The mobile communications industry has evolved in three stages:

Three generations of mobile phones have emerged so far, each successive generation more reliable and flexible than the last: i. ii. iii. Analog: You could only easily use analogue cellular to make voice calls, and typically only in any one country. Digital mobile phone systems added fax, data and messaging capabilities as well as voice telephone service in many countries. Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new video, audio and other applications through mobile phones- allowing music and television and the Internet to be accessed through a mobile terminal.

With each new generation of technology, the services which can de deployed on them becomes more and more wide ranging and truly limited only by imagination. We are reaching that stage with 3G. During the first and second generations different regions of the world pursued different mobile phone standards, but are converging to a common standard for mobile multimedia called Third Generation (3G) that is based on CDMA technology. Europe pursued NMT and TACS for analog and GSM for digital, North America pursued AMPS for analog and a mix of TDMA, CDMA and GSM for digital. 3G will bring these incompatible standards together, and the aim of this paper is to discuss the optimal migration path for mobile network operators to get from their existing 2G digital systems to the 3G world. In simple terms,third generation (3g) services combine high speed mobile access with internet protocol (IP)-based services.But this doesnt mean fast connection to the world wideweb.Rather ,whole new ways to communicate ,access information , conduct business , learn and be entertained liberated from slow , cumbersome equipment and immovable point of access. The Third Generation of mobile communications systems will soon by implemented. Following on the heals of analog and digital technology, the Third Generation will be digital mobile multimedia offering broadband mobile communications with voice, video, graphics, audio and other information.

This transition is shown in Table 1 below:

Generation Type Analog Digital Time 1980s 1990s Description Voice centric, multiple standards (NMT, TACS etc.) Voice centric, multiple standards (GSM, CDMA, TDMA) Introduction of new higher speed data services to bridge the gap between the second and Third Generation, including services such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Voice and data centric, single standard with multiple modes

First Second

2.5

Higher Rate Data

Late 1990s

Third

Digital Multimedia

2010s

3G Features Packet everywhere

With Third Generation (3G), the information is split into separate but related packets before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. Packet switching is similar to a jigsaw puzzle- the image that the puzzle represents is divided into pieces at the manufacturing factory and put into a plastic bag. During transportation of the now boxed jigsaw from the factory to the end user, the pieces get jumbled up. When the recipient empties the bag with all the pieces, they are reassembled to form the original image. All the pieces are all related and fit together, but the way they are transported and assembled varies. Packet switched data formats are much more common than their circuit switched counterparts. Other examples of packet-based data standards include TCP/IP, X.25, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). As such, whilst packet switching is new to the GSM world, it is well established elsewhere. In the mobile world, CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), PDCP (Personal Digital Cellular Packet), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and wireless X.25 technologies have been in operation for several years. X.25 is the international public access packet radio data network standard. 2

Internet everywhere
The World Wide Web is becoming the primary communications interface- people access the Internet for entertainment and information collection, the intranet for accessing company information and connecting with colleagues and the extranet for accessing customers and suppliers. These are all derivatives of the World Wide Web aimed at connecting different communities of interest. There is a trend away from storing information locally in specific software packages on PCs to remotely on the Internet. When you want to check your schedule or contacts, instead of using a software package such as Act!, you go onto the Internet site such as a portal. Hence, web browsing is a very important application for packet data

High speed
Speeds of up to 2 Megabits per second (Mbps) are achievable with Third Generation (3G). The data transmission rates will depend upon the environment the call is being made in- it is only indoors and in stationary environments that these types of data rates will be available. For high mobility, data rates of 144 kbps are expected to be availablethis is only about three times the speed of todays fixed telecoms modems 3G enables users to transmit voice, data, and even moving images. In order to realize these services, 3G improves the data transmission speed up to 144Kbps in a high-speed moving environment, 384Kbps in a low-speed moving environment, and 2Mbps in a stationary environment. 3G provides services like Internet connection, transmission of large-scale data and moving contents photographed by digital cameras and videos, and software downloading. At present, maximum data transmission speed is 64Kbps offered by NTT DoCoMo's 3G services, and toward early 2001, 384Kbps will be possible. At the early stage of 3G services, an 144Kbps-transmission speed is expected. By around 2005 when 3G is in general use, a maximum speed of 2Mbps will be possible.

New Applications, Better Applications

Third Generation (3G) facilitates several new applications that have not previously been readily available over mobile networks due to the limitations in data transmission speeds. These applications range from Web Browsing to file transfer to Home Automation- the ability to remotely access and control in-house appliances and machines. Because of the bandwidth increase, these applications will be even more easily available with 3G than they were previously with interim technologies such as GPRS.

Service Access:
To use third generation(3G) user need:

A mobile phone or terminal that supports Third Generation (3G) A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports Third Generation (3G) Use of Third Generation (3G) must be enabled for that user.Automatic access to the 3G may be allowed by some mobile network operators, others will charge a monthly subscription and require a specific opt-in to use the service as they do with other nonvoice mobile services Knowledge of how to send and/ or receive Third Generation (3G) information using their specific model of mobile phone, including software and hardware configuration (this creates a customer service requirement)

These user requirements are not expected to change much for the meaningful use of 3G

3G System Capabilities
Key features of 3G systems are a high degree of commonality of design worldwide, compatibility of services, use of small pocket terminals with worldwide roaming capability, Internet and other multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals. Capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit rates: 144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic 384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic Interoperability and roaming Common billing/user profiles: Sharing of usage/rate information between service providers Standardized call detail recording Standardized user profiles Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles and report it to both the network and the mobile terminal Support of multimedia services/capabilities: Fixed and variable rate bit traffic Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links Multimedia mail store and forward

Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second

3G Network 3G services work together with existing ones

Today's mobile networks were originally optimized for voice traffic. To carry large amounts of data traffic quickly and cost-effectively improved radio interfaces will be needed, capable of providing higher-bandwidth connections to more users simulateously Wideband radio technology has been optimized for multimedia services and high-speed Internet access. It will also be very spectrum-efficient, helping make the most of available spectrum. Radio access for 3G will be provided in two ways: the addition of new wideband radio technology to make use of newly available radio spectrum; and the evolution of current radio technology to provide higher-speed capabilities. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recommendations for the IMT2000 standard for next-generation services, a data rate of 2Mbit/s indoors is envisaged. In the wide-area environment - on suburban streets, on the train or in the car, for example IMT-2000 envisages a data rate of up to 384kbit/s. Multi-band, multi-mode phones have already shown how innovative terminal design can make the frequency of the radio access an irrelevance for users of mobile setvices. In the same way, "2G/3G-capable" dual-mode phones will provide transparent access to services delivered over different radio networks. 3G coverage can be built out in line with market demand - as an overlay network, for example

What is the effect of 3G?

Implementing 3G does not just mean standardizing a new radio interface. New techniques and evolution strategies for delivering 3G are needed for all levels of the network. When the current mobile standards were developed, they were generally applied right across the network. A GSM network is GSM at the handset, radio communications and core network levels. Much the same goes for TDMA (ANSI-136 digital mobile standard) and cdmaOne (ANSI-95, a CDMA-based digital mobile standard). In the case of 3G, a different approach is being taken. There is one standardization process for the radio network and another for the core network. That is why, when the industry talks about 3G wideband Radio Transmission Technologies (RTTs), it is only the radio communications part of the network that is being discussed. The core network is being developed and standardized in parallel, and in many cases will be an evolution of today's core networks. There will be a core network that has transport "pipes" for information flow, nodes that route the traffic, and nodes where the services are located. The core network will also have connections to other wired and mobile networks, to provide interconnectivity with the global telecoms networks. Connected to 5

this core network will be the mobile radio network, providing the wideband interface for users.

Strategies for migration to these 3G capabilities from today's GSM, cdmaOne and TDMA networks envisage that evolved and new wideband radio networks will be able to share a common core network. History and commercial reality dictate that 3G will need to be provided across a wide range of radio frequencies and techniques, switching platforms and transmission technologies. Once standards have been agreed, the focus will be on the services and applications rather than the technologies used to deliver them.

How will 3G standards look?

There will be a "family of standards" for 3G covering new Radio Transmission Technology (RU). A number of proposals for the IMT-2000 3G standard were submitted to the ITU during 1998. Since this time, the industry and standards bodies have coordinated their efforts to harmonize the IMT-2000 candidates and arrive at a smaller set of standards. The Operators Harmonization Group (OHG) - a group of major operators from all parts of the world - has played a key role in this process, and agreed on a set of standards in May 1999.

The chart shows a standardized evolution path for mobile wireless system from 2G to 3G.

This family of standards includes one GDMA-based standard with three optional modes Multi-Carrier (Mc) Direct Spread (DS) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) and one TDMA hased standard (EDGE). The radio standards can he combined with different core network standards (GSM MAP or ANSI-41) and operate in different frequency hands. The Multi-Carrier (Mc) mode is also called cdma2000 Mc; and the Direct Spread (DS) Mode is also called WCDMA. The UMTS standard covers WCDMA, TDD and GSM/MAP. 6

Where is the new radio spectrum?

International standards and regulatory bodies have set aside radio frequency in the 2GHz band. In 1992, the World Administrative Radio Conference(WARC) allocated 230MHZ of new radio spectrum to terrestrial and satellite services. Of this, the ITU has set aside 155MHZ in the 2GHZ band for terrestrial 3G services, as shown in the chart. Spectrum has been allocated in Europe and Japan in two 2GHZ bands, close to those recommended by the ITU, to meet these requirements. In the USA, much of the lower 2GHZ band allocated for IMT-2000 at WARC has been consumed by PCS spectrum allocations.

The Radio Frequency Spectrum

300MHz - 600MHz 600MHz - 1.5GHz NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephone System TV Terrestrial Television, analog and didital GSM900 Global System for Mobile Communications GRRS General Packet Radio Service CT-1 Cordless Telephone GPS Global Positioning System GSM1800 Global System for Mobile Communications DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone System 3G UMTS Univeral Mobile Telecommunications System WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Bluetooth Microwave Oven Hiperlan High Performance Local Area Network FWA Fixed Wireless Access

1.5GHz - 3GHz

3GHz - 6GHz

What is 3G?
A radio communications technology that will create a "bit pipe" for providing mobile access to internet-based services. It will enhance and extend mobility in many areas of our lives. In the near future, mobility won't be an add-on: it will become a fundamental aspect of many services. We'll expect high-speed access to the internet, entertainment, information and electronic commerce (e-commerce) services wherever we are - not just at our desktop computers, home PCs or television sets.

3G services will add an invaluable mobile dimension to services that are already becoming an integral part of modern business life: Internet and Intranet access, videoconferencing, and interactive application sharing. 2G Wireless The technology of most current digital mobile phones Features includes: - Phone calls - Voice mail - Receive simple email messages Speed: 10kb/sec Time to download a 3min MP3 song: 31-41 min 2.5G Wireless The best technology now widely available Features includes: - Phone calls/fax - Voice mail -Send/receive large email messages - Web browsings - Navigation/maps - New updates Speed: 64-144kb/sec Time to download a 3min MP3 song: 6-9min 3G Wireless Combines a mobile phone, laptop PC and TV Features includes: - Phone calls/fax - Global roaming - Send/receive large email messages - High-speed Web Navigation/maps Videoconferencing - TV streaming

- Electronic agenda meeting reminder. Speed: 144kb/sec-2mb/sec Time to download a 3min MP3 song: 11sec-1.5min But 3G is not just about applications that require high speed data rates. Its about convienience and speed of access FEATURES 1G AMPS -Analog voice service - No data service 2G CDMA Code Division Multiple Access - Digital voice service - 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access - CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer oneGSM Global System for Mobile way data transmissions only Communications - Enhanced calling features like caller PDC Personal digital cellular ID - No always-on data connection 3G W-CDMA Wide-band Code Division Multiple - Superior voice quality Access - Up to 2M bit/sec. always-on data CDMA- Based on the Interim Standard-95 - Broadband data services like video and multimedia 2000 CDMA standard - Enhanced roaming TDTime-division synchronous codeSCDMA division multiple-access The packet based IP (Internet Protocol) technology that will form the core of future services will mean we can be on-line constantly: e-mail messages with file attachments will download to hand-held terminals instantaneously; at the push of a button well be connected to our company network. Well have this "anytime access" with charging geared more towards how much information we are sending than to how long we are connected. There will also be a growing need for mobile users to interact with machines, and for machines to interact with other machines, over radio connections reporting faults, ordering new stock, or relaying location details whenever required.Companies outside telecoms today will take advantage of 3G to develop innovative new services. TECHNOLOGY Advanced Mobile Phone Service

When will 3G be rolled out?

NTT DoCoMo already launched the world's first commercialised third-generation "FOMA" mobile communication service on October 1, 2001. "FOMA" is the name used in Japan for NTT DoCoMo's 3G service.The question of 3G deployment is not a technical issue, but a regulatory and economic one. Subscriber demand is the key factor: 9

user expectations for mobile services are being raised, and for any successful 3G license bidder time to market will be critical. The way 3G is rolled out in a particular market will depend entirely on the business plans of the mobile operators, and the license requirements imposed by the regulatory authorities. So when will mobile multimedia actually arrive?!! Here's your inside track on when and where we will see 3G. Whenever a new service is introduced, there are a number of stages before it becomes established. 3G service developments will include standardization, infrastructure development, network trials, contracts placed, network roll out, availability of terminals, application development, and so on. These stages for 3G are shown below: Date Throughout 1999 2000 May 2000 2000 2000 2001 Summer of 2001 Start of 2002 Throughout 2002 2002/3 Milestone 3G radio interface standardization took place, and initial 3G live technical demonstrations of infrastructure and concept terminals shown Continuing standardization with network architectures, terminal requirements and detailed standards The formal approval of the IMT-2000 Recommendations will be made at the ITU Radio communication Assembly in early May 3G licenses for phase 1 spectrum are awarded by governments around Europe and Asia WRC 2000 Spectrum Review of 3G Phase 2 spectrum. 3G trials and integration commence 2001 3G launched in Japan (by NTT DoCoMo and others) First commercial deployment of 3G services become available in Europe Basic 3G capable terminals begin to be available in commercial quantities Network operators launch 3G services commercially and roll out 3G.-Vertical market and executive 3G early adopters begin using 3G regularly for nonvoice mobile communications New 3G specific applications, greater network capacity solutions,

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more capable terminals become available, fuelling 3G usage 2004 2005 3G will have arrived commercially and reached critical mass in both corporate and consumer sectors. 3G Phase 2 spectrum expected to be available, subject to WRC

Mobile phone and data standards 0G : ORP 1G

NMT AMPS GSM iDEN D-AMPS cdmaOne

2G

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well. While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM operators. Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and CDMA2000 1x-RTT for CDMA, can qualify as "3G" services (because they have a data rate of above 144 kbit/s), but are considered by most to be 2.5G services (or 2.75G which sounds even more sophisticated) because they are several times slower than "true" 3G services.

PDC 2.5G : GPRS 2.75G : EDGE 3G

W-CDMA 2G is the current generation of full digital mobile phone systems. It transmits o UMTS primarily voice but is used for circuit-switched data service and SMS as well. o FOMA CDMA2000 1xEV 11

TD-SCDMA 3.5G : HSDPA 4G

3G is now the third generation of mobile phone systems. They provide both a packetswitched and a circuit-switched domain from the beginning. It requires a new access network, different from that already available in 2G systems. Due to cost and complexity, rollout of 3G has been somewhat slower than anticipated.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with Release 97 and onwards. First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP.

GPRS service
GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997, the year the standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilisation where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving e-mails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that require intermittent data transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth. Usually, GPRS data are billed per kilobytes of information transceived while circuitswitched data connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect the fact that even during times when no data are being transferred, the bandwidth is unavailable to other potential users.

2.75G: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) ,is a digital mobile
phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks. This technology works in TDMA and GSM networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades.

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EDGE provides Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), which can be used for any packet switched applications such as an Internet connection. High-speed data applications such as video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS' increased data capacity. In addition to GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying) EDGE uses 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) for its upper five of the nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) due to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy, which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding. EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 time slots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 time slots) in packet mode and will therefore meet the International Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of this service also. EDGE has been introduced into GSM networks around the world since 2003, initially in North America. EDGE is actively supported by GSM operators in North America. Some GSM operators elsewhere view UMTS as the ultimate upgrade path and either plan to skip EDGE altogether or use it outside the UMTS coverage area. However, the high cost and slow uptake of UMTS (as demonstrated by the upstart network 3) have resulted in fairly common support for EDGE in the global GSM/GPRS market. Although EDGE requires no hardware changes to be made in GSM core networks, base stations must be modified. An EDGE compatible tranceiver unit must be installed and base station system needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. New mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to decode/encode using the new shift keying scheme. Whether EDGE is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While Class 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and above devices perform at a higher bandwidth than other technologies conventionally considered as 3G (such as 1xRTT). With a maximum bandwidth of 236,8 kbit/s at Class 10, EDGE transcends both common 2G and 3G definitions.

THE 3G TECHNOLOGIES: W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) , a type of 3G cellular
network. W-CDMA is the technology behind the 3G UMTS standard and is allied with the 2G GSM standard.

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More technically, W-CDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum 3G mobile telecommunication air interface that utilizes code division multiple access (or CDMA the general multiplexing scheme, not to be confused with CDMA the standard).

History:
W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. Later, W-CDMA was selected as the air interface for UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM.

Misconceptions:
In the mobile phone world, the term CDMA can refer to either the Code Division Multiple Access spread spectrum multiplexing technique, or the CDMA family of standards developed by Qualcomm, including cdmaOne (IS-95) and CDMA2000 (IS2000 and IS-856). The CDMA multiplexing technique existed long before Qualcomm used it for its IS-95 protocol. However, this protocol is now widely referred to as "CDMA" for its principal characteristic of using the CDMA multiplexing scheme to share multiple connections divided by different codes (PN sequences) over the same spectrum channel, as opposed to other spectrum division schemes (e.g. GSM's TDMA W-CDMA also uses the CDMA multiplexing technique, due to its advantages over other multiple access techniques such as TDMA, and has many similarities to the Qualcomm standards. Indeed, Qualcomm receives royalties due to the unavoidable use of its patents and research in the implementation of the CDMA multiplexing technique in W-CDMA. However W-CDMA is more than a multiplexing standard. W-CDMA is a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, etc.

In summary:

The term CDMA in the mobile world typically refers to the CDMA family of standards developed by Qualcomm. They are protocols, sets of defined specifications of mobile communications CDMA (the multiplexing technique) is used as the principle of the W-CDMA air interface protocol, as well as Qualcomm's CDMA protocols W-CDMA strictly refers to a mobile phone protocol with detailed specifications, as defined in IMT-2000

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The W-CDMA protocol was developed independently of the CDMA protocol developed by Qualcomm, although drawing on Qualcomm's research The CDMA family of standards (including cdmaOne and CDMA2000) are not compatible with the W-CDMA family of standards

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the thirdgeneration (3G) mobile phone technologies. It uses W-CDMA as the underlying standard, is standardized by the 3GPP, and represents the European/Japanese answer to the ITU IMT-2000 UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing the combination of the 3G nature of the technology and the GSM standard which it was designed to succeed. requirements for 3G Cellular radio systems

Preface
This article discusses the technology, business, usage and other aspects encompassing and surrounding UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM which utilizes the W-CDMA air interface and GSM infrastructures. Any issues relating strictly to the W-CDMA interface itself may be better described in the W-CDMA page. Due to the rapid nature of UMTS development in the market place, some information on this page may become quickly outdated. Readers' discretion and additional independent research is strongly advised; you are encouraged to return and add updates to this page. Contributors are also advised to timestamp their contributions when appropriate in order to help readers to determine the age of the information.

Features:
UMTS supports up to 1920 kbit/s data transfer rates (and not 2 Mbit/s as frequently seen), although at the moment users in the real networks can expect performance up to 384 kbit/s - in Japan upgrades to 3 Mbit/s are in preparation. However, this is still much greater than the 14.4 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 14.4 kbit/s channels in HSCSD,and offers the first prospect of practicle inexpensive access to world wide web. The precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, CDMA, and other 2G technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, called GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum of 140.8kbit/s, though typical rates are closer to 56kbit/s) and is packet switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in many places where GSM is used. In the future todays UMTS networks will be upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. This will make a downlink transfer speed of up to 14.4 Mbit/s possible

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Marketing material for UMTS has emphasised the possibility of mobile videoconferencing, although experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for Video calls is not very high. Other possible uses for UMTS include the downloading of music and video content

Technology:
UMTS combines the W-CDMA air interface, GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech codecs. Note that many wireless technologies use W-CDMA as their air interface, including FOMA and J-Phone. Like other real-world W-CDMA implementations, UMTS uses a pair of 5 MHz channels, one in the 1900 MHz range for uplink and one in the 2100 MHz range for downlink. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. UMTS and other W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that have not allocated new frequencies specifically for UMTS (such as the United States). The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885-2025 MHz for uplink and 2110-2200 MHz for downlink. For existing GSM operators, it is a simple but costly migration path to UMTS: much of the infrastructure is shared with GSM, but the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers can be prohibitively expensive. A major difference of UMTS compared to GSM is the air interface forming Generic Radio Access Network (GRAN). It can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN, GSM or to a UMTS network. GRAN includes the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) protocols form the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM). They manage the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network including the handovers.

Interoperatibility and global roaming:

At the air interface level, UMTS itself is incompatible with GSM. UMTS phones sold in Europe (as of 2004) are UMTS/GSM dual-mode phones, hence they can also make and receive calls on regular GSM networks. If a UMTS customer travels to an area without UMTS coverage, a UMTS phone will automatically switch to GSM (roaming charges may apply). If the customer travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call, the call will be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Regular GSM phones cannot be used on the UMTS networks.

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Vodafone Japan (former J-Phone) has a 3G network which uses W-CDMA technology and is compatible with UMTS. This makes UMTS network the first truly global wireless standard. NTT DoCoMo's 3G network, FOMA, was the first commercial network using W-CDMA as well but is incompatible with the UMTS standard. Today the NTT DoCoMo network as well as all the W-CDMA networks in the world - use the standard version of UMTS, allowing potential global roaming. Whether and under which conditions roaming can actually be used by subscribers depends on the commercial agreements between operators.All UMTS/GSM dual-mode phones should accept existing GSM SIM cards. Sometimes, you are allowed to roam on UMTS networks using GSM SIM cards from the same provider. In the United States, UMTS will initially be offered (by Cingular, formerly AT&T Wireless) on the 1900 MHz spectrum only, due to existing limitation of spectrum allocated in the United States. UMTS phones designated for the US will likely not be operable overseas and vice versa; this mirrors the current situation of GSM phones and GSM networks in the US using different frequencies from those used in the rest of the world. However, the FCC has made reasonable promises to free up additional spectrum in the 2100 MHz band and most UMTS licensees seem to consider ubiquituous, transparent global roaming an important issue.Although roaming is possible between compatible European and Asian networks, there is still no roaming possible with the United States (as of December 2004).

Spectrum allocation:
Over 120 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. With the technology still emerging, politicians hurriedly set up license auctions, which funneled billions of dollars in license fees into public budgets. In Germany alone, license holders paid a total 50.8 billion euros. Operators are expected to begin gaining income from those licenses in 2005. The UMTS spectrum allocated by ITU is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators are trying to free up the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, though UMTS in North America will still have to share spectrum with existing 2G services in the 1900 MHz band. 2G GSM services elsewhere use 900 MHz and 1800 MHz and therefore do not share any spectrum with planned UMTS services. Until regulators allocate new spectrum specifically for 3G, there will be no firm answer to what frequencies UMTS will operate on in North America. AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Initial rollout of UMTS in Canada will also be handled exclusively by the 1900 MHz band.

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FOMA, officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name
for the 3G services being offered by Japanese mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo. FOMA was the world's first W-CDMA 3G service when launched in 2001. FOMA is compatible with standard UMTS, both via the radio link as well as via USIM card exchange, and hence provides several alternative options for global roaming.

CDMA2000,Enhancements to the CDMA wireless cellphone technology that allow

data to be transmitted. In 2000, CDMA2000 was the first 3G technology to be commercially deployed as part of the ITU's IMT-2000 framework (see IMT-2000). By 2006, the CDMA Development Group (CDG) reported that the international CDMA2000 subscriber base had surpassed 185 million users.

1xRTT
The first version of CDMA2000 provides data rates of 307 Kbps (downlink) and 153 Kbps (uplink) as well as twice the voice capacity on a single 1.25MHz CMDA channel in new or existing spectrum. The use of the single channel is known as "1X" or "1xRTT" (1X Radio Transmission Technology). It is also known as "IS-2000," "MC-1X," and "IMT-CDMA MultiCarrier 1X."

1xEV (1xEvolution)
1xEV technology provides higher speeds implemented in two phases. Phase 1 is Evolution-Data Only (1xEV-DO), which increases the downlink peak data rate to 2.4 Mbps. The average rate a user experiences is between 300 and 600 Kbps. 1xEV-DO Revision A supports IP packets, increases the downlink to 3.1 Mbps and boosts uplink dramatically to 1.2 Mbps. Phase 2 is Evolution-Data Voice (1xEV-DV), which integrates voice and data on the same carrier with rates up to 4.8 Mbps.

3x
CDMA2000 3x uses three 1.25MHz CDMA channels. It is part of the CDMA2000 specification for countries that require 5MHz of spectrum for 3G use. CDMA2000 3X is also known as "3XRTT," "MC-3X," and "IMT-CDMA MultiCarrier 3X."

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CDMA2000 is a family of third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile phones and cell sites. It is the second generation of CDMA digital cellular.

CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association

(TIA-USA) in the United States, not a generic term like CDMA. (This is similar to how TIA has branded their 2G CDMA ) There are many different types of CDMA2000,in order of increasing complexity:

CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1x ,is also known as 3G1X or some time 1X RTT is the core3G CDMA2000 technology. The designation "1x" is used to identify the version of CDMA2000 radio technology that operates in a pair of 1.25-MHz radio channels

CDMA2000 1xRTT

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CDMA2000 1xRTT ,capable of higher data rates, most deployments have limited the peak data rate to 144 kbit/s. While 1xRTT officially qualifies as 3G technology, 1xRTT is considered by some to be a 2.5G (or sometimes 2.75G) technology. This has allowed it to be deployed in 2G spectrum in some countries which limit 3G systems to certain bands.

CDMA2000 1xEV
CDMA2000 1XEV is CDMA2000 1x with high data rate (HDR)capability added.1XEV is commonly separated into two phases CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution-Data Only), supports downlink (forward link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (reverse link) data rates up to 1.8 Mbit/s in a radio channel dedicated to carrying high-speed packet data. CDMA2000 1xEV-DV (1x Evolution-Data/Voice), supports downlink (forward link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (reverse link) data rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. 1xEVDV can also support concurrent operation of legacy 1x voice users, 1x data users, and high speed 1xEV-DV data users within the same radio channel.

CDMA2000 3x
CDMA2000 3x utilizes a pair of 3.75-MHz radio channels (i.e., 3 X 1.25 MHz) to achieve higher data rates. The 3x version of CDMA2000 is sometimes referred to as Multi-Carrier or MC. The 3x version of CDMA2000 has not been deployed and is not under development at present.

TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G

mobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang and Siemens AG, in an attempt to develop home-grown technology and not be "dependent on Western technology" [1].. It is based on spread spectrum CDMA technology. The launch of an operational system was initally projected by 2005 but is now projected by 2006. On January 20, 2006, Ministry of Information Industry of the People's Republic of China formally announced that TD-SCDMA is the country's standard of 3G mobile telecommunication.

3.5G:
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA is a new mobile telephony protocol. Also called 3.5G (or "3G"). It is an evolution of 3G, designed to increase the available data rate by a factor of 5 or more. HSDPA does away with two basic features of WCDMA - the variable spreading factor and fast power control - and instead uses

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Fast scheduling at the Base Station and Fast retransmissions to deliver the improved downlink performance.

NOKIA_6650

NOKIA_7600

MOTO_A1000

MOTO_A835

p900i

p2102v

Conclusion
At the end, can we proclaim a winner in generation war? For the time being I think,NO! Perhaps in the future when newer technologies build around wider bandwidth standards come into existence the issue will warrant another look. By that time the market will tend towards the newer technologies but dont let they fool you into believing that the other standards are inadequate for this purpose.

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As the researches are proceeding in 3.5 G ,4G the future is far better .Ignoring the hype surrounding the technology the user will get a better service at its friendly cost and probably be much happier with the phone and service it inevitably wind up with.

BIBLIOGRAPHY WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ANSWERS.COM WWW.BITPIPE.COM WWW.3GNEWSROOM.COM WWW.FCC.COM

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