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EKSPONENTIAL and LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

chapter 4
INVERSES Inverse relation Interchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered pair in a relation produces the inverse relation If a relation is defined by an equation, interchanging the variables produces an equation of the inverse relation ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION A function is one-to-one if different inputs have different outputs that is If , then () () Or a function is one-to-one if when the outputs are the same, the input are the same that is If = , then = PROPERTIES OF ONE-TO-ONE FUNTION AND INVERSES If a function is one-to-one, then its inverse is a function The domain of a one-to-one function is the range of the inverse 1 The range of a one-to-one function is the domain of the inverse 1 A function that is increasing over its domain or is decreasing over its domain is a one-to-one function Horizontal line test If it is possible for a horizontal line to intersect the graph of a function more than once, then the function is not one-to-one and its inverse is not a function

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FINDING FORMULA FOR INVERSES Obtaining a formula for an inverse If a function is one-to-one, a formula for its inverse can generally be found as follows 1. Replace () with 2. Interchange and 3. Solve for 4. Replace with 1 The graph of 1 is a reflection of the graph of across the line = INVERSE FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION If a function is one-to-one, then 1 is the unique function such that each of the following holds 1 = 1 () = , for each in the domain of , and 1 = ( 1 ()) = , for each in the domain of 1 EKSPONENTIAL FUNCTION The function = , where is a real number, > 0 and 1, is called the exponential function, base The number of 2.7182818284 The inverse of = is given by = Logarithmic function, base We define = log as that number such that = ,where > 0 and is a positive constant other than 1 = = NATURAL LOGARITHMS Logarithms, base are called natural logarithms. The abbreviation ln is generally used for natural logarithms. Thus, ln means log CHANGING LOGARITHMIC BASES The change-of-base formula For any logarithmic bases and , and any positive number , log =
log log

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LOGARITHMS OF PRODUCT The product rule For any positive numbers and , and any logarithmic base , log = log + log LOGARITHMS OF POWERS The power rule For any positive numbers , any logarithmic base , and any real number log = log LOGARITHMS OF QUOTIENTS The quotient rule For any positive numbers and , and any logarithmic base , log

= log log

SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS OF THE TYPE The logarithm of base to power For any base and any real number , log = A base to logarithmic power For any base and any positive real number , log =

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