Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources Bewes, Colin. Finding the start positions for Enigma. Youtube. youtube.com, 23 Oct. 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. This video shows how a bombe finds the starting positions for the Enigma machine. Lessard, Jason. German Military Enigma Machine. 31 Dec. 2012. JPG file. This is a photograph that I took at the National Cryptologic Museum of a German Military Enigma machine. This machine was available to be used at the museum. I tried it out and also made a video of me encrypting and decrypting my name. Lessard, Jason. Rotors from Enigma machine. JPG file. This is a photograph that I took at the National Cryptologic Museum of the rotors from an actual Enigma machine. These were in a glass case. 1943 US Clipper Bombs Surfaced U-boot. You Tube. youtube.com, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. This is a video of a US Clipper sinking a U-boat Photograph of Alan Turing. BBC Future. BBC, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This is a photograph of Alan Turing who is widely considered to be the main code breaker behind the effort to break the Enigma code. "Sinking of HMS Barham." uboat.net. Gudmundur Helgason, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. This photograph shows a British ship being sunk by a German U-boat in 1941 during the war. "U-48 returning to base after a successful patrol." uboat.net. Gudmundur Helgason, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. This is a photo of German U-boat U-48.

Winston Churchill. Biography.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. This is a photo of Winston Churchill. WWII German U-boat Under Attack by U.S. Navy B-24 (PB4Y) Patrol Bomber. Youtube. youtube.com, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. This video shows a U-boat being sunk by a B-24 Bomber.

Secondary Sources Battle of the Atlantic. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, 2012. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. This website had a lot of information about the Battle of the Atlantic prior to the breaking of the Enigma code. In particular, it had a chart of the number of ships sunk by German U-boats by year and it was evidence that fewer ships were sunk after the Enigma code was broken. Battle of the Atlantic. Naval History.Net, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. This website had data on the number and tonnage of Allied ships sunken during the Battle of the Atlantic. I used this information to show how the tonnage of ships sunk changed after the Enigma code was broken. BBC - History - World Wars: Breaking Germany's Enigma Code. BBC, 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. This website contained a lot of detail about the Enigma code machines. It also gave information about who broke the code and how it was broken. There also was a section about how breaking the code affected the war especially in the Battle of the Atlantic. Code Breaking - World War 2 on History. The History Channel, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. This website started with a good quote from Winston Churchill on how important the code breaking was in winning the war. It had several videos available talking about breaking the code. There was also a photo gallery with several old photos of things related to the code breaking. Enigma Machine. Dirk Rijmenants, 2012. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. This web site showed the origins of the original Enigma machines which were for commercial use. Then it showed how they were adapted for miliitary use. There

were a lot of good photos of the Enigma machine so that you could see how it worked. Enigma the Battle for the Code. New York: J. Wiley, 2000. Print. This book goes into detail about how the code breakers broke the Enigma code. It gives dates and times of when they had break throughs and when they broke the code. It has a lot of photos of the people involved in breaking the code, the Enigma machine and ships and U-boats from the time period. Hughes, Terry, and John Costello. The Battle of the Atlantic. N.p.: Dial Press, 1977. Print. This book gave a thorough history of the Battle of the Atlantic, including many photographs and charts. McKay, Sinclair. The Secret Lives of Codebreakers. 2012 ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2010. Print. This book describes the people and the process of breaking the Enigma code. It shows photos of the code breakers and of Bletchley Park where the code was broken. Miller, A. Ray. "The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma." The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma. 5th printing ed. Fort Meade: Center for Cryptologic History, 2011. 1-20. Print. I got this booklet at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, MD. It shows how complicated the mathematics were in breaking the Enigma code. It details the number of possible combinations there could be for the Enigma machine. It made me appreciate how difficult it must have been to break the code. Sheffield, Gary. The Battle of the Atlantic: The U-boat peril. BBC History - World Wars: The Battle of the Atlantic: The U-boat peril. BBC, 30 Mar. 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. This website focuses on the Battle of the Atlantic and the impacts to the British people of their ships being sunk. The people were starving because their food supply was getting blown up by the Germans. It describes how the code breaking was an important part of ending the battle and ultimately the war. The U-boat Wars 1939-1945 (Kriegsmarine) and 1914-1918 (Kaiserliche Marine) and Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net. Gudmundur Helgason, 2012. Web. 31 Dec. 2012.

This web site shows all of the German U-boats from the war. It has a big photo gallery with photos of the U-boats and the operations including sinking ships and surrendering. It lists the U-boats and gives data on the number and tonnage of the ships that they sunk. It describes how the Germans worked in packs or groups to destroy ships. Wilcox, Jennifer. "Solving the Enigma: History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe." Solving the Enigma: History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe. Revised 2006 ed. Fort Meade: National Security Agency, 2006. 1-54. Print. I got this booklet at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade. It describes the Bombes, or computers, that were used to break the Enigma code. It goes through the whole history including how the code breaking started in Poland before the war and the United States getting involved near the end. It gives the history of how the code was broken and then the Germans changed their Enigma machines and the code breaking process had to start again. There are photographs of the people involved in the code breaking and photos and diagrams of the Enigma machines and the Bombes.