in bloom.
fertilisation of roses

It

may

warm

if

be asked

he has a

when the

in spring

why

the cross-

cannot be carried on out

of doors.

Unfortunately, the lack of sunshine renders the results

problematical.

he

If

the reader possesses roses upon walls,

may make an

there

is

attempt with

them,

a glass coping over them, such as

used for peach

especially
is

if

sometimes

trees.

After the pods are well developed, the plants

may

be placed out of doors, care being taken to protect them

from birds by means

here,

and may be

left

of netting.

The pods

will ripen

on the plants until late autumn.

They should then be gathered, each with the stalk

attached, and inserted in pots of sand, and placed in
the greenhouse. The sand must be kept moist.
In November the seeds are sown in pots or boxes
filled with sandy soil.
The seed pods are broken with a
hammer, care being taken not to bruise the seeds. Sometimes as

many

as thirty seeds are obtained

pod, and probably each seed will

different
It

is

from one

produce a rose

of

colour.
fatal to success to allow the small seeds to

become dry before sowing.

When

the seeds are

first

taken from the pod, they are covered with a substance

something

like

gum, and

protection against dryness.

the pots of

soil

this,

no doubt,

is

a natural

It is wise, therefore, to

have

prepared for the seeds before the latter

are taken from the pods.

In sowing, place the seeds on

ROSE GROWING FROM SEED

the surface of the

depth

of half

soil,

199

and push each one down to the

an inch with the blunt end

of

a lead pencil.

If

each seed could be sown separately in a thumb pot,

so

much

the better

then the

little

When

not need to be transplanted.

sown
has

in one pot

made two

repotting

it

usual to

it is

lift

and place

leaves,

later as

it

seedling plant

it

several seeds are

each seedling when

in a tiny pot to

becomes well rooted.

happens to be a very choice one,

would

it is

If

it

itself,

the cross

a good plan to

bud from the seedling as soon as available,

and bud it upon a brier stock potted up for the purpose.

secure a

When the plants

may be planted out
not earlier than
seed out of doors.
roses

from

this.

are six or eight inches high, they

of doors, say, in
It is

Some

May

or June, but

unwise to sow choice rose

patience

is

needed in growing

seed, for the first seedlings

do not usually

germinate for three months after seed sowing, and some

of

them may not appear

for

a year.

CHAPTER XXVII
ROSE STOCKS

The term "

stock "

is

used to denote the Brier or other

which the choice named varieties are budded or

" worked," as it is technically called.
rose on

There are several kinds

in use are

Briers raised

of stocks,

from cuttings (cutting

raised from seed (seedling Brier).

antha.

Many
from "

De

6.

but the most general

Briers taken from the hedgerows.

i.

la Grifferaie.

of the fine

many

4.

3.

Manetti.

Poly-

5.

Rugosa.

It

i.e.

is

those budded the previous

a well-known fact that

much

of

plants

than from those of more than one year

known

as " cut-backs."

varieties are

finer

the

from " maiden "

blooms

Stocks need to be planted in deeply dug

is

2.

Briers

blooms seen at rose shows are cut

maiden " plants,

year upon stocks.

7.

Brier).

soil.

old,

This

very essential so far as standard stocks and those

taken from the hedgerows are concerned.

Hedge

half -standard,
roses.

These

Brier.

The

best

way

of securing

ments with some farm hand

of the Briers

used to form standard,

are

and dwarf standard

roses,

them

is

to

and weeping

make

arrange-

for the collection of

from the hedgerows early in October.

ing this, there

is

some
Fail-

nothing but to go in search of them

ROSE STOCKS
oneself,

armed with

Dean Hole says that

knife,

and wearing a

"A

Book about Roses,"

he always knew when the time
In

very old suit of clothes.

had arrived

and

axe, saw,

201

for planting Briers, as his Brier

appeared in church.

man

then

Having obtained a supply of good

very green nor withered,
of the " knob " or root

Briers,

with stems

cut off

a considerable amount

neither

stock, but preserve all the fibrous roots.

Reduce the

length of the stems to from two and a half to four feet.

All lateral shoots should be cut off as closely to the stem

Plant in rows three feet apart, placing the

The roots must not
Briers one foot apart in the rows.
be planted more than about seven or eight inches deep,
as possible.

should be trodden firmly about them. As

the stocks sprout into growth in spring, reduce the
number of shoots on each to three or four near the top.

and the

soil

The bud is inserted in two or three of these side shoots

in summer, and the uppermost shoot is left on to be
budded in case the other buds fail.
Cutting Brier.

Wild

Brier.

This

They

is

obtained from cuttings of the

are preferred

by

exhibitors, as the

roots keep nearer the surface and consequently benefit

more quickly from manurial top dressings. Moreover,

the flowers appear earlier.

exhibitors, I

Except for rose growing

do not recommend

produces a big plant, but gives

rise to

for
It

innumerable sucker

These often run for a yard or two beneath the

growths.
surface

the cutting Brier.

before

made by

they appear above.

The

cuttings

are

cutting the well-ripened current year's growths

of the Brier into pieces,

each ten or twelve inches long.

THE ROSE BOOK

202

buds or

All

eyes, except three at the top, are

and the base

of the cutting is

beneath a bud.

removed,

formed by cutting across

Plant in well-dug

soil in

rows

fifteen

inches apart and about two inches apart in the rows.

Leave about three inches

of the cutting

above the

soil.

make Brier cuttings is in September

and early October. They remain in the bed of soil until
the next autumn, when they are dug up and the roots
The

best time to

and tops trimmed back and " heeled

ruary or March.

budding

They

in July) in

i.e.

placed in a

soil,

until Feb-

in,"

shallow trench, the roots covered with

are then planted out (ready for

rows three

feet apart,

each plant

being about eight inches from the other in the rows.

Seedling

Brier.

Plants

of

the

preferably obtained from a grower.

amateurs to raise their own.

long, tapering root,

and

seedling Brier
It

The

in search of food,

autumnal crop

superior to that produced

does not pay for

seedling Brier has a

which goes deeply

for this reason the

are

of

blossom

by plants on the Brier

Readers planting roses for garden display

will

is

far

cutting.

be well

advised to obtain plants on the seedling Brier. The

bud is inserted on the " collar " of the plant between

the top of the root stock and that point from where the

growths

start, so that in planting, this

the root stock

is left

above ground.

small portion of

The

seedling Brier

should be put out in rows as advised for the Brier

cuttings.

The Manetti.
years ago
little

This

is

an Italian rose introduced many

by Signor Manetti.

It is

a tender stock, and of

value save for budding Ramblers upon and some

ROSE STOCKS

203

strong-growing hardy Perpetual and Hybrid Tea roses.

Many rose nurserymen have now discarded this stock.

No doubt many
to

The Manetti

its use.

same way

failures in rose
is

growing can be traced

raised from cuttings in the

as the Brier.

Poly anthaThis

is

the single-flowered form of

the

grow remarkably well upon the

Rambler race. Tea

Polyanthaat least for a time. This stock may be
raised from seed and from cuttings.
roses

De

la

GrifferaieThis

largely used

readers

are

is

for standard roses

is

the Japanese Brier. It

by

foreign growers.

heads of growth are produced

make

They have

by

is

used largely

Wonderfully large

plants on the

splendid, fibrous

roots,

Rugosa

but do not

attractive specimens, lacking, as they do, the clean,

straight

stem

of the

hedge

rose.

All these stocks are planted at the

those

is

by foreign, especially Dutch, growers, and

warned against obtaining plants budded

upon it.
Rugosa.This

stock.

a valueless stock, but

first

mentioned.

same time

as

CHAPTER XXVIII

MANURES FOR ROSES

There

is

probably no detail connected with rose growing

that causes the beginner more difficulty than that of

manures.

There are so

market that he

is

many

patent mixtures on the

quite bewildered as to

Again, amateurs do not

much

what to procure.
somewhat

care for the

unpleasant work of applying farmyard manure to the

soil,

so that they have recourse to artificial fertilisers,

and,

by using them too

to their plants.

freely, often

cause lasting damage

Concentrated manures are by no means

to be condemned, but they need to be used with care.

farmyard manure

All rose growers are agreed that

an excellent

but the

article,

from town stables

is

pigs

is

it

manure obtained

very often of doubtful value, consist-

ing, as it does, of little

a farm where

light, littery

but straw. Well-rotted manure from

has been trodden

down by

horses and

heavy clay
cow manure is
farmyard manure shows it

ideal for roses, especially for those in

soil.

For

best.

An

light gravelly

and sandy

analysis of a ton of

to contain about sixteen

and a

soils

half hundredweights of

water and three and a half hundredweights

The

is

latter

matter includes

about

of

twelve

dry matter.

pounds

of

potash and seven pounds of phosphorous, but no lime.

Lime, however,

is

a very necessary ingredient in garden

204

MANURES FOR ROSES

soil,

and

may

it

be given to roses very conveniently in

the form of basic slag.

lower

when

soil

205

This should be applied to the

trenching, at the rate of six or eight

ounces to a square yard.

In preparing a bed for

roses,

farmyard manure should

be freely mixed with the lower

being scattered and dug
rose beds

is

fully dealt

soil,

the basic slag then

The subject

in.

of preparing

with in another chapter.

the

If

cow manure, what

Wakeley's Hop Manure an

reader cannot obtain farmyard or

is

he to do

He

will find

At planting time each plant should

excellent substitute.

receive a

on the

good handful

soil just

of

bonemeal, this being scattered

The

before applying the final covering.

bonemeal must be hidden from view at once, or the

sparrows will have the

The question
important one.

It

lot.

manuring established

of

is

roses

is

an

necessary partly to supply the

potash and phosphorous that

is lost

by the removal

of

growths at pruning time and when flowers are gathered

in

summer. The rose

is

a " gross feeder," and to replenish

the food supply so that the plant

fine quality blossoms,

may

continue to yield

annual manurings must be given,

and, in addition, waterings with liquid

manure from May

to August.

The reader should be warned

against manuring the

roses too freely the first season after planting.

Thousands

The beginner
wishes to have blooms as large as those shown at the
exhibitions, and reads that the use of some special
of plants are killed

fertiliser will

annually in this way.

ensure them.

He

uses

it

recklessly,

with

THE ROSE BOOK

2o6

deplorable results.

Or, instead of waiting until the plants

when

are established, he enriches the soil

supplements this with various doses

guano, superphosphate,

planting,

and

of nitrate of soda,

with the result that the

etc.,

fibrous roots of the roses are destroyed.

If the soil has

been deeply dug and farmyard manure and basic slag

added

in

autumn

before planting, and a

given to each plant

is

when

needed until after the

set out,

first

little

crop of bloom

to help the second crop, very

bonemeal

no further stimulant

weak

liquid

is

gathered

manure may

be applied about once a week.

To

that those
an annual

dressing of half-

manure should be dug

into the beds in

established roses

that have been

is,

planted more than one year

rotted farmyard

Some

autumn.

rosarians leave this on the surface of the

during winter, and dig

soil

good growers condemn

to keep the soil wet

why manure

it

in in the spring, but all

this practice

and

the manure tends

Amateurs often wonder

cold.

when they are

the manure are washed

should be given to roses

dormant, but the

finer particles of

down by winter rains and are ready for the

requirements when growth begins in spring.
In February an application

be given.
In " The

brief account

article

Mr. E. Tonks.
of

on

artificial

copy

Tonks'

these

statistics

Manure, which

may be advisable.
" for 1889 there was
manure

by

Mr. Tonks compiled

a preparation
is

for roses,

the analysis of the ashes

of

a rose plant was given, and

from

Tonks' Manure should

of this

Book

Rosarian's Year

an excellent

of

plants'

now known

very largely used

by

as

rose

MANURES FOR ROSES

The

growers to-day.
follows

Manure

for Tonks'

recipe

207
is

as

Superphosphate of lime

12 parts

Nitrate of potash

10

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of iron

Sulphate of lime
It is applied

in

February to the surface

the rose

of

pound to a square yard,

The manure should be stored in a

beds, at the rate of quarter of a

and then hoed

dry place.
in

in.

may

lighter dressing

again be given late

May

should the spring rainfall be heavy.

One

of the best natural

manures

earth or burnt garden refuse

is

is

added

Burnt

nightsoil.
liberally,

and the

may

material, after lying buried for twelve months,

be

dug out and applied to the rose beds in autumn, or

and lightly forked beneath the soil. This

in February,

forms a splendid stimulant

form.

Drills are

if

applied in June in liquid

drawn between the

plants,

and about

from them. The manure is made into liquid

it is poured
by adding housemaid's slops and water
into the drills, and the latter are covered in the next
six inches

day.

An
I

excellent substitute for nightsoil

have had splendid results from

Fowl manure

is

be used cautiously.
form.

Two

in a cask or

is,

native guano.

its use.

an excellent
It

is

article,

but

it

should

think, best applied in liquid

bushels tied in a porous sack, and placed

tank holding one hundred gallons

of water,

THE ROSE BOOK

208

and allowed to soak

for three or four days,

make an

excellent stimulant not only for roses, but other garden

Those who shrink from the trouble and un-

crops.

manure will find Maiden's

The manure is placed in
Patent Infuser a great boon.
the Infuser and suspended in a cask of water. Any kind
pleasantness of making liquid

of

manure, natural or

artificial,

can be infused, and a

clear liquid obtained.

mixture for established roses

first-rate

hundredweight

each

of

kainit,

bonemeal,

manure, mixed with three barrowfuls

one

is

and blood

of

dry potting

good dressing

soil.

After two days

may

be applied in April, May, and June, allowing a

month

to

it is

ready for use.

intervene between each application.

recipes for liquid

Good

manures are as follow

Half a peck of soot to eighteen gallons of water.

Half a peck of horse manure to

fifteen

gallons

of

water.

Half a peck of cow manure to fifteen gallons of water.

Half an ounce of nitrate of soda to one gallon of
water.

Half an ounce of sulphate of ammonia to one gallon

of water.

One pound of guano to eighteen gallons of water.

One of these may be given once or twice a week
from the time the buds are visible until they show colour.
It is a better plan to vary the kind of manure rather
Vigorous plants
than to use the same continually.
should be more liberally manured than weakly plants.
An unhealthy plant cannot be made strong by doses

MANURES FOR ROSES

Transplanting into fresh, though not

of liquid

manure.

rich, soil

would do more good.

Finally,

209

would strongly recommend spent hops

from a brewery as an excellent top dressing

They may be put on two

manure applied over them.

beds.
liquid

to

their

soil.

for

or three inches thick

soil, is

appearance,

they

mulching such as

may

If

objection

is

rose

and

taken

be covered with fine

this, especially

on

of inestimable value in a hot season.

light,

sandy

CHAPTER XXIX
DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS

Unfortunately, the Queen

attacked by

many

Flowers

of

different pests.

is

liable to

be

brief perusal of

the best authorities on the subject shows that the

num-

ber of insects and fungi actually recorded as infesting

damage

or doing

to rose bushes in gardens or hothouses

reaches the enormous total of over two hundred.

Of

course, this does not signify that in one particular garden,

or even in a single district, there

like

that

number, but

it

may

be found anything

shows that throughout the

whole country, at one time or another, these pests have

actually been found attacking the rose.

few gar-

deners have never had any serious trouble with their

bushes, but most reports
or

damage

less

is

numerous enemies.

make

it

apparent that greater

constantly being

done

by

In this chapter the most

these

common

pest are dealt with, notes on their identification given,

and the best means

of eradication carefully considered.

FUNGOID DISEASES
Fungi are vegetable growths
orders

of

the

very lowest

they do not have the green colouring matter

of the higher plants, so

own food

supplies.

The

they cannot manufacture their

nutrition necessary to

growth

AND INSECT

DISEASES

PESTS

211

and development has to be stolen from that manufactured

other plants for their own use, hence fungi are

dependent on " host " plants, which they prey

by

totally

upon and rob with detrimental results.

Mildew. The fungus which is most common and
does the greatest amount of damage in rose gardens

known

belongs to the Mildews, or the group of fungi

as

scientifically

(Sphcerotheca pannosa),

derived from the

will

Its

Blight,

to

all

Mildew

or

who

gardeners

name, Mildew, or Meal-dew,

appearance, and

characteristic

it

be found parasitic upon the leaves and younger

growths
like

known

is

are interested in roses.

is

This

Erysiphece.

forming a

of bushes,

cloud over

greyish-white, dust-

fine,

the affected parts.

all

After the white

patches have been seen for a few days a distinct alteration in the appearance of the foliage

is

parts attacked

by the fungus become

curl up, twist,

and assume a

noticeable

distorted

the

leaves

blistered appearance, while

the soft flower stalks, and, soon, the buds, swell to an

abnormal

size

and have a

lens will

show the

foliage.

Some

felted

varieties

distorted,

of

unhealthy look.

mycelium covering the

the rose are more liable

mass

of

to attack than others.

Remedies.

Whenever

are noticed, action

the

first

signs of this fungus

must be taken immediately.

light attacks fine sulphur or, better

still,

For

a mixture of

equal parts of fine quicklime and sulphur dusted on the

affected areas will soon check the disease

it

must be

brought into actual contact with the Mildew in order

to prove effective.

On

a small scale the sulphur

may

THE ROSE BOOK

212

be dusted over the foliage from a muslin bag, but rose

enthusiasts troubled with the fungus should obtain one
of the sulphur blowers now on the market.
Bad attacks
only succumb to more drastic treatment, and for
this potassium sulphide solution or Bordeaux mixture
will

is

the

best.

solution

is

substance

Potassium sulphide or

the easier to prepare

is

liver

of

sulphur

one ounce of the brown

dissolved in two or three gallons of soft

water and sprayed on the bushes.

To make Bordeaux

mixture one ounce of good copper sulphate is dissolved

in a little boiling water in a bowl
lime water is
then prepared in the usual way by dissolving a little
;

lime in water, and a gallon taken and diluted with another

gallon of rain water

the copper sulphate solution,

when

then poured slowly into the lime water with

constant stirring, and the material sprayed on the plants
cold,

is

from a syringe with a narrow nozzle

keep stirring all
the time, and use the mixture the same day as made.
;

known

It is the best fungicide

Wrong methods
of

Mildew being so

to science.

of cultivation are

often the cause

Roses grown in a draughty

virulent.

position are highly susceptible to attack,

wet,

badly drained

Whenever

disease.

also

soil

roots.

suffer

and a

cold,

encourage the

necessary, see that stones or large

cinders are placed in the

a rose

tends to

bottom

of the hole in

which

planted to prevent water stagnating round the

Roses grown in a moist, badly ventilated house

is

from mildew

absolute

necessity

watering

or

a
for

manuring

fresh,

healthy atmosphere

successful
is

also

forcing.

bad,

is

an

Injudicious

and every care

AND INSECT

DISEASES
must be exercised to

PESTS

see that the best cultural

213

methods

possible are practised.

may cause
warm season

Fresh plants brought into the garden

renewal of the disease, and in a humid,
spreads with startling rapidity.

a
it

Whenever new bushes

from the nursery they ought, therefore, to be

arrive

sprayed with the fungicide as a prevention against the

introduction of

rust

rose

bushes

Rust.
attacks

any fungoid

known

as

Phragmidium mucronatum
some localities. This fungus

called
in

appears in two forms

time

disease.

The summer

condition, at one

Rose Rust, or Uredo, shows as a pale

when examined

yellow dust which,

microscopically,

seen to consist of roundish, prickly bodies.

is

The autumn

known popularly as Rose Brand, is formed of rows

cells having a brown appearance, and still bearing

state,

of

the tiny, warty, prickly growths.

Both forms appear on

the under sides of the leaves in scattered colonies

is

Remedies.
all

it

not so destructive as the Mildew.

As

infested leaves

effect

on

this

soon as the rust

and burn them.

fungus,

from below removes

it

noticed, pick off

is

Sulphur has slow

but Bordeaux mixture sprayed

from the bushes.

Rose Leaf Blotch or Black Spot.

becoming more widely distributed.

This fungus

is

by some,
weakens the

It is not,

considered a destructive pest, but as

it

bush by preventing the foliage from performing

its

work

of digesting the plant foods

absorbed through the roots,

and by causing premature

defoliation,

some means

The

eradication should be adopted.

foliage of

of

fine rose

THE ROSE BOOK

214
is

spoiled

by the blotches on the

and the

leaves,

flowers

are never at their best once the fungus gets well established.

This disease, Actinonema rosa,

is

characterised

by the presence of large purple or dark brown patches,

which appear on the upper surface of the leaves. The
mycelium

found, on microscopic examination, to be

is

partly on the outer surface of the

leaf,

but some of the

hyphae, or threads, have penetrated into the tissues to

Small, very
absorb more nourishment from the bush.

may

dark spots

be noticed on the discoloured areas

these are the fructification of the fungus, and contain

the colourless spores.

Remedies.

No

real cure has yet

fungoid pest, though

have heard

been found for

cide called Mo-ernc being used with

leaves

which

fall

this

of a proprietary fungi-

some

All

success.

from the bush should be carefully

gathered and burned whenever they

fall,

so as to pre-

vent, as far as possible, a recurrence of the attack.

For

a light attack the affected leaves should be removed and

the plant sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or liver of

sulphur solution.

Some roses

Canker.
left

are liable to Canker, which,

if

unchecked, frequently causes the death of the bush.

Bad, corky, warty swellings appear at the place where

budding or grafting has been carried

out,

various places along old, strong shoots.

of Canker, however, has

mises to be

stems

may

much more

made

its

and often

at

Another type

appearance, and pro-

destructive.

Some

of the rose

be noticed swollen and covered with a corky

growth, generally near the base of the shoot

in a

bad

DISEASES

AND INSECT

PESTS

215

attack the bark will be split and twisted back so as to

expose a gaping wound.

The fungus which causes

this,

Coniothyrium fuckelii, produces yellow spore cases from

which spores are cast to carry infection to other parts

bush or to bushes near at hand.

Rose growers must beware of this

of the

member

that

it

will

spread rapidly

disease,

and

re-

preventive measures

if

The shoot which has cankerous

growth is, naturally, much weakened, and after a winter's
exposure to rain and frost the stem cracks and the wellare not taken early.

known symptoms
Remedies.

of

Canker are emphasised.

Entrance

through some wound,

must take place

A good

of the fungus

or

crack,

laceration.

sharp knife or the best and keenest secateurs ought to

be used in pruning so as not to damage the shoot in any

way. Up to the present the best remedial practice for
all

cankerous growth has been to remove the corky

matter round the centre of attack by means of a sharp

wood the diseased parts

then burned, and the wood receives an immediate

knife so as to expose the fresh

are

coating of creosote

or,

better

still,

Stockholm (wood)

tar.

All varieties, forced or hardy, are liable to contract

this disease

{Coniothyrium).

to burn

all

border

remove the surface

Good, preventive work

rubbish, including prunings,

was attacked, and

soil

is

from the rose

round every bush which

sterilise it or replace

a fresh compost

avoid fresh or strong nitrogenous manures, which induce

excessive growth that seldom ripens
far as possible,
let insects

prevent plants, as

from receiving a severe check, and never

do serious damage to the

tissues.

THE ROSE BOOK

216

other fungoid diseases are occasionally experi-

Still

more

enced,
real

especially in greenhouse

cure for

any

them

of

their presence is perceived, pick off all the leaves

are badly attacked

No

cultivation.

known, but whenever

is

which

and spray the whole plant with a

fungicide.

INSECT PESTS
Insects attack the rose, either as larvae (sometimes
called

grubs or maggots), or as mature insects.

damage

is

done by the larval form,

Most

for in that state the

have a voracious appetite, and they destroy much

the foliage and young growth.

pests
of

Aphides.

Perhaps the worst,

because they multiply

with surprising rapidity, are the Green

The Rose Aphis

attacks

Flies, or

young twigs and

all

Aphides.

leaves, and,

apart from the unsightly appearance of the branches,

does extensive damage by sucking nutritive sap from

the bush and
leaves with

too well

by

gummy

its

known

the breathing pores of the

closing

These plant

excreta.

to require description

lice

are

they usually

congregate in dense colonies on the green shoots.

Remedies.

Fumigation

proprietary substances

but repetition

is

is

by any
effective

of

in

the
killing

recognised

the

flies,

necessary at regular intervals until

they are thoroughly cleared away.

If

the pests attack

bushes in the open, and even in the hothouse, spraying

with a good insecticide

I

know

of

is

a satisfactory course to adopt.

no better or handier substance

for this pur-

pose than Abol, which should be used as directed.

teaspoonful each of paraffin

oil

and

soft

soap in one

AND INSECT

DISEASES

PESTS

217

gallon of tepid water, churned into a milky liquid, can

be employed without any scorching effect, and a weak

solution of quassia chips in soapy water, or one of the
quassia insecticides advertised in horticultural journals,
is

an excellent remedy.
Sawflies.

Far

more destructive than the Aphides

is a large family of pests called the Sawflies (TenthreMany species are found in rose gardens they
dinidece).
;

armed with a saw-like contrivance with which

they cut up, eat, or destroy the leaves, and, in some
cases, the soft herbaceous twigs produced by a healthy
are

all

plant.

The yellow larva

of

one of the Sawflies (Pcecilosoma

candidatum) voraciously devours the young foliage, and,

as soon as its appetite

pith of the branches

When

appeased, bores into the soft

is

and causes them to wither and

die.

each

this sign of its presence is perceived, cut off

twig which contains the grub and burn it. Insecticides

are of little avail, but if used in May and June they will
help to keep

off

the tiny, black, hairy fly with spotted

head and thorax, and prevent

it

from depositing eggs

on the bushes.
Other Sawflies, the Hylotomce, are
toma

rosea is

a small

fly of dirty

a black head and thorax

the larva, or grub,

with yellow and black spots, and

egg in a few days.
before

it

It destroys

Hylo-

is

green,

hatched from the

is

many

of the leaves

arrives at the pupal or quiescent

the elegant appearance of the foliage

ground.

leaf-eaters.

yellow colour and having

it

and

state spoils

pupates in the

THE ROSE BOOK

218

Another Sawfly, Eriocampa

roses, is

eighth of an inch long, and some of

The

with white.

its legs

larvae are twice that size,

in colour, with orange

then they
soil

fall off

when

as

Rose

light green

them

and

to die,

satiated, the larva passes into

In some

very numerous, and are known

Slugs.

Occasionally the edge of a leaf

or folded neatly over
of

are spotted

and

and spins a cocoon underground.

districts these larvae are

an

This grub eats

coloured heads.

the upper surface of the leaves, causes

the

black, about

Blennocampa

pusilla,

is

noticed rolled up

this is the retreat of the

grub

another black, small Sawfly, with

The grub is short, stout, bristly,

and green, with yellow or brown head. Damage is done
by it in two ways it eats the foliage and prevents the
leaves performing their natural functions by rolling
them up.
The tiny, spotted green grub which lies curled up

brown, tinted wings.

on the under surface

tive Sawfly,

of leaves, is

Emphytus

from another destruc-

That which makes a nest

Lyda inanita, and the holes,

cinctus.

of small pieces of leaves

is

to all appearances torn in the leaves, are due to a species

called Cladius.

Many

others

may

be found in gardens,

and they do much damage if left unchecked

cases, from two to six generations are produced

in all

in one

season.

Remedies.

Before

pests the gardener

The

fly lays

dealing

with

these

must know something

destructive

of their habits.

her eggs on the branches or foliage

when

the eggs hatch out the larvae immediately start to feed

AND INSECT

DISEASES
on the

PESTS

and when they become

foliage,

219

surfeited they

pass the quiescent state underground, or else they burrow

into the stems or midribs of the leaves.

the gardener must remove the

then,

bush which was attacked by

Sawflies, digging as deeply

as he dare without injury to the roots.

or

sterilised,

a new compost

sprayed on the bushes

and

will

This

substituted.

will help to

then

is

Insecticides

keep the

flies

away,

tend to prevent too extensive damage by the

The

larvae.

Every winter,
round each

soil

flies

damp

are generally sluggish in dull,

weather, and hand-picking or netting will be most beneficial.

Hand-picking of the

treacle

slit

to the centre,

slow,

and

tedious,

is

kept smeared with grease,

This can be easily placed below the

or tar.

bushes in such a

way

that the stem

shaking the branches vigorously,

sticky mass,

is

In American gardens a sheet of

scarcely profitable.

linoleum,

larvae

and may be

is

many

in the centre

on

on the

larvae fall

killed or left to die there.

gardener can speedily pass round a large border with this

apparatus, and the linoleum will serve the purpose for

many

years.

with treacle or

piece

gum

of

stiff

brown paper smeared

serves excellently well for occasional

treatment.

Hellebore extracts or arsenical washes are the only

substances which
is

best prepared

kill

by

the larvae.
stirring

The

arsenical mixture

one ounce of some arsenic

poison, such as Paris green, lead, or iron arsenate or the

like into

stirring

some four

when

or five gallons of lime water

spraying.

keep

Hellebore powder can be mixed

THE ROSE BOOK

220

with water containing a

to adhere to

little

syrup or treacle to get

it

the bushes, or the hellebore preparations

Stringent and

advertised can be used as a substitute.

systematic measures are the only practice to which this

family of pests will succumb.

Moths.

The

of

larvae

moths occasionally

various

feed on the buds and foliage of rose bushes.

known Winter Moth

to

many

well-

will select the rose in preference

Moth has also

The most com-

other shrubs, and the Lackey

been found frequenting a rose garden.

mon

The

pests of this kind, however, are the grubs of the

Tortrix being the worst species.

The
up the leaves to form a safe retreat, and they
do further damage by feeding on the leaves and twigs.
When not feeding, they bind themselves by a silk thread
to the leaves, and if the branch is shaken lower them-

smaller moths,

grubs

roll

selves towards the ground.

Remedies.
ringer

Hand-picking

and thumb are

still

and squeezing between the

the most effective methods of

eradication, but the arsenical poisons advocated in the

previous paragraph

may

be used for the larvae of

all

moths.

Gall
gall,

Flies.

Who has not noticed the hard, roundish

covered with moss green or red-tinted rough hairs,

on the wild rose

is

the

work

of

This,

an

on cultivated bushes.

known

insect,

The

as the

and
insect

is

Bedeguar

sometimes

is

Gall,

found

a small one

pierces the bark of a twig, deposits its eggs inside,

the result
cut open

it

is

the well-known Bedeguar.

will

be found tunnelled into

If

many

it

and

the gall

is

chambers,

AND INSECT

DISEASES

become

black, four-winged

Other
noticed

smooth,
hairs

fly,

much

galls,

and

pupae,

Rhodites

finally

rosce.

on the leaves and green

others

are

swellings

bristles,

and some may be

appearing on the leaves

all

toscb,

Remedies.

but as the

is

blisters

contain a tiny larva, thriv-

the most

Insecticides

be
are

with

covered

irregular

The small

ing on the tissues and sap of the bush.

Cecidomyia

may

Some

shoots.

pea-like

or

emerge as the

different in appearance,

221

These grubs, after feed-

each containing a white grub.

ing for a time,

PESTS

common

keep the

galls are scarcely ever

gnat,

of these pests.

the bushes,

flies off

very numerous, they

should be removed and burned whenever noticed.

Beetles and Chafers.

Beetles

the buds and destroy the blooms.

is

may gnaw inside

An active little pest

the Rose Bug, Rose Beetle, or Rose Chafer, as

ously called (Cetonia aurata).

it is

vari-

It is a pretty little insect,

with glossy, golden-green back and nicely-marked wing

cases, the

under surface

Remedies.

of its

Insecticides

bud and hand-picking

into

body being brown.

used when the plant comes

will

keep them in check

vigorous shaking of the bush disturbs them.

Rose Scale Insects.

The rose

is

not exempt from

attacks of scale insects, forced roses suffering most of

These insects attack the stems and branches

to the bark

host

is

and

will

they cling

and suck the sap from the bush, and

badly attacked

it

if

the

yields very inferior flowers,

take a year or two to recover.

like tiny shells

all

all.

The

scales are

they generally exist in colonies, and, to

appearances have no movement.

Aulacaspis roses

THE ROSE BOOK

222

may
light

be recognised by the tiny, roundish, grey scales with

brown

spots.

Remedies.

Gishurst compound

if

used as directed

is

effective

and Fir Tree

is

the speediest remedy

washing with strong Abol solution

Oil

and Bordeaux mixture

will

also kill them.

Earwigs.
I

These

venture to say,

well-known garden marauders

known

are,

to everyone, and they prove

distinctly harmful to the roses during certain seasons.

Earwigs are not so markedly destructive as some

pests

we have

just mentioned, but they climb

stems and make their homes inside the blossoms.

are especially obnoxious

when found

of the

up the
They

in the heart of a

lovely flower.

Remedies.

annoyance

Traps should be

in the rose garden.

laid for

them

if

they cause

Small flower-pots,

filled

with crumpled paper or dry moss, and placed inverted

here and there
If

among

the bushes, will attract them.

they have already established themselves among the

blooms, pull

old or withered flowers,

off all

and place a

few hollow flower stems from the herbaceous border

among

the branches

ing the day-time.

they

will hide in these traps dur-

All traps should be

examined

daily

and the pests shaken out into hot water or slaking lime.
Thrips. The rose lover is occasionally annoyed

because his flowers are spoiled by a tiny insect called

Thrips.

These pests attack the petals

spoil their appearance.

and the remedy

the plants.

It

is
is

Lack

of the roses

and

of moisture is the cause,

to keep the soil moistened

and syringe

dangerous, of course, to do this

when

AND INSECT

DISEASES
the bloom

is

out,

but

the buds swell, and

insecticide

carried

is

trouble from

this pest

the practice

if

final

out

just

if

PESTS

223

continued until

is

spray with some mild

before flowering,

need be feared.

When

little

syringeing

use lukewarm, rain or soft water.

Pests are no respecters of varieties, and, from the

common Dog Rose

speciality

of

of

the

our catalogues,

Rust and mildew,

is

it

hedgerows
all

true,

to

are liable

the
to

latest

attack.

spread quicker on the

than others, but the bush which

Attend
is in poor condition.
which
suffers most is that
to cultural details, and each bush will be strong, healthy,

leaves of

some

varieties

and sturdy enough to

from insecticides and fungicides.

able to bear attack,

effects

suffer

no

ill

Don't fancy that because the foliage is attacked the

if one part is "ill" or injured
flowers will not suffer
;

the rest of the plant cannot be in the best of health.

Watch

for the first signs

of

disease

and attacks from

immediately take stringent measures to prevent

the trouble spreading, and in this way keep the bushes

pests

clean 1

Plan for sunk garden of roses

PART IV
Rose Growing under Glass

CHAPTER XXX
ROSES FOR THE GREENHOUSE

Although roses are very frequently grown under glass

company of other plants, they are most successful when a greenhouse is devoted to them alone.
When
there is a mixed company it is impossible always to

in the

provide conditions equally suitable to

are liable to suffer.

If possible,

all,

and the

roses

then, the roses should

The simpler it
There should be the maximum amount

have the glass-house to themselves.

is

the better.

of

and

light,

for this reason part

should be glass

indeed, a wall of

height would be ample.

should be of

glass.

and ends
some two feet in

of the sides

might be and really

The span-roofed house is the best
All the rest

and the ends should point north and south. This

would form an ideal house for roses, and an ideal posi-

type,

tion for

it

where the

would be

of it

soil

year.

in a meadow, on that part

had been trenched the previous

a counsel of perfection to which perhaps only the most fortunate among us may be able to

This

is,

attain.

of course,

If

one can manage

225

it,

it

is

really

worth while

THE ROSE BOOK

226

when one

considers that

garden under

it is

possible to

have a

and that the blooms

glass,

will

real rose

come to

such perfect beauty there as one can only expect out of

doors through some unusual goodwill on the part of the
clerk

of

Every

the weather.

class

represented, even to the lovely briers

house thirty

of rose

might be

and Scotch

roses.

eighteen feet wide, ten feet

feet long,

high in the centre, and five feet high at the sides, would

be an excellent one for

roses.

central staging five

and

a half feet wide and a staging two feet six inches wide

around each

should be brick
to

would complete the equipment. There

side,

with provision on the top for

sides,

be covered with ashes

or

height for the central stage

at the sides

two

is

shingle.

slates,

convenient

three feet and for those

There should be one row of four-

feet.

inch hot water pipes alongside each path, and an addi-

row under each staging would be a great advan

bottom heat is very beneficial to roses.
would strongly advise the amateur to pot his own

tional

tage, for
I

roses.

Firstly,

they are superior to those purchased,

which are usually grafted in pots, and the roots are not
nearly so vigorous as plants from
Secondly, they are

much

the open ground.

cheaper, because not only

do

plants established in pots cost about 3s. 6d. each, but

there are such charges as carriage to consider, and these

items increase the cost of each plant to

If

the amateur pots his

him more than

that this advice

is.
is

6d.

own

to 2s.

followed, I

plants be potted the

roses they

first

each.

4s.

or 4s. 6d.

would not cost

Assuming, then,

would recommend that the

week

in October.

Select or

ROSES FOR THE GREENHOUSE

227

order from the grower nice, bushy maiden plants, and

pot each into an eight-inch pot.

Prepare the plants

by cutting back the roots to within four or five inches

in length, and the tops to twelve to fifteen inches.
Mix
a compost of two parts of turfy loam, one part of oneyear-old cow manure for preference (but other would
do), a little silver sand, and about four pounds of bonemeal to every two bushels of compost.
Mix all well
together, and keep from rain.
The flower-pots need to
be clean and well drained, either with crocks or oyster
Put a handful or two

shells.

the compost on the drainage,

round piece

of

wood

lumpy portions of
and make firm with a

of the

the thickness of a broom-handle.

Holding the plant firmly in the centre of the pot with

the

left

trowel.

firm

hand, put in the compost with a

Fill

the pot about half-full, and

flat

make

wooden
the

soil

then add more compost and again make firm,

proceeding thus until the

soil

reaches to within half an

inch of the rim.

When

potted, put the plants out of doors on a bed

of ashes or soil,

good watering

stand closely together, and after one

fill

entirely with ashes.

between them and cover the pots

Here the plants remain

Prune them towards the end

of

six inches of the top of the pot,

them

to the open ground,

other, the pots

the rim;

obtained

may

and

May.

late in

May

to,

transfer

from each

but not over,

Good blooms will be

The following December they

soil

summer.

until

to within five or

feet distant

plunged in ashes up

keep the
in

two

March

moist.

be put in a cold greenhouse or frame, pruned in

THE ROSE BOOK

228

January or February as

and afterwards

desired,

trans-

ferred to a heated house.

may

It

be advisable here to give brief details of

the

cultivation

better

season

Tea-scented

are

roses

first

45 to 50

This

may

Unless

succeed

the

much

temperature of about

by night and 55 by day

to start with.

glass.

they

varieties

only gently forced.

if

under

is

quite high enough

be increased to 6o by day

as the foliage develops.

The hardier Hybrid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas may

be grown in unheated or very slightly heated greenMany of the roses seen in bloom in May have
houses.
had very little artificial heat, but to obtain blooms in
March artificial heat is, of course, essential. The plants
having been pruned to buds pointing outwards, the

main growths should be tied down to form a shapely

This is done by placing a string around the rim
base.
and gently drawing

of the pot, tying rafha to the shoots,

down and attaching the raffia to the string.

As new growths develop, and when buds begin to

the latter

show, a neat green stick

a perfect pyramid
at

first,

is

is

given to each shoot, so that

formed.

Do

as the plants do not need

be allowed to get very dry.

not give
it,

It is

much water

but they must not

a good plan to look

over them every morning and tap the pots with a thick
stick

if

clear, bell-like

should be watered.

sound

is

given out, the plants

Syringe freely on bright mornings,

and be sure to syringe well beneath the foliage in order

to check red spider, which usually attacks the lower
surface of the leaves.

As the growths develop and flower

ROSES FOR THE GREENHOUSE

buds are seen, give weak doses

cow manure and

soot,

two

of liquid

of the

229

made from

fresh

former to one of the

latter.

I strongly advise giving roses

commencement
(but

if

if

plenty of air from the

blooms are not wanted before May
;

required in March

little

or

no ventilation

needed

is

beyond that which the plants receive through chinks

It is

condition.

The atmosphere should be

" buoyant,"

afforded for an hour or so each day.

Small wooden

shutters let in the side of the house are excellent.

a rush of
" sweet."

and

a chink of ventilation should be

to secure this just

can be opened a

in

a mistake to keep the house in a stuffy

the glass).

little

These

almost every day without allowing

and they keep the atmosphere

air to enter,

Feeding roses is a term used by gardeners when

liquid or other manure is applied to the plants.
Roses
in pots,

if

well rooted, are greatly benefited

manure

liquid

to give liquid

by strong

as soon as the flower buds are seen

manure

weak

to

plants

is

but

Many

fatal.

growers of pot roses do not repot their plants every year,

consequently the ball of

Such plants

roots.

week

may

becomes almost a mass

receive liquid

bloom.

rank growth

is

If

encouraged which often

Cow manure and

soot

make a

Half a bushel of fresh cow manure

given

fails

in a cask holding

water for two or three days.

to

capital liquid
is

put into a

porous bag with a peck of fresh soot, and the bag

immersed

of

manure twice a

as soon as the flower buds are visible.

before,

food.

soil

is

about thirty-six gallons of

The

liquid should be diluted

THE ROSE BOOK

230

to half strength before use,

and may then be given

twice a week.

Green
remedies

must be kept down, and one of the simplest

Auto Shreds." A sixpenny packet wiT

fly

"

is

fumigate a house of a thousand cubic feet capacity.

The shreds

are laid on a brick

being at once blown out.

and

ignited, the flame

The house

is soon filled with

which quickly destroys the green fly.
be kept in check by spraying with Jeyes'

strong smoke,

Mildew

may

Horticultural Wash.

It is

cautions on the

appearance of insects or mildew.

Red

spider

is

most advisable to take pre-

an insidious pest that causes the leaves to

spiders may be seen on the under sur-

The

look rusty.
face.

first

dry atmosphere

is

favourable to their increase,

When

and, conversely, they dislike moisture.

show

colour, withhold

liquid

manure, and

the buds

if

possible

place the plants in a cooler temperature, shaded from

hot sunshine.
suitable, or

cold frame with glass protection

even a small tent

if

After flowering, Hybrid Teas and Teas,

in

March or

if

they bloom

April, will yield a second crop.

should be lightly pruned and the

latter is

is

well ventilated.

soil

The plants
top dressed. The

accomplished by removing an inch or two of

the surface

soil,

scattering

and replacing the old

soil

on a

little

Clay's Fertilizer,

with loam and manure in

About a small tablespoonful of Clay's

would be enough for a plant in an eight-inch pot. Keep
equal

parts.

the plants in a temperature of about 55

and about 8 or io lower by night.
freely

on bright days.

The second crop

to 6o

by day

Syringe them
of flowers will

ROSES FOR THE GREENHOUSE

be out before the outdoor

It

roses.

would be well to
so

provide roller blinds to the greenhouse,

and May.

that the

be shaded during bright sunshine in April

may

plants

231

After the second lot of flowers

is

over, put

the plants into a cold house or frame for a few days, or

if

the end of

May

has arrived they

may

be put outdoors

at once.

Late in June such as require

but

annual repotting

plants are well fed.

is

Top

dressing and liquid

supply their needs and give

the

much

manure

will

better results.

Hybrid Perpetual roses are best placed outdoors

after

All pot roses out of doors

must

blooms are over.

first

be watered, of course, and

pots in

it is

a good plan to plunge the

soil.

Roses planted out under

if

should be repotted,

it

not necessary providing the

glass

would benefit greatly

the roof of the house were removable.

be done, then an abundance

of air

If this

cannot

should be given during

The plants need a period of rest, and this is

provided by withholding water for two or three weeks,

summer.

usually during August.

Climbing roses under glass should be encouraged to

make
in

as

much growth

summer
summer and

as possible during early

a warm, moist atmosphere

in late

autumn, coolness and an abundance

of air are essential.

By September air should be freely given, so that the shoots

may become well hardened by November. Any necessary pruning
cutting

is

done in

away some

late spring after flowering,

of the old

are in well-prepared

soil,

wood.

by

Providing the roots

plenty of young growths will

THE ROSE BOOK

232

follow to yield blossoms for the following year.

who contemplate

Those

planting climbing roses under glass

should procure half-standard trees

advisable with Marechal Niel.

To

especially

readers

who

is

this

possess

a small greenhouse, the dwarf-growing section of the

They
races are the best to grow.
make remarkable growth and are practically everblooming. Far too often we find roses such as Climbing

Tea and Hybrid Tea

will

Niphetos and Climbing Devoniensis quite embarrassing

in

their

vigour,

whereas the original dwarf form of

Niphetos and others similar would cover spaces of ten to

twelve feet in height and as
years.

much

in

width in a few

CHAPTER XXXI
ROSES IN COLD FRAMES

The

restricted size of

many

but

erection of a greenhouse,

cannot be found

for a small

grow some beautiful

value to those

gardens often precludes the

who

rarely that

is

Such a frame

roses.

live in

it

frame wherein one

smoky

districts

towns, for the flowers are finer than

obtain out of doors;
frame,

it is

possible

it

is of

large

possible to

by having a few plants

to protect them from the

smoke and other impurities

may

especial

and near
is

room

in a cold
effects of

in the atmosphere.

Cold

frames also serve the purpose of providing roses earlier

than they can be obtained out of doors, and the labour

and skill demanded are slight, while they serve admirably for the accommodation of roses for forcing previ-

ous to their being taken into the heated house at intervals.

Cold frames

may

be of almost any

convenient are those six feet long

by

size.

The most

four feet wide.

The frame should be rather deeper than usual because

the pots in which the roses are grown are those of seven
or eight inches diameter and about eight inches deep.

back should be about two and a half

The frame may either be
feet and two feet in front.
of wood or brick, or a makeshift frame can be made by

The depth

at the

digging out the

soil half

the necessary depth and build233

THE ROSE BOOK

234

up

ing

On

walls of turf for the remainder.

the top of

the turf walls a

wooden frame

glass lights to be

moved up and down. The frame should

is

placed to enable the

preferably slope to the south, and be so situated that

it

can obtain the morning sun

open

best unless there

is

shield

it

is

also.

position in the

a low wall available that would

from the north.

Now how are we to obtain plants for these cold frames ?

To purchase

extra strong plants in eight-inch pots means

considerable expense for carriage alone.

suggest that

the reader should obtain open-ground bushes early in

and

October

pot

them

into

eight-inch

pots.

should be done by the second week in October.

the nurseryman to select bushy,

When

This

Ask

one-year-old plants.

the roses arrive, trim back the roots to six or

seven inches in length and cut back the shoots to twelve

inches.

with

Then

soil until

place the roots in a trench and

they can be potted.

If

prepared a week or two previously so

It

cover

the compost

much

is

the better.

should consist of fibrous loam two parts, well-rotted

manure one
bushel of

and about one pint of bonemeal to a

compost. Mix well together, and keep in an
part,

airy but rain-proof shed.

If possible,

select

new

pots,

otherwise see that

they are well washed before use.

Put one large crock

at the base

and smaller ones over

it

to a depth of about an inch, covering these with lumps

from the compost.

Take a

the pot, and half

fill

this

plant, hold

it

in the centre of

Make
Then fill
and again make

the space with compost.

very firm with a piece of broom-handle.

up with

soil to

within an inch of the rim,

ROSES IN GOLD FRAMES

firm.

If

235

the plant should be so potted that

possible,

the junction of stock and scion (the point at which the

bud was
however,
roots

is

but

one inch below the surface. This,

not always practicable, owing to the long

inserted)

it

is

does not matter

if

the latter are somewhat

When

order to achieve this object.

curled round in

plunge the pots over their rims in a bed of

ashes in the frame or in the garden. They should be
placed in the frame by November. Let them have all
potted,

the air possible and be exposed to the rains

water

weather is dry after potting.

the growths to within about
back
In February prune
at

least

once

if

the

five inches of the base.

from the hardy

Perpetual?
Hybrid
Hybrid Teas, but some of the best
are indispensable, such as Mrs. John Laing, Frau
Karl Druschki, Captain Hayward, and Ulrich Brunner.

selection should be

Similar plants

may

viding the soil

is

made

chiefly

be planted out in the cold frame, pro-

good.

This saves the trouble of potting.

After the plants are pruned the lights should be

kept on the frame, but a little air ought to be given
night and day unless the weather

is

frosty.

In severe

weather cover the frame with mats or straw. As new

growths appear, be careful that they do not get frozen.
If air be given it is advisable to close the frame by three
o'clock in the afternoon.

It is preferable to

have the

pots plunged to their rims in the frame, evaporation

is needed.
is thus prevented, and consequently less water

Syringe the plants on fine mornings, and be careful not

When the
to give too much water, especially at first.

THE ROSE BOOK

236

plants are in full leaf

is

it

necessary to look over them

every morning and to water those that need

the flower buds show,

tie

outwards so that every

smoky

Weak

it.

When

the shoots to small sticks spread

leaf

may

get light

and

In

air.

sponge the leaves every other day.

districts

manure may be given when the buds

first once a week, and twice weekly when

liquid

appear, at

When the colour of

light may be removed and
plants may be taken to a

the buds are as large as marbles.

the flowers shows the glass

canvas substituted, or the

room

or cool conservatory.

the plants should have

fact,

they

ashes or

few

may

After the flowers are over

the fresh air possible

may

need repotting the

year.

it

This

larger pots.

may

be

is
is

first

be necessary, but

When

the pots

show through the hole

them into rather
best done in the summer, so that

and the

are full of roots

soil

in

be placed outdoors, the pots plunged in

In July or August repotting

will

soil.

in the pot, then

the

all

latter

as well to shift

full of roots

before winter.

After turn-

ing the plants out of the pots remove the crocks, then

them on the bench and gently prod the ball of soil

with a pointed stick in order to remove some of the old
Having reduced
soil without damaging the tiny roots.
lay

it

fully to half its size, it

described.

Soil

may

be repotted as previously

used for potting should be in such a

up a handful it will adhere

crumbling or being " pasty." After

condition that on taking

together without

repotting, place the plants out of

soil

moderately moist.

doors and keep the

ROSES IN GOLD FRAMES

The same method
mildew as advised

237

fumigating and exterminating

of

adopted in the cold frame

may

greenhouse

for plants in the

be

before fumigating, the cubic

measurement should be carefully taken.

Skeleton houses deserve mention here, as they are
excellent for providing roses earlier than from outdoors.

Many

of the

florists'

of

blooms seen at the Temple show and in

shops in

such houses.

for the uprights,

Strong wood

three inches square

and the

may be

sides

These, of course, are

roof.

and are

movable

also

By

April.

obtained.

The

and are

in

pruning hard,
If

of

made

wood

is

used

or even of

secure against gales,

No

for ventilation.

row

necessary, although one

be an advantage.
or February,

grown with the help

are

Ordinary frame lights are used for the

stout canvas.

is

May and June

of four-inch pipes

are pruned

roses

bloom
fine

artificial

in

heat

would

January

May, some even

in

in

long-stemmed blooms are

the roses are planted out there

is

less

trouble in watering, and they have also a better chance

of developing into big plants.

the lights
protect

may

the

protection

flower

buds which

The advantage

Christmas.

it

After the blooms are over

be removed and replaced in autumn to

affords

will

of such a

from spring

open even until

house

frosts

with which early blooms are obtained.

say,
soil

it

should be erected

must be

suitable.

in

full

lies in

the

and the ease

Needless to

sunshine,

and the

PART V
Round

Year in

the

Rose Garden

the

CHAPTER XXXII
January
Planting may

still

weather

and even

it

is

mild,

is

be carried out in January

if

the land

Just bury the roots in

soil until

fit

the

if

to plant,

Hybrid Teas planted

be protected by
the plants,

if

still

it is

advisable to fork

drawn

close

planting in March, or
left as

rough as

lightly

may

Vacant land

if

roses,

but

beneath the surface

soil

not trenched, then dug deeply

The

possible.

surface soil

left

fern should be thrust

roses,

but

it

among

all

rough by forking up

the bed immediately after planting.

Teas and Hybrid Tea

of

Manure

be trenched now, ready for

newly planted roses should be

some bracken

in a

round the base

be applied to the beds of established

it

is

and November should

has not already been done.

may

at once.

in October

fine soil

this

the land

Old roses and Teas and

nice, friable state for planting.

of

not

best to lose no time in procuring the necessary

plants.

and

is

If frost threatens,

among

the branches

ought to be removed

during mild intervals.

Sometimes roses planted

in

239

autumn

are so loosened

THE ROSE BOOK

240

by the wind that

holes are formed near the base of the

plants in which pools of water collect.

The holes should

up at once with firm soil. The growths of newly
planted bush roses may be shortened to two feet
this
will prevent their being blown about.
be

filled

When

roses are planted near hedges the roots

from

the hedge plants are likely to invade the rose beds.

Trenches, three feet wide and two to three feet deep,

should be opened near the hedge,

all roots found being

This will have to be repeated annually, but it
better than allowing the roses to be spoilt.

cut
is

off.

grown extensively under glass, turf may

now be carted and stacked ready for another year. We
If roses are

prefer to arrange a layer of soil

alternately until the stack

and a layer

of

cow manure

complete.

Roses intended to
be grown in an unheated greenhouse should now be pruned.
is

Grafting under glass should be proceeded with now,

although the amateur would be well advised not to

waste time upon it. It is much better for him to bud

pot-grown briers in June and July.

February
If

much

the

has been forked up the frost will do it

Planting may still be carried on in mild

soil

good.

weather, providing the

plant

soil is

not too wet.

when the ground is wet and sticky,

defer the work.

Rather than

the reader should

Procure the plants before

all

the best

are gone, and on their arrival put the roots in a trench

making the latter firm. On heavy

advisable to dig and plant at the same time

and cover with

land

it is

soil,

FEBRUARY
ground that
once.

at

is

to be

trenched should also be planted

do not advocate trenching land ahead

the planting unless

summer.

241

This

is

it

by

of

can be exposed throughout the

far the best practice.

Supposing one possesses a plot of land and wishes to

convert part of

it

Start now, remov-

into a rose garden.

ing six inches of the turf, and stack this for future pot-

Then mark out a yard

ting needs.

the

first

" spit," which

Wheel

of the spade.

is

in width.

Dig out

really the top soil to the depth

this

away

to the end of the piece

Shovel out the loose soil and wheel this

With a strong digging fork break up the next
soil, and upon this spread about four inches thick

to be trenched.

away.
layer of

of well-rotted

manure.

Also scatter on some basic slag,

about six ounces to the square yard.

Mark out

next yard and dig the top spit and

loose soil into

the open trench, thus

it

may

filling it.

If

all

the turf

is

the

not wanted

be placed grass downwards on the lower

spit of

soil.

may

Established roses

be manured now, although

this is best

done

given, let

be put on the beds thickly and dug under at

seems scarcely enough soil on the beds

once.

it

in

November.

farmyard manure

is

If there

owing to the removal

spread

If

of weeds, etc., the

and covered with

soil.

This

manure may be
is

an excellent

method of feeding roses, especially old plants. Another

good plan is to scoop out the soil around each plant and
give each a bucketful of fresh cow manure.
Tonks'
rose manure should be applied this month.
This is
one of the best of manures to give, and it can be readily

THE ROSE BOOK

242

prepared.

would suggest an arrangement between

amateurs for the purchase

which are

of the ingredients,

far cheaper in bulk.

budded

All stocks

last

The dwarf stocks

back.

the inserted buds

summer should now be

are cut to within an inch of

standard stocks to within three or four

Bamboo canes are placed

mark their location, and

inches.

stocks to
lightly

dug

digging
is

is

The digging

over.

hoeing later on.

is

On heavy

necessary.

summer should have a

cane, about

two

it

the dwarf

should be

soil

done now to

a flat-pronged fork

soil

stave,

i.e.

a split

bamboo

upper part of the

then at hand for the

is

facilitate

Standard briers budded

feet long, tied to the

Support

brier stem.

when

against

the

very weedy, rather deeper

If the soil is

the best tool for the work.

last

cut

little

shoot

begins to grow, otherwise a gale might blow

it

out.

Stocks
stocks.

may

be planted

now

that

is

to say, dwarf

Standard briers should have been planted in

November, but

if

this

was not done they may be put

Dwarf stocks such as the seedling or cutand Polyantha, are planted in rows

in at once.

ting briers, Manetti

two to three

feet

apart,

soil

may

soil

was dug

weather

the plants being about ten

Plant in well-dug

inches apart in the row.

soil,

be dug and planted at the same time.

is

in

dry.

advance

We

it is

same

newly dug

soil.

If

the

not wise to plant until the

usually try to hold a piece of land

in reserve for digging in

ing at the

or the

bad weather

then by plant-

time, one does not need to tread

on the

FEBRUARY

243

Old-established roses that have not done well lately

may

be transplanted, although this work

still

carried out in

but

if

and

soil,

At

wonderfully.

We

November.

new

plants into

the work

first

they seem to

best consigned to the

new

stakes

progress,

will eventually

Old, worn-out plants are

Standard roses should have

fire.

necessary, for

if

have nourished

make no

done they

justify their transplantation.

best

have moved quite big

after a year they

carefully

is

is

March

is

generally a very

windy month.
Hedges
is

tie

If

the hedge

down

receive such pruning as

merely the form

this takes

out old stems.

over and

may now

of roses

necessary;

is

thinning

of

growing too

tall,

bend

the shoots rather than cut them

away.
Cuttings inserted in

have been raised out

September and October

ground a little owing to

of the

may
frost.

Choose a dry day and push down the cuttings, then hoe
between the rows.

Under

glass,

roses

that have started growth need

watching for green

Shreds

is

stroyers.

mildew.

fly and mildew. For the former Auto

one of the simplest and most effective de-

" dusting " with green sulphur will check

Put some

of

the sulphur in a muslin cloth

and gently shake it over the mildewed plant.

Keep the house rather dry for a time. It is best to
select a fine sunny day for this work.
If there is only
bag,

one rose house, it is advisable to have a cold frame

where pot roses can be protected from frost. A few
plants may then be put into the forcing house at weekly

THE ROSE BOOK

244

thus

intervals,

providing

for

succession

bloom.

of

Plants potted up in October from the open ground, and

placed in these cold pits, may be introduced to the

greenhouse now, and

Be

give a very

to

nice flowers later.

and consequently

It is best

through the top ventilators

air

little

each day for a few hours

soft,

some

will give

careful in ventilating the house now.

then the foliage

liable

less

not so

is

to mildew.

the

If

weather happens to be frosty or snow prevents work out

of doors, an opportunity is afforded one to look over
the show boxes and paint them if necessary. Labels
should also be written and stakes prepared.

March
owing to unsuitable weather, work advised for
month could not then be carried out, no time should

If,

last

be lost

now

month

for digging over the surface soil

in bringing

it

to completion.

This

and

a good

is

for prepar-

ing beds in readiness for planting in late spring, especi-

northern

ally

in

that

when March had

plant

roses,

viding the

districts.

but this fallacy

soil is in

was formerly thought

it was much too late to

It

arrived

is

now

exploded.

Pro-

good, friable condition and dormant

plants are secured, the planting of roses

now and

through-

out April should be a success.

It is well to bury the

plants in soil for two or three days after their arrival,

and when planting

to cut

down

all

shoots

'to

inches of the base.

The planting

of stocks

proceeded with.

straw or fern

litter

among

If

three or four

may

still

be

has been placed

the roses for protection in winter,

it

may now

MARCH
be removed

if

the weather permits, and the heap of

round the base

soil

This

be

of the plants should

month

the

is

245

for

pruning

all

levelled.

roses excepting the

The

true Teas, which are best pruned in April.

illus-

trated chapter on the subject will furnish the reader

with detailed information, so that we need not enlarge

upon the matter here. If the plants were looked over

in October, and superfluous shoots then removed, the

spring pruning will be greatly facilitated.

out must be
are

known

made

for shoots

as suckers,

sharp look

from the stock.

These

and they often escape the

vigi-

lance of the grower, to the great detriment of the plants.

Underground suckers from standards are best removed

with an iron spud, thrust beneath the

stem as

is

possible without

soil as

damaging the

near the

roots.

Roses on sheltered walls will perhaps be showing

buds.

such could have a glass coping over them the

If

buds would

develop.

The

writer has seen beautiful

buds gathered from sunny walls during March and April

where the plants have had the advantage of a glass
shelter just placed in front of the wall.

The reason we

see so many crippled blooms of the old rose Gloire

de Dijon is that they are injured by spring frosts,

and

this

Many

might be prevented by a simple glass

of

the

lovely

Souvenir d'un Ami,

etc.,

shelter.

Tea roses, such as Safrano,

would yield quantities of early

if grown in the manner stated.

As soon as pruning is finished, it is a good plan to
spray the plants with Bordeaux mixture, especially if

buds

there has been trouble with rose rust

or black spot.

THE ROSE BOOK

246
All

rose

primings should be burnt,

has been very severe the surface

and

soil to

if

rose rust

a depth of one

inch or so should be removed and burnt, the ashes after-

wards being spread on the

number

large

soil.

This would destroy a

of the fungus spores in the soil.

Seedling Brier stocks should be potted up into five-

They are extremely useful to bud new

roses upon in June and July.
If the reader wishes to
propagate his own pot roses, this can be done by budding in July upon the stocks potted up now.
Under glass, roses are advancing rapidly owing to
increased sunlight, and they need some help in the way
of liquid manure or a mulch. The growths of pot roses
inch pots now.

should be tied out to small sticks in order to form shapely

plants and to support the coming blossom.
roses

on the roof or walls should also be spread

on walls being trained

Cuttings

may now

best.

Cuttings

out, those

in the shape of a fan.

be put

from the pot-grown roses

are

Climbing

in.

Select the firm growths

those that have just flowered

having two buds are preferable

they are cut through with a sharp knife just beneath the
lower bud.

box with

glass cover fixed over the hot-

water pipes makes an excellent propagating frame.

Let

there be five inches of sharp sand put in

and the
The sand must be made

cut-

tings inserted therein.

solid

first

and well watered.

Never allow the sand to get dry.

In about six weeks the cuttings will have roots three

quarters of an inch long and they are potted into two

and a half inch pots

in

the

same

of sifted

structure.

sandy

soil,

and grown on

APRIL
Rambler

may now

roses in large pots, after starting slowly,

be placed in a higher temperature, but they

must not be forced too

if

247

quickly.

allowed to progress steadily.

They are much finer

They are very thirsty

day.

and often need watering twice or three times a

Now that the National Rose Society has estab-

lished

a spring rose show, rose growing in pots will

plants,

receive increased attention.

Rose seed sown

the

soil.

When

December

in

the

is

now showing above

seedlings

little

have formed one

true leaf they ought to be pricked off singly in two-inch

Care must be taken not to break the point of the

rather long root.
If the seedlings are from hybridised
pots.

seed they will be extremely interesting.

April

With the spring showers and increasing sunshine

growth

is

bush

of

search

very rapid.

made

Superfluous shoots in the centre

should

roses

be

removed,

and

frequent

for grubs.

Especially ought the latter to

be looked for on the shoots of maiden plants, other-

wise the prospect of bloom

The Dutch,

now

may

be destroyed.

or push, hoe should be used constantly

weeds cut

off at this

time of year are done away

with before they have the chance of producing seed.

Do not be afraid to hoe deeply. Merely scratching the
surface will not do.

and

this

Owing

to

tilth,

The

rose beds

cannot be obtained

if

must have a good

hoeing

is

neglected

now.
weather

conditions, .possibly

northern

THE ROSE BOOK

248

readers will not be able to prune their Tea roses before

middle of April, and this

the

early enough.

quite

is

Pruning should not be too severe unless the roses are

grown

for exhibition.

It is wise to

Some

leniency in pruning Teas.

I

of

err

on the side

the finest

Tea

of

roses

have seen were from unpruned bushes that were fed

with Clay's

liberally

practice to

where

all,

Fertilizer.

but there

may

do not commend

this

be special circumstances

could be adopted.

it

Suckers are

ard Briers

now

troublesome, especially upon stand-

or standard roses,

and they must be sup-

Brier stocks from hedgerows are pushing into

pressed.

growth, but leave them alone this month.

Manures
now, and

the

in

to the notes on

Do

chapter.

plant

is

form

artificials

may be given
may be referred

manuring and manures

in a previous

not be persuaded that to manure a weakly

make it
manured

the correct thing to

well-rooted plants can be

tage,

of

for detailed advice the reader

stronger.

Healthy,

freely with advan-

but small, weakly plants are often killed by strong

manures.

Sometimes plants produce excessively strong shoots

that seem as though they would never stop growing.
It

is

best to pinch out the points of these

now and

throughout summer as they appear, because they rob

other growths of too

much nourishment.

Late-planted roses must be watered once or

a week, and

if

hard at once.
planted.

Buds

twice

not already pruned should be cut back

Stocks to bud this year
inserted last year,

may

still

be

and now starting into

MAY

249

growth, should be given a stake and carefully

bushy plants are

remove the point

desired,

tied.

If

of the shoot

when it is six inches high. Roses in pots need liquid

manure now liberally, and the quantity may be increased
as the flowering stage approaches, but the liquid must
be clear and weak.
house
in,

it

is

If

a rain-water tank

a good plan to put a

in the green-

little

cow manure
manure is

weak

so that at every watering

given,

is

liquid

but of course one could not syringe with this

water.

Plants in pots that have gone out of bloom should

be immersed in liquid manure for a short time, and the

growths cut back a

to nice

little

in pots that are passing out of

off in

a cold house

they

plump buds. Ramblers

bloom should be hardened

may

subsequently be planted

up gaps upon arches or pillars.

Cuttings from roses grown under glass may still be
inserted in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a hotbed
out of doors to

fill

covered by a frame, where they will root very quickly.

May
It

won

has been said that

this

first

prizes are often lost

month, the suggestion being that the attention

now

will

have an im-

During

this

month

to or neglect of cultural details

portant bearing on the results.

increase rapidly.

The commonest

There

and the

aphis, or green

many

others,

which are described more

roses

on insect enemies.

fly.

pests

are the green cater-

pillars

chapter

and

are, of course,

fully

in

the

The whole collection of

should be frequently examined

for

caterpillars,

THE ROSE BOOK

250

and

as soon as leaves are found stuck together or rolled

up give them a squeeze and so destroy the grub within.

It is well either to remove the leaves or unroll them,
otherwise one may squeeze the same leaves repeatedly.
happens that a

It often

caterpillar appears in the after-

noon on a shoot you were certain you examined in the

morning if the grubs are not diligently searched for
;

many

a promising bud will be sacrificed.

Aphides can be partially dislodged by a vigorous

syringeing with plain water, but they increase so rapidly

that

if

a few are

covered again.

left

on the shoot the

latter will

solution of soft soap

soon be

and quassia

an excellent remedy, and there are many good

cides

can be immersed in the insecticide, this

and

preferable to spraying,

of the liquid held

and

insecti-

on the market.

If the shoots
is

is

for this

purpose a basin

beneath the shoot provides a simple

means of immersion. Mildew is a fungoid

disease that sadly mars the beauty of some roses. Steps
should be taken to check its spread by timely dustings
effectual

with green sulphur.

Tea

roses for exhibition

now

require thinning, and one

must harden one's heart to do

said that
it

no

requires

man

should hoe his

some courage

order that others

may

this thoroughly.

own

It is

Certainly

turnips.

to rub off nice, fresh shoots in

be strengthened, but

it is

neces-

sary to concentrate the energies of the plant upon a few

buds

if

show blooms are

Growths that are too

to small sticks.

desired.

close together

The points

may

be tied out

of extra vigorous

growths

MAY
must be pinched

251

and the underground suckers from

out,

standard roses removed.

Disbudding
if

is

show blooms

their

bud

such as Ecarlate,

beauty

As a

are desired.

variably, the central

roses,

month

necessary towards the end of the

is

rule,

retained.

etc.,

though not

in-

Really decorative

need no disbudding, for

consists in their profusion.

In some seasons

May and

we have a very dry

spell of

weather

becomes necessary to water the roses.

in
This is rarely necessary on heavy land, but on light soil
Water with plain water first, and then
it is advisable.
it

with weak liquid manure.

than

and the

driblets,

day to prevent

its

manure are very

soil

Good soakings

ought to be hoed the next

" caking."

Waterings with liquid

helpful to all kinds of roses, whether

for garden decoration or for exhibition, but

much depends

light sprinklings of artificial manure, which

soil.

Light

may have

In wet weather the plants

on the season.
the

are better

soils benefit

is

by a mulching

hoed into

this

month.

Spent hops make an excellent mulch, and if a little

sulphate of ammonia is scattered on at the same time,
rain or watering with plain water will carry

ishment to the roots.

twice a

week from now onwards,

full benefit

from

down

nour-

Roses on walls ought to be watered

for they

do not derive

rain.

Roses raised from cuttings under glass now require

potting singly in small sixty (two and a half inch) pots,
using a sandy compost.

greenhouse.

Keep the plants

in the

warm

Roses under glass must be kept free from

aphis and mildew

by timely fumigating and vaporising

THE ROSE BOOK

252

may now be hardened

a cold house or frame prior to being placed out
of doors next month.
Roses that have been forced

off in

intended to plant a greenhouse with roses next

for supplying cut bloom in winter, the soil should

If it is

month

be trenched and the plants ordered from the grower.

Those in five-inch pots are suitable. If planted in good
soil and kept warm and moist they make most remarkable growth by the autumn.
Rambler roses in pots

coming into bloom should be removed to a cool

fast

house

the flowers will then be of better colour.

June
Disbudding,

especially

on

maiden

necessary to obtain show blooms.

carry out the work as soon as

It

nourishment.

but unless

it

of

Tea

Watering

roses,
is

is

is

still

advisable to

the buds are visible.

Side growths also should be removed

upon some kinds

plants,

these, especially

rob the blooms of

necessary in dry

can be done thoroughly

it is

much

weather,

best left alone-

Hoe

the beds frequently so that no hard surface forms.

When applying liquid manure, do so by means of drills

drawn a few inches away from the plants on both sides.

House slops and drainings from manure heaps should
be collected in a tank, and they give us valuable food
for the roses just

now.

beds they can be

filled

plan

is

If

any gaps

exist in the rose

with pot-grown roses, but this

only recommended as a last resort, as such plants

are often unsatisfactory.

now with young

New beds might

grafted roses

well be planted

they would yield a fine

JUNE
crop of blossom in autumn.
pots,

and planted out

Novelties purchased

good

in

253

soil,

now

in

give nice buds in

August with which to bud dwarf stocks.

A
it

now

very troublesome pest

seems hard to dislodge.

but hand-picking

is

Caterpillars are

is

the cuckoo

Nicotine wash

now

less

active,

and

be used,

but watch should

flies

that eats

its

the central pith of standard Briers or the

top of a nice promising growth.

on the

may

best.

be kept for the grub of one of the saw

way down

spit,

Briers,

To prevent

its

ravages

they should be painted with painter's

knotting or liquid grafting wax.

Thrips are often troublesome in dry weather, especially

on wall

under side

roses.

They

are usually found

of the foliage and,

if

upon the

not checked, soon destroy

the tissues of the leaves.

Spray with nicotine wash.

Orange rust or red rust on the stems of roses may be

checked

by painting with methylated

spirit

diluted

with an equal part of water.

All

maiden plants should be

tied to sticks

now

as

a protection against rough wind, otherwise a promising

growth may be blown quite out of the stock. If the
weather

is

dry the buds of Tea roses intended for show

should be wrapped in tissue paper, leaving the top open,

and shades should be

weather.

and a supply

of tubes

them in wet
cleaned and prepared,

in readiness to protect

Show boxes must be

and wires kept ready

for the early

shows.

Standard stocks should be "

latter part of

May.

The

set

out " during the

" setting out " consists in

re-

THE ROSE BOOK

254

moving

all lateral

growths save three

these should be

The

near the top unless others beneath are stronger.

buds are now inserted in two

of the three, leaving the

uppermost to be budded should either or both the others

fail.

Of course, four shoots or more

and four

be retained

budded upon one standard, but,

three shoots are sufficient, and it is only advis-

different sorts

as a rule,
able to

may

bud one

variety.

Roses potted up in October, and since kept plunged

now be

in soil, should

given more room

The

inches apart each way.

to the rims of the pots, or, better

be

placed

around

the

still,

Weeds

latter.

Such plants

twelve

plants are plunged in the

soil

troublesome.

about

may be

ashes

may

then

less

are

allowed to flower,

but really they were potted with a view to forcing them

Tea

next winter.
be repotted,

if

an examination

roses that

they need

is

loam two

have been forced

of the roots.

found making their

potting

it

needed.
parts,

this

If these are

abundant, and

way through the hole in the pot, reThe best compost consists of turfy
well-rotted

manure one

a sprinkling of sand and bonemeal.

that are not worth repotting will

planted now.

may now

can be determined by

Soak the

part,

with

Old plants in pots

make

fine

specimens

if

ball of earth previously,

and

see that the soil has been well prepared for them.

Do

not cut back, but just tie over the growths

this will

induce shoots to start from the base.

Roses to be planted out under glass ought to have

been obtained by now.
apart each way.

Plant them about thirty inches

Young

grafted pot plants are

by

far

JULY
out

grown

Chatenay,

for this purpose, such as

Richmond,

Liberty,

Hillingdon, etc., but, as a

matter

of

fact,

of five to six feet in height will develop

and

will yield quantities of

Lady

any good

glass.

greenhouse has been erected over a good rose

If

the

plants

soil,

in a very

superb blooms.

ing roses under glass should be relieved of

few

Madame

Sunburst,

Tea or Hybrid Tea may be grown under

years,

they grow freely at once.

the best to set

sorts are widely

Abel

255

few

Climb-

much

of the

old wood, so that the development of fresh growth for

may be encouraged. These

much in the same way as a

next year's flowering

roses

should be treated

vine.

Syringe them well and close the house early in the after-

Only on

noon.

days

dull

will

little artificial

heat be

needed.

July
The

two weeks

first

exhibitions of the year.

in this
It is

month

witness the chief

not wise to

make a

selec-

tion of varieties for the garden from the blooms seen

at the

at

show

any

selections so

rate,

from those in the

Woeful

exhibition blooms.

formed

many

failures

may

classes for

be traced to

varieties, suitable

only for

When

the exhibitor, have been planted as garden roses.

England

possesses,

as she should do, a National

Garden, the selection of varieties will be

Hoeing
though

it

stepping

is
is

much

Rose

simplified.

apt to be sadly neglected this month,

more necessary than ever, for constantly

the roses makes the ground very hard.

among

This should be remedied as early as possible.

manure may now be

withheld, but

Liquid

continue to water

THE ROSE BOOK

256

with plain water

made

the weather

if

is

Notes should be

dry.

as to the behaviour of roses in different positions

and on various

These notes

stocks.

will

be useful at

planting time in autumn.

Budding standard Briers must be

month.

It is useless to

carried out this

attempt budding

if

the sap

is

not flowing freely.

Mildew often
indeed, roses

obtains

Spray with sulphide

of

upon the mildewed

parts.

Top

earlier.

little

good

such as Clay's, are beneficial to the

The material should be placed

immediately around the plants to a diameter

soil

about

may

now than

potassium or shake green sulphur

second crop of blossom.

of

it

dressings of rotted manure, with a

artificial fertiliser,

on the

a strong hold this month,

seem more prone to

inches.

fifteen

Growths that have flowered

be cut back to a good bud, removing as few leaves

removed.
ripen,

dead blooms and seed pods should be

All

as possible.

The

latter are

of little use,

and they are a considerable

sources of the plant.

One only needs

This

is

as they rarely

strain

upon the

re-

the time for layering roses.

to perform the

work

carefully,

and as

detailed in another chapter, to succeed with the majority

of

roses.

bloom,

it

As the
is

early flowering

well to cut out

some

Ramblers go out
of the old

order to give the young shoots a better chance.

should be done cautiously

The

of

growths in
This

Multiflora roses, repre-

by Crimson Rambler, need more of the old wood

removed annually than the Wichuraiana roses, repre-

sented

sented by Dorothy Perkins.

If this

pruning

is

carried

AUGUST
Out soon after blooming, the

Pot

siderably.

There are

and

it is

Pourri

many good

new

should

257

shoots are helped con-

be

made

this

month.

recipes of this delicious perfume,

well worth the trouble of making.

August
Budding ought now to be

in full swing,

be finished as early as possible.

The work

and should
of thinning

out old shoots from Rambler roses should be completed

soon as practicable, the young shoots being well

as

spread out and attached to their supports.

Many amateurs

as to the length of stem that

bloom.

when gathering

are in doubt

If several flowers

may

roses

be cut with each

are cut from the

same

plant,

the stems ought not to be longer than six or eight inches

means that the shoot is shortened by

about half, and the best buds, those upon which we rely
for autumn bloom, are usually found about half-way
generally

this

down

the shoots.

It is

harmful to cut more than one

long-stemmed flower from one plant,

an autumn display

for the prospect of

often very troublesome this

Hoeing and waterThe orange rust disease is

month
we have found

that copious waterings keep

it

is

jeopardised.

ing need attention frequently.

in

check.

When

this

on certain plants year after year, it is a

sign that they need replanting, and a note should be
disease appears

made

of this that

9 Cuttings

may

put in frames

be done in November.

now

will root

very freely

if

the

and the growths from which they are taken

The best cuttings are made from those growths

soil is gritty

are firm.

it

THE ROSE BOOK

258

Cut them into lengths

that have just borne flowers.

of

about six inches, retaining the leaves on the upper

all the lower ones.

The growth is
bud with a very sharp knife. The
cuttings are inserted in a bed of sand about two inches
deep, and the same distance apart each way. The choicer
Teas and Hybrid Teas root well in frames placed in a
sunny position. The glass should be shaded from bright
sunshine by means of scrim or sheets of newspaper. The

part,

but removing

cut just beneath a

may remain

cuttings

May, being then

lifted

in the

frame until the following

each with a small ball of

soil

and

planted on a well-dug border.

Continue to thin out Ramblers, removing

out and weakly growths, and

them

shoots, spreading

as

much

Budding should be completed

stocks being

budded

in

tie

all

worn-

the best of the

as possible.
this

month, the Manetti

last of all.

September
This

is

usually a delightful

the productions of
sible for

raisers

in the rose garden,

having made

it

pos-

us to have almost as fine a display in September

and October as
the

modern

month

in

autumn show

big-petalled,

June and July.

in the

garden

is

In some respects

finer, for

the showy,

semi-double roses are then at their best

owing to the cool nights and dews.

One

often hears

such semi-double roses as Betty decried in July because

they are so thin and wanting in substance, but the sight

of

them

in

plant more.

their

autumn beauty makes one wish

to

SEPTEMBER
The autumn shows, now so

259

fashionable, indicate the

varieties best suited to late flowering,

but

it

better,

is

oneself
perhaps, to visit a rose nursery and judge for
general
and
growth
there one gains a knowledge of the

Roses that in the gar-

character of the various sorts.

den may droop unpleasantly owing to their thin stalks

may be made to look very charming when wired and
arranged in bunches.
to be misled

by the

tions in September.

would caution the reader not

pillars of cut roses seen at exhibi-

exhibitors even

Some

Lyons Rose, as if
this method of training.
Much of the work recommended

of the

may

for

be untied, and failures

garden.

arches

Cuttings

Most

Buds should

made good by putting

may now

be

inserted

varieties will strike

selected, preferably those that

if

for

July and August

be done now, especially the hoeing.

buds.

make

that variety were suitable

in

in fresh

the

open

firm growths are

developed prior to mid-

summer. Plant the cuttings in beds in the open garden,

making them firm on a base of sand, and leaving only
one-third above ground.

Land intended for rose planting in October and

November should now be trenched if possible. If it
has been used for growing vegetables for some time, and
heavily manured, a good dressing of lime or powdered
chalk ought to be given.

The

varieties

it is

intended to

obtain should be decided upon, so that they

may

be

ordered early next month.

Remove

old growths

from Hybrid Perpetual

roses,

retaining only four or six of the current year's shoots.

THE ROSE BOOK

260

Roses intended for early forcing should be dried

week or two by placing the pots on

for a

The

roses planted out under glass also should

water for two

no harm

crack,

require

re-

The shoots of roses on walls should be nailed

the same time some of the oldest stems

and

may

Repot those roses that

be done.

will

have no

Though the ground

and top dress those not needing to be

it,

potted.
in,

weeks.

three

or

off

their sides.

at

be cut out

if

they are likely to interfere with the

ripening of the fresh ones.

If roses in

pots having small flower buds are placed

in a slightly heated greenhouse, they will yield button-

holes

until

autumn and

Christmas.

buds during August.

flowers are

If

early winter,

it

is

wanted

in

late

advisable to remove the

should especially be done with

It

Papa

the thinner roses of the type of

Gontier, Corallina,

Warrior, Betty, etc.

October
This

new

is

a busy month, for planting

is

usually begun.

If

beds are to be formed, one can scarcely plant too

early in the autumn.

month

is

suitable.

Any time

after the fifteenth of this

It is wise to dispatch one's order

early to prevent disappointment, for

sold out quickly.

Many

failures

some

varieties are

have been traced to

the purchase of inferior plants because they seem to be

The beginner should not try experiments with novelties. Let him plant the well-tried
a

little

cheaper.

varieties first,
fied the

and wait

many good

until the novelties

things said of them.

have

justi-

Innumerable

OCTOBER
new

varieties are introduced

deed, that amateurs

may

well

261

many, inbe bewildered in making

year, so

each

The pages of The Gardener

a selection.

may

be studied

with advantage.

Standard Briers from the hedgerows

collected

and

feet

high,

All

planted.

number

should plant
for

forming

of

may now

who

intend

these.

Briers

half-standards,

are

be

exhibit

to

about two

most

the

desirable.

Cuttings

may

still

This

be planted.

is

a suitable

time to replant roses that appear somewhat worn out.

Dig them up and place them in soil while the ground
is

trenched and manured.

bush a shovelful or two

of

When

replanting, give each

compost consisting

of equal

and
loam, well-rotted manure, and
Roses in pots should be placed
half a pint of bonemeal.
under cover so that they may be safe from early
leaf-soil,

parts of

frosts.

Roses to be forced into early bloom may now be

purchased, but it is far better to pot up one's own plants

and thus save considerable expense

in carriage, besides

probably obtaining superior plants. Procure nice bushy

maiden plants, and pot them during the first two weeks
of the

month.

The

beautiful Polyantha roses,

if

potted

now, make excellent plants for room or conservatory.

They do not require large pots, those five inches wide
being the best.

Any

extra long shoots on rose plants

out of doors should be shortened by about one-third, to

prevent damage by gales.

"

THE ROSE BOOK

262

November
This

the busiest

is

month of the year for the planter,

lost now in getting the plants in

and no time should be

their

Avoid planting

places.

ground.

in

and " sticky

wet

better to wait until it has dried somewhat, although there are some seasons when it seems
hopeless to wait
it is best to have a supply of dry
It

is

compost at hand and work

Standard Briers

this well

among

the roots.

may

still be planted.
If they are
on land trenched the previous year they succeed
better.
In trimming the roots, do not retain too much

set out

of the "

Plant them fairly deeply, say eight or

The rows should be three feet from each

knob."

ten inches.

and the Briers twelve inches apart in the rows.

Manure should be applied now to the beds and bor-

other,

ders

yard),

a dressing of basic slag

if

summer.
it is

(six

ounces to the square

applied now, will give excellent results the next

If

the space between the plants allows of

it,

an excellent plan to open a trench down the centre

each row twelve to eighteen inches deep, and to fill

with farmyard manure. Tread it firmly and cover
with soil. Whenever manure is given now, let it be
of

this

forked beneath the

of

rose

If left

soil.

the roots cold and wet

all

The

it

left

so throughout the winter.

should be protected by a

heaped up around the base

mound

this

Tender roses

of soil or

of the plants.

keeps

surface soil

beds should be dug up roughly during

month and

is

on the surface

the winter.

If

burnt earth
the weather

very severe, bracken fern or evergreens should be

DEGEMBER

263

among the shoots. All planting ought to be

completed now if the weather keeps mild. Any soft

thrust

shoots should be cut back to within six or eight inches

this enables them to harden, and they are
of the base
;

then less liable to be injured

The

roses

in

pots

by

frost.

intended for earliest

flowering

should now be pruned and placed in a cold frame.

seed should be sown in pots of sandy soil.

Rose

December
few roses in pots should now be brought into the
greenhouse those that were pruned last month. Another

be pruned and placed in a cold frame. The

shoots of climbing roses under glass need to be well tied
for
out, the oldest growths being cut out to make room
been
have
them if necessary, though really this should

let

may

which roses are planted

out in the greenhouse should be top dressed with loam

done

earlier.

The borders

in

and bonemeal in equal parts, or pulverised sheep or

poultry manure may be used instead of the latter.
Rose seed may still be sown. Pot up seedling Briers
they will be useful for budding any choice seedling upon
under glass in May.
Stocks grown in pots should

now be

placed in the

greenhouse ready for grafting next month.

If the weather is frosty take the opportunity to wheel

manure on land that has not yet been manured. Rose

hedges and big bushes in the wild garden ought not to
be overlooked in the matter of manuring. Gaps in such
hedges

may

be

filled

up now, and new hedges planted

if

THE ROSE BOOK

264

the weather

is

mild.

Wherever a plant

of the free-grow-

shrub-like roses can be accommodated, such roses

ing,

are well worth planting.

tions

There are often vacant

posi-

admirably suited to such giant roses as Conrad

F. Meyer, Una,

etc.,

but they need plenty of space, for

they grow into bushes as big as a Lilac.

Labels of

all

sorts should

weather prevents

be made secure, and

outdoor work, the

time

if

the

should be

devoted to putting rose boxes in order and preparing

shades.

when

Such work,

if

done now,

the time of shows arrives.

will

be a great help

PART VI
Lists of Varieties for Various Purposes
Pillar Roses.

Practically

all

the Wichuraiana and

Multiflora roses

may

ten feet high.

Perpetual flowering roses suitable for

be used for

pillars,

tall

eight to

Ard's Rambler, Climbing

pillars, five to six feet high, are

Richmond, Pax, Florence H. Veitch, Griiss an Teplitz,

Hugh

Gustave Regis,

Sebus, La France de
Michel,

Madame

J. B. Clark, Johanna
Lady Waterlow, Lina Schmidt
Pereire, Trier, W. A. Richardson,

Dickson,

'89,

Isaac

Zephirine Drouhin.

Roses

for

varieties are

Weeping

The

Wichuraiana

their slender

growths droop

Standards.

most suitable

Such as Dorothy Perkins, Excelsa, Desire Bergera,

Hiawatha, Joseph Liger, Lady Godiva, Lady Gay, Leonreadily.

tine Gervais,

Shower

of Gold, Sodenia,

Perkins are especially attractive.

and White Dorothy

Some

of the Multiflora

roses and the old-fashioned climbers are also frequently

used as weeping standards.

Roses for Half-Standards.
France, Laurent Carle,

Arthur

Lady

R. Goodwin,

Greenall,

La

Lady Roberts,

Madame Edouard Herriot, Madame

Madame
Hoste, Madame Melanie Soupert, Maman Cochet, Marie
Van Houtte, Melody, Molly Sharman Crawford, Mrs. H.
Antoine Mari,

Stevens, Souvenir de G. Prat, Walter Speed,

265

and several

of

THE ROSE BOOK

266

the charming dwarf Polyantha roses, such as Orleans,

Jessie,

and

Roses

others.

Standards.

for

Dean

Caroline Testout,

Caroline

Climbing

Testout,

Hole, Fisher Holmes, Frau Karl

Druschki, General McArthur, Griiss an Teplitz, Gustav

Griinerwald,

Hugh

Dickson,

Lady Ashtown, La

W.

France,

Madame Isaac
Madame Abel

de Bulgarie,

A. Richardson.

Roses with Long Stems.

Frau Karl Druschki,

Joseph

Pirrie,

Laurent Carle,

Hill,

Soupert,

Amateur

Hugh
La

Mock,

Melanie

La

Hill,

Tosca, Lyons Rose,

Pereire, Mrs. J. Laing, Prince

Chatenay,

Joseph

Jonkheer

Dickson,

Tosca,

Avoca,

Teyssier,

J.

L.

Lady Ashtown, Lady

Madame Abel Chatenay, Madame

Madame Segond Weber, Margaret,

Mrs. A. Munt, Mrs. G. Shawyer, Mrs. John Laing, Mrs. T.

Roosevelt, Pharisaer, Prince de Bulgarie,

Roses liable

to

Fisher Holmes,

mildew.

Abel

Flower of

Carriere,

Fairfield,

Sunburst.

Dorothy Perkins,

Harry Kirk, Her

Majesty, Irish Elegance, Killarney, Leuchtfeuer,

Abel Chatenay,

Madame

Moriau,

Madame

G.

Madame
Luizet,

Margaret Dickson, Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford, Mrs.

George Shawyer, Prince Camille de Rohan, Reine Marie

Henriette, Viscountess Folkestone,

White Killarney.

Roses with Pointed Blooms of good form.

Brown, Catherine Mermet, Countess

Duchess

of Portland,

Jonkheer

J. L.

of Derby,

Dean

Hole,

Frau Karl Druschki, Horace Vernet,

Mock, Joseph

Ashtown, Margaret,

Avoca, Bessie

Madame

Hill,

Joseph Lowe, Lady

Hoste, Medea, Mrs. John

Laing, Mrs. G. Shawyer, Mrs. Myles Kennedy, Mrs. G.

W. Kershaw,

Mrs. H. Stevens, Pharisaer, Souvenir de

LISTS

OF VARIETIES

267

Gustave Prat, Sunburst, Victor Hugo, White

Maman

Cochet.

Some Fragrant

Roses.

Abel Carriere,

Alfred Colomb,

A. K. Williams, Augustine Guinoisseau, Cabbage, Captain

Hayward,

C. Lefebvre,

Duke

of

Chateau de Clos Vougeot, Conrad

O'Donel Browne, Duchess of Wellington,

F. Meyer, Dr.

Edinburgh, Elizabeth Barnes, Fisher Holmes,

General McArthur, Gloire de Dijon, Griiss an Teplitz,

Hugh Dickson, La France, Lady Alice

Van Houtte, Madame Berard, Madame
Mrs. David Jardine, Mrs.

Stanley, Louis

Isaac Pereire,

John Laing, Noella Nabonnand,

Rose a parfum de l'Hay, Victor Hugo, Viscountess Folkestone, Zephirine Drouhin.

Roses for Walls.

Edmond

Facing North

Bennett's Seedling,

Proust, Elisa Robichon, Felicite Perpetue, Flora,

Francois Crousse, Gerbe Rose,

Waterer,

Joseph Liger, Mrs. A.

Newport Fairy, Nova Zembla, Rene Andre,

Facing South Climbing K. A. Victoria,

Ruby Queen.

Climbing Liberty, Climbing Mrs. Grant, Climbing Papa

Gontier, Duchesse d'Auerstadt, Dr. Rouges, Lamarque,

Madame Moreau, Noella Nabonnand, Reve d'Or, Solfaterre,

Yellow Banksian.

Facing East

Ard's Rover, Aimee

Vibert a fleurs jaunes, Bouquet d'Or, Climbing Caroline

Testout, Conrad F. Meyer, Florence H. Veitch, Gloire

de

Dijon,

Hugh

Dickson,

Madame

Alfred

Carriere,

Mrs. Stewart Clark, Tausendschon, Zephirine Drouhin.

Facing West

Aimee Vibert,

Billiard et Barre, Climbing

Cramoisie Superieure, Climbing

Lady Ashtown, Climbing

Richmond, Madame Berard, Madame Alfred

Madame

Hector

Leuilliot,

Papillon,

Carriere,

Reine'Olga de

THE ROSE BOOK

268

Wurtemburg, Souvenir de Madame

J. Metral,

Wm.

Allen

Richardson, Zephirine Drouhin.

Roses for Exhibition.

*A. K. Williams, *Bessie Brown,

Dean Hole, *Florence Pemberton, Frau

Karl Druschki, *G. C. Waud, George Dickson, Gloire de

Caroline Testout,

Chedane Guinoisseau, Hugh Dickson, *Horace Vernet,

J.

Lady Ashtown,

B. Clark,

*Madame Melanie
Marquise Litta,

Leslie Holland,

Soupert,

Maman

*Margaret,

Mrs. Edward Mawley, *Mildred Grant,

*Mrs. John Laing, Mrs. T. Roosevelt, Mrs.

Ulrich Brunner, White

*Lyons Rose,

Cochet,

few of those marked

W.

J.

Grant,

Maman

Cochet, William Shean.

* should be grown as " maiden "

plants.

Roses for Growing under Glass.

R. Goodwin, Mrs. W.

J.

Druschki, Joseph Hill, G. C.

Ashtown,

Madame

Lady

Anna

Olivier,

Arthur

Grant, Bridesmaid, Frau Karl

Waud, Joseph Lowe, Lady

Madame Abel

Hillingdon,

Chatenay,

Hoste, Ophelia, Pharisaer, Prince de Bulgarie,

Richmond, Souvenir de Gustave Prat, Sunburst, Ulrich

Brunner.

Climbers.

W. J.
Lady Ashtown and
of Mrs.

Bouquet

d'Or, the climbing forms

Grant, Caroline Testout, K. A. Victoria.

Liberty, Florence H. Veitch,

Madame

Berard, Marechal Niel, Monsieur Desir, Niphetos, W. A.

Richardson.
Roses for Arches and Arbours.

Many

of the

Wichu-

raiana and Multiflora roses, together with some of the

Reve d'Or, W. A.
arches and arbours.

Noisettes, such as Alister Stella Gray,

Richardson, are suitable for

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;;

APPENDIX
Since the second
published,

The Rose Book were

have come into prominence,

and, third editions of

many new

varieties

and have proved to be worthy of inclusion in a collection of

The publication of a fourth edition of
this work provides an opportunity of referring to them,
for the purpose of enabling readers to keep up to date in
roses for amateurs.

their selection of reliable varieties.

Hybrid Perpetual. Frau Karl Druschki has long been

admitted to be the finest white rose, and none has been good
enough to challenge its supremacy. The new variety Candeur Lyonnaise bids fair, however, to be a serious rival
the blooms are large and of fine form, but they are of palest
sulphur colour, and lack the pure whiteness of Frau Karl
Druschki. Another Hybrid Perpetual that is likely to become popular is Paula Clegg the flowers are of bright red
;

colouring.

Louise Crette, white with lemon-yellow shading,

be recommended.
Hybrid Tea. If many of the new Hybrid Teas have failed
to fulfil the promises made for them, some have proved
worthy to rank among the best of those that now figure
prominently in rose gardens. It is a pity that the names
too, is to

chosen for new roses are not simpler and more suitable
many appear to be more unattractive than ever. Although
most raisers seem to disregard the matter, the name of a

rose

may have

success.

red roses,

something to do with the measure of its

always a demand for crimson and dark
especially if, as is usual, they are fragrant.
One

There

of the finest

is

modern

roses of this colour is

the tinting of the petals

is

W.

C.

from red to crimson.

279

Gaunt
Admiral

;;

APPENDIX

280

Ward, crimson,

is

also

good

though the blooms are not very

is another excellent redcrimson rose. One of the finest of the new pink roses is
the plant is of vigorous growth, the blooms are
C. E. Shea
For a light red rose there
well formed and freely produced.
though this can
are few better than Comte G. de Rochmur
scarcely be classed as new, it does not appear to be well

Fitzgerald

O.

Colonel

shapely.

Donald

known.

orange-carmine,

McDonald,
is

described

a pretty red rose

by catalogues

as

the blooms are rather

variety of rich and distinct

Bertram J. Walker
although
not very free-flowering it is worth growing. Henrietta, of
salmon-orange shade, is a vigorous rose that blooms profusely
the blooms are thin, it is true, but they are valuable
Cherry Page, rose-pink; Red Letter
for garden display.
Day, crimson; Madame Caristie Martel, sulphur-yellow;
Countess of Warwick, lemon-yellow with pink edge
Nellie Parker, cream-white; and Margaret Dickson Hamill,
straw-yellow, are others to be recommended of the new
Hybrid Tea roses.
There is no striking novelty to record among Tea
Tea.
practically all the new roses are of the Hybrid Tea
roses
or the Pernetiana class. Three comparatively new varieties
worthy of mention are Mrs. S. T. Wright, old gold Little
Dorrit, copper-rose; and Lady Plymouth, cream.
The best

shapely and

small,

free.

colour, bright cerise, is Mrs.

Tea

roses for the garden

white

W.

are

still

Mrs. Herbert Stevens,

R. Smith, cream-white with pink shading

Gontier, rose-crimson

Madame

Hoste, cream

Papa

Mme. An-

and rose-pink
Lady Roberts, apricotlemon tipped with crimson
Harry
Kirk, sulphur-yellow
G. Nabonnand, pale rose-yellow
Anna Olivier, rose and buff and A. Hill Gray, lemon-yellow.
This modern group contains many roses of
Pernetiana.
brilliant colouring, of which the chief varieties have been
described in the chapter devoted to them. There are now
some glorious yellow roses in commerce, and in colouring

toine Mari, cream

yellow

Hugo

Roller,

APPENDIX

281

they are a great advance upon the older sorts. The best are
Mrs Wemyss Quinn, Constance, Christine, and Golden Emblem. The most remarkable of the many new roses is the
Queen Alexandra rose the petals are vermilion, with old
gold reverse, an enchanting colour scheme.
Dwarf Polyantha.-The dwarf Polyantha or Fairy roses
have proved most useful as an edging to borders and beds
of more vigorous roses and for planting as a ground covering

between standards. They yield a profusion of blossom and

The need in this group is for a
flower for weeks together.
there is no lack of red and pink and
good yellow variety
The best
allied shades, both in novelties and old sorts.
yellow variety at present obtainable appears to be Georges
:

One

Elger.

or two of the

new

varieties are striking, notably

Evelyn Thornton, pink and

Eblouissante, scarlet-crimson
of copper and red.
shades
Luisante,
Etoile
and
yellow
Several notable adPerpetual Flowering Shrub Roses.
;

have been made to this group within recent years,

and they will undoubtedly prove of great value. The best
Danae, yellow
Moonlight, lemon-white
are Pax, white
They form
shades.
and Clytemnestra, copper and salmon
throughout
bloom
height,
and
feet
in
about
free bushes of
4
summer and early autumn. The flowers are single, or nearly
One of the finest of the old varieties is Trier, an excellent
so.
rose for a pillar 5 to 6 feet high, or for cultivating as a bush
This
it bears single white flowers throughout the summer.
shrubbery
in
the
grouping
for
type of rose bush is invaluable
or flower border, or for filling a bed on the lawn. The only
pruning needed is that afforded by cutting out some of the
r
oldest shoots in autumn.
Roses having single flowers those that
Single Roses.
possess only one row of petals have been much sought after
during the last few years. Although the flowers are fleeting
they are very beautiful, and some of the newer sorts produce
a succession of blossom for some weeks. One of the most
striking of all is Princess Mary, rich crimson, a lovely rose

ditions

APPENDIX

282
Isobel,

pale shades of rose and orange

Irish

Afterglow,

and K. of K., bright red,

Mermaid, cream
are others worthy of cultivation.
A wild rose from China,
Rosa Moyesii, is one of the most striking wild roses introduced to British gardens. It forms a big bush, and in early
summer bears moderately large, single flowers of soft rosered colour, which are followed in autumn by striking urnshaped fruits.
Climbing Roses. The most notable advance during
recent years has been in the direction of increasing the size
and improving the qualities of the blooms, and it is now
possible to grow a few rambling roses of which the flowers,
though small as compared with those from bush roses, are
The first of these to attract
of perfect shape in the bud.
orange-yellow

notice

was the variety Dr. Van

Fleet,

of pale

flesh-pink

carmine-pink shade, is another

rose of this type. Then we have Emily Gray, golden-yellow,
and Romeo, red, both roses being of rambling growth, yet
having greatly improved blooms. Scarlet Climber is another
the flowers are scarlet and of
striking new climbing rose
good size, and make a brilliant display. Several climbing
" sports " of familiar dwarf or bush roses have been obtained,
such for example as Climbing Lady Hillingdon, Climbing
Irish Fireflame, Climbing Chatenay, Climbing Marquise de
Sinety, and so on.
They are excellent for covering pillars
Careful pruning is necessary; old shoots
5 to 6 feet high.
should be cut out when it is possible to dispense with them
shade.

Miss

Helyett,

of

the time to

A New
by

do

this is

Class.

when the

Something

chief flower display is over.

roses.

The

plants,

known

new has been obtained

Tea and the Wichuraiana

quite

cross-breeding between the

as Wichuraiana-Teas, are of low,

creeping growth, and their season of blossoming

is

prolonged.

few varieties are; Agate, yellow; Iceberg, white; La

Mexique, pale rose; and Seashell, with pinkish buds and
white flowers.

INDEX
Alpine

Design in rose gardens, 162

Disbudding, 247, 251, 252
Diseases and insect pests, 210
Dog rose, the, 132

rose, the, 139

Aphides, 216

Apple

rose, the, 147

work for, 247

Arches and pillars, roses for, 83, 265
Attar of roses, 143
Austrian Brier, the, 121, 145
Ayrshire rose, the, 115, 131
April,

Banksian

Earwigs, 222
Evergreen

roses, the, 121, 140

Farmyard manure,

204, 241
February, work for, 240
Feeding roses, i53> 225
Fences and walls, roses for, 77, 267
Frames, roses in cold. 233

Basic slag, 205

Bed, an ideal rose, 167
Bee, leaf cutter, 218
Beetles, 221

Beginning well, on,

Big rose bushes, 69
Black spot, 213

Gall

Boursault roses, the, 117, 121

Boxes for exhibition, 156
the
stocks, 200
Brier, hedge, 200
the Japanese,
Austrian, 121, 145
148
Budding roses, 183 standard Briers,
256
Burnet or Scotch rose, 135
Bushes, big rose, 69
;

220

flies,

Gallica roses, 120

Bordeaux mixture, how to make, 212

Bourbon roses, 122, 140

Cabbage

116

roses, the,

Exhibition boxes, 156

roses, the, 119

Gardens, rose, 157

Grafting roses, 192

Gravel

soil, 167
Greenfly, 216, 230, 249
Greenhouse, climbing roses in the, 231
roses for the, 225 ; pruning, 227, 231,

235. 237

Green

rose, the,

102

Half-standards, 60
Hardiness of Hybrid Teas, 35
Hedges of roses, 126 Moss roses, 105 ;
pruning, 243
Penzance Briers, 108
;

Canker, 214

Caterpillars, leaf-rolling, 249

Chafers, 221
Chalk soil, 168
China or Monthly roses, the, 144;
pruning, 102
Christmas, roses at, 237
Clay soil, 167
Climbing roses in the greenhouse, 231 ;
old-fashioned, 115, pruning, 181 ;
Teas, 90, 97

Hoeing, value of, 255

Hybrid Chinese roses, the, 117, 118
pruning, 25, 26
Perpetuals, 22
Teas, 32 climbing, 36 pruning, 36
;

'

Initial pruning, the, 179

Insect pests, 216
Insecticides, 216

January, work

Cuttings, 186, 246

for, 239
Japanese Briers, 71, 148
July, work for, 255
June, work for, 252

Damask rose, the, 119, 142

De la Grigeraie stock, 203

Layering
Lime and

Cross-fertilisation of roses, 196

Cuckoo

spit,

253

283

roses, 190

sulphur, 211

Moss

roses, 101

;;
;

INDEX

284

Red

Liquid manure, 205

rose, the, 112

spider, 230
Reddish-leaved rose, the, 148
Replanting roses, 171
Repotting roses, 231, 235, 236
Rosa agrestis, 131 alba, 120 Alberti,
alpina, 139
139
arvensis, 131 ;
Banksiae, 140
blanda, 140
bourboniana, 140
bracteata, 141
californica, 141
canina, 132
Carolina,

Lyons

Macartney

rose, the, 141

Maggots, receipt for

killing,

128

Maiden

plants, 154, 253

Maiden's blush roses, the, 120
Manetti stock, the, 202

Manure, farmyard, 204

Manures for roses, 204, 241
March, work for, 244

141
142

May, work for, 249

Mildew, 113, 211, 243, 256
Monthly or China roses, the, 100, 144

;
;

cinnamomea, 141

damascena,

ferox, 143

gallica,

r44

143

fortuneana, 143 ;
\
gigantea, 144 hugonis,
;

Moths, 220

indica, 144; involuta, 133;

laevigata, T45 ; lutea,
145 ; macrophylla,
micrantha,
146
134
microphylla, 146
mollis, 134 ; moschata, 146 Moyesii, 147 multiflora,

Multiflora roses, the, 16

17, 147

Musk

noisettiana, 147 ;
pomifera,
147
rubella,
rubiginosa,
134 ;
135 ;
rubrifolia,
rugosa,
148
148 ;
setigera, 149
sericea, 148 ; Soulei,
149 spinosissima, 135 stylosa, 136 ;
tomentosa, 136 ; virginiana, 149 ;
webbiana, 149; Wichuraiana, 61,

Moss

rose, 103, r43

layering,

105

pruning, 104

rose, the, 146

New

roses, 123 , 279 ; raising, 197

Noisette roses, the, 116, r47

Mundi, 119

muscosa, 143

Old-fashioned climbing

roses, 115

Old-world roses, 118

Orange rust, 246

150

xanthina, 150

Rose Abel Carriere, 28 Admiral Dewey,

Alberic
39 American Pillar, 19
Barbier, r3
A. K. Williams, 28
Alexander Hill Gray, 91
Amadis,
;

Pegging down,

25, 180

Penzance Briers, 107

Pernetiana roses, no
pruning, 114
Perpetual Moss roses, T05
Persian Brier, no; yellow rose, the,
121
Pillars and arches, roses for, 83, 265
Planting, 7, 88, 169, 240, 244
hedges,
standards, 55
127
Polyantha roses, the dwarf, 124
the
large-flowered, 124
Wichuraiana
Pompon
roses, the, 124
Potassium sulphide, 212
Pots, roses in, 227
Preparing for rose planting, 241
Protecting roses, 35, 89, 245
Provence roses, the, 119
Pruning, r72, 245, 248
after planting,
arch and pillar roses, 85
climb9
ing roses, 181
hedges, 128, 243
Hybrid Perpetuals, 25, 26; Hybrid
Moss roses, 104
Teas, 36
multiflora roses, 18
Pernetiana roses, 114
ramblers, 256
roses under glass,
23ii 235, 247; standards, 56; Tea
roses, 89
the initial, 179 ; wall
;

roses, 81

Wichuraiana

roses,

117; Amateur Teyssier, 39; Andre

Gamon, 39 Anemone, 145
Anna
Chartron, 91 Anna Olivier, 91 Anne
;

of Geierstein, 108

Antoine Rivoire,

Ard's Pillar, 49 Ard's rambler,

Arethusa, roi
Arthur R.
in Augustine Guinoisseau, 39 ; Aurore, 101
Aviateur
Bleriot, 13
Avoca, 39, 49
Bardou
Beaute de Lyon, in
Job, 49
Beaute
Inconstante,
Belle
91
Lyonnaise, 97
Bennett's Seedling,
Bessie Brown, 39
Betty, 40
115
Betty Berkeley, 92
Billiard et
Barre, 97
Blairii No. 2, 117, 119
Blush Rambler, 19 Blush Boursault,
39
49

Goodwin,

117; Bouquet d'Or,

97I;

British Queen,

40 bushes, big, 69 Captain Hayward,

Caroline Testout, 40 ;
28 ; Carine, 40
Catherine Mermet, 92
Catherine
Seyton,
108 ;
Chateau de Clos
Charles Lawson, 118
Vougeot, 40
Charles Lefebvre, 28 Chenedole, 119
Cheshunt Hybrid, 34, 49 Chin Chin,
Climbing
101 ; Cissie Easlea, in
Captain Christy, 49 ; Caroline TesKaiserin
tout, 49 ; devoniensis, 97
Augusta Victoria, 50
La France,
Liberty,
50 ; Lady Ashtown, 50
50 ; Papa Gontier, 98 ; Perle des
;

Raising new roses, 197

Ramblers as big bushes, 74

perpetual
flowering, 123
Recipe for killing maggots, 128
Recipes for liquid manures, 208
;

;;;;;

; ;

INDEX
Mrs. W. J. Grant, 50 ;
Jardins, 98
Niphetos, 98 ; Clio, 28 ; Comtesse
du Cayla, 101 Cloth of Gold, 117
Commandant Felix Faure, 28
Comtesse de Nadaillac, 92 ; Festetics
112
Constance,
Hamilton, 92 ;
Conrad F. Meyer, 70
Coquina, 13
Cramoisie Superieure,
Corallina, 92
101 ; Crested Provence, 119; Crimson Rambler, 19 ; Crimson Damask,
Countess of Derby, 41 ; Coun119
Coup
Shaftesbury, 41
tess
of
;

Bergera, 13 ; Desprez
a fleurs jaunes, 116 ; Deutschland,
Dorothy Perkins, 13 Ducher,
112
Duchess of Wellington, 41 ;
101 ;
Duchesse d'Auerstadt, 98 Duke of
Dundee Rambler,
Edinburgh, 28
Dupuy Jamain, 29 ; Dr.
115 ;
Dr. Rouges, 98 ; Earl of
Grill, 92
Edu
Ecarlate, 41
Warwick, 41
Meyer, 41 ; Edward Mawley, 42
Elisa Robichon, 13
Electra, 19 ;
Entente
Barnes,
Elizabeth
42 ;
E. Veyrat Hermanos,
Cordiale, 42
Euphrosyne,
19;
Ethel,
13;
98;
Excelsa, 14 ; Farben Konigin, 42
Felicite Parmentier, 116, 120 Fisher
Holmes, 29; Flora, 116; Flora
Mclvor, 108 ; Florence H. Veitch,
Flower of Fairfield,
19
42
Francois
Crousse,
Francois
50 ;
gardens,
Gardenia,
14 ;
Foucard, 14
General
162 ;
design in,
157 ;
Jacqueminot, 29 General McArthur,
42 General Shablikine, 92 George
Gloire de Chedane
C. Waud, 42;
Gloire de Dijon,
Guinoisseau, 29
G. Nabonnand, 9a ; Goldfinch,
98
Keller,
112; George
19; Gottfried
Dickson, 42: Gracilis, 117; Grand
Due Adolphe de Luxembourg, 42
growing for exhibition, 151 ; Griiss
Griiss an Teplitz,
an Aachen, 124
Gustav Griinerwald, 43 ;
50, 72
Harrisoni, 121,
Gustave Regis, 50
Harry Kirk, 93 ; Hedges, 126 ;
136
Helen e
pruning, 128
planting, 127
Hiawatha, 14 ; Hon. Edith
20
Horace Vernet, 29
Gifford, 93 ;
Hugh Dickson, 29, 73 ; Hugo Roller,
Morletti,
Inermis
117 ; Isabella
93
Gray, 117
J- B. Clark, 43. 74
Jean Note, 43 ;
James Coey, 43
Johanna
Philippe,
Jeanne
93 ;
Johannisfeuer,
Sebus, 43, 50, 74
Jonkheer J. L. Mock, 43
112
Joseph Billiard, 14 Joseph Hill, 43 ;

Desire

,-

Lady Penzance, 108

Lady Pirrie,
Lady Roberts, 93
Lady
44
Waterlow, 50
Lamarque, 116
Laurent Carle, 44
Le Progres, 45
Leda, 120
Leontine Gervais, 14 ;
Leopoldine d' Orleans, 116
Les
Rosatis, 112; Leslie Holland, 45;
Leuchtfeur, 101
Leuchtstern, 20
Liberty, 45
Lieutenant Chaure, 45
LongLina Schmidt Michel, 51
worth Rambler, 51
Louis Barbier,
Louis
Van Houtte, 29;
112;
Catherine Breslau, 112
Lucy Bertram, 109
M. Desir, 51
M. Paul
Madame Abel Chatenay,
Lede, 46
Madame
Antoine
Mari, 93
45
Madame Berard, 98
Madame
Charles Lutaud, 45
Madame Chedane Guinoisseau, 94 Madame ConMadame Cusin,
stant Soupert, 94
Madame Edmond Rostand, 45 ;
94
Madame Edouard Herriot, 113;
;

d'Hebe, 119; Dawn, 50; de Meaux,

Debutante,
Dean Hole, 41
119
;

13

285

Julia Mannering,
108 ;
Juliet,
118 ;
112,
Juno,
Kaiserin
Augusta Victoria, 44
La Biche, 117
Killarney, 44
La France, 23, 44 La Tosca, 44 ;
Lady
La Ville de Bruxelles, 120
Lady Ashtown,
Alice Stanley, 44
Lady
Battersea,
44 ;
44 ; Lady Gay,
Lady Godiva, 14
Lady
14
Greenall, 44
Lady Hillingdon, 93 ;

Joseph Liger, 14

Madame Eugene Resal, 101 Madame

Madame Hardy, 120
Falcot, 94
Madame
Hector
Leuilliot,
51
Madame Hoste, 94 Madame Jean
Madame
Dupuy, 94
Jules GravMadame Jules Grolez,
ereaux, 98
Madame Jules Siegfried, 99
45
Madame Legras, 120
Madame
Leon Pain, 45
Madame Melanie
Soupert, 46
Madame Moreau, 99
Madame Plantier, 119
Madame
Ravary, 46
Madame Ruau, 113
Madame Segond Weber, 46 Madame
Maman Cochet,
Victor Verdier, 30
;

94 Marechal Niel, 117, 232 Margaret

Marie Van Houtte,
Dickson, 30
Marquise
de
Sinety,
4.6
94
Meg Merrilees, 109
Medea, 95
Melody, 46
Meta, 95
Mildred
Miniature Provence,
Grant, 46
Minnehaha, 14
Minna, 109
119
Miss Alice de Rothschild, 95
Molly
Sharman Crawford, 95
Morletti,
Mrs. A. R. Waddell, 46
121
Mrs. Alfred Tate, 46
Mrs. Alfred
Mrs. Amy HamWestmacott, 95
mond, 46
Mrs. B. R. Cant, 95 :
Mrs. Bosanquet, 101
Mrs. David
;

;
;

INDEX

286
McKee, 47

Mrs. E. G. Hill, 47 ;
Mrs.
F. W.
;
Flight, 201 ; Mrs. Foley Hobbs, 95 ;
Mrs.
Mrs. G. W. Kershaw, 47
Mrs. George
George Beckwith, 113
Mrs. Harold BrockleShawyer, 47
bank, 47 Mrs. Herbert Stevens, 95 ;
Mrs. Myles
Mrs. John Laing, 30
Kennedy, 96 ; Mrs. R. G. Sharman
Mrs. Sam Ross, 47 ;
Crawford, 30
Mrs.
Sophia Neate,
Mrs.
96
Mrs. W. J.
Stewart Clark, 47, 73
Grant, 48 ; Mrs. Wakefield Christie
Myrianthes Renoncule,
Miller, 47
Nita
Newport Fairy, 14
116
Welldon, 96 ; Noella Nabonnand,
99 Nova Zembla, 71 Oeillet Parfait,
Ophirie, 117 ; Oraoenta, 48 ;
121
Papillon, 99
Papa Gontier, 96
Paul Perras, 118 ; Paul Transon, 14 ;
Pharisaer,
Peace, 96
Paula, 96
Rambler, 20 ;
Philadelphia
48 ;
Pink Rover, 51
Pink China, 101
Rohan, 30 ;
Prince Camille de
Prince de Bulgarie, 48 ; Princesse
de Sagan, 96 ; Queen Mab, 101
Reine Marie
Rayon d'Or, 113
Henriette, 37, 51 ; Reine Olga de
Wurtemburg, 51; Rene Andre, 15;
Richmond, 48 ; Robert Craig, 15 ;
Rodophile Gravereaux, 113 ; Rosette
Rubin,
de la Legion d'Honneur, 51
;

Edward Mawley, 95
Mrs.
Edward Powell, 47
Mrs.

Sarah Bernhardt,

Ruga, 115;

20;

Sheilagh
Schneeball, 15
74
Shower of Gold, 15
Wilson, 51
Sodenia, 15 ; Soleil d' Angers, 113
Souvenir de
Soleil d'Or, no, 113
Souvenir de
Gustave Prat, 48
Souvenir
de
Malmaison,
122
la
Madame Metral, 51 Souvenir de
Maria de Zayas, 48 ; Souvenir de
Souvenir de
Pierre Notting, 96
Sulphurea, 97
S. A. Prince, 97
Sunburst, 48 Suzanne Marie RodoSylvia, 15
Tausendcanachi, 30
the
Tea Rambler, 20
schon, 20
the
the Apple, 147
Alpine, 139
the Cherokee, 145
Bourbon, 122
the Dog, 132
the Damask, 142
the Lyons, 112; the
the Green, 102
the Musk, 146
Macartney, 141
the Persian Yellow, 121, the Prairie,
149; the reddish-leaved, 148; the
Seven Sisters, 116 the Sweet Brier,
Trier, 20
the Thornless, 72
135
Triomphe de Rennes, 117; Ulrich
Veilchenblau, 21
Brunner, 31
Village Maid, 121
Victor Hugo, 31
ViscountViscountess Enfield, 113
57,

ess Folkestone, 49 ; W. A. Richardson, 117 ; W. R. Smith, 97 ; Wallflower, 21 ;

Waltham Bride, 21 ;

Warrior, 49

White Dorothy Per-

Willowmere, 114; York

and Lancaster, 119; 142, Zephirine
Drouhin, 72
Roses, after flowering, pot, 230
and
other flowers, 62
budding, 183
kins, 15;

climbing

in the greenhouse, 231

cross-fertilisation of, 196 ; feeding
for
;
arches and pillars, 83
153
pruning, 85 ; for the greenhouse
225 ; for the mixed border, 24
walls and fences, 77 ; from cuttings
186 ; from seed, 194 ; grafting, 192

greenhouse, pruning, 227, 231, 235

in cold frames, 233
in pots
237
227, 254 ; in the mixed border, 63
layering, 190
Maiden, 154 ; new
classes of, 123 on walls, pruning, 81
training, 38 ; planting, 171
prun
ing, 172 ;
pruning climbing, 181
raising new, 197
replanting, 171
;

repotting, 231, 235, 236

shade for
soils for, 166 ; stocks for, 200
155
201 ; the Ayrshire, 115 ; the Bank
sian, 117, 122
the Boursault, 117
the Cabbage or Provence, 119
121
the Damask, 119
the dwarf Poly
antha, 124 ;
the evergreen, 116
the hybrid Chinese
the gallica, 121
the large-flowered Poly
117, 118
antha, 124
the Noisette, 116, 147
;

the Pompon Wichuraiana,

124
transplanting old
the Scotch, 121
under glass, pruning, 227
243
231, 235, 237 ; the Wichmoss, 124
of Britain, the wild, 130
Rust, Rose, 213
;

Sandy soil, 168

Sawflies, 217
Scotch or Burnet rose, the, 121, 135
Seed, roses from, 194
Seedling roses, 247
Shades for roses, 155
Situation, soil, and planting, 165
Skeleton houses, roses in, 237
tea roses, 88
Soil for roses, 166
Spider, red, 230
Staking standards, 55
Standard roses, 52 half-, 60 ; "planting,
staking, 55 ;
pruning, 56
55 ;
;

weeping, 57
stocks for, 253
for roses,
Stocks, cutting back, 242
potting Brier,
201
planting, 242
;

246
Suckers, 57

Sweet Brier,

the, 135

INDEX
Tea

climbing, 90 ; for exroses, 87

prohibition, 250 ; planting, 88 ;
tecting, 89 ; pruning, 89 ; soil for,

88
Thornless rose, the, 72
Thrips, 222, 253
Tonks' manure, 206
Top dressing, 256
Trainers for roses, 59
Training roses on walls, 38
Transplanting old roses, 243

Violas

287
in rose beds, 67

Wall

roses, pruning, 81
Walls and fences, roses for, 77
Watering, 248, 251 ; wall roses, 87

Weeping standards, 57 pruning, 59

Wichmoss roses, the, 124
;

Wichuraiana roses, 5, 13
Wild roses of Britain, 130

of other

lands, the, 138

York and

Lancaster rose, the, 119, 142

Printed
Cassell

&

in

England by

Company, Limited, London, E.G4.

15-422

Thomas,

H.

H./The rose book a complete

:

5185 00145 7389

Ha
W&BBR

wHmm

Warn

MB