L

A
T
E
X Mathematics Examples
Prof Tony Roberts
January 23, 2013
Contents
1 Delimiters 1
2 Spacing 1
3 Arrays 1
4 Equation arrays 2
5 Functions 2
6 Accents 2
7 Command denition 3
8 Theorems et al. 3
1 Delimiters
See how the delimiters are of reasonable size in these examples
(a + b)
_
1
b
a + b
_
= a ,
_
|xy|

x + y
2

,
even when there is no matching delimiter
_
b
a
u
d
2
v
dx
2
dx = u
dv
dx

b
a

_
b
a
du
dx
dv
dx
dx.
2 Spacing
Dierentials often need a bit of help with their spacing as in
__
xy
2
dxdy =
1
6
x
2
y
3
,
whereas vector problems often lead to statements such as
u =
y
x
2
+ y
2
, v =
x
x
2
+ y
2
, and w = 0 .
3 Arrays
Arrays of mathematics are typeset using one of the matrix environments as in
_
1 x 0
0 1 1
_
_
_
1
y
1
_
_
=
_
1 + xy
y 1
_
.
Case statements use cases:
|x| =
_
x, if x 0 ,
x, if x < 0 .
1
Many arrays have lots of dots all over the place as in
2 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0
0 1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
0 0 0 1 2
4 Equation arrays
In the ow of a uid lm we may report
u

=
2

xxx
_
y
1
2
y
2
_
, (1)
v =
3

xxx
y , (2)
p =
xx
. (3)
Alternatively, the curl of a vector eld (u, v, w) may be written with only one equation number:

1
=
w
y

v
z
,

2
=
u
z

w
x
, (4)

3
=
v
x

u
y
.
Whereas a derivation may look like
(p q) (p q) = p (q q) by distributive law
= p T by excluded middle
= p by identity
5 Functions
Observe that trigonometric and other elementary functions are typeset properly, even to the extent of providing a thin space if
followed by a single letter argument:
exp(i) = cos + i sin , sinh(log x) =
1
2
_
x
1
x
_
.
With sub- and super-scripts placed properly on more complicated functions,
lim
q
f(x)
q
= max
x
|f(x)|,
and large operators, such as integrals and
e
x
=

n=0
x
n
n!
where n! =
n

i=1
i ,
U

.
In inline mathematics the scripts are correctly placed to the side in order to conserve vertical space, as in 1/(1 x) =

n=0
x
n
.
6 Accents
Mathematical accents are performed by a short command with one argument, such as

f() =
1
2
_

f(x)e
ix
dx,
or

= r

I .
2
7 Command denition
The Airy function, Ai(x), may be incorrectly dened as this integral
Ai(x) =
_
exp(s
3
+ isx) ds .
This vector identity serves nicely to illustrate two of the new commands:
q = i
_
w
y

v
z
_
+ j
_
u
z

w
x
_
+ k
_
v
x

u
y
_
.
8 Theorems et al.
Denition 1 (right-angled triangles) A right-angled triangle is a triangle whose sides of length a, b and c, in some permuta-
tion of order, satises a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
.
Lemma 2 The triangle with sides of length 3, 4 and 5 is right-angled.
This lemma follows from the Denition 1 as 3
2
+ 4
2
= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2
.
Theorem 3 (Pythagorean triplets) Triangles with sides of length a = p
2
q
2
, b = 2pq and c = p
2
+ q
2
are right-angled
triangles.
Prove this Theorem 3 by the algebra a
2
+b
2
= (p
2
q
2
)
2
+(2pq)
2
= p
4
2p
2
q
2
+q
4
+4p
2
q
2
= p
4
+2p
2
q
2
+q
4
= (p
2
+q
2
)
2
= c
2
.
3